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Shi K, Li L, Luo C, Xu Z, Huang B, Ma S, Liu K, Yu G, Gao GF. Structural basis of increased binding affinities of spikes from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants to rabbit and hare ACE2s reveals the expanding host tendency. mBio 2024; 15:e0298823. [PMID: 38112468 PMCID: PMC10870819 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02988-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential host range of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been expanding alongside its evolution during the pandemic, with rabbits and hares being considered important potential hosts, supported by a report of rabbit sero-prevalence in nature. We measured the binding affinities of rabbit and hare angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with receptor-binding domains (RBDs) from SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and its variants and found that rabbit and hare ACE2s had broad variant tropism, with significantly enhanced affinities to Omicron BA.4/5 and its subsequent-emerged sub-variants (>10 fold). The structures of rabbit ACE2 complexed with either SARS-CoV-2 prototype (PT) or Omicron BA.4/5 spike (S) proteins were determined, thereby unveiling the importance of rabbit ACE2 Q34 in RBD-interaction and elucidating the molecular basis of the enhanced binding with Omicron BA.4/5 RBD. These results address the highly enhanced risk of rabbits infecting SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-variants and the importance of constant surveillance.IMPORTANCEThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has swept the globe and caused immense health and economic damage. SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated a broad host range, indicating a high risk of interspecies transmission and adaptive mutation. Therefore, constant monitoring for potential hosts is of immense importance. In this study, we found that Omicron BA.4/5 and subsequent-emerged sub-variants exhibited enhanced binding to both rabbit and hare angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and we elucidated the structural mechanism of their recognition. From the structure, we found that Q34, a unique residue of rabbit ACE2 compared to other ACE2 orthologs, plays an important role in ACE2 recognition. These results address the probability of rabbits/hares being potential hosts of SARS-CoV-2 and broaden our knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Shi
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunliang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zepeng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Baihan Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Sufang Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Yu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plants in Wuling Area of China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Nederlof RA, de la Garza MA, Bakker J. Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions. Vet Sci 2024; 11:78. [PMID: 38393096 PMCID: PMC10893009 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in a zoological institution were initially reported in March 2020. Since then, at least 94 peer-reviewed cases have been reported in zoos worldwide. Among the affected animals, nonhuman primates, carnivores, and artiodactyls appear to be most susceptible to infection, with the Felidae family accounting for the largest number of reported cases. Clinical symptoms tend to be mild across taxa; although, certain species exhibit increased susceptibility to disease. A variety of diagnostic tools are available, allowing for initial diagnostics and for the monitoring of infectious risk. Whilst supportive therapy proves sufficient in most cases, monoclonal antibody therapy has emerged as a promising additional treatment option. Effective transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in some species raises concerns over potential spillover and the formation of reservoirs. The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of animal species may contribute to the emergence of variants of concern due to altered viral evolutionary constraints. Consequently, this review emphasizes the need for effective biosecurity measures and surveillance strategies to prevent and control SARS-CoV-2 infections in zoological institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa A. de la Garza
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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3
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Miller MR, Braun E, Ip HS, Tyson GH. Domestic and wild animal samples and diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-11. [PMID: 37779468 PMCID: PMC10614713 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2263864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
From the first cases in 2019, COVID-19 infections caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have resulted in over 6 million human deaths in a worldwide pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is commonly spread from human to human through close contact and is capable of infecting both humans and animals. Worldwide, there have been over 675 animal outbreaks reported that resulted in over 2000 animal infections including domestic and wild animals. As the role of animal infections in the transmission, pathogenesis, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is still unfolding, accurate and reliable animal diagnostic tests are critical to aid in managing both human and animal health. This review highlights key animal samples and the three main diagnostic approaches used for animal testing: PCR, serology, and Next Generation Sequencing. Diagnostic results help inform (often difficult) clinical decision-making, but also possible ways to mitigate spread among pets, food supplies, or wildlife. A One Health approach has been key to monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, as consistent human-animal interactions can lead to novel variants. Having multiple animal diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 available is critical to ensure human, animal, and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Miller
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Elias Braun
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hon S. Ip
- National Wildlife Health Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gregory H. Tyson
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
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4
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Mabry ME, Fanelli A, Mavian C, Lorusso A, Manes C, Soltis PS, Capua I. The panzootic potential of SARS-CoV-2. Bioscience 2023; 73:814-829. [PMID: 38125826 PMCID: PMC10728779 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, SARS-CoV-2 is infecting an increasingly unprecedented number of species. In the present article, we combine mammalian phylogeny with the genetic characteristics of isolates found in mammals to elaborate on the host-range potential of SARS-CoV-2. Infections in nonhuman mammals mirror those of contemporary viral strains circulating in humans, although, in certain species, extensive viral circulation has led to unique genetic signatures. As in other recent studies, we found that the conservation of the ACE2 receptor cannot be considered the sole major determinant of susceptibility. However, we are able to identify major clades and families as candidates for increased surveillance. On the basis of our findings, we argue that the use of the term panzootic could be a more appropriate term than pandemic to describe the ongoing scenario. This term better captures the magnitude of the SARS-CoV-2 host range and would hopefully inspire inclusive policy actions, including systematic screenings, that could better support the management of this worldwide event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makenzie E Mabry
