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Pislak Ocepek M, Glavan G, Verovnik R, Šimenc L, Toplak I. First Detection of Honeybee Pathogenic Viruses in Butterflies. INSECTS 2022; 13:925. [PMID: 36292873 PMCID: PMC9604290 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several pathogens are important causes of the observed pollinator decline, some of which could be transmitted between different pollinator species. To determine whether honeybee viruses can be transmitted to butterflies, a total of 120 butterflies were sampled at four locations in Slovenia. At each location, butterflies from three families (Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae/Lycenidae) and Carniolan honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica) were collected. The RNA of six honeybee viruses, i.e., acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus A (DWV-A), Sacbrood bee virus (SBV), and Lake Sinai virus 3 (LSV3), was detected by a specific quantitative method (RT-PCR). The presence of ABPV, BQCV, LSV3, and SBV was detected in both butterflies and honeybees. All butterfly and bee samples were negative for CBPV, while DWV-A was detected only in honeybees. The viral load in the positive butterfly samples was much lower than in the positive bee samples, which could indicate that butterflies are passive carriers of bee viruses. The percentage of positive butterfly samples was higher when the butterflies were collected at sampling sites with a higher density of apiaries. Therefore, we believe that infected bees are a necessary condition for the presence of viruses in cohabiting butterflies. This is the first study on the presence of pathogenic bee viruses in butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metka Pislak Ocepek
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gordana Glavan
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rudi Verovnik
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Laura Šimenc
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Toplak
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Babin A, Schurr F, Rivière MP, Chauzat MP, Dubois E. Specific detection and quantification of three microsporidia infecting bees, Nosema apis, Nosema ceranae, and Nosema bombi, using probe-based real-time PCR. Eur J Protistol 2022; 86:125935. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2022.125935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Dittes J, Schierling A, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Grassinger JM, Mülling CKW, Emmerich IU. [Chronic bee paralysis virus - quo vadis? Incidence in Bavaria and consideration of therapeutic measures]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2021; 49:326-335. [PMID: 34666368 DOI: 10.1055/a-1580-8257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), a so far unclassified RNA virus that may cause neurological signs and hairless black syndrome in honey bees, has become increasingly prevalent in various European countries in recent years. The disease occasionally leads to immense losses of worker bees and a significant drop in performance, especially in strong colonies. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse the spread of CBPV in Bavaria from 2018 to 2020 as well as to evaluate therapeutic measures. MATERIAL AND METHODS In part 1 of the study, analysis results of the Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern e. V. (Bavarian Animal Health Service) from 302 bee colonies were examined with regard to virus diagnostics and clinical signs with a focus on CBPV. In part 2, data collected with the help of a questionnaire regarding 105 CBPV-positive and symptomatic colonies were evaluated. RESULTS In part 1, a significant (p = 0.004) increase in CBPV-positive samples from 2018 to 2020 was detected within Bavaria. In addition, the number of cases with clinical signs also increased during the last 2 years. Part 2 of the study showed a clustering of reports of initial onset of CBPV symptoms during springtime. The colonies mostly with a combination of symptoms recovered from the disease in 57 % of the cases. Therapeutic intervention was one decisive factor. A large number of different combinations of measures led to survival, and a lack of intervention mostly resulted in the death of the colony. In 62 % of the diseased and isolated colonies, isolation prevented further spread in the apiary. CONCLUSION UND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Based on the results, CBPV occurred more frequently in connection with clinical signs in Bavaria in recent years. Due to the large number of applied combinations of measures, no evidence-based therapy recommendation may be derived based on the current evaluations. However, it has been shown that any therapeutic intervention is superior to withholding treatment. For precise therapy recommendations, trials with treatment under standard conditions are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dittes
- Praktisches Ausbildungs- und Lernzentrum, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig.,Veterinär-Anatomisches Institut, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | | | | | | | - Christoph K W Mülling
- Veterinär-Anatomisches Institut, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
| | - Ilka U Emmerich
- VETIDATA, Institut für Pharmakologie, Pharmazie und Toxikologie, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig
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The Pathogens Spillover and Incidence Correlation in Bumblebees and Honeybees in Slovenia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070884. [PMID: 34358034 PMCID: PMC8308815 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Slovenia has a long tradition of beekeeping and a high density of honeybee colonies, but less is known about bumblebees and their pathogens. Therefore, a study was conducted to define the incidence and prevalence of pathogens in bumblebees and to determine whether there are links between infections in bumblebees and honeybees. In 2017 and 2018, clinically healthy workers of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and honeybees (Apis mellifera) were collected on flowers at four different locations in Slovenia. In addition, bumblebee queens were also collected in 2018. Several pathogens were detected in the bumblebee workers using PCR and RT-PCR methods: 8.8% on acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), 58.5% on black queen cell virus (BQCV), 6.8% on deformed wing virus (DWV), 24.5% on sacbrood bee virus (SBV), 15.6% on Lake Sinai virus (LSV), 16.3% on Nosema bombi, 8.2% on Nosema ceranae, 15.0% on Apicystis bombi and 17.0% on Crithidia bombi. In bumblebee queens, only the presence of BQCV, A. bombi and C. bombi was detected with 73.3, 26.3 and 33.3% positive samples, respectively. This study confirmed that several pathogens are regularly detected in both bumblebees and honeybees. Further studies on the pathogen transmission routes are required.
