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Ruedas-Torres I, Thi to Nga B, Salguero FJ. Pathogenicity and virulence of African swine fever virus. Virulence 2024; 15:2375550. [PMID: 38973077 PMCID: PMC11232652 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2375550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease with a high impact on the pork industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV) is a very complex pathogen, the sole member of the family Asfaviridae, which induces a state of immune suppression in the host through infection of myeloid cells and apoptosis of lymphocytes. Moreover, haemorrhages are the other main pathogenic effect of ASFV infection in pigs, related to the infection of endothelial cells, as well as the activation and structural changes of this cell population by proinflammatory cytokine upregulation within bystander monocytes and macrophages. There are still many gaps in the knowledge of the role of proteins produced by the ASFV, which is related to the difficulty in producing a safe and effective vaccine to combat the disease, although few candidates have been approved for use in Southeast Asia in the past couple of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Ruedas-Torres
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre (VDEC), United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
| | - Bui Thi to Nga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Vaccine Development and Evaluation Centre (VDEC), United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Salisbury, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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2
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Zhao Y, Yang M, Zhou C, Guo B, Wang K, Song C, Wang H. Establishment of a simple, sensitive, and specific ASFV detection method based on Pyrococcus furiosus argonaute. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 254:116230. [PMID: 38520983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), which is casued by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a fatal infectious disease of pigs that results in significant losses to the breeding industry. Therefore, screening and detection are crucial for the control and prevention of the ASFV. Argonaute is a new detection tool that is being extensively used due to its high specificity and programmability. This study reports on a new nucleic acid assay method, termed REPD, which uses recombinase-aided amplification and restriction endonuclease-assisted Pyrococcus furiosus argonaute (PfAgo) detection. One-pot REPD was developed for the detection of ASFV. The one-pot REPD could detect a single copy of ASFV nucleic acid and showed no cross-reactivity with other pathogens. Detection in clinical samples was 100% consistent with the results of real-time PCR analysis. The results showed that the one-pot REPD assay is convenient, sensitive, specific, and potentially adaptable to the detection of ASFV. In summary, this study highlights a novel method that can be employed for the detection of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changyu Zhou
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Boyan Guo
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kailu Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cailiang Song
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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3
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Cresci M, Di Sabatino D, Barbuceanu F, Tamba P, Motiu R, Motiu M, Manita F, Vincifori G, Ciarrocchi E, Bonfini B, Portanti O, Lorusso A, Hristescu D, Calistri P. Validation of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of African swine fever virus in fresh pork meat juice. J Virol Methods 2024; 329:114980. [PMID: 38876256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of African swine fever (ASF), a disease with detrimental effects on the health, welfare, and production of domestic and wild pigs. The ASF laboratory confirmation is based on the analysis of blood, serum and organ samples. However, testing these samples could not be always convenient, economically feasible or possible. This study describes the validation process of a PCR-based assay targeting a portion of p72 gene, used for the molecular detection of ASFV, from meat juice samples obtained from pigs succumbed to ASFV. More specifically, we investigated the capability of a real-time PCR assay to detect ASFV DNA in meat juices obtained from the diaphragmatic muscle along with the correspondent spleens of 55 ASFV-positive pigs and wild boars sampled from confirmed outbreaks in Romania and from 73 ASFV-negative and regularly slaughtered healthy pigs collected in the Abruzzo region (Italy). The test was able to detect viral DNA in both types of samples, with lower Ct values in spleens (mean=21.11, median=20.61) than meat juices (mean=23.08, median=22.40). However, distributions of Ct values were strongly correlated each other (R2= 0.83, P<0.001). Considering the distribution of the observed Ct values in the 55 positive meat juice samples, a 1:10 dilution would be able to detect 90 % of positive samples, whereas a 1:100 dilution would reduce the detectability to 78 % of more contaminated samples. As meat juice could be obtained easily from muscles and considering the potential use of this test on pooled samples, it could represent a tool to aid the investigation of ASFV spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cresci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise-IZSAM, Teramo, Italy
| | - Daria Di Sabatino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise-IZSAM, Teramo, Italy
| | - Florica Barbuceanu
