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Ghosal M, Rakshit T, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharyya S, Satpati P, Senapati D. E-Protein Protonation Titration-Induced Single-Particle Chemical Force Spectroscopy for Microscopic Understanding and pI Estimation of Infectious DENV. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3133-3144. [PMID: 38512319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The ionization state of amino acids on the outer surface of a virus regulates its physicochemical properties toward the sorbent surface. Serologically different strains of the dengue virus (DENV) show different extents of infectivity depending upon their interactions with a receptor on the host cell. To understand the structural dependence of E-protein protonation over its sequence dependence, we have followed E-protein titration kinetics both experimentally and theoretically for two differentially infected dengue serotypes, namely, DENV-2 and DENV-4. We have performed E-protein protonation titration-induced single-particle chemical force spectroscopy using an atomic force microscope (AFM) to measure the surface chemistry of DENV in physiological aqueous solutions not only to understand the charge distribution dynamics on the virus surface but also to estimate the isoelectric point (pI) accurately for infectious dengue viruses. Cryo-EM structure-based theoretical pI calculations of the DENV-2 surface protein were shown to be consistent with the evaluated pI value from force spectroscopy measurements. We also highlighted here the role of the microenvironment around the titrable residues (in the 3D-folded structure of the protein) in altering the pKa. This is a comprehensive study to understand how the cumulative charge distribution on the outer surface of a specific serotype of DENV regulates a prominent role of infectivity over minute changes at the genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manorama Ghosal
- Chemical Sciences Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, WB 700064, India
| | - Tatini Rakshit
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP 201314, India
| | - Shreya Bhattacharya
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad-Gurugram Expressway, PO Box 4, Faridabad-Gurugram HR-121001, India
| | - Priyadarshi Satpati
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dulal Senapati
- Chemical Sciences Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), A CI of Homi Bhabha National Institute, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, WB 700064, India
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Karch JL, Okorie CL, Maymone MBC, Laughter M, Vashi NA. Vascular cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 and RNA viral pathogens: a systematic review. Clin Exp Dermatol 2024; 49:313-324. [PMID: 37936304 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19, the widely recognized and highly contagious respiratory tract infection, has had a substantial impact on the field of dermatology since its emergence in 2019. SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of COVID-19, is classified as an RNA virus. Various skin-related symptoms have been reported in patients with COVID-19, most notably the distinctive purple-red acral rash resembling chilblain lesions, commonly referred to as 'COVID toe'; similarly, skin-related symptoms have been observed in connection with other RNA viruses. OBJECTIVES To explore the relationship between RNA viruses and their associated vascular cutaneous manifestations vs. those observed in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed and medical subject heading terms related to RNA viruses and related skin manifestations. RESULTS In total, 3994 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 presenting with skin rashes were included. Chilblain-like lesions were most frequently observed (30.2%), followed by erythematous maculopapular/morbilliform rashes (9.1%) and urticarial rashes (4.7%). Of 8362 patients diagnosed with RNA viruses, more than half of the skin findings reported were erythematous/maculopapular/morbilliform rashes (52.3%), followed by unspecified (11.3%) and purpuric rashes (10.6%). CONCLUSIONS When comparing RNA viral infections with COVID-19 infection, we observed similarities in the reported skin manifestations and their presumed pathways, with many implicated in the proinflammatory response. Owing to the wide range of cutaneous symptoms associated with RNA viruses and our currently limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms, additional research is warranted to investigate the pathology behind viral-induced skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Karch
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Chiamaka L Okorie
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Mayra B C Maymone
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Melissa Laughter
- Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neelam A Vashi
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, US Department of Veteran Affairs, Boston Health Care System, Boston, MA, USA
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Shoushtari M, Rismani E, Salehi-Vaziri M, Azadmanesh K. Structure-based evaluation of the envelope domain III-nonstructural protein 1 (EDIII-NS1) fusion as a dengue virus vaccine candidate. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38319049 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2311350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The lack of effective medicines or vaccines, combined with climate change and other environmental factors, annually subjects a significant proportion of the world's inhabitants to the risk of dengue virus (DENV) infection. These conditions increase the likelihood of exposure to mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue fever. Hence, many research approaches tend to develop efficient vaccine candidates against the dengue virus. Therefore, we used immunoinformatics and bioinformatics to design a construction for developing a candidate vaccine against dengue virus serotypes. In this study, the in silico structure, containing the non-structural protein 1 region (NS1) (consensus and epitope), the envelope domain III protein (EDIII) as the structural part of the virus construction, and the bc-loop of envelope domain II (EDII) as the neutralizing and protected epitope, were employed. We utilized in silico tools to enhance the immunogenicity and effectiveness of dengue virus vaccine candidates. Evaluations included refining and validating physicochemical characteristics, B and T-cell epitopes, homology modeling, and the three-dimensional structure to assess the designed vaccine's quality. In silico results for tertiary structure prediction and validation revealed high-quality modeling for all vaccine constructs. Additionally, the instructed model demonstrated stability throughout molecular dynamics simulation. The results of the immune simulation suggested that the titers of IgG and IgM could be raised to desirable values following injection into in vivo models. It can be concluded that the designed construct effectively induce humoral and cellular immunity and can be proposed as effective vaccine candidate against four dengue serotypes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elham Rismani
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Sistrom M, Andrews H, Edwards DL. Comparative genomics of Japanese encephalitis virus shows low rates of recombination and a small subset of codon positions under episodic diversifying selection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011459. [PMID: 38295106 PMCID: PMC10861042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthoflavivirus japonicum (JEV) is the dominant cause of viral encephalitis in the Asian region with 100,000 cases and 25,000 deaths reported annually. The genome is comprised of a single polyprotein that encodes three structural and seven non-structural proteins. We collated a dataset of 349 complete genomes from a number of public databases, and analysed the data for recombination, evolutionary selection and phylogenetic structure. There are low rates of recombination in JEV, subsequently recombination is not a major evolutionary force shaping JEV. We found a strong overall signal of purifying selection in the genome, which is the main force affecting the evolutionary dynamics in JEV. There are also a small number of genomic sites under episodic diversifying selection, especially in the envelope protein and non-structural proteins 3 and 5. Overall, these results support previous analyses of JEV evolutionary genomics and provide additional insight into the evolutionary processes shaping the distribution and adaptation of this important pathogenic arbovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sistrom
- Department of Industry, Trade and Tourism, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Darwin, Australia
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Australia
| | - Hannah Andrews
- Department of Industry, Trade and Tourism, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Darwin, Australia
| | - Danielle L. Edwards
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Australia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin, Australia
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5
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Giri R, Bhardwaj T, Kapuganti SK, Saumya KU, Sharma N, Bhardwaj A, Joshi R, Verma D, Gadhave K. Widespread amyloid aggregates formation by Zika virus proteins and peptides. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4833. [PMID: 37937856 PMCID: PMC10682691 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral pathogenesis typically involves numerous molecular mechanisms. Protein aggregation is a relatively unknown characteristic of viruses, despite the fact that viral proteins have been shown to form terminally misfolded forms. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neurotropic one with the potential to cause neurodegeneration. Its protein amyloid aggregation may link the neurodegenerative component to the pathogenicity associated with the viral infection. Therefore, we investigated protein aggregation in the ZIKV proteome as a putative pathogenic route and one of the alternate pathways. We discovered that it contains numerous anticipated aggregation-prone regions in this investigation. To validate our prediction, we used a combination of supporting experimental techniques routinely used for morphological characterization and study of amyloid aggregates. Several ZIKV proteins and peptides, including the full-length envelope protein, its domain III (EDIII) and fusion peptide, Pr N-terminal peptide, NS1 β-roll peptide, membrane-embedded signal peptide 2K, and cytosolic region of NS4B protein, were shown to be highly aggregating in our study. Because our findings show that viral proteins can form amyloids in vitro, we need to do a thorough functional study of these anticipated APRs to understand better the role of amyloids in the pathophysiology of ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajanish Giri
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Taniya Bhardwaj
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Shivani K. Kapuganti
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Kumar Udit Saumya
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Aparna Bhardwaj
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Richa Joshi
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Deepanshu Verma
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Weiß R, Issmail L, Rockstroh A, Grunwald T, Fertey J, Ulbert S. Immunization with different recombinant West Nile virus envelope proteins induces varying levels of serological cross-reactivity and protection from infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1279147. [PMID: 38035335 PMCID: PMC10684968 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1279147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction West Nile Virus (WNV) is a zoonotic flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. Especially in the elderly or in immunocompromised individuals an infection with WNV can lead to severe neurological symptoms. To date, no human vaccine against WNV is available. The Envelope (E) protein, located at the surface of flaviviruses, is involved in the invasion into host cells and is the major target for neutralizing antibodies and therefore central to vaccine development. Due to their close genetic and structural relationship, flaviviruses share highly conserved epitopes, such as the fusion loop domain (FL) in the E protein, that are recognized by cross-reactive antibodies. These antibodies can lead to enhancement of infection with heterologous flaviviruses, which is a major concern for potential vaccines in areas with co-circulation of different flaviviruses, e.g. Dengue or Zika viruses. Material To reduce the potential of inducing cross-reactive antibodies, we performed an immunization study in mice using WNV E proteins with either wild type sequence or a mutated FL, and WNV E domain III which does not contain the FL at all. Results and discussion Our data show that all antigens induce high levels of WNV-binding antibodies. However, the level of protection against WNV varied, with the wildtype E protein inducing full, the other antigens only partial protection. On the other hand, serological cross-reactivity to heterologous flaviviruses was significantly reduced after immunization with the mutated E protein or domain III as compared to the wild type version. These results have indications for choosing antigens with the optimal specificity and efficacy in WNV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Leipzig, Germany