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Šimenc L, Knific T, Toplak I. The Comparison of Honeybee Viral Loads for Six Honeybee Viruses (ABPV, BQCV, CBPV, DWV, LSV3 and SBV) in Healthy and Clinically Affected Honeybees with TaqMan Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR Assays. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071340. [PMID: 34372546 PMCID: PMC8310196 DOI: 10.3390/v13071340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The viral loads of acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Lake Sinai virus 3 (LSV3), and sacbrood bee virus (SBV) were determined in samples with the use of quantitative TaqMan real-time reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A total of 108 samples of healthy adult honeybees from four differently located apiaries and samples of honeybees showing different clinical signs of viral infections from 89 apiaries were collected throughout Slovenia. The aim of this study was to discover correlations between viral loads and clinical signs in adult honeybees and confirm previously set threshold viral load levels between healthy and clinically affected honeybees. Within this study, two new RT-qPCR assays for quantification of LSV3 and SBV were developed. Statistically significant differences in viral loads of positive samples were identified between healthy and clinically affected honeybees for ABPV, CBPV, DWV, and SBV, while for BQCV and LSV3, no statistical differences were observed between both groups. Despite high detected LSV3 prevalence and viral loads around 6.00 log10 viral copies/bee, this lineage probably has a limited impact on the health status of honeybee colonies. The determined viral loads between 3.94 log10 and 13.17 log10 in positive samples for six viruses, collected over 10 consecutive months, including winter, present additional information of high viral load variations in healthy honeybee colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Šimenc
- Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Tanja Knific
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Ivan Toplak
- Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1115 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Application of the Natural Products NOZEMAT HERB and NOZEMAT HERB PLUS Can Decrease Honey Bee Colonies Losses during the Winter. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13060228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are crucial pollinators for many crops and natural ecosystems. However, honey bee colonies have been experiencing heavy overwinter mortality in almost all parts of the world. In the present study we have investigatеd, for the first time, the effects from the application of the herbal supplements NOZEMAT HERB® (NH) and NOZEMAT HERB PLUS® (NHP) on overwintering honey bee colony survival and on total protein and lysozyme content. To achieve this, in early autumn 2019, 45 colonies were selected and treated with these herbal supplements. The total protein and lysozyme content were evaluated after administration of NH and NHP twice the following year (June and September 2020). The obtained results have shown that both supplements have a positive effect on overwintering colony survival. Considerable enhancement in longevity of “winter bees” has been observed after the application of NHP, possibly due to the increased functionality of the immune system and antioxidant detoxification capacity. Although the mechanisms of action of NH and NHP are yet to be completely elucidated, our results suggest a new holistic approach on overwintering honey bee colony survival and welfare.
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Factors Associated with Honey Bee Colony Losses: A Mini-Review. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040166. [PMID: 33143134 PMCID: PMC7712510 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Western honey bee (Apis mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae) is a species of crucial economic, agricultural and environmental importance. In the last ten years, some regions of the world have suffered from a significant reduction of honey bee colonies. In fact, honey bee losses are not an unusual phenomenon, but in many countries worldwide there has been a notable decrease in honey bee colonies. The cases in the USA, in many European countries, and in the Middle East have received considerable attention, mostly due to the absence of an easily identifiable cause. It has been difficult to determine the main factors leading to colony losses because of honey bees’ diverse social behavior. Moreover, in their daily routine, they make contact with many agents of the environment and are exposed to a plethora of human activities and their consequences. Nevertheless, various factors have been considered to be contributing to honey bee losses, and recent investigations have established some of the most important ones, in particular, pests and diseases, bee management, including bee keeping practices and breeding, the change in climatic conditions, agricultural practices, and the use of pesticides. The global picture highlights the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor as a major factor in colony loss. Last but not least, microsporidian parasites, mainly Nosema ceranae, also contribute to the problem. Thus, it is obvious that there are many factors affecting honey bee colony losses globally. Increased monitoring and scientific research should throw new light on the factors involved in recent honey bee colony losses. The present review focuses on the main factors which have been found to have an impact on the increase in honey bee colony losses.
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Dittes J, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Schäfer MO, Mülling CKW, Emmerich IU. Veterinary Diagnostic Approach of Common Virus Diseases in Adult Honeybees. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040159. [PMID: 33096775 PMCID: PMC7711501 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Veterinarians are educated in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases in various vertebrate species. As they are familiar with multifactorial health problems in single animals as well as in herd health management, their knowledge and skills can be beneficial for the beekeepers and honeybee health. However, in education and in practice, honeybees are not a common species for most veterinarians and the typical veterinary diagnostic methods such as blood sampling or auscultation are not applicable to the superorganism honeybee. Honeybee colonies may be affected by various biotic and abiotic factors. Among the infectious agents, RNA-viruses build the largest group, causing covert and overt infections in honeybee colonies which may lead to colony losses. Veterinarians could and should play a more substantial role in managing honeybee health—not limited to cases of notifiable diseases and official hygiene controls. This review discusses the veterinary diagnostic approach to adult bee examination with a special focus on diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the common virus diseases Acute Bee Paralysis Virus (ABPV)-Kashmir Bee Virus (KBV)-Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV)-Complex, Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV) and Deformed Wing Virus (DWV), as well as coinfections like Varroa spp. and Nosema spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dittes
- Centre for Applied Training and Learning, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-973-8247
| | - Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- LABOKLIN GmbH & CO.KG, Labor für klinische Diagnostik, Steubenstraße 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany;
| | - Marc O. Schäfer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Christoph K. W. Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Ilka U. Emmerich
- VETIDATA, Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 39, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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Dittes J, Schäfer MO, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Mülling CKW, Emmerich IU. Overt Infection with Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV) in Two Honey Bee Colonies. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030142. [PMID: 32972032 PMCID: PMC7559786 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV), a widespread honey bee RNA virus, causes massive worker bee losses, mostly in strong colonies. Two different syndromes, with paralysis, ataxia and flight incapacity on one hand and black hairless individuals with shortened abdomens on the other, can affect a colony simultaneously. This case report presents two Apis mellifera carnica colonies with symptoms of paralysis and hairless black syndrome in 2019. Via RT-PCR, a highly positive result for CBPV was detected in both samples. Further problems, such as a Nosema infection and Varroa infestation, were present in these colonies. Therapy methods were applied to colony 1 comprising queen replacement, shook swarm method and Varroa control, whereas colony 2 was asphyxiated after queen loss and colony weakening. After therapy, colony 1 was wintered without symptoms. Beekeeping and sanitary measures can save a CBPV-infected colony, while further complications result in total colony loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dittes
- Centre for Applied Training and Learning, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-973-8247
| | - Marc O. Schäfer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- LABOKLIN GmbH & CO.KG, Labor für klinische Diagnostik, Steubenstraße 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany;
| | - Christoph K. W. Mülling
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Ilka U. Emmerich
- VETIDATA, Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 39, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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Matthijs S, De Waele V, Vandenberge V, Verhoeven B, Evers J, Brunain M, Saegerman C, De Winter PJJ, Roels S, de Graaf DC, De Regge N. Nationwide Screening for Bee Viruses and Parasites in Belgian Honey Bees. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080890. [PMID: 32823841 PMCID: PMC7472724 DOI: 10.3390/v12080890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The health of honey bees is threatened by multiple factors, including viruses and parasites. We screened 557 honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies from 155 beekeepers distributed all over Belgium to determine the prevalence of seven widespread viruses and two parasites (Varroa sp. and Nosema sp.). Deformed wing virus B (DWV-B), black queen cell virus (BQCV), and sacbrood virus (SBV) were highly prevalent and detected by real-time RT-PCR in more than 95% of the colonies. Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) and deformed wing virus A (DWV-A) were prevalent to a lower extent (between 18 and 29%). Most viruses were only present at low or moderate viral loads. Nevertheless, about 50% of the colonies harbored at least one virus at high viral load (>107 genome copies/bee). Varroa mites and Nosema sp. were found in 81.5% and 59.7% of the honey bee colonies, respectively, and all Nosema were identified as Nosema ceranae by real time PCR. Interestingly, we found a significant correlation between the number of Varroa mites and DWV-B viral load. To determine the combined effect of these and other factors on honey bee health in Belgium, a follow up of colonies over multiple years is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severine Matthijs
- Belgian National Reference Laboratory for Bee Diseases, Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (V.V.); (S.R.); (N.D.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-379-05-54
| | - Valérie De Waele
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Valerie Vandenberge
- Belgian National Reference Laboratory for Bee Diseases, Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (V.V.); (S.R.); (N.D.R.)
| | - Bénédicte Verhoeven
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Kruidtuinlaan 55, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (B.V.); (J.E.); (P.J.J.D.W.)
| | - Jacqueline Evers
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Kruidtuinlaan 55, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (B.V.); (J.E.); (P.J.J.D.W.)
| | - Marleen Brunain
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.B.); (D.C.d.G.)
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 7A B42, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Paul J. J. De Winter
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Kruidtuinlaan 55, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (B.V.); (J.E.); (P.J.J.D.W.)
| | - Stefan Roels
- Belgian National Reference Laboratory for Bee Diseases, Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (V.V.); (S.R.); (N.D.R.)
| | - Dirk C. de Graaf
- Laboratory of Molecular Entomology and Bee Pathology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.B.); (D.C.d.G.)
| | - Nick De Regge
- Belgian National Reference Laboratory for Bee Diseases, Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (V.V.); (S.R.); (N.D.R.)
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Impact of Mixed Infections of Gut Parasites Lotmaria passim and Nosema ceranae on the Lifespan and Immune-related Biomarkers in Apis mellifera. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11070420. [PMID: 32650366 PMCID: PMC7412077 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lotmaria passim currently appears to be the predominant trypanosome in honey bees worldwide. Although, the specific effects of L. passim by single or mixed with other gut parasites such as Nosema ceranae on honey bees’ health is still unclear. We consequently measured bees’ survival, parasite loads, the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and vitellogenin gene. Thus, (1) bees naturally infected with L. passim, (2) healthy bees inoculated with Nosema ceranae, (3) bees naturally infected with L. passim and inoculated with N. ceranae and (4) healthy bees (control) were maintained under controlled conditions. Honey bees infected with N. ceranae or with mixed infections of L. passim and N. ceranae had significantly lower survival rates than the control group at 20 days post-inoculation (dpi). A competitive suppression was also detected, provided that the L. passim load was significantly affected by the presence of N. ceranae at 15 dpi. Expressions of the AMPs defensin and hymenoptaecin rapidly (two hours post-inoculation) increased in bees infected with N. ceranae and mixed infections. However, this effect was not continuous. In fact, expressions of abaecin, defensin, hymenoptaecin and vitellogenin decreased drastically at 15 dpi in bees with both single and mixed infections. The decrease in the expression of AMPs and vitellogenin throughout this period was consistent with the reduced survivals observed in this study, indicating that mixed infections of L. passim and N. ceranae, and even into a scenario of competition between them, may have a synergic effect on the survival and immune-related gene expressions (biomarkers) of worker bees.