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Angela Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Carla Mavian
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and with the Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Costanza Manes
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation and with the One Health Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Ilaria Capua
- One Health Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- School of International Advanced Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Bologna, Italy
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5
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Ahn H, Calderon BM, Fan X, Gao Y, Horgan NL, Jiang N, Blohm DS, Hossain J, Rayyan NWK, Osman SH, Lin X, Currier M, Steel J, Wentworth DE, Zhou B, Liang B. Structural basis of the American mink ACE2 binding by Y453F trimeric spike glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29163. [PMID: 37842796 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the host cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). While evolutionarily conserved, ACE2 receptors differ across various species and differential interactions with Spike (S) glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 viruses impact species specificity. Reverse zoonoses led to SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks on multiple American mink (Mustela vison) farms during the pandemic and gave rise to mink-associated S substitutions known for transmissibility between mink and zoonotic transmission to humans. In this study, we used bio-layer interferometry (BLI) to discern the differences in binding affinity between multiple human and mink-derived S glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 and their respective ACE2 receptors. Further, we conducted a structural analysis of a mink variant S glycoprotein and American mink ACE2 (mvACE2) using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), revealing four distinct conformations. We discovered a novel intermediary conformation where the mvACE2 receptor is bound to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S glycoprotein in a "down" position, approximately 34° lower than previously reported "up" RBD. Finally, we compared residue interactions in the S-ACE2 complex interface of S glycoprotein conformations with varying RBD orientations. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brenda M Calderon
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yunrong Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Natalie L Horgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nannan Jiang
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dylan S Blohm
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jaber Hossain
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicole Wedad K Rayyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah H Osman
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chamblee, Georgia, USA
| | - Xudong Lin
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Currier
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Steel
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Wentworth
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Dunowska M. Cross-species transmission of coronaviruses with a focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in animals: a review for the veterinary practitioner. N Z Vet J 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36927253 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2023.2191349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn 2019 a novel coronavirus termed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from an unidentified source and spread rapidly among humans worldwide. While many human infections are mild, some result in severe clinical disease that in a small proportion of infected people is fatal. The pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been facilitated by efficient human-to-human transmission of the virus, with no data to indicate that animals contributed to this global health crisis. However, a range of domesticated and wild animals are also susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection under both experimental and natural conditions. Humans are presumed to be the source of most animal infections thus far, although natural transmission between mink and between free-ranging deer has occurred, and occasional natural transmission between cats cannot be fully excluded. Considering the ongoing circulation of the virus among people, together with its capacity to evolve through mutation and recombination, the risk of the emergence of animal-adapted variants is not negligible. If such variants remain infectious to humans, this could lead to the establishment of an animal reservoir for the virus, which would complicate control efforts. As such, minimising human-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 should be considered as part of infection control efforts. The aim of this review is to summarise what is currently known about the species specificity of animal coronaviruses, with an emphasis on SARS-CoV-2, in the broader context of factors that facilitate cross-species transmission of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dunowska
- Tāwharau Ora - School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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7
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Adlhoch C, Aznar I, Baldinelli F, Boklund A, Broglia A, Gerhards N, Mur L, Nannapaneni P, Ståhl K. SARS-CoV-2 in animals: susceptibility of animal species, risk for animal and public health, monitoring, prevention and control. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07822. [PMID: 36860662 PMCID: PMC9968901 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological situation of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals is continually evolving. To date, animal species known to transmit SARS-CoV-2 are American mink, raccoon dog, cat, ferret, hamster, house mouse, Egyptian fruit bat, deer mouse and white-tailed deer. Among farmed animals, American mink have the highest likelihood to become infected from humans or animals and further transmit SARS-CoV-2. In the EU, 44 outbreaks were reported in 2021 in mink farms in seven MSs, while only six in 2022 in two MSs, thus representing a decreasing trend. The introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into mink farms is usually via infected humans; this can be controlled by systematically testing people entering farms and adequate biosecurity. The current most appropriate monitoring approach for mink is the outbreak confirmation based on suspicion, testing dead or clinically sick animals in case of increased mortality or positive farm personnel and the genomic surveillance of virus variants. The genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 showed mink-specific clusters with a potential to spill back into the human population. Among companion animals, cats, ferrets and hamsters are those at highest risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which most likely originates from an infected human, and which has no or very low impact on virus circulation in the human population. Among wild animals (including zoo animals), mostly carnivores, great apes and white-tailed deer have been reported to be naturally infected by SARS-CoV-2. In the EU, no cases of infected wildlife have been reported so far. Proper disposal of human waste is advised to reduce the risks of spill-over of SARS-CoV-2 to wildlife. Furthermore, contact with wildlife, especially if sick or dead, should be minimised. No specific monitoring for wildlife is recommended apart from testing hunter-harvested animals with clinical signs or found-dead. Bats should be monitored as a natural host of many coronaviruses.