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Baryshnikova V, Turchenko Y, Tuchynskaya K, Belyaletdinova I, Butenko A, Dereventsova A, Ignatiev G, Kholodilov I, Larichev V, Lyapeykova E, Rogova A, Shakaryan A, Shishova A, Gmyl A, Karganova G. Recombinant TBEV Protein E of the Siberian Subtype Is a Candidate Antigen in the ELISA Test System for Differential Diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3277. [PMID: 37892100 PMCID: PMC10606673 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most common members of the Orthoflavivirus genus, which comprises the causative agents of severe diseases in humans and animals. Due to the expanding areas of orthoflavivirus infection, its differential diagnosis is highly demanded. Commercial test kits based on inactivated TBEV may not provide reliable differentiation between flaviviruses because of serological crossover in this genus. Application of recombinant domains (sE and dIII) of the TBEV Sukhar-strain protein E as antigens in an ELISA test system allowed us to identify a wide range of antibodies specific to different TBEV strains. We tested 53 sera from human patients with confirmed TBE diagnosis (the efficacy of our test system based on sE protein was 98%) and 56 sera from patients with other orthoflavivirus infections in which no positive ones were detected using our ELISA test system, thus being indicative of its 100% specificity. We also tested mouse and rabbit sera containing antibodies specific to 17 TBEV strains belonging to different subtypes; this assay exhibited high efficacy and differentiation ability in detecting antibodies against TBEV from other orthoflaviviruses such as Omsk hemorrhagic fever, Powassan, yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, Zika, and Japanese encephalitis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Baryshnikova
- FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia (Y.T.); (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Yuriy Turchenko
- FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia (Y.T.); (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Ksenia Tuchynskaya
- FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia (Y.T.); (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Ilmira Belyaletdinova
- FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia (Y.T.); (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexander Butenko
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology Division of N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Alena Dereventsova
- FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia (Y.T.); (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Georgy Ignatiev
- FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia (Y.T.); (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Ivan Kholodilov
- FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia (Y.T.); (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Victor Larichev
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology Division of N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Lyapeykova
- Infectious Clinical Hospital No. 1 of the Moscow City Health Department, Moscow 125310, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya Rogova
- FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia (Y.T.); (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Armen Shakaryan
- FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia (Y.T.); (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases in Children, Faculty of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Anna Shishova
- FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia (Y.T.); (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anatoly Gmyl
- FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia (Y.T.); (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Galina Karganova
- FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS” (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia (Y.T.); (I.B.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Tang X, Li R, Qi Y, Li W, Liu Z, Wu J. The identification and genetic characteristics of Quang Binh virus from field-captured Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Guizhou Province, China. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:318. [PMID: 37679786 PMCID: PMC10486134 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes carry a variety of viruses that can cause disease in humans, animals and livestock. Surveys for viruses carried by wild mosquitoes can significantly contribute to surveillance efforts and early detection systems. In addition to mosquito-borne viruses, mosquitoes harbor many insect-specific viruses (ISVs). Quang Binh virus (QBV) is one such example, categorized as an ISV within the Flavivirus genus (family Flaviviridae). QBV has been specifically documented in Vietnam and China, with reports limited to several mosquito species. METHODS The homogenate obtained from female mosquitoes was cultured on C6/36 (Aedes albopictus) and BHK-21 (baby hamster kidney) cell lines. Positive cultures were identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT‒PCR) with taxon- or species-specific primers. Next-generation sequencing was employed to sequence the complete genomes of the identified positive samples. Subsequently, phylogenetic, gene homology, molecular evolutionary and genetic variation analyses were conducted. RESULT In 2021, a total of 32,177 adult female mosquitoes were collected from 15 counties in Guizhou Province, China. The predominant mosquito species identified were Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Armigeres subalbatus and Anopheles sinensis. Among the collected mosquitoes, three positive cultures were obtained from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus pools, revealing the presence of Quang Binh virus (QBV) RNA sequences. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the three Guizhou isolates, along with the prototype isolate from Vietnam, formed distinct branches. These branches were primarily closely related to other QBV isolates reported in China. Comparative analysis revealed a high degree of nucleotide and amino acid homology between the Guizhou isolates and both Vietnamese and other indigenous Chinese isolates. Additionally, nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) were observed in these strains compared to the QBV prototype strain. CONCLUSION This study represents the first report of QBV presences in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in Guizhou Province, China. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the three Guizhou isolates were most closely related to the QBV genes found in China. In addition, the study of the genetic characteristics and variation of this virus provided a deeper understanding of QBV and enriched the baseline data of these insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFVs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Tang
- Characteristic Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Rongting Li
- Characteristic Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yanfei Qi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, California Health Sciences University, Clovis, CA, 93611, USA
| | - Weiyi Li
- Characteristic Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Characteristic Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiahong Wu
- Characteristic Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Tangudu CS, Hargett AM, Mitrisin BC, Laredo-Tiscareño SV, Blitvich BJ. Production of a chimeric flavivirus that contains the major structural glycoprotein genes of T'Ho virus in the genetic background of Zika virus. Virol J 2023; 20:197. [PMID: 37658438 PMCID: PMC10472631 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T'Ho virus is a poorly characterized orthoflavivirus most closely related to Rocio virus and Ilheus virus, two orthoflaviviruses associated with human disease, suggesting that T'Ho virus could also be a human pathogen. The genome of T'Ho virus has been sequenced but an isolate has never been recovered, impeding its phenotypic characterization. In an attempt to generate recombinant T'Ho virus, the entire viral genome was synthesized as three overlapping DNA fragments, joined by Gibson assembly, and transfected into mosquito cells. Several cell culture passages were performed, but virus was not recovered. Subsequent experiments focused on the development of a chimeric orthoflavivirus that contains the premembrane and envelope protein genes of T'Ho virus in the genetic background of Zika virus. The chimeric virus replicated in mosquito (C6/36) and vertebrate (Vero) cells, demonstrating that the major structural glycoproteins of T'Ho virus permit entry into both cell types. The chimeric virus produced plaques in Vero cells that were significantly smaller than those produced by Zika virus. The chimeric virus can potentially be used as a surrogate diagnostic reagent in place of T'Ho virus in plaque reduction neutralization tests, allowing T'Ho virus to be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra S Tangudu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Alissa M Hargett
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Brooke C Mitrisin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - S Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Liang Z, Pan J, Xie S, Yang X, Cao R. Interaction between hTIM-1 and Envelope Protein Is Important for JEV Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1589. [PMID: 37515282 PMCID: PMC10383738 DOI: 10.3390/v15071589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic virus, is one of the most important causes of human viral encephalitis. JEV relies on various attachment or entry co-factors to enter host cells. Among these co-factors, hTIM-1 has been identified as an attachment factor to promote JEV infection through interacting with phosphatidylserine (PS) on the viral envelope. However, the reasons why JEV prefers to use hTIM-1 over other PS binding receptors are unknown. Here, we demonstrated that hTIM-1 can directly interact with JEV E protein. The interaction between hTIM-1 and JEV relies on specific binding sites, respectively, ND114115 in the hTIM-1 IgV domain and K38 of the E protein. Furthermore, during the early stage of infection, hTIM-1 and JEV are co-internalized into cells and transported into early and late endosomes. Additionally, we found that the hTIM-1 soluble ectodomain protein effectively inhibits JEV infection in vitro. Moreover, hTIM-1-specific antibodies have been shown to downregulate JEV infectivity in cells. Taken together, these findings suggested that hTIM-1 protein directly interacts with JEV E protein and mediates JEV infection, in addition to the PS-TIM-1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junhui Pan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shengda Xie
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xingmiao Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruibing Cao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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11
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da Silva Sanches PR, Sanchez-Velazquez R, Batista MN, Carneiro BM, Bittar C, De Lorenzo G, Rahal P, Patel AH, Cilli EM. Antiviral Evaluation of New Synthetic Bioconjugates Based on GA-Hecate: A New Class of Antivirals Targeting Different Steps of Zika Virus Replication. Molecules 2023; 28:4884. [PMID: 37446546 PMCID: PMC10343505 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Re-emerging arboviruses represent a serious health problem due to their rapid vector-mediated spread, mainly in urban tropical areas. The 2013-2015 Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in South and Central America has been associated with cases of microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barret syndrome. We previously showed that the conjugate gallic acid-Hecate (GA-FALALKALKKALKKLKKALKKAL-CONH2)-is an efficient inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus. Here, we show that the Hecate peptide is degraded in human blood serum into three major metabolites. These metabolites conjugated with gallic acid were synthesized and their effect on ZIKV replication in cultured cells was evaluated. The GA-metabolite 5 (GA-FALALKALKKALKKL-COOH) was the most efficient in inhibiting two ZIKV strains of African and Asian lineage at the stage of both virus entry (virucidal and protective) and replication (post-entry). We also demonstrate that GA-metabolite 5 does not affect cell growth after 7 days of continuous treatment. Thus, this study identifies a new synthetic antiviral compound targeting different steps of ZIKV replication in vitro and with the potential for broad reactivity against other flaviviruses. Our work highlights a promising strategy for the development of new antivirals based on peptide metabolism and bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ricardo da Silva Sanches
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (R.S.-V.); (G.D.L.); (A.H.P.)