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Šimenc L, Kuhar U, Jamnikar-Ciglenečki U, Toplak I. First Complete Genome of Lake Sinai Virus Lineage 3 and Genetic Diversity of Lake Sinai Virus Strains From Honey Bees and Bumble Bees. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:1055-1061. [PMID: 32207825 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The complete genome of Lake Sinai virus 3 (LSV3) was sequenced by the Ion Torrent next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology from an archive sample of honey bees collected in 2010. This strain M92/2010 is the first complete genome sequence of LSV lineage 3. From October 2016 to December 2017, 56 honey bee samples from 32 different locations and 41 bumble bee samples from five different locations were collected. These samples were tested using a specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method; 75.92% of honey bee samples and 17.07% of bumble bee samples were LSV-positive with the RT-PCR method. Phylogenetic comparison of 557-base pair-long RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genome region of selected 23 positive samples of honey bees and three positive bumble bee samples identified three different LSV lineages: LSV1, LSV2, and LSV3. The LSV3 lineage was confirmed for the first time in Slovenia in 2010, and the same strain was later detected in several locations within the country. The LSV strains detected in bumble bees are from 98.6 to 99.4% identical to LSV strains detected among honey bees in the same territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Šimenc
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Kuhar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Jamnikar-Ciglenečki
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Toplak
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Guimarães-Cestaro L, Martins MF, Martínez LC, Alves MLTMF, Guidugli-Lazzarini KR, Nocelli RCF, Malaspina O, Serrão JE, Teixeira ÉW. Occurrence of virus, microsporidia, and pesticide residues in three species of stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini) in the field. Naturwissenschaften 2020; 107:16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-020-1670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Yang S, Zhao H, Deng Y, Deng S, Wang X, Diao Q, Hou C. A Reverse Genetics System for the Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus and Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051742. [PMID: 32143291 PMCID: PMC7084666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bee viruses are associated with honey bee colony decline. Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) is considered to have a strong impact on honey bee survival. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral genomes from several regions of the world showed that various IAPV lineages had substantial differences in virulence. Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), another important honey bee virus, can induce two significantly different symptoms. However, the infection characteristics and pathogenesis of IAPV and CBPV have not been completely elucidated. Here, we constructed infectious clones of IAPV and CBPV using a universal vector to provide a basis for studying their replication and pathogenesis. Infectious IAPV and CBPV were rescued from molecular clones of IAPV and CBPV genomes, respectively, that induced typical paralysis symptoms. The replication levels and expression proteins of IAPV and CBPV in progeny virus production were confirmed by qPCR and Western blot. Our results will allow further dissection of the role of each gene in the context of viral infection while helping to study viral pathogenesis and develop antiviral drugs using reverse genetics systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (S.Y.); (Y.D.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (Q.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou 510260, China;
| | - Yanchun Deng
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (S.Y.); (Y.D.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (Q.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (S.Y.); (Y.D.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (Q.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xinling Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (S.Y.); (Y.D.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (Q.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qingyun Diao
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (S.Y.); (Y.D.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (Q.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Chunsheng Hou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (S.Y.); (Y.D.); (S.D.); (X.W.); (Q.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62597285
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15
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Tesovnik T, Zorc M, Ristanić M, Glavinić U, Stevanović J, Narat M, Stanimirović Z. Exposure of honey bee larvae to thiamethoxam and its interaction with Nosema ceranae infection in adult honey bees. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113443. [PMID: 31733951 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During their lifetime honey bees (Apis mellifera) rarely experience optimal conditions. Sometimes, a simultaneous action of multiple stressors, natural and chemical, results in even greater effect than of any stressor alone. Therefore, integrative investigations of different factors affecting honey bees have to be carried out. In this study, adult honey bees exposed to thiamethoxam in larval and/or adult stage and infected with Nosema ceranae were examined. Newly emerged bees from colonies, non-treated or treated with thiamethoxam, were organized in six groups and kept in cages. Thiamethoxam treated bees were further exposed to either thiamethoxam or Nosema (groups TT and TN), or simultaneously to both (group TTN). Newly emerged bees from non-treated colonies were exposed to Nosema (group CN). From both, treated and non-treated colonies two groups were organized and further fed only with sugar solution (groups C and TC). Here, we present the expression profile of 19 genes in adult worker honey bees comprising those involved in immune, detoxification, development and apoptosis response. Results showed that gene expression patterns changed with time and depended on the treatment. In group TC at the time of emergence the majority of tested genes were downregulated, among which nine were significantly altered. The same gene pattern was observed on day six, where the only significantly upregulated gene was defensin-1. On day nine most of analyzed genes in all experimental groups showed upregulation compared to control group, where upregulation of antimicrobial peptide genes abaecin, defensin-1 and defensin-2 was significant in groups TT and TTN. On day 15 we observed a similar pattern of expression in groups TC and TT exposed to thiamethoxam only, where most of the detoxification genes were downregulated. Additionally RNA loads of Nosema and honey bee viruses were recorded. We detected a synergistic interaction of thiamethoxam and Nosema, reflected in lowest honey bee survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Tesovnik
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Minja Zorc
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Ristanić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš Glavinić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jevrosima Stevanović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mojca Narat
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Stanimirović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
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16
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Larem A, Fritsch E, Undorf-Spahn K, Kleespies RG, Jehle JA. Interaction of Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus with a Nosema sp. microsporidium in larvae of Phthorimaea operculella. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 160:76-86. [PMID: 30550745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An antagonistic effect of a microsporidium (Nosema sp.) infection on the virulence of Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV) was recorded in potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) larvae with mixed infections. When the P. operculella colony was infected at a high rate (42.8-100%) with the microsporidium, it was less susceptible to the isolate PhopGV-GR1.1. A virus concentration 1.89 × 105 higher was necessary to cause the same level of mortality produced in the P. operculella colony when it was uninfected or had a low level of infection with the microsporidium (0-30%). This antagonistic effect was driven by a Nosema isolate (termed Nosema sp. Phop) that was purified from microsporidian-infected P. operculella individuals. The purified microsporidium was characterised by morphological features, including size, filament coils and different developmental stages using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). On the molecular level, the partial cistron rDNA information of the small ribosomal subunit (SSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and the large ribosomal subunit (LSU) were identified. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the newly described microsporidium belongs to the "true Nosema" clade. Partial sequence information of the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) suggested that Nosema bombycis is the closest relative (98% identity). The morphological and phylogenetic characteristics suggest that it is an isolate of N. bombycis. Interactions of microsporidia and betabaculoviruses are rarely described in the literature, although mixed infections of different pathogens seem to be rather common events, ranging from antagonistic to mutualistic interactions. The observed antagonistic relationship between the Nosema sp. and PhopGV-GR1.1 showed that pathogen interactions need to be considered when single pathogens are applied to insect populations in the context of biological control of insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Larem