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Paula Tamba
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Motiu
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Motiu
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Manita
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Giacomo Vincifori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise-IZSAM, Teramo, Italy
| | - Eugenia Ciarrocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise-IZSAM, Teramo, Italy
| | - Barbara Bonfini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise-IZSAM, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise-IZSAM, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise-IZSAM, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Doru Hristescu
- Institute for Diagnosis and Animal Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Paolo Calistri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise-IZSAM, Teramo, Italy
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Chen S, Wang T, Luo R, Lu Z, Lan J, Sun Y, Fu Q, Qiu HJ. Genetic Variations of African Swine Fever Virus: Major Challenges and Prospects. Viruses 2024; 16:913. [PMID: 38932205 PMCID: PMC11209373 DOI: 10.3390/v16060913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease affecting pigs and wild boars. It typically presents as a hemorrhagic fever but can also manifest in various forms, ranging from acute to asymptomatic. ASF has spread extensively globally, significantly impacting the swine industry. The complex and highly variable character of the ASFV genome makes vaccine development and disease surveillance extremely difficult. The overall trend in ASFV evolution is towards decreased virulence and increased transmissibility. Factors such as gene mutation, viral recombination, and the strain-specificity of virulence-associated genes facilitate viral variations. This review deeply discusses the influence of these factors on viral immune evasion, pathogenicity, and the ensuing complexities encountered in vaccine development, disease detection, and surveillance. The ultimate goal of this review is to thoroughly explore the genetic evolution patterns and variation mechanisms of ASFV, providing a theoretical foundation for advancement in vaccine and diagnostic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zhanhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jing Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
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O’Donnell V, Pierce JL, Osipenko O, Xu L, Berninger A, Lakin SM, Barrette RW, Gladue DP, Faburay B. Rapid Detection and Quick Characterization of African Swine Fever Virus Using the VolTRAX Automated Library Preparation Platform. Viruses 2024; 16:731. [PMID: 38793613 PMCID: PMC11125638 DOI: 10.3390/v16050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of a severe and highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic and wild swine. The current ASFV pandemic strain has a high mortality rate, severely impacting pig production and, for countries suffering outbreaks, preventing the export of their pig products for international trade. Early detection and diagnosis of ASFV is necessary to control new outbreaks before the disease spreads rapidly. One of the rate-limiting steps to identify ASFV by next-generation sequencing platforms is library preparation. Here, we investigated the capability of the Oxford Nanopore Technologies' VolTRAX platform for automated DNA library preparation with downstream sequencing on Nanopore sequencing platforms as a proof-of-concept study to rapidly identify the strain of ASFV. Within minutes, DNA libraries prepared using VolTRAX generated near-full genome sequences of ASFV. Thus, our data highlight the use of the VolTRAX as a platform for automated library preparation, coupled with sequencing on the MinION Mk1C for field sequencing or GridION within a laboratory setting. These results suggest a proof-of-concept study that VolTRAX is an effective tool for library preparation that can be used for the rapid and real-time detection of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian O’Donnell
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Jim L. Pierce
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA; (J.L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Oleg Osipenko
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (O.O.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Lizhe Xu
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Amy Berninger
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA; (J.L.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Steven M. Lakin
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (O.O.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Roger W. Barrette
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Orient, NY 11957, USA
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (L.X.); (R.W.B.); (B.F.)
- National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (O.O.); (S.M.L.)
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Le VP, Nguyen VT, Le TB, Mai NTA, Nguyen VD, Than TT, Lai TNH, Cho KH, Hong SK, Kim YH, Bui TAD, Nguyen TL, Song D, Ambagala A. Detection of Recombinant African Swine Fever Virus Strains of p72 Genotypes I and II in Domestic Pigs, Vietnam, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:991-994. [PMID: 38666642 PMCID: PMC11060461 DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) genotype II is endemic to Vietnam. We detected recombinant ASFV genotypes I and II (rASFV I/II) strains in domestic pigs from 6 northern provinces in Vietnam. The introduction of rASFV I/II strains could complicate ongoing ASFV control measures in the region.