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14800-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Sanchez-Velazquez
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (R.S.-V.); (G.D.L.); (A.H.P.)
| | - Mariana Nogueira Batista
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.N.B.)
| | - Bruno Moreira Carneiro
- School of Health Science, Federal University of Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis 78736-900, MT, Brazil;
| | - Cintia Bittar
- School of Health Science, Federal University of Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis 78736-900, MT, Brazil;
| | - Giuditta De Lorenzo
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (R.S.-V.); (G.D.L.); (A.H.P.)
| | - Paula Rahal
- Institute of Bioscience, Humanities and Exact Science, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (R.S.-V.); (G.D.L.); (A.H.P.)
| | - Eduardo Maffud Cilli
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara 14800-900, SP, Brazil
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12
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Matveev A, Khlusevich Y, Kozlova I, Matveev L, Emelyanova L, Tikunov A, Baykov I, Tikunova N. New Neutralizing Epitope Exposed on the Domain II of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Envelope Glycoprotein E. Viruses 2023; 15:1256. [PMID: 37376556 DOI: 10.3390/v15061256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis, formerly tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), belongs to the Orthoflavivirus genus. TBEV is transmitted by tick bites and infection with TBEV can lead to serious disorders of the central nervous system. In this study, a new protective monoclonal mouse antibody (mAb) FVN-32, with high binding activity to glycoprotein E of TBEV, was selected and examined in post exposure prophylaxis in a mouse model of TBEV infection. BALB/c mice were injected mAb FVN-32 at doses of 200 μg, 50 μg, and 12.5 μg per mouse one day after a TBEV challenge. mAb FVN-32 showed 37.5% protective efficacy when administered at doses of 200 μg and 50 μg per mouse. The epitope for protective mAb FVN-32 was localized in TBEV glycoprotein E domain I+II, using a set of truncated fragments of glycoprotein E. Additionally, the target site recognized by mAb FVN-32 was defined using combinatorial libraries of peptides. Three-dimensional modeling revealed that the site is dspatially close to the fusion loop, but does not come into contact with it, and is localized in a region between 247 and 254 amino acid residues on the envelope protein. This region is conserved among TBEV-like orthoflaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Matveev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yana Khlusevich
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina Kozlova
- Federal State Public Scientific Institution "Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems", Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Leonid Matveev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Lyudmila Emelyanova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Artem Tikunov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Baykov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nina Tikunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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13
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Vista FES, Tantengco OAG, Dispo MD, Opiso DMS, Badua CLDC, Gerardo JPZ, Perez JRM, Baldo KAT, Chao DY, Dalmacio LMM. Trends in ELISA-Based Flavivirus IgG Serosurveys: A Systematic Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8040224. [PMID: 37104349 PMCID: PMC10143827 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8040224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses include virus species that are major public health threats worldwide. To determine the immunity landscape of these viruses, seroprevalence studies are often performed using IgG ELISA, which is a simple and rapid alternative to the virus neutralization test. In this review, we aim to describe the trends in flavivirus IgG ELISA-based serosurveys. A systematic literature review using six databases was performed to collate cohort and cross-sectional studies performed on the general population. A total of 204 studies were included in this review. The results show that most studies were performed on dengue virus (DENV), whereas Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) was the least studied. For geographic distribution, serosurveys followed known disease prevalence. Temporally, the number of serosurveys increased after outbreaks and epidemics except for JEV, for which studies were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns. Commercial kits were more commonly used than in-house assays for DENV, West Nile Virus (WNV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Overall, most studies employed an indirect ELISA format, and the choice of antigens varied per virus. This review shows that flavivirus epidemiology is related to the regional and temporal distribution of serosurveys. It also highlights that endemicity, cross-reactivities, and kit availabilities affect assay choice in serosurveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ericka S Vista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Ourlad Alzeus G Tantengco
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
- Department of Biology, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila 0922, Philippines
| | - Micah D Dispo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Danna Mae S Opiso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Christian Luke D C Badua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - John Patrick Z Gerardo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Juan Raphael M Perez
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Karol Ann T Baldo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Day-Yu Chao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Leslie Michelle M Dalmacio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines
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14
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Pattnaik A, Sahoo BR, Struble LR, Borgstahl GEO, Zhou Y, Franco R, Barletta RG, Osorio FA, Petro TM, Pattnaik AK. A Ferritin Nanoparticle-Based Zika Virus Vaccine Candidate Induces Robust Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses and Protects Mice from Lethal Virus Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:821. [PMID: 37112733 PMCID: PMC10143468 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe consequences of the Zika virus (ZIKV) infections resulting in congenital Zika syndrome in infants and the autoimmune Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults warrant the development of safe and efficacious vaccines and therapeutics. Currently, there are no approved treatment options for ZIKV infection. Herein, we describe the development of a bacterial ferritin-based nanoparticle vaccine candidate for ZIKV. The viral envelope (E) protein domain III (DIII) was fused in-frame at the amino-terminus of ferritin. The resulting nanoparticle displaying the DIII was examined for its ability to induce immune responses and protect vaccinated animals upon lethal virus challenge. Our results show that immunization of mice with a single dose of the nanoparticle vaccine candidate (zDIII-F) resulted in the robust induction of neutralizing antibody responses that protected the animals from the lethal ZIKV challenge. The antibodies neutralized infectivity of other ZIKV lineages indicating that the zDIII-F can confer heterologous protection. The vaccine candidate also induced a significantly higher frequency of interferon (IFN)-γ positive CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells suggesting that both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were induced by the vaccine candidate. Although our studies showed that a soluble DIII vaccine candidate could also induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity and protect from lethal ZIKV challenge, the immune responses and protection conferred by the nanoparticle vaccine candidate were superior. Further, passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies from the vaccinated animals to naïve animals protected against lethal ZIKV challenge. Since previous studies have shown that antibodies directed at the DIII region of the E protein do not to induce antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of ZIKV or other related flavivirus infections, our studies support the use of the zDIII-F nanoparticle vaccine candidate for safe and enhanced immunological responses against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryamav Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Bikash R. Sahoo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Lucas R. Struble
- The Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (L.R.S.); (G.E.O.B.)
| | - Gloria E. O. Borgstahl
- The Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (L.R.S.); (G.E.O.B.)
| | - You Zhou
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Raul G. Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Fernando A. Osorio
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Thomas M. Petro
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Asit K. Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.); (Y.Z.); (R.F.); (R.G.B.); (F.A.O.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
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15
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Martina CE, Crowe JE, Meiler J. Glycan masking in vaccine design: Targets, immunogens and applications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126034. [PMID: 37033915 PMCID: PMC10076883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycan masking is a novel technique in reverse vaccinology in which sugar chains (glycans) are added on the surface of immunogen candidates to hide regions of low interest and thus focus the immune system on highly therapeutic epitopes. This shielding strategy is inspired by viruses such as influenza and HIV, which are able to escape the immune system by incorporating additional glycosylation and preventing the binding of therapeutic antibodies. Interestingly, the glycan masking technique is mainly used in vaccine design to fight the same viruses that naturally use glycans to evade the immune system. In this review we report the major successes obtained with the glycan masking technique in epitope-focused vaccine design. We focus on the choice of the target antigen, the strategy for immunogen design and the relevance of the carrier vector to induce a strong immune response. Moreover, we will elucidate the different applications that can be accomplished with glycan masking, such as shifting the immune response from hyper-variable epitopes to more conserved ones, focusing the response on known therapeutic epitopes, broadening the response to different viral strains/sub-types and altering the antigen immunogenicity to elicit higher or lower immune response, as desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E. Martina
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Characterization of Live-Attenuated Powassan Virus Vaccine Candidates Identifies an Efficacious Prime-Boost Strategy for Mitigating Powassan Virus Disease in a Murine Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030612. [PMID: 36992196 PMCID: PMC10058527 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick-borne virus and cause of lethal encephalitis in humans. The lack of treatment or prevention strategies for POWV disease underscores the need for an effective POWV vaccine. Here, we took two independent approaches to develop vaccine candidates. First, we recoded the POWV genome to increase the dinucleotide frequencies of CpG and UpA to potentially attenuate the virus by raising its susceptibility to host innate immune factors, such as the zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP). Secondly, we took advantage of the live-attenuated yellow fever virus vaccine 17D strain (YFV-17D) as a vector to express the structural genes pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) of POWV. The chimeric YFV-17D-POWV vaccine candidate was further attenuated for in vivo application by removing an N-linked glycosylation site within the nonstructural protein (NS)1 of YFV-17D. This live-attenuated chimeric vaccine candidate significantly protected mice from POWV disease, conferring a 70% survival rate after lethal challenge when administered in a homologous two-dose regimen. Importantly, when given in a heterologous prime-boost vaccination scheme, in which vaccination with the initial chimeric virus was followed by a protein boost with the envelope protein domain III (EDIII), 100% of the mice were protected without showing any signs of morbidity. Combinations of this live-attenuated chimeric YFV-17D-POWV vaccine candidate with an EDIII protein boost warrant further studies for the development of an effective vaccine strategy for the prevention of POWV disease.
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17
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Charge-changing point mutations in the E protein of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Arch Virol 2023; 168:100. [PMID: 36871232 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of point mutations is one of the forces enabling arboviruses to rapidly adapt in a changing environment. The influence of these mutations on the properties of the virus is not always obvious. In this study, we attempted to clarify this influence using an in silico approach. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigated how the position of charge-changing point mutations influences the structure and conformational stability of the E protein for a set of variants of a single TBEV strain. The computational findings were supported by experimental evaluation of relevant properties of virions, such as binding to heparan sulfate, thermostability, and susceptibility of the viral hemagglutinating activity to detergents. Our results also point to relationships between E protein dynamics and viral neuroinvasiveness.
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18
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Serological Cross-Reactivity in Zoonotic Flaviviral Infections of Medical Importance. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12010018. [PMID: 36975365 PMCID: PMC10045537 DOI: 10.3390/antib12010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped RNA viruses from the family Flaviviridae that comprise many important human pathogenic arboviruses such as Yellow Fever, Dengue, and Zika viruses. Because they belong to the same genus, these viruses show sequence and structural homology among them, which results in serological cross-reactivity. Upon infection, the immune system produces both species-specific and cross-reactive antibodies, and depending on the virus, in a successive flavivirus infection, cross-reactive antibodies either enhance protection or exacerbate the disease—the latter usually due to antibody-dependent enhancement. These antigenic relationships between different flaviviruses that lead to serological cross-reactivity make them difficult to be identified through serological methods, especially when it comes to successive flavivirus infections. We present here an overview of the main structural, epidemiological, and immunological aspects of flaviviruses, highlighting the role of neutralizing antibodies in fighting viral infections and in the “original antigenic sin” problem. Finally, we draw attention to the importance of developing a rapid serological diagnostic test for flaviviruses with high sensitivity and specificity, especially when considering that cross-reactive immunity can influence the outcome of these infections.
