1
|
Shende N, Karale A, Deshpande H, Belapurkar H, Gulhane A, Bhagade S, Bore P, Soni D, Marathe P, Patni S, Dhere R, Mallya A. Evaluation of GC-MS for identification and characterization of pneumococcal serotype 24A, 24B, and 24F capsular polysaccharide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 729:150356. [PMID: 38986261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Analysis of pneumococcal polysaccharides (PnPs) has been an arduous task, especially in similar serotypes. Pneumococci invades the host immune response by modulating capsule structure with small genetic changes making them indistinguishable from similar serotypes by conventional modes of analysis. The new serotype 24F causing invasive pneumococcal-resistant infection is an analytical challenge for its analysis as related serotypes 24A and 24B Ps share a common backbone. The difference in the branched chain which contains arabinitol and ribitol in 24F and 24B respectively are stereoisomers making their identification even more challenging. The composition analysis by GC-MS revealed distinct peaks for arabinitol in 24F and 24A Ps and ribitol in Pn 24B serotype polysaccharide. The mass spectral analysis confirmed their identification along with a heterologous cross-reactivity which confirmed anti-Pn-24F mAb reactive to Pn 24B than Pn 24A. The quantitative analysis of pneumococcal 24A, 24B and 24F using GC-MS showed sensitive analysis over the concentration range 3.125-200 μg/mL with regression coefficient >0.99 making ideal modality for the characterization, identification, and quantitation of pneumococcal 24A, 24B and 24F similar serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Shende
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd., India
| | - Abhijeet Karale
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd., India
| | | | | | - Ashish Gulhane
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd., India
| | - Sudhakar Bhagade
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd., India
| | - Prashant Bore
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd., India
| | - Dipen Soni
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd., India
| | - Preeti Marathe
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd., India
| | - Sushil Patni
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd., India
| | - Rajeev Dhere
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd., India
| | - Asha Mallya
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd., India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin M, Deng JZ, Scapin G, Yuan Y, Gomez-Llorente Y, Tong W, Porambo R, Kong J, Ikemoto N, Lancaster C, Kaelber J, Winters M, Zhuang P. Quantitation and characterization of serotype 6A activation for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine by cryo-EM and SEC methods. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00709-6. [PMID: 38918102 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) typically consist of capsular polysaccharides from different S. pneumoniae serotypes which are covalently attached to carrier protein. A well-established process to manufacture PCV is through activating polysaccharide by oxidation of vicinal diols to aldehydes, followed by protein conjugation via reductive amination. Polysaccharide activation is a crucial step that affects vaccine product critical attributes including conjugate size and structure. Therefore, it is highly desired to have robust analytical methods to well characterize this activation process. In this study, using pneumococcal serotype 6A as the model, we present two complimentary analytical methods for characterization of activated polysaccharide. First, a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) method was developed for quantitative measurement of polysaccharide activation levels. This SEC method demonstrated good assay characteristics on accuracy, precision and linearity. Second, a gold nanoparticle labeled cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) technique was developed to visualize activation site distribution along polysaccharide chain and provide information on activation heterogeneity. These two complimentary methods can be utilized to control polysaccharide activation process and ensure consistent delivery of conjugate vaccine products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiang Lin
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - James Z Deng
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Yue Yuan
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Weidong Tong
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Richard Porambo
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Nori Ikemoto
- J-STAR Research, Inc, 3001 Hadley Road, Suites 1-5A, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Catherine Lancaster
- Global Project & Alliance Mangement, Merck & Co., Inc, North Wales, PA 19454, USA
| | - Jason Kaelber
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine and Rutgers CryoEM & Nanoimaging Facility, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Michael Winters
- Vaccine Process & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Ping Zhuang