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Spinard E, Wade A, Unger H, Robert N, Mayega FJ, Sreenu VB, Da Silva Filpe A, Mair D, Borca MV, Gladue DP, Masembe C. Near-complete genome sequences of multiple genotype 1 African swine fever virus isolates from 2016 to 2018 in Cameroon. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0097823. [PMID: 38477459 PMCID: PMC11008206 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00978-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus has been endemic in Cameroon since 1982. Here, we announce the sequences of Cameroon/2016/C1, Cameroon/2016/C5, Cameroon/2017/C-A2, Cameroon/2018/C02, and Cameroon/2018/CF3, five genotype 1 African swine fever virus genomes collected from domestic pigs between 2016 and 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Spinard
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Unit Name, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon
| | - Hermann Unger
- Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nenkam Robert
- Laboratoire National Veterinaire (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Ana Da Silva Filpe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Mair
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Unit Name, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Unit Name, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Charles Masembe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Muzykina L, Barrado-Gil L, Gonzalez-Bulnes A, Crespo-Piazuelo D, Cerón JJ, Alonso C, Montoya M. Overview of Modern Commercial Kits for Laboratory Diagnosis of African Swine Fever and Swine Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:505. [PMID: 38675848 PMCID: PMC11054272 DOI: 10.3390/v16040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid and early detection of infectious diseases in pigs is important, especially for the implementation of control measures in suspected cases of African swine fever (ASF), as an effective and safe vaccine is not yet available in most of the affected countries. Additionally, analysis for swine influenza is of significance due to its high morbidity rate (up to 100%) despite a lower mortality rate compared to ASF. The wide distribution of swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) across various countries, the emergence of constantly new recombinant strains, and the danger of human infection underscore the need for rapid and accurate diagnosis. Several diagnostic approaches and commercial methods should be applied depending on the scenario, type of sample and the objective of the studies being implemented. At the early diagnosis of an outbreak, virus genome detection using a variety of PCR assays proves to be the most sensitive and specific technique. As the disease evolves, serology gains diagnostic value, as specific antibodies appear later in the course of the disease (after 7-10 days post-infection (DPI) for ASF and between 10-21 DPI for SwIAV). The ongoing development of commercial kits with enhanced sensitivity and specificity is evident. This review aims to analyse recent advances and current commercial kits utilised for the diagnosis of ASF and SwIAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Muzykina
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, The Margarita Salas Centre for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C. Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Lucía Barrado-Gil
- Department of Biotechnology, INIA-CSIC, Centro Nacional Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (C.A.)
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- R&D Department, Cuarte S.L., Grupo Jorge, Ctra. de Logroño km 9.2, Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (D.C.-P.)
| | - Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo
- R&D Department, Cuarte S.L., Grupo Jorge, Ctra. de Logroño km 9.2, Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.G.-B.); (D.C.-P.)
| | - Jose Joaquin Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology, INIA-CSIC, Centro Nacional Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.B.-G.); (C.A.)
| | - María Montoya
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, The Margarita Salas Centre for Biological Research (CIB) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C. Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Cho KH, Hong SK, Kim DY, Sohn HJ, Yoo DS, Kang HE, Kim YH. Disease Course of Korean African Swine Fever Virus in Domestic Pigs Exposed Intraorally, Intranasally, Intramuscularly, and by Direct Contact with Infected Pigs. Viruses 2024; 16:433. [PMID: 38543798 PMCID: PMC10974542 DOI: 10.3390/v16030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal contagious disease affecting swine. The first Korean ASF virus (ASFV) isolate (Korea/Pig/Paju1/2019) was used to compare the disease course of ASFV in pigs inoculated via the four routes. In the challenge experiment, domestic pigs were infected via the intraoral (IO) and intranasal (IN) routes with a 106 50% hemadsorbing dose (HAD50) and an intramuscular (IM) injection of 103 HAD50. In the direct contact (DC) group, five naïve pigs were brought into direct contact with two IM-ASFV-infected pigs. IO-, IN-, and IM-inoculated pigs showed similar disease courses, whereas DC pigs had comparable ASF syndrome after a 7-day latent period. The disease course in the DC route, one of the most common routes of infection, was not significantly different from that in the IO and IN routes. IM and DC groups differed in terms of the severity of fever and hemorrhagic lesions in the lymph nodes and spleen, indicating that the IM route, suitable for early vaccine development trials, is not appropriate for studying the ASFV infection mechanism, including early stage of infection, and IO and IN challenges with a designated dose can be alternatives in trials for assessing ASFV pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Cho
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Seong-Keun Hong
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Da-Young Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Hyun-Joo Sohn
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Dae-Sung Yoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61168, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
| | - Yeon-Hee Kim
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea; (K.-H.C.); (S.-K.H.); (D.-Y.K.); (H.-J.S.); (H.-E.K.)