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19
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Use of Envelope Domain III Protein for the Detection of IgG Type Antibodies Specific to Zika Virus by Indirect ELISA. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030462. [PMID: 36766567 PMCID: PMC9913938 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) diagnostics are crucial for proper antenatal and postnatal care and also for surveillance and serosurvey studies. Since the viremia during ZIKV infection is fleeting, serological testing is highly valuable to inform diagnosis. However, current serology tests using whole virus antigens frequently suffer from cross reactivity issues, delays, and technical complexity, especially in low and middle income countries (LMICs) and endemic countries. Here, we describe an indirect ELISA to detect specific IgG antibodies using the ZIKV envelope domain III (EDIII) protein expressed in Drosophila S2 cells as an immunogen. Using a total of 367 clinical samples, we showed that the EDIII-ELISA was able to detect IgG antibodies against ZIKV with high sensitivity of 100.0% and specificity of 94.7% when compared to plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs) as the gold standard and using 0.208 as the cut-off OD value. These results show the usefulness of the recombinant envelope domain III as an alternative to standard whole virus proteins for ZIKV diagnostics as it improves the sensitivity and specificity of IgG ELISA assay when used as an immunogen. This method should, therefore, be extended to serological diagnostic techniques for other members of the flavivirus genus and for use in IgM diagnostic testing.
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20
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Zimna M, Brzuska G, Salát J, Svoboda P, Baranska K, Szewczyk B, Růžek D, Krol E. Functional characterization and immunogenicity of a novel vaccine candidate against tick-borne encephalitis virus based on Leishmania-derived virus-like particles. Antiviral Res 2023; 209:105511. [PMID: 36581050 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a major cause of neurological infections in many regions of central, eastern and northern Europe and northern Asia. In approximately 15% of cases, TBEV infections lead to the development of severe encephalitis or meningitis. The main route of TBEV transmission is tick bites; however, ingestion of dairy products from infected animals (goats, cattle and sheep) is also a frequent cause of the disease. Therefore, vaccination of livestock in virus endemic regions could also contribute to the decrease in TBEV infection among humans. Although few vaccines against TBEV based on inactivated viruses are available for humans, due to high costs, vaccination is not mandatory in most of the affected countries. Moreover, there is still no vaccine for veterinary use. Here, we present a characterization and immunogenicity study of a new potential TBEV vaccine based on virus-like particles (VLPs) produced in Leishmania tarentolae cells. VLPs, which mimic native viral particles but do not contain genetic material, show good immunogenic potential. For the first time, we showed that the protozoan L. tarentolae expression system can be successfully used for the production of TBEV virus-like particles with highly efficient production. We confirmed that TBEV recombinant structural proteins (prM/M and E) from VLPs are highly recognized by neutralizing antibodies in in vitro analyses. Therefore, VLPs in combination with AddaVax adjuvant were used in immunization studies in a mouse model. VLPs proved to be highly immunogenic and induced the production of high levels of neutralizing antibodies. In a challenge experiment, immunization with VLPs provided full protection from lethal TBE in mice. Thus, we suggest that Leishmania-derived VLPs may be a good candidate for a safe alternative human vaccine with high efficiency of production. Moreover, this potential vaccine candidate may constitute a low-cost candidate for veterinary use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zimna
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Gabriela Brzuska
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Jiří Salát
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 735/5, CZ, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackeho Tr. 1946/1, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Klaudia Baranska
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Boguslaw Szewczyk
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Infections, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ, 62100, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 735/5, CZ, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ewelina Krol
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland.
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21
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Assalauova D, Vartanyants IA. The structure of tick-borne encephalitis virus determined at X-ray free-electron lasers. Simulations. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:24-34. [PMID: 36601923 PMCID: PMC9814066 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522011341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of virus structures by X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has attracted increased attention in recent decades. Such experiments are based on the collection of 2D diffraction patterns measured at the detector following the application of femtosecond X-ray pulses to biological samples. To prepare an experiment at the European XFEL, the diffraction data for the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was simulated with different parameters and the optimal values were identified. Following the necessary steps of a well established data-processing pipeline, the structure of TBEV was obtained. In the structure determination presented, a priori knowledge of the simulated virus orientations was used. The efficiency of the proposed pipeline was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dameli Assalauova
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivan A. Vartanyants
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Rajak A, Kumar JS, Dhankher S, Sandhya V, Kiran S, Golime R, Dash PK. Development and application of a recombinant Envelope Domain III protein based indirect human IgM ELISA for Kyasanur forest disease virus. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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23
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Brai A, Trivisani CI, Poggialini F, Pasqualini C, Vagaggini C, Dreassi E. DEAD-Box Helicase DDX3X as a Host Target against Emerging Viruses: New Insights for Medicinal Chemical Approaches. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10195-10216. [PMID: 35899912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, globalization, global warming, and population aging have contributed to the spread of emerging viruses, such as coronaviruses (COVs), West Nile (WNV), Dengue (DENV), and Zika (ZIKV). The number of reported infections is increasing, and considering the high viral mutation rate, it is conceivable that it will increase significantly in the coming years. The risk caused by viruses is now more evident due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlighted the need to find new broad-spectrum antiviral agents able to tackle the present pandemic and future epidemics. DDX3X helicase is a host factor required for viral replication. Selective inhibitors have been identified and developed into broad-spectrum antivirals active against emerging pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2 and most importantly against drug-resistant strains. This perspective describes the inhibitors identified in the last years, highlighting their therapeutic potential as innovative broad-spectrum antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Brai
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena Italy
| | | | - Federica Poggialini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena Italy
| | - Claudia Pasqualini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena Italy
| | - Chiara Vagaggini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena Italy
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24
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Mapping and Validation of Peptides Differentially Recognized by Antibodies from the Serum of Yellow Fever Virus-Infected or 17DD-Vaccinated Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081645. [PMID: 36016268 PMCID: PMC9415205 DOI: 10.3390/v14081645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow Fever disease is caused by the Yellow Fever virus (YFV), an arbovirus from the Flaviviridae family. The re-emergence of Yellow Fever (YF) was facilitated by the increasing urbanization of sylvatic areas, the wide distribution of the mosquito vector, and the low percentage of people immunized in the Americas, which caused severe outbreaks in recent years, with a high mortality rate. Therefore, serological approaches capable of discerning antibodies generated from the wild-type (YFV-WT) strain between the vaccinal strain (YFV-17DD) could facilitate vaccine coverage surveillance, enabling the development of strategies to avoid new outbreaks. In this study, peptides were designed and subjected to microarray procedures with sera collected from individuals infected by WT-YFV and 17DD–YFV of YFV during the Brazilian outbreak of YFV in 2017/2018. From 222 screened peptides, around ten could potentially integrate serological approaches aiming to differentiate vaccinated individuals from naturally infected individuals. Among those peptides, one was synthesized and validated through ELISA.
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25
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Altamish M, Khan M, Baig MS, Pathak B, Rani V, Akhtar J, Khan AA, Ahmad S, Krishnan A. Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants against Dengue Infection: A Mechanistic Viewpoint. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:24048-24065. [PMID: 35874231 PMCID: PMC9301714 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is a tropical disease caused by the Dengue virus (DENV), a positive-sense, single stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae, which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. The occurrence of dengue has grown dramatically around the globe in recent decades, and it is rapidly becoming a global burden. Furthermore, all four DENV serotypes cocirculate and create a problematic hyperendemic situation. Characteristic symptoms range from being asymptomatic, dengue fever to life-threatening complications such as hemorrhagic fever and shock. Apart from the inherent virulence of the virus strain, a dysregulated host immune response makes the condition worse. Currently, there is no highly recommended vaccine or therapeutic agent against dengue. With the advent of virus strains resistant to antiviral agents, there is a constant need for new therapies to be developed. Since time immemorial, human civilization has utilized plants in traditional medicine to treat various diseases, including infectious viral diseases. With the advancement in molecular biology, cell biology techniques, and bioinformatics, recent studies have tried to provide scientific evidence and determine the mechanism of anti-dengue activity of various plant extracts and plant-derived agents. The current Review consolidates the studies on the last 20 years of in vitro and in vivo experiments on the ethnomedicinal plants used against the dengue virus. Several active phytoconstituents like quercetin, castanospermine, α-mangostin, schisandrin-A, hirsutin have been found to be promising to inhibition of all the four DENV serotypes. However, novel therapeutics need to be reassessed in relevant cells using high-throughput techniques. Further, in vivo dose optimization for the immunomodulatory and antiviral activity should be examined on a vast sample size. Such a Review should help take the knowledge forward, validate it, and use medicinal plants in different combinations targeting multiple stages of virus infection for more effective multipronged therapy against dengue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Altamish
