1
|
Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Lee SS, Wen ZH, Lo YH. The changing scenario of drug discovery using AI to deep learning: Recent advancement, success stories, collaborations, and challenges. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102295. [PMID: 39257717 PMCID: PMC11386122 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Due to the transformation of artificial intelligence (AI) tools and technologies, AI-driven drug discovery has come to the forefront. It reduces the time and expenditure. Due to these advantages, pharmaceutical industries are concentrating on AI-driven drug discovery. Several drug molecules have been discovered using AI-based techniques and tools, and several newly AI-discovered drug molecules have already entered clinical trials. In this review, we first present the data and their resources in the pharmaceutical sector for AI-driven drug discovery and illustrated some significant algorithms or techniques used for AI and ML which are used in this field. We gave an overview of the deep neural network (NN) models and compared them with artificial NNs. Then, we illustrate the recent advancement of the landscape of drug discovery using AI to deep learning, such as the identification of drug targets, prediction of their structure, estimation of drug-target interaction, estimation of drug-target binding affinity, design of de novo drug, prediction of drug toxicity, estimation of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity; and estimation of drug-drug interaction. Moreover, we highlighted the success stories of AI-driven drug discovery and discussed several collaboration and the challenges in this area. The discussions in the article will enrich the pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, Odisha 756020, India
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Lo
- Department of Family Medicine, Zuoying Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813204, Taiwan
- Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821004, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nithichanon A, Kamuthachad L, Salao K, Phoksawat W, Kamsom C, Wongratanacheewin S, Pipattanaboon C, Kanthawong S, Yordpratum U, Aromseree S, Meesing A, Mootsikapun P, Edwards SW, Phanthanawiboon S. A two-arm analysis of the immune response to heterologous boosting of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18762. [PMID: 37907584 PMCID: PMC10618206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several vaccine programs were introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic, which included inactivated virus, DNA viral vectors and mRNA vaccines. Booster programs are recommended, especially for those in high-risk groups. However, many of these booster programs involve heterologous vaccines. This study enrolled volunteers who first received two full-dose CoronaVac vaccinations before receiving heterologous boosters with DNA- and/or mRNA-vaccines for an additional 2 doses (n = 40) or an additional 3 doses (n = 16). Our results showed no difference in side effects, neutralizing antibodies, or T-cell responses for any of the heterologous vaccination programs. However, the neutralizing capacity and IFN-γ responses against the Omicron variant in volunteers who received 4 or 5 doses were improved. Polarization of peripheral memory T cells after stimulation in all booster groups with Omicron peptide showed an increased trend of naïve and central memory phenotypes of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, suggesting that exposure to Omicron antigens will drive T cells into a lymphoid resident T cell phenotype. Our data support a continuous vaccination program to maximize the effectiveness of immunity, especially in people at high risk. Furthermore, the number of boosting doses is important for maintaining immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnone Nithichanon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ludthawun Kamuthachad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kanin Salao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wisitsak Phoksawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chatcharin Kamsom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | | | - Sakawrat Kanthawong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Umaporn Yordpratum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirinart Aromseree
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Atibordee Meesing
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Piroon Mootsikapun
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Steven W Edwards
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Miranda-Soberón U, Pino-Arana I, Del Rio-Mendoza J, Chauca M. Global Inequities in COVID-19 Vaccination: Associated Factors and Tools to Measure Inequality. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1245. [PMID: 37515060 PMCID: PMC10384357 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Socioeconomic factors have been recognized by the WHO as determinants of health, and it is important to consider these factors in decision making to curb existing inequality in vaccination for SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether there is a correlation between socioeconomic factors and vaccination worldwide and measure inequality. METHOD A study of secondary sources was carried out to assess inequality in vaccination against COVID-19 worldwide and its association with socioeconomic factors. For this assessment, 169 countries were chosen from January 2020 to March 2022 using LibreOffice and JASP 0.16.1.10. Several mathematical models and statistical tests were used, including a normality test, an analysis of frequencies and proportions, a Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman's correlations, a Lorenz curve, a Concentration Index, and a slope. RESULTS Correlations were found between socioeconomic factors and vaccination with one, two, and three doses. As the GDP showed correlations of 0.71 for one dose and 0.82 for three doses, we found that the greater the competitiveness of the countries, the higher the percentage of vaccinated individuals in their populations. According to the Concentration Index, there was greater inequality in vaccination with regard to receiving a higher number of doses, as reflected in the life expectancy indices of 0.16-0.19 and 0.50. The continent with the highest degree of inequality was Africa, and the continent with the lowest degree was America. South Americans were vaccinated with two doses at a rate of 6.19%/month, which was 4.3 times faster than Africans, with 72% of the population being vaccinated in South America, compared to only 16% in Africa. CONCLUSION There is inequality in vaccination against COVID-19 with one, two, and three doses, which is associated with socioeconomic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Pino-Arana
- Nursing Faculty, National University "San Luis Gonzaga", Ica 11004, Peru
| | | | - Mario Chauca
- Industrial Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ricardo Palma University, Lima 15039, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M, Dhama K, Agoramoorthy G. Artificial intelligence-enabled clinical trials might be a faster way to perform rapid clinical trials and counter future pandemics: lessons learned from the COVID-19 period. Int J Surg 2023; 109:1535-1538. [PMID: 36906740 PMCID: PMC10389411 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal
| | | | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Haider T, Abidi SRZ, Fatima M, Zafar A, Siddiqui RQU, Khan W, Saeed T, Anwar A, Hashmi AA. The Prevalence of Side Effects of Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine: An Experience From Pakistan. Cureus 2023; 15:e38180. [PMID: 37252607 PMCID: PMC10220323 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) helps develop protective immunity against COVID-19 without experiencing potentially severe illness. Many vaccines are used worldwide, but there is little data on the efficacy and side effects of the Sinopharm vaccine. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the reported adverse effects of the Sinopharm vaccine among participants. Methods This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in multiple hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. The study was eight months, from April 1, 2022, to November 30, 2022. A total of 600 participants who gave informed consent and had received their first and second doses of the Sinopharm vaccine were included in the study. As hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) are common prevalent conditions in our population, the duration of DM and hypertension were documented as means and standard deviations apart from age, height, and weight. Side effects of the Sinopharm vaccine were reported as frequencies and percentages. Results The study findings showed that out of 600 participants, 376 (62.7%) were males and 224 (37.3%) were females; their mean age was 42.79±14.44 years. Among them, 130 (21.7%) had hypertension, and 138 (23.0%) had DM. All participants received the Sinopharm vaccine. Fever was the most frequently reported adverse effect following the first dose of the Sinopharm vaccine in 308 (51.3% of participants), followed by burning at the injection site in 244 (40.7% of participants) and pain at the injection site in 228 (38.0% of participants). Following the second dose of the Sinopharm vaccine, fever was the most frequently reported side effect in 254 (42.3%) participants, followed by pain at the injection site in 236 (39.5%) participants and burning at the site of injection in 210 (35.0%) participants. Moreover, joint pain in 194 (32.3%), shortness of breath in 170 (28.3%), swelling of glands in 168 (28.0%), chest pain in 164 (27.3%), and muscle pain were reported by 140 (23.3%) participants. The level of satisfaction showed that the majority of the participants, 334 (55.7%), were satisfied, 132 (22.0%) were very satisfied with their vaccination, and only 12 (2.0%) were dissatisfied. Conclusion This study concluded that fever was the most frequent side effect after both doses of the Sinopharm vaccine. Pain and burning at the injection site and joint pain were among the other common side effects reported by most participants. The Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine had mild, predictable, and non-life-threatening side effects after the first and second doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taimur Haider
- Pediatrics, District Headquarter Hospital, Jhang, PAK
| | | | - Mehwish Fatima
- Biochemistry, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Aimen Zafar
- Anaesthesiology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Wadan Khan
- Internal Medicine, Bolan Medical Complex Hospital, Quetta, PAK
| | - Tazeen Saeed
- Internal Medicine, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, PAK
| | - Adnan Anwar
- Physiology, Hamdard College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, PAK
| | - Atif A Hashmi
- Pathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, PAK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun J, Zhong Z, Zhu K, Xu P, Zhou C, Liu Z, Zhou Q, Wen J, Gao Y, Li Y, Zhang X. Anxiety and depression among medical staff facing SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in China. J Affect Disord 2023; 324:632-636. [PMID: 36610598 PMCID: PMC9811851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-COV-2 vaccination is being carried out worldwide. However, little is known about the effect of SARS-COV-2 vaccination on psychological problems faced by the medical staff. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and factors contributing to anxiety and depression among medical staff facing SARS-COV-2 vaccination. METHODS The GAD-7 and the PHQ-9 scales were used to investigate the anxiety and depression among participants involved in SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Multivariate logistics regression analysis method was used to assess the risk factors related to anxiety or depression. RESULTS A total of 6984 people responded to all the surveyed questions in our study, including 2707 medical staff and 4277 nonmedical staff. Of the participants, 680 reported anxiety, while 1354 reported depression. Higher anxiety levels were observed among medical staff (13.1 % vs. 7.6 % among the non-medical staff). Participants suffered from depression with higher numbers among medical staff (24.7 % vs. 16.0 % among the non-medical staff). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that female medical staff was at higher risk of anxiety and depression compared to their male counterparts (OR = 1.497; OR = 1.417). Pregnancy intention increased the risk of anxiety and depression among medical staff (OR = 1.601; OR = 1.724). LIMITATIONS Our findings may not be extrapolated to other countries. CONCLUSION Medical staff facing SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were more likely to suffer from anxiety or depression, especially the females planning for pregnancy. These results should assist in updating intervention guidelines for the mental health of medical staff facing vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhong
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Jishou University, 120 Renmin South Road, 416000 Jishou City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ping Xu
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chaojun Zhou
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhenghao Liu
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jun Wen
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yunchun Gao
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yandeng Li
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang X, Cai Y, Zhu K, Liu Z, Zhou Q, Zhu Y, Zhou C, Zhong Z, Liu Y, Xiao W. Prevalence and risk factors of depression and anxiety among Chinese adults who received SARS-CoV-2 vaccine - A cross-sectional survey. J Affect Disord 2023; 324:53-60. [PMID: 36566938 PMCID: PMC9780025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct data reflecting the psychological problems during the nationwide SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign are scarce in China. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety and investigate the associated risk factors after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 among Chinese adults. METHODS We conducted a web-based cross-sectional survey from June to July 2021. A structured questionnaire including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9(PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7(GAD-7) was used to investigated depression and anxiety symptoms. After excluding 223 ineligible records, a total of 6984 participants were included in our final analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to examined the potential factors associated with depression or anxiety. RESULTS Our data indicated that the overall prevalence of depression and anxiety was assessed at 19.39 % and 9.74 %, respectively. Participants who had vaccinated the second dose were more likely to have depressive symptoms (20.95 % vs.16.40 %) and anxiety symptoms (10.38 % vs. 8.51 %) than who had vaccinated the first dose. Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated female gender, being healthcare worker, college or above and planning a pregnancy were all independently linked to depression or anxiety. LIMITATIONS The present study was based on an online survey. CONCLUSION The present study confirmed the presence of depression and anxiety among Chinese adults who received SARS-COV-2 vaccine, as well as the potential influencing factors. Additional attention and psychological support should be directed at these high-risk groups during SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhang
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yang Cai
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Jishou University, 120 Renmin South Road, 416000 Jishou City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhenghao Liu
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Middle Road, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Chaojun Zhou
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhong
- Jishou University, 120 Renmin South Road, 416000 Jishou City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan Liu
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Wei Xiao