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10
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Borca MV, Ramirez-Medina E, Espinoza N, Rai A, Spinard E, Velazquez-Salinas L, Valladares A, Silva E, Burton L, Meyers A, Clark J, Wu P, Gay CG, Gladue DP. Deletion of the EP402R Gene from the Genome of African Swine Fever Vaccine Strain ASFV-G-∆I177L Provides the Potential Capability of Differentiating between Infected and Vaccinated Animals. Viruses 2024; 16:376. [PMID: 38543742 PMCID: PMC10974803 DOI: 10.3390/v16030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) mutant ASFV-G-∆I177L is a safe and efficacious vaccine which induces protection against the challenge of its parental virus, the Georgia 2010 isolate. Although a genetic DIVA (differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals) assay has been developed for this vaccine, still there is not a serological DIVA test for differentiating between animals vaccinated with ASFV-G-∆I177L and those infected with wild-type viruses. In this report, we describe the development of the ASFV-G-∆I177L mutant having deleted the EP402R gene, which encodes for the viral protein responsible for mediating the hemadsorption of swine erythrocytes. The resulting virus, ASFV-G-∆I177L/∆EP402R, does not have a decreased ability to replicates in swine macrophages when compared with the parental ASFV-G-∆I177L. Domestic pigs intramuscularly (IM) inoculated with either 102 or 106 HAD50 of ASFV-G-∆I177L/∆EP402R remained clinically normal, when compared with a group of mock-vaccinated animals, indicating the absence of residual virulence. Interestingly, an infectious virus could not be detected in the blood samples of the ASFV-G-∆I177L/∆EP402R-inoculated animals in either group at any of the time points tested. Furthermore, while all of the mock-inoculated animals presented a quick and lethal clinical form of ASF after the intramuscular inoculation challenge with 102 HAD50 of highly virulent parental field isolate Georgia 2010 (ASFV-G), all of the ASFV-G-∆I177L/∆EP402R-inoculated animals were protected, remaining clinically normal until the end of the observational period. Most of the ASFV-G-∆I177L/∆EP402R-inoculated pigs developed strong virus-specific antibody responses against viral antigens, reaching maximum levels at 28 days post inoculation. Importantly, all of the sera collected at that time point in the ASFV-G-∆I177L/∆EP402R-inoculated pigs did not react in a direct ELISA coated with the recombinant EP402R protein. Conversely, the EP402R protein was readily recognized by the pool of sera from the animals immunized with recombinant live attenuated vaccine candidates ASFV-G-∆I177L, ASFV-G-∆MGF, or ASFV-G-∆9GL/∆UK. Therefore, ASFV-G-∆I177L/∆EP402R is a novel, safe and efficacious candidate with potential to be used as an antigenically DIVA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel V. Borca
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (N.E.); (A.R.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.); (A.V.); (A.M.)
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (N.E.); (A.R.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.); (A.V.); (A.M.)
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (N.E.); (A.R.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.); (A.V.); (A.M.)
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (N.E.); (A.R.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.); (A.V.); (A.M.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Edward Spinard
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (N.E.); (A.R.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.); (A.V.); (A.M.)
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (N.E.); (A.R.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.); (A.V.); (A.M.)
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Alyssa Valladares
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (N.E.); (A.R.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.); (A.V.); (A.M.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Ediane Silva
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Leeanna Burton
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Amanda Meyers
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (N.E.); (A.R.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.); (A.V.); (A.M.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Jason Clark
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Ping Wu
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Orient, NY 11957, USA;
| | - Cyril G. Gay
- Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (N.E.); (A.R.); (E.S.); (L.V.-S.); (A.V.); (A.M.)
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
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11
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Dinhobl M, Spinard E, Birtley H, Tesler N, Borca MV, Gladue DP. African swine fever virus P72 genotyping tool. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0089123. [PMID: 38189309 PMCID: PMC10868209 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00891-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Historically, genotyping of African swine fever virus was based on partial sequencing of B646L (p72). Until recently, the number of differences that defined genotypes was ambiguous. This tool allows a sequence to be uploaded and will report its closest matches along with its likely p72 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dinhobl
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, USA
- Center of Excellence for African swine fever Genomics, Guilford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Edward Spinard
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, USA
- Center of Excellence for African swine fever Genomics, Guilford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hillary Birtley
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, USA
- Center of Excellence for African swine fever Genomics, Guilford, Connecticut, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nicolas Tesler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, USA
- Center of Excellence for African swine fever Genomics, Guilford, Connecticut, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, USA
- Center of Excellence for African swine fever Genomics, Guilford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, New York, USA
- Center of Excellence for African swine fever Genomics, Guilford, Connecticut, USA
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12
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Johnston CM, Olesen AS, Lohse L, le Maire Madsen A, Bøtner A, Belsham GJ, Rasmussen TB. A Deep Sequencing Strategy for Investigation of Virus Variants within African Swine Fever Virus-Infected Pigs. Pathogens 2024; 13:154. [PMID: 38392892 PMCID: PMC10893071 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever, an economically important disease of pigs, often with a high case fatality rate. ASFV has demonstrated low genetic diversity among isolates collected within Eurasia. To explore the influence of viral variants on clinical outcomes and infection dynamics in pigs experimentally infected with ASFV, we have designed a deep sequencing strategy. The variant analysis revealed unique SNPs at <10% frequency in several infected pigs as well as some SNPs that were found in more than one pig. In addition, a deletion of 10,487 bp (resulting in the complete loss of 21 genes) was present at a nearly 100% frequency in the ASFV DNA from one pig at position 6362-16849. This deletion was also found to be present at low levels in the virus inoculum and in two other infected pigs. The current methodology can be used for the currently circulating Eurasian ASFVs and also adapted to other ASFV strains and genotypes. Comprehensive deep sequencing is critical for following ASFV molecular evolution, especially for the identification of modifications that affect virus virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Melissa Johnston
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
| | - Ann Sofie Olesen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
| | - Louise Lohse
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
| | - Agnete le Maire Madsen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1353 København, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.B.); (G.J.B.)
