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Talapko J, Juzbašić M, Meštrović T, Matijević T, Mesarić D, Katalinić D, Erić S, Milostić-Srb A, Flam J, Škrlec I. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: From the Oral Cavity to the Heart Valves. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1451. [PMID: 39065217 PMCID: PMC11279289 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetecomitans) is a Gram-negative bacterial species that is an essential component of the oral microbiota. Due to its aggregative properties, it plays a role in the pathogenesis of human diseases. The presence of the surface proteins Fim, Briae, and microvesicles enables the bacterium to adhere to the epithelial surface and the tooth's surface. The presence of leukotoxin A (LtxA), which plays an important role in the pathogenicity of the bacterium, has been associated with both periodontitis and the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A. actinomycetecomitans is also associated with several other systemic diseases and complications, such as endocarditis and different abscesses. In addition to leukotoxin A, A. actinomycetecomitans possesses several different virulence factors, including bacteriocins, chemotaxis inhibitory factors, cytotoxic factors, Fc-binding proteins, immunosuppressive factors, lipopolysaccharide collagenase, fibroblast inhibitory factors, antibiotic resistance determinants, adhesins, invasive factors and factors that inhibit the function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The ability of A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide to induce macrophages to secrete the interleukins IL-1, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is of considerable importance. The primary etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease is the oral biofilm colonized by anaerobic bacteria. Among these, A. actinomycetemcomitans occupies an important place as a facultative anaerobic bacterium. In addition, A. actinomycetemcomitans possesses many virulence factors that contribute to its potential to cause cancer. This article provides an overview of the virulence factors of A. actinomycetecomitans and its association with various systemic diseases, its oncogenic potential, and the treatment options for infections caused by A. actinomycetecomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Talapko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
| | - Martina Juzbašić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
| | - Tomislav Meštrović
- University Centre Varaždin, University North, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department for Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tatjana Matijević
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dora Mesarić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Darko Katalinić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Suzana Erić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Andrea Milostić-Srb
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
| | - Josipa Flam
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia (D.K.)
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Kalfas S, Pour ZK, Claesson R, Johansson A. Leukotoxin A Production and Release by JP2 and Non-JP2 Genotype Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in Relation to Culture Conditions. Pathogens 2024; 13:569. [PMID: 39057796 PMCID: PMC11279835 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggressive forms of periodontitis, especially in young patients, are often associated with an increased proportion of the Gram-negative bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans of the microbiota of the affected periodontal sites. One of the virulence factors of A. actinomycetemcomitans is a leukotoxin (LtxA) that induces a pro-inflammatory cell death process in leukocytes. A. actinomycetemcomitans exhibits a large genetic diversity and different genotypes vary in LtxA production capacity. The genotype JP2 is a heavy LtxA producer due to a 530-base pair deletion in the promoter for the toxin genes, and this trait has been associated with an increased pathogenic potential. The present study focused on the production and release of LtxA by different A. actinomycetemcomitans genotypes and serotypes under various growth conditions. Four different strains of this bacterium were cultured in two different culture broths, and the amount of LtxA bound to the bacterial surface or released into the broths was determined. The cultures were examined during the logarithmic and the early stationary phases of growth. The JP2 genotype exhibited the highest LtxA production among the strains tested, and production was not affected by the growth phase. The opposite was observed with the other strains. The composition of the culture broth had no effect on the growth pattern of the tested strains. However, the abundant release of LtxA from the bacterial surface into the culture broth was found in the presence of horse serum. Besides confirming the enhanced leucotoxicity of the JP2 genotype, the study provides new data on LtxA production in the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth and the effect of media composition on the release of the toxin from the bacterial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Kalfas
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Zahra Khayyat Pour
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (Z.K.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Rolf Claesson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (Z.K.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden; (Z.K.P.); (R.C.)
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Carriage of the JP2 Genotype of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans by Periodontitis Patients of Various Geographic Origin, Living in Sweden. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111233. [PMID: 36364984 PMCID: PMC9697931 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The JP2 genotype of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype b is associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis and was initially identified as affecting adolescents in North and West Africa. The dissemination of this genotype follows the migration routes and can today be detected in samples from periodontitis patients in a high number of countries. In the present study, we aim to describe findings of the JP2 genotype A. actinomycetemcomits in a clinical laboratory at the Dental School, Odontology, Umeå University, Sweden. The findings of JP2 carriers are documented during a 21-year period, and the age and geographic origin of the sampled individuals are described. In addition, the collected JP2 isolates were separated into North or West African origin by analyses of the presence of a point mutation in the hbpA2 pseudogene of the bacterium. In a total of 2296 sampled individuals during this period in this Swedish population of periodontitis patients, 32 JP2 carriers were detected by cultivation and PCR. The geographic background of these individuals was diverse, including sixteen with African origin, ten with a Swedish origin and six additional ones with a non-African origin. The JP2 genotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans were mainly isolated from young individuals (<35 years of age), and seven out of the 32 isolates were of a West African origin based on the sequence of hbpA2. We conclude that the JP2 genotype of A. actinomycetemcomitans can be detected world-wide in subgingival plaque samples from adolescents affected by periodontitis.