- Department
of Pharmacology School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Muzayyana Khan
- Bioactive
Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and
Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mirza Sarwar Baig
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences &
Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062 India
| | - Bharti Pathak
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences &
Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062 India
| | - Veena Rani
- Department
of SciencesIndira Gandhi National Open University
(IGNOU), New Delhi, 110068, India
| | - Jamal Akhtar
- Central
Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Government
of India, New Delhi, 110058, India
| | - A. Ali Khan
- Central
Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Government
of India, New Delhi, 110058, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Bioactive
Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and
Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Anuja Krishnan
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences &
Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062 India
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26
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Seesen M, Jearanaiwitayakul T, Limthongkul J, Sunintaboon P, Ubol S. Mice immunized with trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles containing DENV-2 envelope domain III elicit neutralizing antibodies with undetectable antibody-dependent enhancement activity. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35833704 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a disease that poses a significant global public health concern. Although a tetravalent live-attenuated dengue vaccine has been licensed, its efficacy is still debated due to evidence of vaccine breakthrough infection. To avoid this issue, dengue vaccines should stimulate a high degree of serotype-specific response. Thus, envelope domain III (EDIII), which contains serotype-specific neutralizing epitopes, is an attractive target for dengue vaccine development. In this study, we investigated how EDIII encapsidated in N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan chloride nanoparticles (TMC NPs) stimulates a serotype-specific response and whether this response exerts a potential in vitro breakthrough infection. The immune response to DENV-2 elicited by EDIII TMC NP-immunized mice was monitored. We demonstrated that immunization with EDIII TMC NPs resulted in a high level of anti-EDIII antibody production. These antibodies included IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a subtypes. Importantly, antibodies from the immunized mice exerted efficient neutralizing activity with undetectable antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) activity. We also found that EDIII TMC NPs activated functional EDIII-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. In conclusion, EDIII TMC NPs stimulated humoral immunity with a strong neutralizing antibody response, as well as a cellular immune response against DENV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathurin Seesen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Jitra Limthongkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Panya Sunintaboon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpatom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sukathida Ubol
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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27
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Malonis RJ, Georgiev GI, Haslwanter D, VanBlargan LA, Fallon G, Vergnolle O, Cahill SM, Harris R, Cowburn D, Chandran K, Diamond MS, Lai JR. A Powassan virus domain III nanoparticle immunogen elicits neutralizing and protective antibodies in mice. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010573. [PMID: 35679349 PMCID: PMC9216602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick borne flavivirus (TBFV) that causes severe neuroinvasive disease. Currently, there are no approved treatments or vaccines to combat POWV infection. Here, we generated and characterized a nanoparticle immunogen displaying domain III (EDIII) of the POWV E glycoprotein. Immunization with POWV EDIII presented on nanoparticles resulted in significantly higher serum neutralizing titers against POWV than immunization with monomeric POWV EDIII. Furthermore, passive transfer of EDIII-reactive sera protected against POWV challenge in vivo. We isolated and characterized a panel of EDIII-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and identified several that potently inhibit POWV infection and engage distinct epitopes within the lateral ridge and C-C' loop of the EDIII. By creating a subunit-based nanoparticle immunogen with vaccine potential that elicits antibodies with protective activity against POWV infection, our findings enhance our understanding of the molecular determinants of antibody-mediated neutralization of TBFVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - George I. Georgiev
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Denise Haslwanter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura A. VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Georgia Fallon
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Olivia Vergnolle
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Cahill
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - David Cowburn
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R. Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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28
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Desantis J, Felicetti T, Cannalire R. An overview on small molecules acting as broad spectrum-agents for yellow fever infection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:755-773. [PMID: 35638299 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2084529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Yellow Fever virus (YFV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, endemic in 47 countries in Africa and South America, which causes febrile symptoms that can evolve in 15% of the patients to serious haemorrhagic conditions, liver injury, and multiorgan failure. Although a highly effective vaccine (YF-17D vaccine) is available, to date, no antiviral drugs have been approved for the prevention and treatment of YFV infections. AREAS COVERED This review article focuses on the description of viral targets that have been considered within YFV and flavivirus drug discovery studies and on the most relevant candidates reported so far that elicit broad-spectrum inhibition against relevant strains and mutants of YFV. EXPERT OPINION Considering the growing interest on (re)emerging vector-borne viral infections, it is expected that flavivirus drug discovery will quickly deliver potential candidates for clinical evaluation. Due to similarity among flaviviral targets, several candidates identified against different flaviviruses have shown broad-spectrum activity, thus exhibiting anti-YFV activity, as well. In this regard, it would be desirable to routinely include the assessment of antiviral activity against different YFV strains. On the other hand, the development of host targeting agents are still at an initial stage and deserve further focused efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Desantis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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29
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Panchal R, Ghosh S, Mehla R, Ramalingam J, Gairola S, Mukherjee S, Chowdhary A. Antiviral Activity of Rosmarinic Acid Against Four Serotypes of Dengue Virus. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:203. [PMID: 35612625 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the putative antiviral activity of Rosmarinic acid (RA) against four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV). Our previous in silico binding analysis revealed that RA binds strongly to the envelope domain III (EDIII) protein of all four DENV serotypes. We employed an in vitro Biolayer Interferometry-based OCTET™ platform to study the binding interaction of RA with EDIII protein of the four DENV serotypes. Additionally, a functional plaque assay was developed to investigate the potential inhibition of infection of the four DENV serotypes. Using OCTET™, the binding interaction of RA to DENV-EDIII protein of the four DENV serotypes demonstrates interaction which can be arranged in the following order: EDIII-DENV1 (Koff value of 1.05 s-1) > EDIII-DENV2 (Koff value of 5.63 × 10-01 s-1) > EDIII-DENV3 (Koff value of 4.63 × 10-02 s-1) > EDIII-DENV4 (Koff value of 3.53 × 10-02 s-1). Subsequently, the inhibiting ability of RA using plaque assay confirmed reduction in the number of plaques for all four serotypes, indicating the ability of RA not only to bind, but also to inhibit the infection of four serotypes in cell culture, while being non-toxic at the concentrations used in the study. However, the effect of RA was variable on different serotypes, demonstrating highest effect on DENV1 (EC50 = 13.73 µg/mL, SI ≥ 728) followed by DENV2 (EC50 = 77.74 µg/mL, SI ≥ 129), DENV3 (EC50 = 244 µg/mL, SI ≥ 41) and DENV4 (EC50 = 280 µg/mL, SI ≥ 36).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Panchal
- School of Science, Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India.
| | - Saikat Ghosh
- Quality Control, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Rajeev Mehla
- Quality Control, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India
| | | | - Sunil Gairola
- Quality Control, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Sandeepan Mukherjee
- Department of Virology, Haffkine Institute for Training, Research and Testing, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhay Chowdhary
- Department of Microbiology, D. Y. Patil School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai, India.
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30
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Prates JWO, Xisto MF, Rodrigues JVDS, Colombari JPC, Meira JMA, Dias RS, da Silva CC, de Paula ESO. Zika Virus Envelope Protein Domain III Produced in K. phaffii Has the Potential for Diagnostic Applications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12051198. [PMID: 35626353 PMCID: PMC9139701 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) represents a global human health threat and it is related to severe diseases such as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). There is no vaccine available nor specific antiviral treatment, so developing sensitive, specific, and low-cost diagnostic tests is necessary. Thus, the objective of this work was to produce the Zika virus envelope protein domain III (ZIKV-EDIII) in Komagataella phaffii KM71H and evaluate its potential for diagnostic applications. After the K. phaffii had been transformed with the pPICZαA-ZIKV-EDIII vector, an SDS-PAGE and Western Blot were performed to characterize the recombinant protein and an ELISA to evaluate the antigenic potential. The results show that ZIKV-EDIII was produced in the expected size, with a good purity grade and yield of 2.58 mg/L. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed 90% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity for IgM, and 93.33% sensitivity and 82.76% specificity for IgG. The ZIKV-EDIII protein was efficiently produced in K. phaffi, and it has the potential for diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Willians Oliveira Prates
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (J.W.O.P.); (J.V.d.S.R.); (C.C.d.S.)
| | - Mariana Fonseca Xisto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (M.F.X.); (R.S.D.)
| | - João Vitor da Silva Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (J.W.O.P.); (J.V.d.S.R.); (C.C.d.S.)
| | - João Pedro Cruz Colombari
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (J.P.C.C.); (J.M.A.M.)
| | - Júlia Maria Alves Meira
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (J.P.C.C.); (J.M.A.M.)
| | - Roberto Sousa Dias
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (M.F.X.); (R.S.D.)
| | - Cynthia Canedo da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (J.W.O.P.); (J.V.d.S.R.); (C.C.d.S.)