- Institute for Biological Control, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Eva Fritsch
- Institute for Biological Control, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Karin Undorf-Spahn
- Institute for Biological Control, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Regina G Kleespies
- Institute for Biological Control, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Johannes A Jehle
- Institute for Biological Control, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn Institute, Heinrichstraße 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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17
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Huang SK, Ye KT, Huang WF, Ying BH, Su X, Lin LH, Li JH, Chen YP, Li JL, Bao XL, Hu JZ. Influence of Feeding Type and Nosema ceranae Infection on the Gut Microbiota of Apis cerana Workers. mSystems 2018; 3:e00177-18. [PMID: 30417114 PMCID: PMC6222045 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00177-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an essential role in the health of bees. To elucidate the effect of feed and Nosema ceranae infection on the gut microbiota of honey bee (Apis cerana), we used 16S rRNA sequencing to survey the gut microbiota of honey bee workers fed with sugar water or beebread and inoculated with or without N. ceranae. The gut microbiota of A. cerana is dominated by Serratia, Snodgrassella, and Lactobacillus genera. The overall gut microbiota diversity was show to be significantly differential by feeding type. N. ceranae infection significantly affects the gut microbiota only in bees fed with sugar water. Higher abundances of Lactobacillus, Gluconacetobacter, and Snodgrassella and lower abundances of Serratia were found in bees fed with beebread than in those fed with sugar water. N. ceranae infection led to a higher abundance of Snodgrassella and a lower abundance of Serratia in sugar-fed bees. Imputed bacterial Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways showed the significant metagenomics functional differences by feeding and N. ceranae infections. Furthermore, A. cerana workers fed with sugar water showed lower N. ceranae spore loads but higher mortality than those fed with beebread. The cumulative mortality was strongly positive correlated (rho = 0.61) with the changes of overall microbiota dissimilarities by N. ceranae infection. Both feeding types and N. ceranae infection significantly affect the gut microbiota in A. cerana workers. Beebread not only provides better nutrition but also helps establish a more stable gut microbiota and therefore protects bees in response to N. ceranae infection. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota plays an essential role in the health of bees. Scientific evidence suggests that diet and infection can affect the gut microbiota and modulate the health of the gut; however, the interplay between those two factors and the bee gut microbiota is not well known. In this study, we used a high-throughput sequencing method to monitor the changes of gut microbiota associated with both feeding types and Nosema ceranae infection. Our results showed that the gut microbiota composition and diversity of Asian honey bee were significantly associated with both feeding types and the N. ceranae infection. More interestingly, bees fed with beebread showed higher microbiota stability and lower mortality rates than those fed with sugar water when infected by N. ceranae. Those data suggest that beebread has the potential not only to provide better nutrition but also help to establish a more stable gut microbiota to protect bees against N. ceranae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao K. Huang
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Kun T. Ye
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Wei F. Huang
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Bi H. Ying
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Xin Su
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Li H. Lin
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Jiang H. Li
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Yan P. Chen
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Lab, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ji L. Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu L. Bao
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jian Z. Hu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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18
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Yang D, Xu X, Zhao H, Yang S, Wang X, Zhao D, Diao Q, Hou C. Diverse Factors Affecting Efficiency of RNAi in Honey Bee Viruses. Front Genet 2018; 9:384. [PMID: 30254665 PMCID: PMC6141667 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection and transmission of honey bee viruses pose a serious threat to the pollination services of crops and wild plants, which plays a vital role in agricultural economy and ecology. RNA interference (RNAi) is an effective defense mechanism against commonly occurring viral infections of animals and plants. However, recent studies indicate that the effects of RNAi on the honey bee can induce additional impacts and might not always be effective in suppressing the virus. Moreover, the RNAi responses differed in relation to the developmental stage of the insect and the target tissue used, even though the same method of delivery was used. These results indicate that further analysis and field experiments should be performed to characterize the varying effectiveness of RNAi-based methods for treating honey bee viral infections. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and the recent progress in RNAi-based anti-viral treatments for honey bees, focusing in particular highlight the role of the dsRNA-delivery method used and its effect on RNAi efficiency and demonstrate the potential practical value of this tool for controlling the virus. We conclude studying the gene function and disease control of honey bee by RNAi technology requires a complex consideration from physiology, genetics to environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahe Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sa Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xinling Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyun Diao
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Hou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China
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19
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Diao Q, Li B, Zhao H, Wu Y, Guo R, Dai P, Chen D, Wang Q, Hou C. Enhancement of chronic bee paralysis virus levels in honeybees acute exposed to imidacloprid: A Chinese case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:487-494. [PMID: 29499530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Though honeybee populations have not yet been reported to be largely lost in China, many stressors that affect the health of honeybees have been confirmed. Honeybees inevitably come into contact with environmental stressors that are not intended to target honeybees, such as pesticides. Although large-scale losses of honeybee colonies are thought to be associated with viruses, these viruses usually lead to covert infections and to not cause acute damage if the bees do not encounter outside stressors. To reveal the potential relationship between acute pesticides and viruses, we applied different doses of imidacloprid to adult bees that were primarily infected with low levels (4.3×105 genome copies) of chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) to observe whether the acute oral toxicity of imidacloprid was able to elevate the level of CBPV. Here, we found that the titer of CBPV was significantly elevated in adult bees after 96h of acute treatment with imidacloprid at the highest dose 66.9ng/bee compared with other treatments and controls. Our study provides clear evidence that exposure to acute high doses of imidacloprid in honeybees persistently infected by CBPV can exert a remarkably negative effect on honeybee survival. These results imply that acute environmental stressors might be one of the major accelerators causing rapid viral replication, which may progress to cause mass proliferation and dissemination and lead to colony decline. The present study will be useful for better understanding the harm caused by this pesticide, especially regarding how honeybee tolerance to the viral infection might be altered by acute pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Diao
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou 510260, PR China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Pingli Dai
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Dafu Chen
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Chunsheng Hou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, PR China.