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Prevalence of the JP2 genotype of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in the world population: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:2317-2334. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hbibi A, Bouziane A, Lyoussi B, Zouhdi M, Benazza D. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: From Basic to Advanced Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:45-67. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Claesson R, Johansson A, Höglund Åberg C, Esberg A, Haubek D, Oscarsson J. Multilocus Sequence Typing of Non-JP2 Serotype b Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Strains of Ghanaian and Swedish Origin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:769671. [PMID: 34970507 PMCID: PMC8712761 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.769671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective and Methods The Gram-negative bacterium, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is associated with periodontitis affecting young individuals. The geographic dissemination of the highly leukotoxic JP2 genotype of serotype b of this species was previously studied by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Here, we have used MLST to genetically characterize non-JP2 genotype strains of serotype b, isolated from individuals living in Ghana (n=41), and in Sweden (n=13), respectively. Results The MLST analysis revealed a total of nine sequence types (ST). Both Ghanaian and Swedish isolates were distributed in ST 1-3. ST 5 and 6 were only identified among the Ghanaian strains, whereas ST 4, 7, 8 and 9 were uniquely represented among the Swedish strains. Previously, we characterized these non-JP2 genotype strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b by arbitrarily-primed (AP)-PCR, which distributed them into three groups, AP-PCR type 1, 2, and 3, respectively. AP-PCR type 1 strains are generally highly leukotoxic, and are associated with progression of periodontal attachment loss. As AP-PCR type 1 includes both JP2 genotype strains and a proportion of non-JP2 genotype strains of serotype b, a straightforward diagnostic procedure has been sought. This has revealed a gene, cagE, which appears to be conserved only in this AP-PCR type. According to our results, MLST was not a highly discriminatory method to identify AP-PCR type 1, as strains of this AP-PCR type could be found within three different ST: ST 2, ST 3 and ST 8. Conclusion According to MLST, a geographic dissemination of non-JP2 genotype A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b appears to exist. However, aiming to identify carriers of AP-PCR type 1, non-JP2 genotype serotype b, PCR with cagE-specific primers is likely the most efficient diagnostic procedure known today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Claesson
- Division of Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Division of Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carola Höglund Åberg
- Division of Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Esberg
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dorte Haubek
- Section for Paediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Division of Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Jensen AB, Isidor F, Lund M, Væth M, Johansson A, Lauritsen NN, Haubek D. Prevalence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Periodontal Findings among 14 to 15-Year Old Danish Adolescents: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121054. [PMID: 33339288 PMCID: PMC7765784 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is a keystone pathogen associated with periodontitis in adolescents. The knowledge on the prevalence of Aa and periodontitis among adolescents in Northern Europe is sparse. A total of 525 14- to 15-year-old adolescents from the municipality of Aarhus, Denmark, underwent a full-mouth clinical examination. Plaque score (PS), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded. Subgingival plaque samples (SPS) and stimulated saliva samples (SSS) were collected and analyzed for the presence of JP2 and non-JP2 genotypes of Aa using real-time PCR. A total of 70 (13.3%) individuals were positive for Aa, with 17 found in SPS, 19 in SSS, and 35 in both. The highly leukotoxic JP2 genotype of Aa was not detected. The individuals positive for Aa in both SPS and SSS had poorer periodontal outcomes (PPD and CAL) than individuals without Aa and individuals carrying Aa in either SPS or SSS only. In conclusion, 13% of 14- to 15-year-old Danish adolescents were positive for Aa, and the presence of Aa in both SPS and SSS was associated with poorer periodontal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Birkeholm Jensen
- Section for Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
- The Municipality of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Flemming Isidor
- Section for Prosthetic Dentistry, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marianne Lund
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, 8210 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Michael Væth
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Anders Johansson
- Divison of Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden;
| | | | - Dorte Haubek
- Section for Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-21-685-848
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