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Tran-Kiem C, Bedford T. Estimating the reproduction number and transmission heterogeneity from the size distribution of clusters of identical pathogen sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2305299121. [PMID: 38568971 PMCID: PMC11009662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305299121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantifying transmission intensity and heterogeneity is crucial to ascertain the threat posed by infectious diseases and inform the design of interventions. Methods that jointly estimate the reproduction number R and the dispersion parameter k have however mainly remained limited to the analysis of epidemiological clusters or contact tracing data, whose collection often proves difficult. Here, we show that clusters of identical sequences are imprinted by the pathogen offspring distribution, and we derive an analytical formula for the distribution of the size of these clusters. We develop and evaluate an inference framework to jointly estimate the reproduction number and the dispersion parameter from the size distribution of clusters of identical sequences. We then illustrate its application across a range of epidemiological situations. Finally, we develop a hypothesis testing framework relying on clusters of identical sequences to determine whether a given pathogen genetic subpopulation is associated with increased or reduced transmissibility. Our work provides tools to estimate the reproduction number and transmission heterogeneity from pathogen sequences without building a phylogenetic tree, thus making it easily scalable to large pathogen genome datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Tran-Kiem
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
- HHMI, Seattle, WA98109
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2
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Kegele Lignani L, de Vasconcellos Carvalhaes de Oliveira R, Matos Dos Santos E, Antonio Bastos Camacho L, Reis Xavier J, Regina da Silva E Sá G, Mendonça Siqueira M, Marques Vieira da Silva A, Gil Melgaço J, Dos Santos Alves N, de Lourdes de Sousa Maia M, Caetano Prates Melo E. Neutralizing antibody titers against D8 genotype and persistence of measles humoral and cell-mediated immunity eight years after the first dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in Brazilian children. Vaccine 2024; 42:2065-2071. [PMID: 38413280 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess the level of measles vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies against the D8 genotype and the persistence of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in children who received their first dose of the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine eight years previously. METHODS Measles-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies were determined in serum using ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization test, respectively. Cellular response was evaluated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). IFN-γ-secreting cells, memory B and T cells, and immunological mediators were assayed by ELISpot, flow cytometry, and multiplex liquid microarray assay, respectively. RESULTS Antibody concentrations declined over time; however, the vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies' effect against D8 and vaccinal genotypes persisted. PBMC stimulated with the vaccine virus exhibited specific IFN- γ-measles-secreting responses in most participants. Participants with high levels of neutralizing antibodies showed a higher proportion of activated B cells compared to participants with low levels of neutralizing antibodies, while proportions of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were similar between these groups. PBMC supernatant cytokine levels showed a significant difference between stimulated and non-stimulated conditions for IL-2, TNF-α, IL-10, and CXCL10. CONCLUSION Despite the decline in antibody concentrations over time, the participants still demonstrated neutralizing capacity against the measles D8 genotype five to eight years after the second dose of the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Additionally, most of the enrolled children exhibited cell-mediated immunity responses to measles virus stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Kegele Lignani
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Eliane Matos Dos Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Bastos Camacho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Janaína Reis Xavier
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gloria Regina da Silva E Sá
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Rua Professor Gabizo, 264, 3° andar, Tijuca, CEP 20271-062 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilda Mendonça Siqueira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andréa Marques Vieira da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gil Melgaço
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Dos Santos Alves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes de Sousa Maia
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos/Bio-Manguinhos, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21041-250 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Enirtes Caetano Prates Melo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Barakat M, Abdaljaleel M, Atawneh N, Alkhazaleh R, Aburumman D, Hamed E, Sallam M. Pervasive Parental Hesitancy and Resistance towards Measles Rubella Vaccination in Jordan. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1672. [PMID: 38006004 PMCID: PMC10674877 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles remains a highly contagious and potentially severe infectious disease, necessitating high vaccine coverage. However, misinformation and measles vaccine hesitancy/resistance have posed significant challenges to achieving this goal. The COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated these challenges, leading to a measles outbreak in Jordan in 2023. This study aimed to investigate the acceptance of the measles rubella (MR) vaccine among parents in Jordan and to identify its associated determinants. This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted using a previously Arabic-validated version of the Parental Attitudes towards Childhood Vaccines (PACV) survey instrument. Data collection took place in October 2023, and the final study sample comprised a total of 391 parents, with mothers representing 69.8% of the participants (n = 273). The majority of participating parents expressed either resistance (n = 169, 43.2%) or hesitancy (n = 168, 43.0%) towards MR vaccination, while only 54 participants (13.8%) expressed MR vaccine acceptance. Multivariate analysis revealed that trust in vaccine safety/efficacy, behavior, and having fewer offspring were significantly associated with MR vaccine acceptance. The current study revealed a concerning level of MR vaccine hesitancy/resistance among parents in Jordan, which could signal a public health alarm in the country. Urgent and targeted interventions are strongly recommended to address this issue, including mass campaigns aimed at building trust in the MR vaccine's safety/efficacy. Additionally, there is an urgent need for effective public health initiatives to ensure sufficient measles vaccine coverage to prevent future outbreaks of this serious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Barakat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan;