- First People's Hospital of Changde City, 818 Renmin Road, 415000 Changde City, Hunan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bhattacharya M, Chatterjee S, Sharma AR, Lee SS, Chakraborty C. Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2: current understanding of infection, transmission, immune escape, and mutational landscape. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:17-28. [PMID: 35962276 PMCID: PMC9374302 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-01001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Delta variant is one of the alarming variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that have been immensely detrimental and a significant cause of the prolonged pandemic (B.1.617.2). During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from December 2020 to October 2021, the Delta variant showed global dominance, and afterwards, the Omicron variant showed global dominance. Delta shows high infectivity rate which accounted for nearly 70% of the cases after December 2020. This review discusses the additional attributes that make the Delta variant so infectious and transmissible. The study also focuses on the significant mutations, namely the L452R and T478K present on the receptor-binding domain of spike (S)-glycoprotein, which confers specific alterations to the Delta variant. Considerably, we have also highlighted other notable factors such as the immune escape, infectivity and re-infectivity, vaccine escape, Ro number, S-glycoprotein stability, cleavage pattern, and its binding affinity with the host cell receptor protein. We have also emphasized clinical manifestations, symptomatology, morbidity, and mortality for the Delta variant compared with other significant SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review will help the researchers to get an elucidative view of the Delta variant to adopt some practical strategies to minimize the escalating spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore-756020, Odisha, India
| | - Srijan Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Meo AS, Masood A, Shabbir U, Ali H, Nadeem Z, Meo SA, Alshahrani AN, AlAnazi S, Al-Masri AA, Al-Khlaiwi T. Adverse Effects of Sinopharm COVID-19 Vaccine among Vaccinated Medical Students and Health Care Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11010105. [PMID: 36679950 PMCID: PMC9863525 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease caused a highly problematic situation worldwide. Various vaccines were launched to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to investigate the adverse effects of first and second doses of the Sinopharm vaccine among vaccinated medical and dental students and healthcare workers. A well-established questionnaire was distributed online, and 414 medical and dental students and healthcare workers (HCW) comprising 355 females (85.7%) and 59 males (14.3%) participated; all were vaccinated with two doses of Sinopharm. The most common side effect was pain at the injection site after dose one in 253 respondents (61.3%) and after dose two in 161 respondents (38.9%). Other symptoms included general lethargy in 168 (40.6%), myalgia/body pain in 99 (23.9%), low-grade fever in 93 (22.4%), and headache in 87 (21%) respondents. Common side effects reported after the second dose of the vaccine following pain at the injection site included general lethargy in 21.3% (88), headache in 10.4% (43), myalgia/body pain in 9.9% (41), and low-grade fever in 6.1% (25) of the respondents. In conclusion, common adverse effects of the Sinopharm vaccine were pain at the injection site, general lethargy, myalgia, body pain, low-grade fever, and headache. These adverse effects were mild in intensity for both doses but slightly more frequent and severe for the first dose than the second dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Sultan Meo
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeeba Masood
- Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Usama Shabbir
- Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Hubba Ali
- Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Nadeem
- Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Sultan Ayoub Meo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 1146A1, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Saad AlAnazi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 1146A1, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer A Al-Masri
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 1146A1, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamir Al-Khlaiwi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 1146A1, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Protective Effect of Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccines against Progression of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta Variant Infections to Pneumonia in Beijing, China, in 2022. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081215. [PMID: 36016103 PMCID: PMC9413898 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This real-world study explores the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inactivated vaccines on the prevention of asymptomatic or mild Delta or Omicron variant infections progressing to pneumonia. Association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia cases and vaccination was measured with a multivariable logistic regression, stratified by genotype and age groups. We recruited 265 cases (111 (41.9%) infected with Delta and 154 (58.1%) with Omicron variants). There were 22 asymptomatic infected individuals, 156 mild cases without pneumonia, and 87 moderate cases with pneumonia. There was a markedly increased risk of progression to pneumonia in Delta infected cases, unvaccinated, or partially vaccinated COVID-19 patients with diabetes and those aged ≥60 years. Patients who had completed booster doses of inactivated vaccines had a reduced risk of 81.6% (95% CI: 55.6−92.4%) in progressing to pneumonia over those who were unvaccinated or partially vaccinated. The risk of progressing to pneumonia was less reduced by 88.7% (95% CI: 56.6−97%) and 73.9% (95% CI: 1.4−93.1%) among Delta and Omicron-infected patients, and was reduced by 78.5% (95% CI: 45.3−91.6%) and 94.1% (95% CI: 21.5−99.6%) among patients aged <60 and ≥60 years, respectively. Our data indicated that a complete vaccination with a booster reduced the risk of asymptomatic or mild Delta or Omicron variant COVID-19 progressing to pneumonia and, thus, reduced the pressure of severe illness on medical resources.