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8
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Wang A, Zhu X, Chen Y, Sun Y, Liu H, Ding P, Zhou J, Liu Y, Liang C, Yin J, Zhang G. Serological survey of SARS-CoV-2 in companion animals in China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:986619. [PMID: 36532346 PMCID: PMC9748147 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.986619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be transmitted from human to companion animals. The national wide serological surveillance against SARS-CoV-2 was conducted among pet animals, mainly in cats and dogs, 1 year after the first outbreak of COVID-19 in China. All sera were tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies using an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein. This late survey takes advantage of the short duration of the serological response in these animals to track recent episode of transmission. A total of 20,592 blood samples were obtained from 25 provinces across 7 geographical regions. The overall seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in cats was 0.015% (2/13397; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.0, 0.1). The virus infections in cats were only detected in Central (Hubei, 0.375%) and Eastern China (Zhejiang, 0.087%) with a seroprevalence estimated at 0.090 and 0.020%, respectively. In dogs, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections was 0.014% (1/7159; 95% CI: 0.0, 0.1) in the entire nation, seropositive samples were limited to Beijing (0.070%) of Northern China with a prevalence of 0.054%. No seropositive cases were discovered in other geographic regions, nor in other companion animals analyzed in this study. These data reveal the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in companion animals, although transmission of the virus to domestic cats and dogs is low in China, continuous monitoring is helpful for the better understand of the virus transmission status and the effect on animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaning Sun
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yankai Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Pappas G, Vokou D, Sainis I, Halley JM. SARS-CoV-2 as a Zooanthroponotic Infection: Spillbacks, Secondary Spillovers, and Their Importance. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2166. [PMID: 36363758 PMCID: PMC9696655 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the midst of a persistent pandemic of a probable zoonotic origin, one needs to constantly evaluate the interplay of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2) with animal populations. Animals can get infected from humans, and certain species, including mink and white-tailed deer, exhibit considerable animal-to-animal transmission resulting in potential endemicity, mutation pressure, and possible secondary spillover to humans. We attempt a comprehensive review of the available data on animal species infected by SARS-CoV-2, as presented in the scientific literature and official reports of relevant organizations. We further evaluate the lessons humans should learn from mink outbreaks, white-tailed deer endemicity, zoo outbreaks, the threat for certain species conservation, the possible implication of rodents in the evolution of novel variants such as Omicron, and the potential role of pets as animal reservoirs of the virus. Finally, we outline the need for a broader approach to the pandemic and epidemics, in general, incorporating the principles of One Health and Planetary Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pappas
- Institute of Continuing Medical Education of Ioannina, 45333 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Despoina Vokou
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Sainis
- Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - John M. Halley
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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10
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Réservoir animal de SARS-CoV-2 : une menace pour l’Homme ? ☆☆☆. BULLETIN DE L'ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2022; 206:793-794. [PMID: 35721397 PMCID: PMC9188111 DOI: 10.1016/j.banm.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Spreading of Pasteurella multocida Infection in a Pet Rabbit Breeding and Possible Implications on Healed Bunnies. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060301. [PMID: 35737353 PMCID: PMC9229391 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of pets such as dogs, cats, rabbits, and parrots has increased in European families. Social benefits to owners such as decreasing feelings of loneliness and anxiety are provided by pets which are also used in Animal-assisted Therapy (AAT). Nevertheless, human-animal interactions are also associated with health problems including allergies, asthma, and zoonosis. Rabbits may carry potential pathogens for humans. One of the most common bacteria that colonizes the oro-pharynx and the upper respiratory tract of rabbits is Pasteurella (P.) multocida. Transmission of the infection to humans results from scratches, licks, and bites but it also can occur from the inhalation of air particles containing the microorganism. Immunocompromised people or persons with pulmonary disorders are particularly susceptible to the infection. Infected rabbits may carry P. multocida with or without clinical signs. In this paper, the sensitivity to antibiotics and the invasiveness ability of P. multocida identified in a farm of pet rabbits affected by severe pasteurellosis were investigated. The strain was P. multocida belonging to capsular type A which is the type most often detected in humans. The identified strain was susceptible to the tested antibiotics, but it appeared equipped with several virulence genes which are responsible for fimbriae production, adhesion processes to host cells, enzyme production, and are involved in iron acquisition processes. These findings are of particular interest because rabbits recovered from pasteurellosis very often become carriers of the bacteria. Therefore, we suggest considering P. multocida screening in the routine medical checks of rabbits, especially if they are meant to be companion animals for children and elder people, given that the transmission of the pathogen cannot be excluded.
