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Liu Z, Li SS, Zhang GY, Lv S, Wang S, Li FQ. Whole transcriptome sequencing for revealing the pathogenesis of sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix globosa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:359. [PMID: 38172590 PMCID: PMC10764346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of sporotrichosis and identify possible novel therapeutic targets. Total RNA was extracted from skin lesion samples from sporotrichosis patients and used to construct a long-chain RNA transcriptome library and miRNA transcriptome library for whole transcriptome sequencing. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the groups were identified, and then Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis enrichment analyses were performed based on the DEGs. An lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network was constructed. The expressions of JAK/STAT pathway-related proteins were detected in the patient and control tissues using RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. Enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in various infectious diseases and immune response-related signaling pathways. Competing endogenous RNA network analysis was performed and identified the hub lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. Compared with the control group, the mRNA expressions of SOCS3, IL-6, and JAK3 were significantly upregulated, while the expression of STAT3 did not change significantly. Also, the protein expressions of SOCS3, IL-6, JAK3, and STAT3, as well as phosphorylated JAK3 and STAT3, were significantly upregulated. We identified 671 lncRNA DEGs, 3281 mRNA DEGs, and 214 miRNA DEGs to be involved in Sporothrix globosa infection. The study findings suggest that the JAK/STAT pathway may be a therapeutic target for sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Su-Shan Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Gui-Yun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Sha Lv
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Fu-Qiu Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Road, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China.
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Kottom TJ, Carmona EM, Limper AH. Lung Epithelial Cell Line Immune Responses to Pneumocystis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:729. [PMID: 37504718 PMCID: PMC10381464 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis sp. are fungal pathogens and members of the Ascomycota phylum. Immunocompetent individuals can readily eliminate the fungus, whereas immunocompromised individuals can develop Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP). Currently, over 500,000 cases occur worldwide, and the organism is listed on the recently released WHO fungal priority pathogens list. Overall, the number of PJP cases over the last few decades in developed countries with the use of highly effective antiretroviral therapy has decreased, but the cases of non-HIV individuals using immunosuppressive therapies have significantly increased. Even with relatively effective current anti-Pneumocystis therapies, the mortality rate remains 30-60% in non-HIV patients and 10-20% during initial episodes of PJP in HIV/AIDS patients. Although the role of alveolar macrophages is well studied and established, there is also well-established and emerging evidence regarding the role of epithelial cells in the immune response to fungi. This mini review provides a brief overview summarizing the innate immune response of the lung epithelium and various continuously cultured mammalian cell lines to Pneumocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J. Kottom
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.M.C.); (A.H.L.)
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Lin P, Zhang J, Xie G, Li J, Guo C, Lin H, Zhang Y. Innate Immune Responses to Sporothrix schenckii: Recognition and Elimination. Mycopathologia 2022; 188:71-86. [PMID: 36329281 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii), a ubiquitous thermally dimorphic fungus, is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, affecting immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Despite current antifungal regimens, sporotrichosis results in prolonged treatment and significant mortality rates in the immunosuppressed population. The innate immune system forms the host's first and primary line of defense against S. schenckii, which has a bi-layered cell wall structure. Many components act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in pathogen-host interactions. PAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and complement receptors, triggering innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells to phagocytize or produce mediators, contributing to S. schenckii elimination. The ultrastructure of S. schenckii and pathogen-host interactions, including PRRs and innate immune cells, are summarized in this review, promoting a better understanding of the innate immune response to S. schenckii and aiding in the development of protective and therapeutic strategies to combat sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guinan Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junchen Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenqi Guo
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyue Lin
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Ferreira MDS, Mendoza SR, Gonçalves DDS, Rodríguez-de la Noval C, Honorato L, Nimrichter L, Ramos LFC, Nogueira FCS, Domont GB, Peralta JM, Guimarães AJ. Recognition of Cell Wall Mannosylated Components as a Conserved Feature for Fungal Entrance, Adaptation and Survival Within Trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Murine Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858979. [PMID: 35711659 PMCID: PMC9194641 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii (Ac) is a species of free-living amoebae (FLAs) that has been widely applied as a model for the study of host-parasite interactions and characterization of environmental symbionts. The sharing of niches between Ac and potential pathogens, such as fungi, favors associations between these organisms. Through predatory behavior, Ac enhances fungal survival, dissemination, and virulence in their intracellular milieu, training these pathogens and granting subsequent success in events of infections to more evolved hosts. In recent studies, our group characterized the amoeboid mannose binding proteins (MBPs) as one of the main fungal recognition pathways. Similarly, mannose-binding lectins play a key role in activating antifungal responses by immune cells. Even in the face of similarities, the distinct impacts and degrees of affinity of fungal recognition for mannose receptors in amoeboid and animal hosts are poorly understood. In this work, we have identified high-affinity ligands for mannosylated fungal cell wall residues expressed on the surface of