- MEU Research Unit, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
| | - Maram Abdaljaleel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Nada Atawneh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Rawan Alkhazaleh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Dana Aburumman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Eman Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
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Fappani C, Gori M, Canuti M, Terraneo M, Colzani D, Tanzi E, Amendola A, Bianchi S. Breakthrough Infections: A Challenge towards Measles Elimination? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081567. [PMID: 36013985 PMCID: PMC9413104 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is one of the most contagious diseases known to man. Despite the existence of a safe and effective live attenuated vaccine, measles can appear in vaccinated individuals. Paradoxically, breakthrough cases increase as vaccination coverage in the general population rises. In measles endemic areas, breakthrough cases represent less than 10% of total infections, while in areas with high vaccination coverage these are over 10% of the total. Two different vaccination failures have been described: primary vaccination failure, which consists in the complete absence of humoral response and occurs in around 5% of vaccinated individuals; and secondary vaccination failure is due to waning immunity or incomplete immunity and occurs in 2–10% of vaccinees. Vaccination failures are generally associated with lower viral loads and milder disease (modified measles) since vaccination limits the risk of complicated disease. Vaccination failure seems to occur between six and twenty-six years after the last vaccine dose administration. This review summarizes the literature about clinical, serological, epidemiological, and molecular characteristics of measles breakthrough cases and their contribution to virus transmission. In view of the measles elimination goal, the assessment of the potential decline in antibody protection and the targeted implementation of catch-up vaccination are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Fappani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Canuti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Terraneo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Colzani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tanzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Amendola
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (S.B.)
| | - Silvia Bianchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (S.B.)
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Bianchi FP, Stefanizzi P, Trerotoli P, Tafuri S. Sex and age as determinants of the seroprevalence of anti-measles IgG among European healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2022; 40:3127-3141. [PMID: 35491343 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The international literature shows good evidence of a significant rate of measles susceptibility among healthcare workers (HCWs). As such, they are an important public health issue. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of susceptible HCWs in EU/EEA countries and in the UK and to explore the characteristics (sex and age differences) and management of those found to be susceptible. RESULTS Nineteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of measles-susceptible HCWs was 13.3% (95 %CI: 10.0-17.0%). In a comparison of serosusceptible female vs. male HCWs, the RR was 0.92 (95 %CI = 0.83-1.03), and in a comparison of age classes (born after vs. before 1980) the RR was 2.78 (95 %CI = 2.20-3.50). The most recent studies proposed the mandatory vaccination of HCWs. DISCUSSION According to our meta-analysis, the prevalence of serosusceptible European HCWs is 13%; HCWs born in the post-vaccination era seem to be at higher risk. Healthcare professionals susceptible to measles are a serious epidemiological concern. Greater efforts should therefore be made to identify those who have yet to be vaccinated and actively encourage their vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasquale Stefanizzi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Trerotoli
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Italy
| | - Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Italy.
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6
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Effects of the age of vaccination on the humoral responses to a human papillomavirus vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:37. [PMID: 35292655 PMCID: PMC8924199 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult vaccination programs are receiving increasing attention however, little is known regarding the impact of age on the maintenance of the immune response. We investigated this issue in the context of a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program collecting real-world data on the durability of humoral immunity in 315 female subjects stratified according to vaccination age (adolescents and adults) and sampled at early or late time points after the last vaccine dose. HPV-specific IgGs, but not memory B cells, were induced and maintained at higher levels in subjects vaccinated during adolescence. Nonetheless, antibody functions waned over time to a similar degree in adolescents and adults. To shed light on this phenomena, we analyzed quantitative and qualitative properties of lymphocytes. Similar biochemical features were observed between B-cell subsets from individuals belonging to the two age groups. Long term humoral responses toward vaccines administered at an earlier age were comparably maintained between adolescents and adults. The percentages of naïve B and CD4+ T cells were significantly higher in adolescents, and the latter directly correlated with IgG titers against 3 out of 4 HPV types. Our results indicate that age-specific HPV vaccine responsiveness is mostly due to quantitative differences of immune cell precursors rather than qualitative defects in B cells. In addition, our results indicate that adults also have a good humoral immunogenic profile, suggesting that their inclusion in catch-up programmes is desirable.
