1
|
Beauvois A, Gazon H, Chauhan PS, Jamakhani M, Jacques JR, Thiry M, Dejardin E, Valentin ED, Twizere JC, Péloponèse JM, Njock MS, Yasunaga JI, Matsuoka M, Hamaïdia M, Willems L. The helicase-like transcription factor redirects the autophagic flux and restricts human T cell leukemia virus type 1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216127120. [PMID: 37487091 PMCID: PMC10400947 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216127120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses and their host have coevolved in a delicate balance between viral replication and survival of the infected cell. In this equilibrium, restriction factors expressed by infected cells control different steps of retroviral replication such as entry, uncoating, nuclear import, expression, or budding. Here, we describe a mechanism of restriction against human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) by the helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF). We show that RNA and protein levels of HLTF are reduced in primary T cells of HTLV-1-infected subjects, suggesting a clinical relevance. We further demonstrate that the viral oncogene Tax represses HLTF transcription via the Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 methyltransferase of the Polycomb repressive complex 2. The Tax protein also directly interacts with HLTF and induces its proteasomal degradation. RNA interference and gene transduction in HTLV-1-infected T cells derived from patients indicate that HLTF is a restriction factor. Restoring the normal levels of HLTF expression induces the dispersal of the Golgi apparatus and overproduction of secretory granules. By synergizing with Tax-mediated NF-κB activation, physiologically relevant levels of HLTF intensify the autophagic flux. Increased vesicular trafficking leads to an enlargement of the lysosomes and the production of large vacuoles containing viral particles. HLTF induction in HTLV-1-infected cells significantly increases the percentage of defective virions. In conclusion, HLTF-mediated activation of the autophagic flux blunts the infectious replication cycle of HTLV-1, revealing an original mode of viral restriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Beauvois
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hélène Gazon
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Pradeep Singh Chauhan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Majeed Jamakhani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jean-Rock Jacques
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Marc Thiry
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Dejardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology & Signal Transduction, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Di Valentin
- Viral Vectors Platform, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Twizere
- Laboratory of Viral Interactomes, Unit of Molecular Biology of Diseases, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Péloponèse
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34094, Montpellier, France
| | - Makon-Sébastien Njock
- Laboratory of Pneumology, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, University Hospital of Liège, 4000Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University, 860-8556, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Malik Hamaïdia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Luc Willems
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Grappe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Biology, Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mohanty S, Harhaj EW. Mechanisms of Innate Immune Sensing of HTLV-1 and Viral Immune Evasion. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050735. [PMID: 37242405 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) was the first identified oncoretrovirus, which infects and establishes a persistent infection in approximately 10-20 million people worldwide. Although only ~5% of infected individuals develop pathologies such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) or a neuroinflammatory disorder termed HTLV-1-asssociated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), asymptomatic carriers are more susceptible to opportunistic infections. Furthermore, ATLL patients are severely immunosuppressed and prone to other malignancies and other infections. The HTLV-1 replication cycle provides ligands, mainly nucleic acids (RNA, RNA/DNA intermediates, ssDNA intermediates, and dsDNA), that are sensed by different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to trigger immune responses. However, the mechanisms of innate immune detection and immune responses to HTLV-1 infection are not well understood. In this review, we highlight the functional roles of different immune sensors in recognizing HTLV-1 infection in multiple cell types and the antiviral roles of host restriction factors in limiting persistent infection of HTLV-1. We also provide a comprehensive overview of intricate strategies employed by HTLV-1 to subvert the host innate immune response that may contribute to the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases. A more detailed understanding of HTLV-1-host pathogen interactions may inform novel strategies for HTLV-1 antivirals, vaccines, and treatments for ATLL or HAM/TSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Edward W Harhaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shilagardi K, Spear ED, Abraham R, Griffin DE, Michaelis S. The Integral Membrane Protein ZMPSTE24 Protects Cells from SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Mediated Pseudovirus Infection and Syncytia Formation. mBio 2022; 13:e0254322. [PMID: 36197088 PMCID: PMC9601121 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02543-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a devastating impact on global public health, emphasizing the importance of understanding innate immune mechanisms and cellular restriction factors that cells can harness to fight viral infections. The multimembrane-spanning zinc metalloprotease ZMPSTE24 is one such restriction factor. ZMPSTE24 has a well-characterized proteolytic role in the maturation of prelamin A, precursor of the nuclear scaffold protein lamin A. An apparently unrelated role for ZMPSTE24 in viral defense involves its interaction with the interferon-inducible membrane proteins (IFITMs), which block virus-host cell fusion by rigidifying cellular membranes and thereby prevent viral infection. ZMPSTE24, like the IFITMs, defends cells against a broad spectrum of enveloped viruses. However, its ability to protect against coronaviruses has never been examined. Here, we show that overexpression of ZMPSTE24 reduces the efficiency of cellular infection by SARS-CoV-2 Spike-pseudotyped lentivirus and that genetic knockout or small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous ZMPSTE24 enhances infectivity. We further demonstrate a protective role for ZMPSTE24 in a Spike-ACE2-dependent cell-cell fusion assay. In both assays, a catalytic dead version of ZMPSTE24 is equally as protective as the wild-type protein, indicating that ZMPSTE24's proteolytic activity is not required for defense against SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we demonstrate by plaque assays that Zmpste24-/- mouse cells show enhanced infection by a genuine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). This study extends the range of viral protection afforded by ZMPSTE24 to include coronaviruses and suggests that targeting ZMPSTE24's mechanism of viral defense could have therapeutic benefit. IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has underscored the importance of understanding intrinsic cellular components that can be harnessed as the cell's first line of defense to fight against viral infection. Our paper focuses on one such protein, the integral membrane protease ZMPSTE24, which interacts with interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs). IFITMs interfere with virus entry by inhibiting fusion between viral and host cell membranes, and ZMPSTE24 appears to contribute to this inhibitory activity. ZMPSTE24 has been shown to defend cells against several, but not all, enveloped viruses. In this study, we extend ZMPSTE24's reach to include coronaviruses, by showing that ZMPSTE24 protects cells from SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection, Spike protein-mediated cell-cell fusion, and infection by the mouse coronavirus MHV. This work lays the groundwork for further studies to decipher the mechanistic role of ZMPSTE24 in blocking the entry of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses into cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khurts Shilagardi
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric D. Spear
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachy Abraham
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Michaelis
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tan BJY, Sugata K, Ono M, Satou Y. HTLV-1 persistence and leukemogenesis: A game of hide-and-seek with the host immune system. Front Immunol 2022; 13:991928. [PMID: 36300109 PMCID: PMC9591123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.991928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a retrovirus which mainly infects CD4+ T cells and causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), is primarily transmitted via direct cell-to-cell transmission. This feature generates a wide variety of infected clones in hosts, which are maintained via clonal proliferation, resulting in the persistence and survival of the virus. The maintenance of the pool of infected cells is achieved by sculpting the immunophenotype of infected cells and modulating host immune responses to avoid immune surveillance. Here, we review the processes undertaken by HTLV-1 to modulate and subvert host immune responses which contributes to viral persistence and development of ATL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjy J. Y. Tan
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Benjy J. Y. Tan, ; Yorifumi Satou,
| | - Kenji Sugata
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yorifumi Satou
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Benjy J. Y. Tan, ; Yorifumi Satou,
| |
Collapse
|