amoebas and macrophages and determined the relative importance of these pathways in the antifungal responses comparing both phagocytic models. Mannose-purified surface proteins (MPPs) from both phagocytes showed binding to isolated mannose/mannans and mannosylated fungal cell wall targets. Although macrophage MPPs had more intense binding when compared to the amoeba receptors, the inhibition of this pathway affects fungal internalization and survival in both phagocytes. Mass spectrometry identified several MPPs in both models, and in silico alignment showed highly conserved regions between spotted amoeboid receptors (MBP and MBP1) and immune receptors (Mrc1 and Mrc2) and potential molecular mimicry, pointing to a possible convergent evolution of pathogen recognition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Inflamação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susana Ruiz Mendoza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Inflamação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego de Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Rodríguez-de la Noval
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Leandro Honorato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências (Microbiologia), Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia de Eucariotos, Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luís Felipe Costa Ramos
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio C. S. Nogueira
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto B. Domont
- Laboratório de Química de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Peralta
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Allan J. Guimarães
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Imunologia das Micoses, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Imunologia e Inflamação, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rede Micologia RJ - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Allan J. Guimarães,
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Kottom TJ, Carmona EM, Limper AH. Current State of Carbohydrate Recognition and C-Type Lectin Receptors in Pneumocystis Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:798214. [PMID: 34975910 PMCID: PMC8716372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.798214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis jirovecii is one of the most common fungal pathogens in immunocompromised individuals. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) causes a significant host immune response that is driven greatly by the organism’s cell wall components including β-glucans and major surface glycoprotein (Msg). These ligands interact with a number of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) leading to downstream activation of proinflammatory signaling pathways. This minireview provides a brief overview summarizing known CLR/Pneumocystis interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J. Kottom
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Theodore J. Kottom,
| | - Eva M. Carmona
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andrew H. Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Kottom TJ, Carmona EM, Schaefbauer K, Limper AH. Additional C-type lectin receptors mediate interactions with Pneumocystis organisms and major surface glycoprotein. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70:001470. [PMID: 34889727 PMCID: PMC8744274 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns' (PAMPs) are microbial signatures that are recognized by host myeloid C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). These CLRs interact with micro-organisms via their carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) and engage signalling pathways within the cell resulting in pro-inflammatory and microbicidal responses.Gap statement. In this article, we extend our laboratory study of additional CLRs that recognize fungal ligands against Pneumocystis murina and Pneumocystis carinii and their purified major surface glycoproteins (Msgs).Aim. To study the potential of newly synthesized hFc-CLR fusions on binding to Pneumocystis and its Msg.Methods. A library of new synthesized hFc-CLR fusions was screened against Pneumocystis murina and Pneumocystis carinii organisms and their purified major surface glycoproteins (Msgs) found on the respective fungi via modified ELISA. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was implemented and quantified to verify results. mRNA expression analysis by quantitative PCR (q-PCR) was employed to detect respective CLRs found to bind fungal organisms in the ELISA and determine their expression levels in the mouse immunosuppressed Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) model.Results. We detected a number of the CLR hFc-fusions displayed significant binding with P. murina and P. carinii organisms, and similarly to their respective Msgs. Significant organism and Msg binding was observed for CLR members C-type lectin domain family 12 member A (CLEC12A), Langerin, macrophage galactose-type lectin-1 (MGL-1), and specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin homologue-related 3 (SIGNR3). Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) with the respective CLR hFc-fusions against whole P. murina life forms corroborated these findings. Lastly, we surveyed the mRNA expression profiles of the respective CLRs tested above in the mouse immunosuppressed Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) model and determined that macrophage galactose type C-type lectin (Mgl-1), implicated in recognizing terminal N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) found in the glycoproteins of microbial pathogens was significantly up-regulated during infection.Conclusion. The data herein add to the growing list of CLRs recognizing Pneumocystis and provide insights for further study of organism/host immune cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J. Kottom
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,*Correspondence: Theodore J. Kottom,
| | - Eva M. Carmona
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kyle Schaefbauer
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andrew H. Limper