Collapse
|
11
|
Chavda VP, Patel AB, Vaghasiya DD. SARS-CoV-2 variants and vulnerability at the global level. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2986-3005. [PMID: 35277864 PMCID: PMC9088647 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic have evolved. Viral variants may evolve with harmful susceptibility to the immunity established with the existing COVID-19 vaccination. These variants are more transmissible, induce relatively extreme illness, have evasive immunological features, decrease neutralization using antibodies from vaccinated persons, and are more susceptible to re-infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has categorized SARS-CoV-2 mutations as variants of interest (VOI), variants of concern (VOC), and variants of high consequence (VOHC). At the moment, four VOC and many variants of interest have been defined and require constant observation. This review article summarizes various variants of SARS-CoV-2 surfaced with special emphasis on VOCs that are spreading across the world, as well as several viral mutational impacts and how these modifications alter the properties of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical TechnologyL.M. College of PharmacyAhmedabadGujaratIndia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Comparative genomics, evolutionary epidemiology, and RBD-hACE2 receptor binding pattern in B.1.1.7 (Alpha) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) related to their pandemic response in UK and India. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 101:105282. [PMID: 35427787 PMCID: PMC9005225 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The massive increase in COVID-19 infection had generated a second wave in India during May–June 2021 with a critical pandemic situation. The Delta variant (B.1.617.2) was a significant factor during the second wave. Conversely, the UK had passed through the crucial phase of the pandemic from November to December 2020 due to B.1.1.7. The study tried to comprehend the pandemic response in the UK and India to the spread of the B.1.1.7 (Alpha, UK) variant and B.1.617.2 (Delta, India) variant. Methods This study was performed in three directions to understand the pandemic response of the two emerging variants. First, we served comparative genomics, such as genome sequence submission patterns, mutational landscapes, and structural landscapes of significant mutations (N501Y, D614G, L452R, E484Q, and P681R). Second, we performed evolutionary epidemiology using molecular phylogenetics, scatter plots of the cluster evaluation, country-wise transmission pattern, and frequency pattern. Third, the receptor binding pattern was analyzed using the Wuhan reference strain and the other two variants. Results The study analyzed the country-wise and region-wise genome sequences and their submission pattern, molecular phylogenetics, scatter plot of the cluster evaluation, country-wise geographical distribution and transmission pattern, frequency pattern, entropy diversity, and mutational landscape of the two variants. The structural pattern was analyzed in the N501Y, D614G L452R, E484Q, and P681R mutations. The study found increased molecular interactivity between hACE2-RBD binding of B.1.1.7 and B.1.617.2 compared to the Wuhan reference strain. Our receptor binding analysis showed a similar indication pattern for hACE2-RBD of these two variants. However, B.1.617.2 offers slightly better stability in the hACE2-RBD binding pattern through MD simulation than B.1.1.7. Conclusion The increased hACE2-RBD binding pattern of B.1.1.7 and B.1.617.2 might help to increase the infectivity compared to the Wuhan reference strain.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bhattacharya M, Sharma AR, Dhama K, Agoramoorthy G, Chakraborty C. Hybrid immunity against COVID-19 in different countries with a special emphasis on the Indian scenario during the Omicron period. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108766. [PMID: 35413676 PMCID: PMC8986476 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid immunity has been accepted as the most robust immunity to fight against SARS-CoV-2. The hybrid immunity against the virus is produced in individuals who have contracted the disease and received the COVID-19 vaccine. This happens due to the cumulative effect of natural and acquired (vaccine) immunity, which provides higher antibody responses compared to natural and vaccine-produced immunity alone. Scientists have noted that it provides about 25 to 100 times higher antibody responses than natural and vaccine-produced immunity alone. Here, we have tried to illustrate the molecular basis of hybrid immunity against various SARS-CoV-2 variants. We have described hybrid immunity under different headings, which are as follows: an overview of hybrid immunity; a comparison between herd immunity and hybrid immunity against SARS-CoV-2; hybrid immunity in different countries; hybrid immunity and different SARS-CoV-2 variants; the molecular basis of hybrid immunity; and hybrid immunity in Indian scenario. India’s large population has recovered from SARS-CoV-2, and data shows that over 1000 million of the population received at least one dose of the vaccine. Besides, many infected individuals who have recovered also received at least one dose of the vaccine leading to hybrid immunity with a less severe third wave compared to the first and second waves. Based on the available data, we hypothesize that people's hybrid immunity could be a major cause of the less severe third wave.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si 24252, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Govindasamy Agoramoorthy
- College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Yanpu, Pingtung 907, Taiwan; Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bengaluru, India