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7
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Marchi S, Remarque EJ, Viviani S, Rizzo C, Monteverde Spencer GT, Coluccio R, Montomoli E, Trombetta CM. Measles immunity over two decades in two large Italian Regions: How far is the elimination goal? Vaccine 2021; 39:5928-5933. [PMID: 34456073 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In Italy, the inclusion of measles vaccine in children immunization schedule and the promotion of national mass vaccination campaigns increased measles vaccination coverage. However, measles outbreaks continue to occur increasingly involving adolescents and adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence to measles antibody in a sample of Italian population between 1993 and 2018. Human serum samples from subjects aged 3-40 years were collected between 1993 and 2018 and tested for measles IgG antibodies by commercial ELISA. During the study period, the 3-10-year-old age group showed the most important change, with a significant increase in 2003-2007 in both seroprevalence and IgG levels, followed by a slow decrease. The 11-18-year-old age group showed relatively stable seroprevalence rates and IgG levels over the years. The 19-30-year-old group showed stable seroprevalence rates, albeit with a decrease in IgG levels. After a significant increase in 1999-2002, the 31-40-year-old age group had high seroprevalence rates and IgG levels. Despite efforts at national level for implementing measles vaccination, a large proportion of the population is still susceptible to measles. Even if vaccination coverage increases enough to achieve the level of immunization required for herd immunity in new birth cohorts, outbreaks will continue to occur if there are immunity gaps in older age groups. Establishing policies for measles vaccination targeting adult population is needed to close immunity gaps and reach the elimination goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Edmond J Remarque
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Simonetta Viviani
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Caterina Rizzo
- Functional Area Clinical Pathways and Epidemiology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Coluccio
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; VisMederi srl, Siena, Italy
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Probert WS, Glenn-Finer R, Espinosa A, Yen C, Stockman L, Harriman K, Hacker JK. Molecular Epidemiology of Measles in California, United States-2019. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1015-1023. [PMID: 33528506 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the United States (US) experienced the highest number of measles importations and cases in the postelimination era. More than a quarter of imported cases entered the US through California. Measles surveillance efforts in California resulted in the identification of 26 importations, 6 outbreaks, and 72 cases in 2019. Only genotype B3 and D8 measles strains were detected. Genotype-specific differences were noted in the incidence of vaccine failures, hospitalizations, and severe complications among cases. A targeted whole genome sequencing approach provided higher-resolution discrimination between epidemiologically linked and sporadically introduced strains than conventional N450 sequencing. Our report underscores the importance of ensuring appropriate measles vaccination status, especially prior to international travel to measles-endemic regions, and highlights the value of a strong measles surveillance system in minimizing outbreaks and preserving measles elimination status in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Probert
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Rosie Glenn-Finer
- Immunization Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Alex Espinosa
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Cynthia Yen
- Immunization Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Lauren Stockman
- Immunization Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Kathleen Harriman
- Immunization Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
| | - Jill K Hacker
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA
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Kauffmann F, Heffernan C, Meurice F, Ota MOC, Vetter V, Casabona G. Measles, mumps, rubella prevention: how can we do better? Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:811-826. [PMID: 34096442 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1927722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measles, mumps, and rubella incidence decreased drastically following vaccination programs' implementation. However, measles and mumps' resurgence was recently reported, outbreaks still occur, and challenges remain to control these diseases. AREAS COVERED This qualitative narrative review provides an objective appraisal of the literature regarding current challenges in controlling measles, mumps, rubella infections, and interventions to address them. EXPERT OPINION While vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella (including trivalent vaccines) are widely used and effective, challenges to control these diseases are mainly related to insufficient immunization coverage and changing vaccination needs owing to new global environment (e.g. traveling, migration, population density). By understanding disease transmission peculiarities by setting, initiatives are needed to optimize vaccination policies and increase vaccination coverage, which was further negatively impacted by COVID-19 pandemic. Also, awareness of the potential severity of infections and the role of vaccines should increase. Reminder systems, vaccination of disadvantaged, high-risk and difficult-to-reach populations, accessibility of vaccination, healthcare infrastructure, and vaccination services management should improve. Outbreak preparedness should be strengthened, including implementation of high-quality surveillance systems to monitor epidemiology. While the main focus should be on these public health initiatives to increase vaccination coverage, slightly more benefits could come from evolution of current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Heffernan
- NHS England (London Region), 1st Floor, Wellington House, 133-155 Waterloo Road, London, SE16UG, UK
| | - François Meurice