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Souza TN, Valdez AF, Rizzo J, Zamith-Miranda D, Guimarães AJ, Nosanchuk JD, Nimrichter L. Host cell membrane microdomains and fungal infection. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13385. [PMID: 34392593 PMCID: PMC8664998 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid microdomains or lipid rafts are dynamic and tightly ordered regions of the plasma membrane. In mammalian cells, they are enriched in cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored and signalling-related proteins. Several studies have suggested that mammalian pattern recognition receptors are concentrated or recruited to lipid domains during host-pathogen association to enhance the effectiveness of host effector processes. However, pathogens have also evolved strategies to exploit these domains to invade cells and survive. In fungal organisms, a complex cell wall network usually mediates the first contact with the host cells. This cell wall may contain virulence factors that interfere with the host membrane microdomains dynamics, potentially impacting the infection outcome. Indeed, the microdomain disruption can dampen fungus-host cell adhesion, phagocytosis and cellular immune responses. Here, we provide an overview of regulatory strategies employed by pathogenic fungi to engage with and potentially subvert the lipid microdomains of host cells. TAKE AWAY: Lipid microdomains are ordered regions of the plasma membrane enriched in cholesterol, glycosphingolipids (GSL), GPI-anchored and signalling-related proteins. Pathogen recognition by host immune cells can involve lipid microdomain participation. During this process, these domains can coalesce in larger complexes recruiting receptors and signalling proteins, significantly increasing their signalling abilities. The antifungal innate immune response is mediated by the engagement of pathogen-associated molecular patterns to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) at the plasma membrane of innate immune cells. Lipid microdomains can concentrate or recruit PRRs during host cell-fungi association through a multi-interactive mechanism. This association can enhance the effectiveness of host effector processes. However, virulence factors at the fungal cell surface and extracellular vesicles can re-assembly these domains, compromising the downstream signalling and favouring the disease development. Lipid microdomains are therefore very attractive targets for novel drugs to combat fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiane N Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro F Valdez
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Rizzo
- Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Zamith-Miranda
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Allan Jefferson Guimarães
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia-MIP, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Overview on the Prevalence of Fungal Infections, Immune Response, and Microbiome Role in COVID-19 Patients. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090720. [PMID: 34575758 PMCID: PMC8466761 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe COVID-19, such as individuals in intensive care units (ICU), are exceptionally susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections. The most prevalent fungal infections are aspergillosis and candidemia. Nonetheless, other fungal species (for instance, Histoplasma spp., Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp., Cryptococcus spp.) have recently been increasingly linked to opportunistic fungal diseases in COVID-19 patients. These fungal co-infections are described with rising incidence, severe illness, and death that is associated with host immune response. Awareness of the high risks of the occurrence of fungal co-infections is crucial to downgrade any arrear in diagnosis and treatment to support the prevention of severe illness and death directly related to these infections. This review analyses the fungal infections, treatments, outcome, and immune response, considering the possible role of the microbiome in these patients. The search was performed in Medline (PubMed), using the words "fungal infections COVID-19", between 2020-2021.
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Silva GS, Silva DA, Guilhelmelli F, Jerônimo MS, Cardoso-Miguel MRD, Bürgel PH, Castro RJA, de Oliveira SAM, Silva-Pereira I, Bocca AL, Tavares AH. Zymosan enhances in vitro phagocyte function and the immune response of mice infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2021; 59:749-762. [PMID: 33550415 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the major etiologic agent of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most frequent human deep mycosis in Latin America. It is proposed that masking of β-glucan in P. brasiliensis cell wall is a critical virulence factor that contributes to the development of a chronic disease characterized by a long period of treatment, which is usually toxic. In this context, the search for immunomodulatory agents for therapeutic purposes is highly desirable. One strategy is to use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) ligands to stimulate the immune response mediated by phagocytes. Here, we sought to evaluate if Zymosan, a β-glucan-containing ligand of the PRRs Dectin-1/TLR-2, would enhance phagocyte function and the immune response of mice challenged with P. brasiliensis. Dendritic cells (DCs) infected with P. brasiliensis and treated with Zymosan showed improved secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines and expression of maturation markers. In addition, when cocultured with splenic lymphocytes, these cells induced the production of a potential protective type 1 and 17 cytokine patterns. In macrophages, Zymosan ensued a significant fungicidal activity associated with nitric oxide production and phagolysosome acidification. Importantly, we observed a protective effect of Zymosan-primed DCs delivered intranasally in experimental pulmonary PCM. Overall, our findings support the potential use of β-glucan-containing compounds such as Zymosan as an alternative or complementary antifungal therapy. LAY SUMMARY We report for the first time that Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-infected phagocytes treated with Zymosan (cell wall extract from bakers' yeast) show enhanced cytokine production, maturation, and fungal killing. Also, Zymosan-primed phagocytes induce a protective immune response in infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Silva
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - D A Silva
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - F Guilhelmelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi. Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - M S Jerônimo
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - M R D Cardoso-Miguel
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - P H Bürgel
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - R J A Castro
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - S A M de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - I Silva-Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi. Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - A L Bocca
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - A H Tavares
- Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, UnB, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Amara AAAF. Improving Animal Immunity to Prevent Fungal Infections with Folk Remedies and Advanced Medicine. FUNGAL DISEASES IN ANIMALS 2021:127-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-69507-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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