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Y, Chen H, Lv J, Huang T, Zhang R, Zhang D, Luo L, Wei S, Liu X, Zhang S, Mu Q, Huang R, Huang J, Xiao Y, Yang Y, Han Y, Gong H, Guan Q, Xie F, Wang H, Li L, Yang X. Evaluation of Immunogenicity and Safety of Vero Cell-Derived Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine in Older Patients with Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071020. [PMID: 35891184 PMCID: PMC9315836 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of the COVID-19 vaccine (Vero cell), inactivated, in a population aged ≥60 years with hypertension or(/and) diabetes mellitus. Methods: A total of 1440 participants were enrolled and divided into four groups, 330 in the hypertension group, 330 in the diabetes group, 300 in the hypertensive combined with diabetes group (combined disease group), and 480 in the healthy population group. Two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine (Vero cell), inactivated, were administered at a 21-day interval and blood samples were collected before vaccination and 28 days after the second dose to evaluate the immunogenicity. The adverse events and changes in blood pressure and blood glucose levels after vaccination were recorded. Results: The seroconversion rate of the COVID-19 neutralizing antibodies was 100% for all participants. The post-inoculation geometric mean titer (GMT) in the four groups of the hypertension, diabetes, combined disease, and healthy populations were 73.41, 69.93, 73.84, and 74.86, respectively. The seroconversion rates and post-vaccination GMT in the hypertension, diabetes, and combined disease groups were non-inferior to the healthy population group. The rates of vaccine-related adverse reactions were 11.93%, 14.29%, 12.50%, and 9.38%, respectively. No serious adverse events were reported during the study. No apparent abnormal fluctuations in blood pressure and blood glucose values were observed after vaccination in participants with hypertension or(/and) diabetes. Conclusions: The COVID-19 vaccine (Vero cell), inactivated, showed good immunogenicity and safety in patients aged ≥60 years suffering from hypertension or(/and) diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Zhang
- China National Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Haiping Chen
- China National Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jun Lv
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, China; (T.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Ruizhi Zhang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550004, China; (R.Z.); (Q.M.); (Q.G.)
| | - Dongjuan Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou 350012, China; (D.Z.); (R.H.); (F.X.)
| | - Linyun Luo
- China National Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Sheng Wei
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- China National Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Shangxiao Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, China; (T.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Qiuyue Mu
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550004, China; (R.Z.); (Q.M.); (Q.G.)
| | - Rongdong Huang
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou 350012, China; (D.Z.); (R.H.); (F.X.)
| | - Jiao Huang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Yanhui Xiao
- China National Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yunkai Yang
- China National Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuting Han
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hao Gong
- Linli County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changde 415200, China;
| | - Qinghu Guan
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550004, China; (R.Z.); (Q.M.); (Q.G.)
| | - Fangqin Xie
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou 350012, China; (D.Z.); (R.H.); (F.X.)
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China;
| | - Liming Li
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; (J.L.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86(10)-82801528 (L.L.); +86(10)-84663009 (X.Y.); Fax: +86(10)-82801528 (L.L.); +86(10)-84663009 (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- China National Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (L.L.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (X.Y.); Tel.: +86(10)-82801528 (L.L.); +86(10)-84663009 (X.Y.); Fax: +86(10)-82801528 (L.L.); +86(10)-84663009 (X.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dynamic Analysis of a COVID-19 Vaccination Model with a Positive Feedback Mechanism and Time-Delay. MATHEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/math10091583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As the novel coronavirus pandemic has spread globally since 2019, most countries in the world are conducting vaccination campaigns. First, based on the traditional SIR infectious disease model, we introduce a positive feedback mechanism associated with the vaccination rate, and consider the time delay from antibody production to antibody disappearance after vaccination. We establish an UVaV model for COVID-19 vaccination with a positive feedback mechanism and time-delay. Next, we verify the existence of the equilibrium of the formulated model and analyze its stability. Then, we analyze the existence of the Hopf bifurcation, and use the multiple time scales method to derive the normal form of the Hopf bifurcation, further determining the direction of the Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the periodic solution of the bifurcation. Finally, we collect the parameter data of some countries and regions to determine the reasonable ranges of multiple parameters to ensure the authenticity of simulation results. Numerical simulations are carried out to verify the correctness of the theoretical results. We also give the critical time for controllable widespread antibody failure to provide a reference for strengthening vaccination time. Taking two groups of parameters as examples, the time of COVID-19 vaccine booster injection should be best controlled before 38.5 weeks and 35.3 weeks, respectively. In addition, study the impact of different expiration times on epidemic prevention and control effectiveness. We further explore the impact of changes in vaccination strategies on trends in epidemic prevention and control effectiveness. It could be concluded that, under the same epidemic vaccination strategy, the existence level of antibody is roughly the same, which is consistent with the reality.