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20
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Martín-Hernández R, Bartolomé C, Chejanovsky N, Le Conte Y, Dalmon A, Dussaubat C, García-Palencia P, Meana A, Pinto MA, Soroker V, Higes M. Nosema ceranaeinApis mellifera: a 12 years postdetectionperspective. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1302-1329. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martín-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola. Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental de Marchamalo, (CIAPA-IRIAF), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha; Marchamalo Spain
- Instituto de Recursos Humanos para la Ciencia y la Tecnología (INCRECYT-FEDER), Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla - La Mancha; Spain
| | - Carolina Bartolomé
- Medicina Xenómica, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Xenómica Comparada de Parásitos Humanos, IDIS, 15782 Santiago de Compostela; Galicia Spain
| | - Nor Chejanovsky
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center; Rishon LeZion Israel
| | - Yves Le Conte
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement; F-84000 Avignon France
| | - Anne Dalmon
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement; F-84000 Avignon France
| | | | | | - Aranzazu Meana
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Spain
| | - M. Alice Pinto
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança; 5300-253 Bragança Portugal
| | - Victoria Soroker
- Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center; Rishon LeZion Israel
| | - Mariano Higes
- Laboratorio de Patología Apícola. Centro de Investigación Apícola y Agroambiental de Marchamalo, (CIAPA-IRIAF), Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha; Marchamalo Spain
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21
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Ecological and evolutionary approaches to managing honeybee disease. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1250-1262. [PMID: 29046562 PMCID: PMC5749923 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Honeybee declines are a serious threat to global agricultural security and productivity. Although multiple factors contribute to these declines, parasites are a key driver. Disease problems in honeybees have intensified in recent years, despite increasing attention to addressing them. Here we argue that we must focus on the principles of disease ecology and evolution to understand disease dynamics, assess the severity of disease threats, and control these threats via honeybee management. We cover the ecological context of honeybee disease, including both host and parasite factors driving current transmission dynamics, and then discuss evolutionary dynamics including how beekeeping management practices may drive selection for more virulent parasites. We then outline how ecological and evolutionary principles can guide disease mitigation in honeybees, including several practical management suggestions for addressing short- and long-term disease dynamics and consequences. Multiple interacting factors have contributed to the rapid decline of honeybee populations worldwide. Here, the authors review the impact of parasites and pathogens, and how ecological and evolutionary principles can guide management practices.
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22
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Jamnikar-Ciglenecki U, Toplak I, Kuhar U. Complete Genome of Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus Strain SLO/M92/2010, Detected from Apis mellifera carnica. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:e00602-17. [PMID: 28663300 PMCID: PMC5638284 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00602-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) causes an infectious and contagious disease of adult honeybees. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of CBPV strain SLO/M92/2010. This is the first published complete genome of CBPV in Apis mellifera carnica, which provides important additional knowledge about the divergence of the CBPV genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urska Jamnikar-Ciglenecki
- Institute of Food Safety, Feed, and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Toplak
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urska Kuhar
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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23
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Li B, Deng S, Yang D, Hou C, Diao Q. Complete sequences of the RNA 1 and RNA 2 segments of chronic bee paralysis virus strain CBPV-BJ detected in China. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2451-2456. [PMID: 28432563 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) is an important viral pathogen that affects adult bees. Although several CBPV strains have been reported, little information has been obtained from China. In this study, two major segments of the CBPV Chinese isolate CBPV-BJ, RNA 1 and RNA 2, were determined to be 3657 and 2267 nucleotides (nt) in length, respectively. RNA 1 and RNA 2 contained three and four open reading frames (ORFs), respectively, which agreed with known reference strains (EU122229 and EU122230). The RNA 1 had 98% nucleotide sequence identity to a known Chinese strain (KU950353), and RNA 2 had 97% nucleotide sequence identity to another Chinese strain (KU950354). Although the lengths of the RNA 1 and RNA 2 sequences were 17 nt and 38 nt shorter than those of the CBPV reference strains EU122229 and EU122230, respectively, the complete CBPV-BJ RNA 1 and RNA 2 sequences shared 91% and 92% identity with them. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and putative structural proteins (pSPs) showed that CBPV-BJ was most closely related to the other two Chinese isolate (KU950353 and KU950354) and clustered with most Asian strains. These data provide new information that will lead to a better understanding of the diversity of the CBPV genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Beigou, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Beigou, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Dahe Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Beigou, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunsheng Hou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Beigou, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingyun Diao
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1 Beigou, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.
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Mendoza Y, Diaz-Cetti S, Ramallo G, Santos E, Porrini M, Invernizzi C. Nosema ceranae Winter Control: Study of the Effectiveness of Different Fumagillin Treatments and Consequences on the Strength of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1-5. [PMID: 28025388 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OVERVIEW In Uruguay, colonies of honey bees moving to Eucalyptus grandis plantation in autumn habitually become infected with the microsporidian Nosema ceranae , a parasite that attacks the digestive system of bees. Beekeepers attributed to N. ceranae depopulation of the colonies that often occurs at the end of the blooming period, and many use the antibiotic fumagillin to reduce the level of infection. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of four different fumagillin treatments and determine how this antibiotic affects the strength of the colonies during the winter season. The colonies treated with fumagillin in July showed less spore load at the end of applications, being the most effective the following treatments: the four applications sprayed over bees of 30 mg of fumagillin in 100 ml of sugar syrup 1:1, and four applications of 90 mg of fumagillin in 250 ml of sugar syrup 1:1 using a feeder. However, 2 month after the treatment applications, the colonies treated with fumagillin were the same size as the untreated colonies. In September, the colonies treated and not treated with fumagillin did not differ in colony strength (adult bee population and brood area) or spores abundance. Our study demonstrates that fumagillin treatment temporarily decreased the spore load of N. ceranae , but this was not reflected in either the size of the colonies or the probability of surviving the winter regardless of the dose or the administration strategy applied. Given the results obtained, we suggest to not perform the pharmacological treatment under the conditions described in the experiment. RESUMEN En Uruguay las colonias de abejas melíferas que se trasladan a las forestaciones de Eucalyptus grandis en otoño indefectiblemente se infectan con el microsporido Nosema ceranae , parásito que ataca el sistema digestivo de las abejas. Los apicultores atribuyen a N. ceranae el despoblamiento de las colonias que ocurre con frecuencia al terminar el periodo de floración y muchos emplean el antibiótico fumagilina para reducir el nivel de infección. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la eficacia de cuatro tratamientos diferentes con fumagilina y determinar cómo incide en la fortaleza de las colonias durante la invernada. Las colonias tratadas con fumagilina en julio presentaron una menor carga de esporas al terminar las aplicaciones, siendo los tratamientos más eficaces el de 4 aplicaciones mediante asperjado sobre las abejas de 30 mg de fumagilina en 100 ml de jarabe de azúcar 1:1, y el de 4 aplicaciones de 90 mg de fumagilina en 250 ml de jarabe de azúcar 1:1 utilizando un alimentador. Sin embargo, durante el período de experimentación, las colonias tratadas con antibiótico presentaron igual tamaño que las colonias no tratadas. En setiembre, las colonias tratadas y no tratadas con fumagilina no se diferenciaron en la intensidad de infección ni en su tamaño. En las condiciones en que se realizó el estudio, la aplicación de fumagilina disminuyó temporalmente la carga de esporas de N. ceranae pero esto no se reflejó en el tamaño de las colonias ni en la probabilidad de sobrevivir el invierno.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mendoza