| | - e Sérgio Oliveira de Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunovirology, Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (M.F.X.); (R.S.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-31-36125015
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Kaushal N, Jain S, Baranwal M. Computational design of immunogenic peptide constructs comprising multiple HLA restricted Dengue virus envelope epitopes. J Mol Recognit 2022; 35:e2961. [PMID: 35514257 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is endemic in 100 countries with ability to impact nearly 50% of world population. DENV envelope (E) protein is responsible for viral attachment to host cells and has been target of various countermeasure development efforts. The current study focuses on a consensus computational approach to identify cross-reactive, immunogenic DENV-2 E peptides displaying promiscuity with a wide array of HLA molecules. Four conserved peptides (FP-1, FP-2, FP-3 and FP-4) containing multiple CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes were identified by employment of various immunoinformatics tools. FP-1, FP-2, FP-3 and FP-4 were estimated to bind with 227, 1787, 1008 and 834 HLA alleles respectively. RMSD values obtained by Molecular docking (CABS-Dock) with 20 HLA alleles (10 each of HLA class I and II) resulted into comparable RMSD values of identified epitopes with native peptides which represents the natural presentation of epitopes to HLA molecules. These peptides were also found to be part of previous experimentally validated immunogenic peptides. Further, a dengue immunogenic peptide construct was generated by linking the four peptides, an adjuvant and a 6x histidine tag. The construct showed strong binding and stability with Toll-like receptor (TLR4). Collectively, these results provide strong evidence in the support of the immunogenic potential of the dengue immunogenic peptide construct. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Sahil Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.,University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
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32
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Hruškovicová J, Bhide K, Petroušková P, Tkáčová Z, Mochnáčová E, Čurlík J, Bhide M, Kulkarni A. Engineering the Single Domain Antibodies Targeting Receptor Binding Motifs Within the Domain III of West Nile Virus Envelope Glycoprotein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:801466. [PMID: 35432292 PMCID: PMC9012491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.801466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne neurotrophic flavivirus causing mild febrile illness to severe encephalitis and acute flaccid paralysis with long-term or permanent neurological disorders. Due to the absence of targeted therapy or vaccines, there is a growing need to develop effective anti-WNV therapy. In this study, single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) were developed against the domain III (DIII) of WNV’s envelope glycoprotein to interrupt the interaction between DIII and the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMEC). The peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the llama immunized with recombinant DIIIL297–S403 (rDIII) were used to generate a variable heavy chain only (VHH)-Escherichia coli library, and phage display was performed using the M13K07ΔpIII Hyperphages system. Phages displaying sdAbs against rDIII were panned with the synthetic analogs of the DIII receptor binding motifs, DIII-1G299–K307 and DIII-2V371–R388, and the VHH gene from the eluted phages was subcloned into E. coli SHuffle. Soluble sdAbs purified from 96 E. coli SHuffle clones were screened to identify 20 candidates strongly binding to the synthetic analogs of DIII-1G299–K307 and DIII-2V371–R388 on a dot blot assay. Among them, sdAbA1, sdAbA6, sdAbA9, and sdAbA10 blocked the interaction between rDIII and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) on Western blot and cell ELISA. However, optimum stability during the overexpression was noticed only for sdAbA10 and it also neutralized the WNV–like particles (WNV-VLP) in the Luciferase assay with an half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 1.48 nm. Furthermore, the hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity of sdAbA10 were assessed by a hemolytic assay and XTT-based hBMEC proliferation assay resulting in 0.1% of hemolytic activity and 82% hBMEC viability, respectively. Therefore, the sdAbA10 targeting DIII-2V371–R388 of the WNV envelope glycoprotein is observed to be suitable for in vivo trials as a specific therapy for WNV–induced neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hruškovicová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Patrícia Petroušková
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Tkáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Evelína Mochnáčová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ján Čurlík
- Department of Breeding and Diseases of Game, Fish and Bees, Ecology and Cynology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Amod Kulkarni,
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Genetic Diversity Does Not Contribute to Attenuation of HeLa Passaged Wild-Type Yellow Fever Virus Strain French Viscerotropic Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030527. [PMID: 35336933 PMCID: PMC8949127 DOI: 10.3390/v14030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The disease yellow fever was prevented by two live attenuated vaccines, strains 17D and French neurotropic vaccine (FNV), derived by serial passage of wild-type (WT) strains Asibi and French Viscerotropic virus (FVV), respectively. Both 17D and FNV displayed decreased genetic diversity and resistance to the antiviral Ribavirin compared to their WT parental strains, which are thought to contribute to their attenuated phenotypes. Subsequent studies found that only a few passages of WT strain FVV in HeLa cells resulted in an attenuated virus. In the current study, the genome sequence of FVV following five passages in HeLa cells (FVV HeLa p5) was determined through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) with the aim to investigate the molecular basis of viral attenuation. It was found that WT FVV and FVV HeLa p5 virus differed by five amino acid substitutions: E-D155A, E-K331R, E-I412V, NS2A-T105A, and NS4B-V98I. Surprisingly, the genetic diversity and Ribavirin resistance of the FVV HeLa p5 virus were not statistically different to WT parent FVV. These findings suggest that while FVV HeLa p5 is attenuated, this is not dependent on a high-fidelity replication complex, characterized by reduced genetic diversity or increased Ribavirin stability, as seen with FNV and 17D vaccines.
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Kapuganti SK, Bhardwaj A, Kumar P, Bhardwaj T, Nayak N, Uversky VN, Giri R. Role of structural disorder in the multi-functionality of flavivirus proteins. Expert Rev Proteomics 2022; 19:183-196. [PMID: 35655146 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2022.2085563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The life cycle of a virus involves interacting with the host cell, entry, hijacking host machinery for viral replication, evading the host's immune system, and releasing mature virions. However, viruses, being small in size, can only harbor a genome large enough to code for the minimal number of proteins required for the replication and maturation of the virions. As a result, many viral proteins are multifunctional machines that do not directly obey the classic structure-function paradigm. Often, such multifunctionality is rooted in intrinsic disorder that allows viral proteins to interact with various cellular factors and remain functional in the hostile environment of different cellular compartments. AREAS COVERED This report covers the classification of flaviviruses, their proteome organization, and the prevalence of intrinsic disorder in the proteomes of different flaviviruses. Further, we have summarized the speculations made about the apparent roles of intrinsic disorder in the observed multifunctionality of flaviviral proteins. EXPERT OPINION Small sizes of viral genomes impose multifunctionality on their proteins, which is dependent on the excessive usage of intrinsic disorder. In fact, intrinsic disorder serves as a universal functional tool, weapon, and armor of viruses and clearly plays an important role in their functionality and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aparna Bhardwaj
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Prateek Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Taniya Bhardwaj
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Namyashree Nayak
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, India
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Jaimipuk T, Sachdev S, Yoksan S, Thepparit C. A Small-Plaque Isolate of the Zika Virus with Envelope Domain III Mutations Affect Viral Entry and Replication in Mammalian but Not Mosquito Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030480. [PMID: 35336887 PMCID: PMC8954177 DOI: 10.3390/v14030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An Asian Zika virus (ZIKV) isolated from a Thai patient that was serially passaged in Primary Dog Kidney (PDK) cells for attenuation displayed both big and small plaque-forming viruses by the 7th passage. Two small-plaque isolates were selected and purified for characterization as attenuated ZIKV candidates. In vitro growth kinetics showed significantly reduced titers for small-plaque isolates in Vero cells early post-infection compared to the parental ZIKV and a big-plaque isolate, but no significant difference was observed in C6/36 cells. Viral entry experiments elucidate that titer reduction likely occurred due to the diminished entry capabilities of a small-plaque isolate. Additionally, a small-plaque isolate displayed lowered neurovirulence in newborn mice compared to 100% lethality from infection with the parental ZIKV. Genomic analysis revealed the same three unique non-synonymous mutations for both small-plaque isolates: two on the envelope (E) protein at residues 310, alanine to glutamic acid (A310E), and 393, glutamic acid to lysine (E393K), and one on residue 355 of NS3, histidine to tyrosine (H355Y). Three-dimensional (3D) mapping suggests that the E protein mutations located on the receptor-binding and fusion domain III likely affect cell entry, tropism, and virulence. These ZIKV isolates and genotypic markers will be beneficial for vaccine development.
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Selyutina OY, Kononova PA, Polyakov NE. Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on phospholipid membranes in media with different pH. Russ Chem Bull 2022; 70:2434-2439. [PMID: 35095252 PMCID: PMC8789480 DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is the active ingredient in licorice root, which exhibits a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. In particular, the virus-inhibiting effect of GA on SARS-associated coronavirus was demonstrated. In addition, GA was found to be capable of increasing bioaccessibility of other drugs when used together. All these effects can be based on the ability of GA to incorporate into cell membranes and change their physical and functional properties. One of the possible mechanisms of the antiviral action of GA against COVID-19 is also considered to be the prevention of fusion of the virus envelope with the plasma membrane of the host cell. The interaction of GA with model lipid membranes was studied by the NMR method. Different factors influencing the incorporation of the GA molecule into the lipid bilayer (phospholipid structure, pH of the medium) were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Yu. Selyutina
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 ul. Institutskaya, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - P. A. Kononova
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 ul. Institutskaya, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N. E. Polyakov
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 ul. Institutskaya, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Rahmah L, Abarikwu SO, Arero AG, Essouma M, Jibril AT, Fal A, Flisiak R, Makuku R, Marquez L, Mohamed K, Ndow L, Zarębska-Michaluk D, Rezaei N, Rzymski P. Oral antiviral treatments for COVID-19: opportunities and challenges. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:1255-1278. [PMID: 35871712 PMCID: PMC9309032 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of antiviral COVID-19 medications can successfully inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and prevent disease progression to a more severe form. However, the timing of antiviral treatment plays a crucial role in this regard. Oral antiviral drugs provide an opportunity to manage SARS-CoV-2 infection without a need for hospital admission, easing the general burden that COVID-19 can have on the healthcare system. This review paper (i) presents the potential pharmaceutical antiviral targets, including various host-based targets and viral-based targets, (ii) characterizes the first-generation anti-SARS-CoV-2 oral drugs (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir), (iii) summarizes the clinical progress of other oral antivirals for use in COVID-19, (iv) discusses ethical issues in such clinical trials and (v) presents challenges associated with the use of oral antivirals in clinical practice. Oral COVID-19 antivirals represent a part of the strategy to adapt to long-term co-existence with SARS-CoV-2 in a manner that prevents healthcare from being overwhelmed. It is pivotal to ensure equal and fair global access to the currently available oral antivirals and those authorized in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Rahmah
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sunny O. Abarikwu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Choba, Nigeria
| | - Amanuel Godana Arero
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mickael Essouma
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Aliyu Tijani Jibril
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Nutritional and Health Team (NHT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Accra, Ghana
| | - Andrzej Fal
- Department of Population Health, Division of Public Health, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland ,Collegium Medicum, Warsaw Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland ,Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Rangarirai Makuku
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Leander Marquez