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Section for Veterinary Clinical Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.B.); (G.J.B.)
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Section for Veterinary Virology, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (C.M.J.); (A.S.O.); (L.L.); (A.l.M.M.)
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13
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Dinhobl M, Spinard E, Tesler N, Birtley H, Signore A, Ambagala A, Masembe C, Borca MV, Gladue DP. Reclassification of ASFV into 7 Biotypes Using Unsupervised Machine Learning. Viruses 2023; 16:67. [PMID: 38257767 PMCID: PMC10819123 DOI: 10.3390/v16010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2007, an outbreak of African swine fever (ASF), a deadly disease of domestic swine and wild boar caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), occurred in Georgia and has since spread globally. Historically, ASFV was classified into 25 different genotypes. However, a newly proposed system recategorized all ASFV isolates into 6 genotypes exclusively using the predicted protein sequences of p72. However, ASFV has a large genome that encodes between 150-200 genes, and classifications using a single gene are insufficient and misleading, as strains encoding an identical p72 often have significant mutations in other areas of the genome. We present here a new classification of ASFV based on comparisons performed considering the entire encoded proteome. A curated database consisting of the protein sequences predicted to be encoded by 220 reannotated ASFV genomes was analyzed for similarity between homologous protein sequences. Weights were applied to the protein identity matrices and averaged to generate a genome-genome identity matrix that was then analyzed by an unsupervised machine learning algorithm, DBSCAN, to separate the genomes into distinct clusters. We conclude that all available ASFV genomes can be classified into 7 distinct biotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dinhobl
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (M.D.); (E.S.); (N.T.); (H.B.)
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Edward Spinard
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (M.D.); (E.S.); (N.T.); (H.B.)
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Nicolas Tesler
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (M.D.); (E.S.); (N.T.); (H.B.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Hillary Birtley
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (M.D.); (E.S.); (N.T.); (H.B.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Anthony Signore
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Charles Masembe
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, School of Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (M.D.); (E.S.); (N.T.); (H.B.)
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (M.D.); (E.S.); (N.T.); (H.B.)
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- Center of Excellence for African Swine Fever Genomics, Guilford, CT 06437, USA; (A.S.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
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14
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Zhang X, Guan X, Wang Q, Wang X, Yang X, Li S, Zhao XT, Yuan M, Liu X, Qiu HJ, Li Y. Identification of the p34 Protein of African Swine Fever Virus as a Novel Viral Antigen with Protection Potential. Viruses 2023; 16:38. [PMID: 38257738 PMCID: PMC10818326 DOI: 10.3390/v16010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), affecting domestic and wild boars. The polyprotein pp220 of ASFV is responsible for producing the major structural proteins p150, p37, p14, p34, and p5 via proteolytic processing. The p34 protein is the main component of the ASFV core shell. However, the immunologic properties of the p34 protein in vitro and in vivo remain unclear. The results showed that the recombinant p34 protein expressed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes could react with convalescent swine sera to ASFV, suggesting that p34 is an immunogenic protein. Significantly, anti-p34 antibodies were found to inhibit the replication of ASFV in target cells. Furthermore, rabbits immunized with the recombinant C-strain of classical swine fever virus containing p34 produced both anti-p34 humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition, the p34 protein could induce a cell-mediated immune response, and a T-cell epitope on the p34 protein was identified using immunoinformatics and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELIspot) assay. Our study demonstrates that the p34 protein is a novel antigen of ASFV with protective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Q.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiangyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Q.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China;
| | - Xiaoke Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Shuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Xiao-Tian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Mengqi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Xingyou Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Q.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
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