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Apicultura, Uruguay
| | - S Diaz-Cetti
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Apicultura, Uruguay
| | - G Ramallo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Apicultura, Uruguay
| | - E Santos
- Sección Etología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - M Porrini
- Departamento de Biología, Centro de Investigación en Abejas Sociales, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Invernizzi
- Sección Etología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
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25
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Assessing the health status of managed honeybee colonies (HEALTHY-B): a toolbox to facilitate harmonised data collection. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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26
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Holt HL, Grozinger CM. Approaches and Challenges to Managing Nosema (Microspora: Nosematidae) Parasites in Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1487-503. [PMID: 27340190 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The microsporidia Nosema apis (Zander) and Nosema ceranae (Fries) are common intestinal parasites in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Though globally prevalent, there are mixed reports of Nosema infection costs, with some regions reporting high parasite virulence and colony losses, while others REPORT high Nosema prevalence but few costs. Basic and applied studies are urgently needed to help beekeepers effectively manage Nosema spp., ideally through an integrated pest management approach that allows beekeepers to deploy multiple strategies to control Nosema when Nosema is likely to cause damage to the colonies, rather than using prophylactic treatments. Beekeepers need practical and affordable technologies that facilitate disease diagnosis and science-backed guidelines that recommend when, if at all, to treat infections. In addition, new treatment methods are needed, as there are several problems associated with the chemical use of fumagillin (the only currently extensively studied, but not globally available treatment) to control Nosema parasites. Though selective breeding of Nosema-resistant or tolerant bees may offer a long-term, sustainable solution to Nosema management, other treatments are needed in the interim. Furthermore, the validation of alternative treatment efficacy in field settings is needed along with toxicology assays to ensure that treatments do not have unintended, adverse effects on honey bees or humans. Finally, given variation in Nosema virulence, development of regional management guidelines, rather than universal guidelines, may provide optimal and cost-effective Nosema management, though more research is needed before regional plans can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Holt
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, 3A Chemical Ecology Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802 Current Affiliation: Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, The University of Minnesota, Skok Hall, St. Paul, MN, 55108
| | - Christina M Grozinger
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 1A Chemical Ecology Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802
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27
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Huang Q, Chen Y, Wang RW, Schwarz RS, Evans JD. Honey bee microRNAs respond to infection by the microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17494. [PMID: 26620304 PMCID: PMC4664923 DOI: 10.1038/srep17494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to study the effects of Nosema ceranae infection on honey bee microRNA (miRNA) expression, we deep-sequenced honey bee miRNAs daily across a full 6-day parasite reproduction cycle. Seventeen miRNAs were differentially expressed in honey bees infected by N. ceranae that potentially target over 400 genes predicted to primarily involve ion binding, signaling, the nucleus, transmembrane transport, and DNA binding. Based on Enzyme Code analysis, nine biological pathways were identified by screening target genes against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, seven of which involved metabolism. Our results suggest that differentially expressed miRNAs regulate metabolism related genes of host honey bees in response to N. ceranae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650223, China.,USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building 306, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
| | - Yanping Chen
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building 306, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
| | - Rui Wu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Ryan S Schwarz
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building 306, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
| | - Jay D Evans
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, BARC-East Building 306, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
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28
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Zheng HQ, Gong HR, Huang SK, Sohr A, Hu FL, Chen YP. Evidence of the synergistic interaction of honey bee pathogens Nosema ceranae and Deformed wing virus. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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29
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Kielmanowicz MG, Inberg A, Lerner IM, Golani Y, Brown N, Turner CL, Hayes GJR, Ballam JM. Prospective large-scale field study generates predictive model identifying major contributors to colony losses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004816. [PMID: 25875764 PMCID: PMC4395366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, unusually high losses of colonies have been reported by beekeepers across the USA. Multiple factors such as Varroa destructor, bee viruses, Nosema ceranae, weather, beekeeping practices, nutrition, and pesticides have been shown to contribute to colony losses. Here we describe a large-scale controlled trial, in which different bee pathogens, bee population, and weather conditions across winter were monitored at three locations across the USA. In order to minimize influence of various known contributing factors and their interaction, the hives in the study were not treated with antibiotics or miticides. Additionally, the hives were kept at one location and were not exposed to potential stress factors associated with migration. Our results show that a linear association between load of viruses (DWV or IAPV) in Varroa and bees is present at high Varroa infestation levels (>3 mites per 100 bees). The collection of comprehensive data allowed us to draw a predictive model of colony losses and to show that Varroa destructor, along with bee viruses, mainly DWV replication, contributes to approximately 70% of colony losses. This correlation further supports the claim that insufficient control of the virus-vectoring Varroa mite would result in increased hive loss. The predictive model also indicates that a single factor may not be sufficient to trigger colony losses, whereas a combination of stressors appears to impact hive health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Inberg
- Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Yael Golani
- Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Brown
- Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | | | - Joan M. Ballam
- Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
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30