- College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines ,Education and Research Network (USERN), Universal Scientific, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Kawthar Mohamed
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Manama, Bahrain
| | - Lamin Ndow
- National Health Laboratory Service, Kotu, Gambia ,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Banjul, Gambia
| | | | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Poznań, Poland ,Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Panchal R, Bapat S, Mukherjee S, Chowdhary A. In silico binding analysis of lutein and rosmarinic acid against envelope domain III protein of dengue virus. Indian J Pharmacol 2021; 53:471-479. [PMID: 34975135 PMCID: PMC8764985 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_576_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was performed to evaluate in silico binding ability of lutein and rosmarinic acid (RA) with the envelope domain III (EDIII) proteins of the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV), enlightening potential antiviral activity of the two compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS EDIII protein structures for the four DENV serotypes were retrieved from RCSB Protein data bank (PDB) and used as receptors. Four ligands of lutein and four of RA were selected from the ZINC database and used for computational molecular docking and ligand interaction analysis with the four receptors using bioinformatics tools like AutoDock Vina and Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software. RESULTS The EDIII of the four serotypes demonstrated significant interaction with ligands of lutein and RA. RA ligand ZINC899870, particularly presented best-binding energy values of 6.4, -7.0, and 6.9 kcal/mol with EDIII of serotype DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-4 respectively. Whereas, lutein ligand, ZINC14879959 presented best-binding energy value of 7.9 kcal/mol for EDIII of serotype DENV-3. From the results predicted by MOE, the hydroxyl (OH) of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl group of RA ligand ZINC899870 is actively involved in interaction with all four serotypes. CONCLUSION RA is a competent candidate for further evaluation of potential in vitro antiviral activity that can be effective in conferring protection against the four serotypes of DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Panchal
- School of Science, Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanket Bapat
- MIT School of Bioengineering Science and Research, ADT University, Pune, India
| | - Sandeepan Mukherjee
- Department of Virology, Haffkin Institute for Training, Research and Testing, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhay Chowdhary
- Department of Microbiology, D. Y. Patil School of Medicine, Navi Mumbai, India
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Mertinková P, Mochnáčová E, Bhide K, Kulkarni A, Tkáčová Z, Hruškovicová J, Bhide M. Development of peptides targeting receptor binding site of the envelope glycoprotein to contain the West Nile virus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20131. [PMID: 34635758 PMCID: PMC8505397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99696-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), re-emerging neurotropic flavivirus, can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cause fatal encephalitis and meningitis. Infection of the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), building blocks of the BBB, represents the pivotal step in neuroinvasion. Domain III (DIII) of the envelope (E) glycoprotein is a key receptor-binding domain, thus, it is an attractive target for anti-flavivirus strategies. Here, two combinatorial phage display peptide libraries, Ph.D.-C7C and Ph.D.-12, were panned against receptor-binding site (RBS) on DIII to isolate peptides that could block DIII. From series of pannings, nine peptides (seven 7-mer cyclic and two 12-mer linear) were selected and overexpressed in E. coli SHuffle T5. Presence of disulfide bond in 7-mer peptides was confirmed with thiol-reactive maleimide labeling. Except for linear peptide 19 (HYSWSWIAYSPG), all peptides proved to be DIII binders. Among all peptides, 4 cyclic peptides (CTKTDVHFC, CIHSSTRAC, CTYENHRTC, and CLAQSHPLC) showed significant blocking of the interaction between DIII and hBMECs, and ability to neutralize infection in cultured cells. None of these peptides showed toxic or hemolytic activity. Peptides identified in this study may serve as potential candidates for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Mertinková
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Evelína Mochnáčová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Amod Kulkarni
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia ,grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Tkáčová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Hruškovicová
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- grid.412971.80000 0001 2234 6772Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia ,grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Leu-to-Phe substitution at prM 146 decreases the growth ability of Zika virus and partially reduces its pathogenicity in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19635. [PMID: 34608212 PMCID: PMC8490429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes febrile illness. The recent spread of ZIKV from Asia to the Americas via the Pacific region has revealed unprecedented features of ZIKV, including transplacental congenital infection causing microcephaly. Amino acid changes have been hypothesized to underlie the spread and novel features of American ZIKV strains; however, the relationship between genetic changes and the epidemic remains controversial. A comparison of the characteristics of a Southeast Asian strain (NIID123) and an American strain (PRVABC59) revealed that the latter had a higher replication ability in cultured cells and higher virulence in mice. In this study, we aimed to identify the genetic region of ZIKV responsible for these different characteristics using reverse genetics. A chimeric NIID123 strain in which the E protein was replaced with that of PRVABC59 showed a lower growth ability than the recombinant wild-type strain. Adaptation of the chimeric NIID123 to Vero cells induced a Phe-to-Leu amino acid substitution at position 146 of the prM protein; PRVABC59 also has Leu at this position. Leu at this position was found to be responsible for the viral replication ability and partially, for the pathogenicity in mouse testes.
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Yurayart N, Ninvilai P, Chareonviriyaphap T, Kaewamatawong T, Thontiravong A, Tiawsirisup S. Interactions of duck Tembusu virus with Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes: Vector competence and viral mutation. Acta Trop 2021; 222:106051. [PMID: 34273310 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes severe disease in avian hosts, while also affecting mammalian hosts; however, information on viral interaction with mosquito vectors for mammalian hosts is limited. Vector competence of Aedes (Ae.) aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes for DTMUV were investigated. Both Aedes mosquito species were orally infected with DK/TH/CU-1 strain of Thai DTMUV and isolated DTMUV from BALB/c mouse. Genomes of the viruses isolated from hosts and vectors were analyzed and compared with the positive virus. Findings showed that both Aedes mosquito species could serve as vectors for DTMUV with minimum viral titer in blood meal of 106 TCID50/mL. After taking blood meal with viral titer at 107 TCID50/mL, vector competence of the mosquitoes was significantly different from the lower titer in both species. Both Aedes species did not support development of the isolated viruses from mouse. A point mutation of nucleotide and amino acid was found in all isolated DTMUV from Ae. aegypti saliva, while other viruses were similar to the positive virus. Our findings demonstrated that both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus had potential to transmit the virus and play important roles in the viral transmission cycle in mammalian hosts, while viral mutation occurred in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.
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Bukhari SNH, Jain A, Haq E, Khder MA, Neware R, Bhola J, Lari Najafi M. Machine Learning-Based Ensemble Model for Zika Virus T-Cell Epitope Prediction. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:9591670. [PMID: 34631001 PMCID: PMC8500748 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9591670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), the causative agent of Zika fever in humans, is an RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus. Currently, there is no approved vaccine for clinical use to combat the ZIKV infection and contain the epidemic. Epitope-based peptide vaccines have a large untapped potential for boosting vaccination safety, cross-reactivity, and immunogenicity. Though many attempts have been made to develop vaccines for ZIKV, none of these have proved to be successful. Epitope-based peptide vaccines can act as powerful alternatives to conventional vaccines due to their low production cost, less reactogenic, and allergenic responses. For designing an effective and viable epitope-based peptide vaccine against this deadly virus, it is essential to select the antigenic T-cell epitopes since epitope-based vaccines are considered safe. The in silico machine-learning-based approach for ZIKV T-cell epitope prediction would save a lot of physical experimental time and efforts for speedy vaccine development compared to in vivo approaches. We hereby have trained a machine-learning-based computational model to predict novel ZIKV T-cell epitopes by employing physicochemical properties of amino acids. The proposed ensemble model based on a voting mechanism works by blending the predictions for each class (epitope or nonepitope) from each base classifier. Predictions obtained for each class by the individual classifier are summed up, and the class with the majority vote is predicted upon. An odd number of classifiers have been used to avoid the occurrence of ties in the voting. Experimentally determined ZIKV peptide sequences data set was collected from Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB) repository. The data set consists of 3,519 sequences, of which 1,762 are epitopes and 1,757 are nonepitopes. The length of sequences ranges from 6 to 30 meter. For each sequence, we extracted 13 physicochemical features. The proposed ensemble model achieved sensitivity, specificity, Gini coefficient, AUC, precision, F-score, and accuracy of 0.976, 0.959, 0.993, 0.994, 0.989, 0.985, and 97.13%, respectively. To check the consistency of the model, we carried out five-fold cross-validation and an average accuracy of 96.072% is reported. Finally, a comparative analysis of the proposed model with existing methods has been carried out using a separate validation data set, suggesting the proposed ensemble model as a better model. The proposed ensemble model will help predict novel ZIKV vaccine candidates to save lives globally and prevent future epidemic-scale outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Jain
- University Institute of Computing, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Ehtishamul Haq
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J & K, India
| | | | - Rahul Neware
- Department of Computing, Mathematics and Physics, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jyoti Bhola
- Electronics & Communication Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India
| | - Moslem Lari Najafi
- Pharmaceutical Science and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Stander J, Chabeda A, Rybicki EP, Meyers AE. A Plant-Produced Virus-Like Particle Displaying Envelope Protein Domain III Elicits an Immune Response Against West Nile Virus in Mice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:738619. [PMID: 34589108 PMCID: PMC8475786 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.738619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a globally disseminated Flavivirus that is associated with encephalitis outbreaks in humans and horses. The continuous global outbreaks of West Nile disease in the bird, human, and horse populations, with no preventative measures for humans, pose a major public health threat. The development of a vaccine that contributes to the "One Health" Initiative could be the answer to prevent the spread of the virus and control human and animal disease. The current commercially available veterinary vaccines are generally costly and most require high levels of biosafety for their manufacture. Consequently, we explored making a particulate vaccine candidate made transiently in plants as a more cost-effective and safer means of production. A WNV virus-like particle-display-based vaccine candidate was generated by the use of the SpyTag/SpyCatcher (ST/SC) conjugation system. The WNV envelope protein domain III (EDIII), which contains WNV-specific epitopes, was fused to and displayed on AP205 phage virus-like particles (VLPs) following the production of both separately in Nicotiana benthamiana. Co-purification of AP205 and EDIII genetically fused to ST and SC, respectively, resulted in the conjugated VLPs displaying EDIII with an average coupling efficiency of 51%. Subcutaneous immunisation of mice with 5 μg of purified AP205: EDIII VLPs elicited a potent IgG response to WNV EDIII. This study presents the potential plants being used as biofactories for making significant pharmaceutical products for the "One Health" Initiative and could be used to address the need for their local production in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Stander
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aleyo Chabeda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ann E. Meyers