- GSK, Avenue Fleming 20, 1300 Wavre, Belgium.,Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Namur (UNamur), Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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Kurata T, Yamamoto SP, Nishimura H, Yumisashi T, Motomura K, Kinoshita M. A measles outbreak in Kansai International Airport, Japan, 2016: Analysis of the quantitative difference and infectivity of measles virus between patients who are immunologically naive versus those with secondary vaccine failure. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3446-3454. [PMID: 33325052 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the elimination of the measles virus, patients with vaccination records for the measles-containing vaccine have increased in Japan. According to several studies, the transmission risk from previously immunized patients, especially those with secondary vaccine failure (SVF), is lower than that from those with primary measles infections. Immunological features of SVF were identified per specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) induction with high avidity and high plaque reduction neutralization antibody concentration. However, the virological features of SVF have not been well investigated. To examine not only immunological but also virological differences between SVF and immunologically naive patients, throat swabs and blood and urine specimens of 25 patients with confirmed measles infection after an outbreak at the Kansai International Airport in 2016 were analyzed. Patients were categorized as naive (n = 3) or with SVF (n = 22) based on measles-specific IgG antibody concentrations and their avidity. Virus isolation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to quantify the viral load in clinical specimens and estimate the infectivity in each specimen. The number of viral genome copies in the blood specimens of those with SVF was significantly different and approximately 1 out of 100 of that in immunologically naive patients. However, genome copy numbers in throat swabs and urine specimens were not significantly different between the groups. The virus was isolated only from those in the naive group. Our study indicated low transmission risk of the virus in patients with SVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kurata
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Morinomiya Center, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kazushi Motomura
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Morinomiya Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Kinoshita
- Department of Health and Medical Care, Osaka Prefectural Government, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Costantino C, Casuccio A, Restivo V. Vaccination and Vaccine Effectiveness: A Commentary of Special Issue Editors. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030545. [PMID: 32962128 PMCID: PMC7564991 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Special Issue “Vaccination and Vaccine Effectiveness”, published in the journal Vaccines, has the main aim to increase international literature data on vaccine effectiveness and safety and on vaccination strategies in order to reduce vaccine hesitancy and improve vaccination coverage rates. The main topics included in the call for papers were vaccines administered to infants, adolescents, adults, elderly people, at-risk populations (due to comorbidities and personal risk factors) and healthcare workers and strategies adopted to promote vaccination adherence among these categories. This Special Issue started from the assumption that, despite vaccination being universally recognized as one of the best strategies to increase duration and quality of life during the last centuries, vaccination coverage rates are often under the levels recommended to reduce circulation and to extinguish vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccine hesitancy involves at least 15% of the general population, and healthcare workers also sometimes demonstrate doubts on vaccination effectiveness and safety. At the end of the six-month submission period, 16 articles (15 research article and one review) were accepted after the peer-review processes and published online.
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12
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Anichini G, Gandolfo C, Fabrizi S, Miceli GB, Terrosi C, Gori Savellini G, Prathyumnan S, Orsi D, Battista G, Cusi MG. Seroprevalence to Measles Virus after Vaccination or Natural Infection in an Adult Population, in Italy. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010066. [PMID: 32028593 PMCID: PMC7158681 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in measles cases worldwide, with outbreaks, has been registered in the last few years, despite the availability of a safe and highly efficacious vaccine. In addition to an inadequate vaccination coverage, even in high-income European countries studies proved that some vaccinated people were also found seronegative years after vaccination, thus increasing the number of people susceptible to measles infection. In this study, we evaluated the immunization status and the seroprevalence of measles antibodies among 1092 healthy adults, either vaccinated or naturally infected, in order to investigate the persistence of anti-measles IgG. Among subjects who received two doses of measles vaccine, the neutralizing antibody titer tended to decline over time. In addition, data collected from a neutralization assay performed on 110 healthy vaccinated subjects suggested an inverse correlation between neutralizing antibody titers and the time elapsed between the two vaccinations, with a significant decline in the neutralizing titer when the interval between the two doses was ≥11 years. On the basis of these results, monitoring the serological status of the population 10-12 years after vaccination could be important both to limit the number of people who are potentially susceptible to measles, despite the high efficacy of MMR vaccine, and to recommend a booster vaccine for the seronegatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Anichini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Santa Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (C.T.); (G.G.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Claudia Gandolfo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Santa Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (C.T.); (G.G.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Simonetta Fabrizi
- Preventive Medicine and Health Surveillance Unit, Santa Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.F.); (G.B.M.); (D.O.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovan Battista Miceli
- Preventive Medicine and Health Surveillance Unit, Santa Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.F.); (G.B.M.); (D.O.); (G.B.)
| | - Chiara Terrosi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Santa Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (C.T.); (G.G.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Gianni Gori Savellini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Santa Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (C.T.); (G.G.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Shibily Prathyumnan
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Santa Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (C.T.); (G.G.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Daniela Orsi
- Preventive Medicine and Health Surveillance Unit, Santa Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.F.); (G.B.M.); (D.O.); (G.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Battista
- Preventive Medicine and Health Surveillance Unit, Santa Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.F.); (G.B.M.); (D.O.); (G.B.)
| | - Maria Grazia Cusi
- Preventive Medicine and Health Surveillance Unit, Santa Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1 53100 Siena, Italy; (S.F.); (G.B.M.); (D.O.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0577-233871
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