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Lee SS. A Detailed Overview of Immune Escape, Antibody Escape, Partial Vaccine Escape of SARS-CoV-2 and Their Emerging Variants With Escape Mutations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:801522. [PMID: 35222380 PMCID: PMC8863680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.801522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The infective SARS-CoV-2 is more prone to immune escape. Presently, the significant variants of SARS-CoV-2 are emerging in due course of time with substantial mutations, having the immune escape property. Simultaneously, the vaccination drive against this virus is in progress worldwide. However, vaccine evasion has been noted by some of the newly emerging variants. Our review provides an overview of the emerging variants' immune escape and vaccine escape ability. We have illustrated a broad view related to viral evolution, variants, and immune escape ability. Subsequently, different immune escape approaches of SARS-CoV-2 have been discussed. Different innate immune escape strategies adopted by the SARS-CoV-2 has been discussed like, IFN-I production dysregulation, cytokines related immune escape, immune escape associated with dendritic cell function and macrophages, natural killer cells and neutrophils related immune escape, PRRs associated immune evasion, and NLRP3 inflammasome associated immune evasion. Simultaneously we have discussed the significant mutations related to emerging variants and immune escape, such as mutations in the RBD region (N439K, L452R, E484K, N501Y, K444R) and other parts (D614G, P681R) of the S-glycoprotein. Mutations in other locations such as NSP1, NSP3, NSP6, ORF3, and ORF8 have also been discussed. Finally, we have illustrated the emerging variants' partial vaccine (BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA/Oxford-AstraZeneca/BBIBP-CorV/ZF2001/Moderna mRNA/Johnson & Johnson vaccine) escape ability. This review will help gain in-depth knowledge related to immune escape, antibody escape, and partial vaccine escape ability of the virus and assist in controlling the current pandemic and prepare for the next.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| | | | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging and Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mollalo A, Mohammadi A, Mavaddati S, Kiani B. Spatial Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccination: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12024. [PMID: 34831801 PMCID: PMC8624385 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spatial analysis of COVID-19 vaccination research is increasing in recent literature due to the availability of COVID-19 vaccination data that usually contain location components. However, to our knowledge, no previous study has provided a comprehensive review of this research area. Therefore, in this scoping review, we examined the breadth of spatial and spatiotemporal vaccination studies to summarize previous findings, highlight research gaps, and provide guidelines for future research. We performed this review according to the five-stage methodological framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley. We screened all articles published in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, as of 21 September 2021, that had employed at least one form of spatial analysis of COVID-19 vaccination. In total, 36 articles met the inclusion criteria and were organized into four main themes: disease surveillance (n = 35); risk analysis (n = 14); health access (n = 16); and community health profiling (n = 2). Our findings suggested that most studies utilized preliminary spatial analysis techniques, such as disease mapping, which might not lead to robust inferences. Moreover, few studies addressed data quality, modifiable areal unit problems, and spatial dependence, highlighting the need for more sophisticated spatial and spatiotemporal analysis techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mollalo
- Department of Public Health and Prevention Science, School of Health Sciences, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH 44017, USA;
| | - Alireza Mohammadi
- Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199, Iran;
| | - Sara Mavaddati
- Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, Policlinic University Hospital of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Behzad Kiani
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91779, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Lee SS. Lessons Learned from Cutting-Edge Immunoinformatics on Next-Generation COVID-19 Vaccine Research. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 27:2303-2311. [PMID: 34276266 PMCID: PMC8272614 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Presently, immunoinformatics and bioinformatics approaches are contributing actively to COVID-19 vaccine research. The first immunoinformatics-based vaccine construct against SARS-CoV-2 was published in February 2020. Following this, immunoinformatics and bioinformatics approaches have created a new direction in COVID-19 vaccine research. Several researchers have designed the next-generation COVID-19 vaccines using these approaches. Presently, immunoinformatics has accelerated immunology research immensely in the area of COVID-19. Hence, we have tried to depict the current scenario of immunoinformatics and bioinformatics in COVID-19 vaccine research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Jagannathpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126 India
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252 Gangwon-do Republic of Korea
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, VyasaVihar, Balasore, Odisha 756020 India
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon-si, 24252 Gangwon-do Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|