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Liu D, Xiao X, Zhou P, Zheng H, Li Y, Jin H, Jongkaewwattana A, Luo R. Glycosylation on envelope glycoprotein of duck Tembusu virus affects virus replication in vitro and contributes to the neurovirulence and pathogenicity in vivo. Virulence 2021; 12:2400-2414. [PMID: 34506259 PMCID: PMC8437475 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1974329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), an emergent flavivirus, causes domestic waterfowls to suffer from severe egg-drop syndrome and fatal encephalitis, greatly threatens duck production globally. Like other mosquito-borne flaviviruses, the envelope (E) protein of all DTMUV strains was N-glycosylated at the amino acid position 154. Thus far, the biological roles of DTMUV E glycosylation have remained largely unexplored. Herein, we demonstrated the key roles of E glycosylation in the replication and pathogenicity of DTMUV in ducks by characterizing the reverse-genetics-derived DTMUV wild-type MC strain and MC bearing mutations (N154Q and N154I) that abolish the E glycosylation. Our data showed that the disruption of E glycosylation could substantially impair virus attachment, entry, and infectivity in DEFs and C6/36 cells. Notably, ducks inoculated intracerebrally with the wild-type virus exhibited severe disease onset. In contrast, those inoculated with mutant viruses were mildly affected as manifested by minimal weight loss, no mortality, lower viral loads in the various tissues, and reduced brain lesions. Attenuated phenotypes of the mutant viruses might be partly associated with lower inflammatory cytokines expression in the brains of infected ducks. Our study offers the first evidence that E glycosylation is vital for DTMUV replication, pathogenicity, and neurovirulence in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuyao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Biotec), National Science and Technology Development Agency (Nstda), Klong Nueng, Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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45
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Charles J, Tangudu CS, Nunez-Avellaneda D, Brault AC, Blitvich BJ. The host range restriction of bat-associated no-known-vector flaviviruses occurs post-entry. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34486974 PMCID: PMC8567430 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most flaviviruses are transmitted horizontally between vertebrate hosts by haematophagous arthropods. Others exhibit host ranges restricted to vertebrates or arthropods. Vertebrate-specific flaviviruses are commonly referred to as no-known-vector (NKV) flaviviruses and can be separated into bat- and rodent-associated NKV flaviviruses. Rio Bravo virus (RBV) is one of eight recognized bat-associated NKV (B-NKV) flaviviruses. Studies designed to identify the genetic determinants that condition the host range restriction of B-NKV flaviviruses have never been performed. To investigate whether the host range restriction occurs at the level of attachment or entry, chimeric flaviviruses were created by inserting the pre-membrane and envelope protein genes of RBV into the genetic backbones of yellow fever virus (YFV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), two mosquito-borne flaviviruses associated with human disease. The chimeric viruses infected both vertebrate and mosquito cells. In vertebrate cells, all viruses produced similar mean peak titres, but the chimeric viruses grew more slowly than their parental viruses during early infection. In mosquito cells, the chimeric virus of YFV and RBV grew more slowly than YFV at early post-inoculation time points, but reached a similar mean peak titre. In contrast, the chimeric virus of ZIKV and RBV produced a mean peak titre that was approximately 10-fold lower than ZIKV. The chimeric virus of YFV and RBV produced an intermediate plaque phenotype, while the chimeric virus of ZIKV and RBV produced smaller plaques than both parental viruses. To conclude, we provide evidence that the structural glycoproteins of RBV permit entry into both mosquito and vertebrate cells, indicating that the host range restriction of B-NKV flaviviruses is mediated by a post-attachment/entry event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermilia Charles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Chandra S Tangudu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Daniel Nunez-Avellaneda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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46
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Fumagalli MJ, Figueiredo LTM, Aquino VH. Linear and Continuous Flavivirus Epitopes From Naturally Infected Humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:710551. [PMID: 34458161 PMCID: PMC8387565 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.710551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript is an up-to-date review of experimentally validated linear and continuous epitopes identified from arbovirus members of the Flavivirus genus. We summarized 153 immunoreactive peptides from the Dengue virus, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus described in studies published from 1989 to 2020. We included peptides from structural (envelope, capsid, and pre-membrane) and nonstructural (Ns1–5) viral proteins that demonstrated relevant immunoreactivity with antibodies from naturally infected or vaccinated humans. We included peptides that demonstrated relevant reactivity features, such as indicators of disease severity related to immunological or immunopathological outcomes, differential or group diagnostic markers, immunotherapy candidates, and potential for vaccine formulation. The majority of immunoreactive peptides were described for DENV probably due to its long-lasting impact on human health and the lack of efficient vaccines and therapeutic methods. Immune landscape data regarding linear immunoreactive and continuous flavivirus peptides are still scarce, and a complete and more detailed map remains to be elucidated. Therefore, this review provides valuable data for those investigating the antibody response against flavivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcilio Jorge Fumagalli
- Virology Research Center, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Victor Hugo Aquino
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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47
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Naresh P, Pottabatula SS, Selvaraj J. Dengue virus entry/fusion inhibition by small bioactive molecules; A critical review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:484-497. [PMID: 34353253 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210805105146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many flaviviruses are remarkable human pathogens that can be transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks. Despite the availability of vaccines for viral infections such as yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis, flavivirus-like dengue is still a significant life-threatening illness worldwide. To date, there is no antiviral treatment for dengue therapy. Industry and the research community have been taking ongoing steps to improve anti-flavivirus treatment to meet this clinical need. The successful activity has been involved in the inhibition of the virus entry fusion process in the last two decades. In this study, the latest understanding of the use of small molecules used as fusion inhibitors has been comprehensively presented. We summarized the structure, the process of fusion of dengue virus E protein (DENV E), and the amino acids involved in the fusion process. Special attention has been given to small molecules that allow conformational changes to DENV E protein viz. blocking the pocket of βOG, which is important for fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Podila Naresh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu. India
| | - Shyam Sunder Pottabatula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu. India
| | - Jubie Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu. India
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48
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Hu T, Wu Z, Wu S, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Mao S, Ou X, Gao Q, Sun D, Liu Y, Zhang L, Yu Y, Chen S, Cheng A. Substitutions at Loop Regions of TMUV E Protein Domain III Differentially Impair Viral Entry and Assembly. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:688172. [PMID: 34262547 PMCID: PMC8273266 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.688172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus envelope protein (E) plays an important role in cellular infection, especially in virulence and antigenicity. E domain III of Tembusu virus (TMUV) is highly conserved among flaviviruses and contains four loop regions. However, the functions of the loop regions of TMUV E domain III in the viral life cycle have not yet been discovered. In this study, using a reverse genetics system, we performed site-directed mutagenesis on loops I, II, III, and IV of TMUV E domain III. Mutant 6 (S388A.G389A.K390A) showed better proliferation than the wild-type virus, while mutants 1-5 exhibited decreased in vitro infectivity, as determined by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Based on a TMUV replicon system, the mutations exhibited no apparent effect on TMUV RNA replication. Subcellular fractionation assays and packaging system assays indicated that mutations in loops II-IV (T332A, T332S, S365A.S366A.T367A, and S388A.G389A.K390A, respectively) disrupted virion assembly. Moreover, loops I-IV played an important role in virus binding and entry, while mutant 6 (S388A.G389A.K390A) exhibited robust activity in virus entry. Taken together, our findings indicated the critical role of the loop regions in TMUV E domain III in the virus entry and assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoxiong Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - YanLing Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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49
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Zhao R, Wang M, Cao J, Shen J, Zhou X, Wang D, Cao J. Flavivirus: From Structure to Therapeutics Development. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070615. [PMID: 34202239 PMCID: PMC8303334 DOI: 10.3390/life11070615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are still a hidden threat to global human safety, as we are reminded by recent reports of dengue virus infections in Singapore and African-lineage-like Zika virus infections in Brazil. Therapeutic drugs or vaccines for flavivirus infections are in urgent need but are not well developed. The Flaviviridae family comprises a large group of enveloped viruses with a single-strand RNA genome of positive polarity. The genome of flavivirus encodes ten proteins, and each of them plays a different and important role in viral infection. In this review, we briefly summarized the major information of flavivirus and further introduced some strategies for the design and development of vaccines and anti-flavivirus compound drugs based on the structure of the viral proteins. There is no doubt that in the past few years, studies of antiviral drugs have achieved solid progress based on better understanding of the flavivirus biology. However, currently, there are no fully effective antiviral drugs or vaccines for most flaviviruses. We hope that this review may provide useful information for future development of anti-flavivirus drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Meiyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China;
| | - Deping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jimin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (J.C.)
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50
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Maciejewski S, Ruckwardt TJ, Morabito KM, Foreman BM, Burgomaster KE, Gordon DN, Pelc RS, DeMaso CR, Ko SY, Fisher BE, Yang ES, Nair D, Foulds KE, Todd JP, Kong WP, Roy V, Aleshnick M, Speer SD, Bourne N, Barrett AD, Nason MC, Roederer M, Gaudinski MR, Chen GL, Dowd KA, Ledgerwood JE, Alter G, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Pierson TC. Distinct neutralizing antibody correlates of protection among related Zika virus vaccines identify a role for antibody quality. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/547/eaaw9066. [PMID: 32522807 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw9066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas stimulated the development of multiple ZIKV vaccine candidates. We previously developed two related DNA vaccine candidates encoding ZIKV structural proteins that were immunogenic in animal models and humans. We sought to identify neutralizing antibody (NAb) properties induced by each vaccine that correlated with protection in nonhuman primates (NHPs). Despite eliciting equivalent NAb titers in NHPs, these vaccines were not equally protective. The transfer of equivalent titers of vaccine-elicited NAb into AG129 mice also revealed nonequivalent protection, indicating qualitative differences among antibodies (Abs) elicited by these vaccines. Both vaccines elicited Abs with similar binding titers against envelope protein monomers and those incorporated into virus-like particles, as well as a comparable capacity to orchestrate phagocytosis. Functional analysis of vaccine-elicited NAbs from NHPs and humans revealed a capacity to neutralize the structurally mature form of the ZIKV virion that varied in magnitude among vaccine candidates. Conversely, sensitivity to the virion maturation state was not a characteristic of NAbs induced by natural or experimental infection. Passive transfer experiments in mice revealed that neutralization of mature ZIKV virions more accurately predicts protection from ZIKV infection. These findings demonstrate that NAb correlates of protection may differ among vaccine antigens when assayed using standard neutralization platforms and suggest that measurements of Ab quality, including the capacity to neutralize mature virions, will be critical for defining correlates of ZIKV vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bryant M Foreman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - David N Gordon
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebecca S Pelc
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Sung-Youl Ko
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian E Fisher
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Deepika Nair
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - John Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wing-Pui Kong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maya Aleshnick
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Scott D Speer
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nigel Bourne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alan D Barrett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Martha C Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Grace L Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kimberly A Dowd
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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