- Bristol Meyers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nappini R, Alfini R, Durante S, Salvini L, Raso MM, Palmieri E, Di Benedetto R, Carducci M, Rossi O, Cescutti P, Micoli F, Giannelli C. Modeling 1-Cyano-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) Chemistry to Design Glycoconjugate Vaccines with Desired Structural and Immunological Characteristics. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:707. [PMID: 39066345 PMCID: PMC11281720 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugation is a well-established technology for vaccine development: linkage of the polysaccharide (PS) antigen to an appropriate carrier protein overcomes the limitations of PS T-independent antigens, making them effective in infants and providing immunological memory. Glycoconjugate vaccines have been successful in reducing the burden of different diseases globally. However, many pathogens still require a vaccine, and many of them display a variety of glycans on their surface that have been proposed as key antigens for the development of high-valency glycoconjugate vaccines. CDAP chemistry represents a generic conjugation strategy that is easily applied to PS with different structures. This chemistry utilizes common groups to a large range of PS and proteins, e.g., hydroxyl groups on the PS and amino groups on the protein. Here, new fast analytical tools to study CDAP reaction have been developed, and reaction conditions for PS activation and conjugation have been extensively investigated. Mathematical models have been built to identify reaction conditions to generate conjugates with wanted characteristics and successfully applied to a large number of bacterial PSs from different pathogens, e.g., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Paratyphi A, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Shighella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. Furthermore, using Salmonella Paratyphi A O-antigen and CRM197 as models, a design of experiment approach has been used to study the impact of conjugation conditions and conjugate features on immunogenicity in rabbits. The approach used can be rapidly extended to other PSs and accelerate the development of high-valency glycoconjugate vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nappini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Via L Giorgieri 1, Ed. C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.N.); (P.C.)
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Salvatore Durante
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Laura Salvini
- Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences (TLS), 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Maria Michelina Raso
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Elena Palmieri
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Roberta Di Benedetto
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Paola Cescutti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Via L Giorgieri 1, Ed. C11, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (R.N.); (P.C.)
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Carlo Giannelli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy; (R.A.); (S.D.); (M.M.R.); (E.P.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (O.R.); (F.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gaikwad WK, Dhere RM, Jana SK, Mallya AD, Soni DJ, Gholap M, Ravenscroft N, Kodam KM. Effect of trifluoroacetic acid on the antigenicity of capsular polysaccharides obtained from various Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 320:121204. [PMID: 37659807 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Determining the safety, antigenicity, and immunogenicity by in vitro and in vivo studies is a prerequisite for the development of new vaccines. And this study investigated it for a vaccine made from Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 2, 5, 12F, 18C, and 22F. The crude CPS was purified and partially depolymerized by conventional and trifluoroacetic acid methods. 1H NMR analysis confirmed the identity of the depolymerized CPS which gave similar profiles to reference polysaccharides, except for serotype 18C which was de-O-acetylated during TFA treatment. The antigenicity of the depolymerized CPS prepared by either method was comparable to that of the native CPS for serotypes 2, 5, 18C, and 22F based on multiplex bead based competitive inhibition assay. This study demonstrated a relationship between antigenicity and immunogenicity, which offers more suitable candidates for conjugation. It was found that after partial depolymerization process, the CPS with optimal molecular size resulted in higher antigenicity. The immunogenicity of S. pneumoniae serotype 2 conjugates in mice was evaluated by opsonophagocytic assay and a multiplex bead-based assay, wherein on day 42 after immunization, the total and functional IgG titer was found to be increased by 32-fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walmik Karbhari Gaikwad
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India; Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Rajeev M Dhere
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India.