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Mondet F, de Miranda JR, Kretzschmar A, Le Conte Y, Mercer AR. On the front line: quantitative virus dynamics in honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies along a new expansion front of the parasite Varroa destructor. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004323. [PMID: 25144447 PMCID: PMC4140857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past fifty years, annual honeybee (Apis mellifera) colony losses have been steadily increasing worldwide. These losses have occurred in parallel with the global spread of the honeybee parasite Varroa destructor. Indeed, Varroa mite infestations are considered to be a key explanatory factor for the widespread increase in annual honeybee colony mortality. The host-parasite relationship between honeybees and Varroa is complicated by the mite's close association with a range of honeybee viral pathogens. The 10-year history of the expanding front of Varroa infestation in New Zealand offered a rare opportunity to assess the dynamic quantitative and qualitative changes in honeybee viral landscapes in response to the arrival, spread and level of Varroa infestation. We studied the impact of de novo infestation of bee colonies by Varroa on the prevalence and titres of seven well-characterised honeybee viruses in both bees and mites, using a large-scale molecular ecology approach. We also examined the effect of the number of years since Varroa arrival on honeybee and mite viral titres. The dynamic shifts in the viral titres of black queen cell virus and Kashmir bee virus mirrored the patterns of change in Varroa infestation rates along the Varroa expansion front. The deformed wing virus (DWV) titres in bees continued to increase with Varroa infestation history, despite dropping infestation rates, which could be linked to increasing DWV titres in the mites. This suggests that the DWV titres in mites, perhaps boosted by virus replication, may be a major factor in maintaining the DWV epidemic after initial establishment. Both positive and negative associations were identified for several pairs of viruses, in response to the arrival of Varroa. These findings provide important new insights into the role of the parasitic mite Varroa destructor in influencing the viral landscape that affects honeybee colonies. Honeybees currently face a dramatic decline worldwide. The main honeybee parasite - Varroa destructor - plays a key role in these mortalities, since uncontrolled infestation inevitably results in the death of the colony. The pathological effects of Varroa infestations are partly attributed to the association of the mite with several honeybee viruses, primarily deformed wing virus (DWV). However the exact role that Varroa plays in the spread of honeybee viruses is still unknown. The recent arrival of Varroa in New Zealand provided a timely opportunity to gain insights into the complex relationship between bees, Varroa and viruses. Our data reveal that the different viruses have unique quantitative dynamics in relation to Varroa infestation, resulting in a shifting succession of virus infections that ultimately leaves DWV as the predominant infection. Assumption-free analysis shows consistent clustering of the data according to Varroa-infestation history, confirming a progressive change in the overall virus landscape co-incident with Varroa infestation. We also highlight possible interactions between several viruses. Our findings may have implications for the beekeeping industry, by highlighting the dynamic changes in the virus infections due to the arrival of Varroa, and how these are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Mondet
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
- AgroParisTech, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Yves Le Conte
- INRA, UR 406 Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | - Alison R. Mercer
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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31
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Miller KM, Teffer A, Tucker S, Li S, Schulze AD, Trudel M, Juanes F, Tabata A, Kaukinen KH, Ginther NG, Ming TJ, Cooke SJ, Hipfner JM, Patterson DA, Hinch SG. Infectious disease, shifting climates, and opportunistic predators: cumulative factors potentially impacting wild salmon declines. Evol Appl 2014; 7:812-55. [PMID: 25469162 PMCID: PMC4227861 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging diseases are impacting animals under high-density culture, yet few studies assess their importance to wild populations. Microparasites selected for enhanced virulence in culture settings should be less successful maintaining infectivity in wild populations, as once the host dies, there are limited opportunities to infect new individuals. Instead, moderately virulent microparasites persisting for long periods across multiple environments are of greatest concern. Evolved resistance to endemic microparasites may reduce susceptibilities, but as barriers to microparasite distributions are weakened, and environments become more stressful, unexposed populations may be impacted and pathogenicity enhanced. We provide an overview of the evolutionary and ecological impacts of infectious diseases in wild salmon and suggest ways in which modern technologies can elucidate the microparasites of greatest potential import. We present four case studies that resolve microparasite impacts on adult salmon migration success, impact of river warming on microparasite replication, and infection status on susceptibility to predation. Future health of wild salmon must be considered in a holistic context that includes the cumulative or synergistic impacts of multiple stressors. These approaches will identify populations at greatest risk, critically needed to manage and potentially ameliorate the shifts in current or future trajectories of wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Teffer
- Biology Department, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Strahan Tucker
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Angela D Schulze
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Marc Trudel
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
- Biology Department, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Francis Juanes
- Biology Department, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Tabata
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Karia H Kaukinen
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Norma G Ginther
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Tobi J Ming
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaNanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton UniverisyOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - J Mark Hipfner
- Environment Canada, Wildlife Research DivisionDelta, BC, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Science BranchBurnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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32
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Amiri E, Meixner M, Büchler R, Kryger P. Chronic bee paralysis virus in honeybee queens: evaluating susceptibility and infection routes. Viruses 2014; 6:1188-201. [PMID: 24618857 PMCID: PMC3970145 DOI: 10.3390/v6031188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) is known as a disease of worker honey bees. To investigate pathogenesis of the CBPV on the queen, the sole reproductive individual in a colony, we conducted experiments regarding the susceptibility of queens to CBPV. Results from susceptibility experiment showed a similar disease progress in the queens compared to worker bees after infection. Infected queens exhibit symptoms by Day 6 post infection and virus levels reach 1011 copies per head. In a transmission experiment we showed that social interactions may affect the disease progression. Queens with forced contact to symptomatic worker bees acquired an overt infection with up to 1011 virus copies per head in six days. In contrast, queens in contact with symptomatic worker bees, but with a chance to receive food from healthy bees outside the cage appeared healthy. The virus loads did not exceed 107 in the majority of these queens after nine days. Symptomatic worker bees may transmit sufficient active CBPV particles to the queen through trophallaxis, to cause an overt infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Amiri
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Marina Meixner
- LLH Bieneninstitut Kirchhain, Erlenstr. 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany.
| | - Ralph Büchler
- LLH Bieneninstitut Kirchhain, Erlenstr. 9, 35274 Kirchhain, Germany.
| | - Per Kryger
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
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33
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Doublet V, Labarussias M, de Miranda JR, Moritz RFA, Paxton RJ. Bees under stress: sublethal doses of a neonicotinoid pesticide and pathogens interact to elevate honey bee mortality across the life cycle. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:969-83. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Doublet
- Institut für Biologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Maureen Labarussias
- Institut für Biologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | | | - Robin F. A. Moritz
- Institut für Biologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Robert J. Paxton
- Institut für Biologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast UK
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