| | - Swapan K Jana
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Asha D Mallya
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Dipen J Soni
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Makrand Gholap
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kisan M Kodam
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bennetts JD, Barwise L, Sharp-Bucknall L, White KF, Hogan CF, Dutton JL. Structural verification and new reactivity for Stang's reagent, [PhI(CN)][OTf]. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37325880 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01765f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The structure of Stang's reagent [PhI(CN)][OTf] is confirmed by X-ray crystallography and is determined to be best described as an ion-pair in organic solution. It is found to be a strong Lewis acid, but reaction with pyridine ligands gives [Pyr-CN][OTf] salts via oxidation of pyridine giving a new derivative of the CDAP reagent widely used as an activation agent for polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Bennetts
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Lachlan Barwise
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Lachlan Sharp-Bucknall
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Keith F White
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jason L Dutton
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Karale A, Lokhande KB, Shende N, Swamy KV, Dhere R, Nawani N, Mallya A. Transferrin binding protein-B from Neisseria meningitidis C as a novel carrier protein in glycoconjugate preparation: an in silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:13812-13822. [PMID: 34726113 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1994878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The linking of polysaccharide in glycoconjugate vaccine with carrier protein is an imperative step to develop a strong memory response. The excessive use of similar carrier protein known to result in bystander immunity warrants an urgent need for new carrier protein. The preparation of the glycoconjugate vaccine using cyanylation chemistry is to link the active cyanate ester site of polysaccharide with the carrier protein. In the present study, transferrin binding protein-B (Tbp-B) has been explored as a new carrier protein to develop in silico pneumococcal polysaccharide serotype-5 (PnPs-5) conjugate vaccine. The homology model of Tbp-B was constructed using the Prime module and stereochemically validated using ProSA, PDBsum and ProQ. The selected model revealed a Z-score of -5.6 within the X-ray region in ProSA analysis, LGscore: 9.776, and MaxSub: 0.8 in protein quality predictor suggesting its preferred use. Loop modeling and active site analysis followed by in silico PnPs-5 activation with cyanalyting agent CDAP was docked with Tbp-B using Glide module. The complex stability of cyanate esters with Tbp-B, analyzed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, revealed an average RMSD of 2.49 Å for its binding to the receptor. The RMSF values of cyanate ester-1, -2, and -3 were observed to be 1.06, 1.39 and 0.79 Å, respectively. The higher RMSF of 1.39 Å of cyanate ester-2 was further found unstable which corroborates its non-binding to the protein and also incurring conformational changes to a carrier protein. Molecular simulations revealed that cyanate ester-1 and cyanate ester-3 formed stable conjugates with carrier protein Tbp-B. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Karale
- Department of Research and Development, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Pune, India.,Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Kiran Bharat Lokhande
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Niraj Shende
- Department of Research and Development, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Pune, India
| | - K V Swamy
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India.,Bioinformatics and drug Discovery Group, MIT School of Bioengineering Science and Research, MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, India
| | - Rajeev Dhere
- Department of Research and Development, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Pune, India
| | - Neelu Nawani
- Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
| | - Asha Mallya
- Department of Research and Development, Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Conjugation Mechanism for Pneumococcal Glycoconjugate Vaccines: Classic and Emerging Methods. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120774. [PMID: 36550980 PMCID: PMC9774679 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are generally prepared using native or sized polysaccharides coupled to a carrier protein through random linkages along the polysaccharide chain. These polysaccharides must be chemically modified before covalent linking to a carrier protein in order to obtain a more defined polysaccharide structure that leads to a more rational design and safer vaccines. There are classic and new methods for site-selective glycopolysaccharide conjugation, either chemical or enzymatic modification of the polysaccharide length or of specific amino acid residues of the protein carrier. Here, we discuss the state of the art and the advancement of conjugation of S. pneumoniae glycoconjugate vaccines based on pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides to improve existing vaccines.
Collapse
|
8
|
A novel pneumococcal protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine based on biotin-streptavidin. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0035221. [PMID: 34694917 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00352-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal disease is a serious public health problem worldwide and an important cause of morbidity and mortality among children and adults in developing countries. Although vaccination is among the most effective approaches to prevent and control pneumococcal diseases, approved vaccines have limited protective effects. We developed a pneumococcal protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine that is mediated by the non-covalent interaction between biotin and streptavidin. Biotinylated type IV capsular polysaccharide was incubated with a fusion protein containing core streptavidin and Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence protein and relying on the non-covalent interaction between biotin and streptavidin to prepare the protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. Analysis of vaccine efficacy revealed that mice immunized with the protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine produced antibodies with high potency against virulence proteins and polysaccharide antigens and were able to induce Th1 and Th17 responses. The antibodies identified using an opsonophagocytic assay were capable of activating the complement system and promoting pathogen elimination by phagocytes. Additionally, mice immunized with the protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine and then infected with a lethal dose of Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrated induced protective immunity. The data indicated that the pneumococcal protein-polysaccharide (biotin-streptavidin) conjugate vaccine demonstrated broad-spectrum activity applicable to a wide range of people and ease of direct coupling between protein and polysaccharide. These findings provide further evidence for the application of biotin-streptavidin in S. pneumoniae vaccines.
Collapse
|