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12
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Merkuleva IA, Shcherbakov DN, Borgoyakova MB, Isaeva AA, Nesmeyanova VS, Volkova NV, Aripov VS, Shanshin DV, Karpenko LI, Belenkaya SV, Kazachinskaia EI, Volosnikova EA, Esina TI, Sergeev AA, Titova KA, Konyakhina YV, Zaykovskaya AV, Pyankov OV, Kolosova EA, Viktorina OE, Shelemba AA, Rudometov AP, Ilyichev AA. Are Hamsters a Suitable Model for Evaluating the Immunogenicity of RBD-Based Anti-COVID-19 Subunit Vaccines? Viruses 2022; 14:v14051060. [PMID: 35632800 PMCID: PMC9146860 DOI: 10.3390/v14051060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding-domain (RBD)-based vaccines are considered one of the most effective weapons against COVID-19. During the first step of assessing vaccine immunogenicity, a mouse model is often used. In this paper, we tested the use of five experimental animals (mice, hamsters, rabbits, ferrets, and chickens) for RBD immunogenicity assessments. The humoral immune response was evaluated by ELISA and virus-neutralization assays. The data obtained show hamsters to be the least suitable candidates for RBD immunogenicity testing and, hence, assessing the protective efficacy of RBD-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliia A. Merkuleva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Dmitry N. Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-383-363-47-00 (ext. 2007)
| | - Mariya B. Borgoyakova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Anastasiya A. Isaeva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Valentina S. Nesmeyanova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Natalia V. Volkova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Vazirbek S. Aripov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Daniil V. Shanshin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Larisa I. Karpenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Svetlana V. Belenkaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Elena I. Kazachinskaia
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Volosnikova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Tatiana I. Esina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Alexandr A. Sergeev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Kseniia A. Titova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Yulia V. Konyakhina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Anna V. Zaykovskaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Oleg V. Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Evgeniia A. Kolosova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
- Russian-American Anti-Cancer Center, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia;
| | - Olesya E. Viktorina
- Russian-American Anti-Cancer Center, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia;
| | - Arseniya A. Shelemba
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Andrey P. Rudometov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
| | - Alexander A. Ilyichev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, Federal Scientific and Technical Program on the Development of Genetic Technologies, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia; (I.A.M.); (M.B.B.); (A.A.I.); (V.S.N.); (N.V.V.); (V.S.A.); (D.V.S.); (L.I.K.); (S.V.B.); (E.I.K.); (E.A.V.); (T.I.E.); (A.A.S.); (K.A.T.); (Y.V.K.); (A.V.Z.); (O.V.P.); (E.A.K.); (A.P.R.); (A.A.I.)
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13
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Fedor Z, Szentkirályi-Tóth A, Nagy G, Szimrók Z, Varga E, Pászti A, Pászti Z, Jerzsele Á, Pilgram O, Steinmetzer T, Mátis G, Neogrády Z, Pászti-Gere E. Interspecies Comparisons of the Effects of Potential Antiviral 3-Amidinophenylalanine Derivatives on Cytochrome P450 1A2 Isoenzyme. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040156. [PMID: 35448654 PMCID: PMC9027957 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of animals vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection can support the characterization of effective antiviral drugs, such as synthetic inhibitors of the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Changes in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 activities in the presence of the potential TMPRSS2/matriptase inhibitors (MI) were measured using fluorometric and luminescent assays. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of these inhibitors was evaluated using the MTS method. In addition, 60 min-long microsomal stability assays were performed using an UPLC-MS/MS procedure to elucidate depletion rates of the inhibitors. CYP1A2 was influenced significantly by MI-463 and MI-1900 in rat microsomes, by MI-432 and MI-482 in beagle microsomes, and by MI-432, MI-463, MI-482, and MI-1900 in cynomolgus monkey microsomes. The IC50 values in monkey microsomes were 1.30 ± 0.14 µM, 2.4 ± 1.4 µM, 0.21 ± 0.09 µM, and 1.1 ± 0.8 µM for inhibitors MI-432, MI-463, MI-482, and MI-1900, respectively. The depletion rates of the parent compounds were lower than 50%, independently of the investigated animal species. The host cell factor TMPRSS2 is of key importance for the cross-species spread of SARS-CoV-2. Studies of the in vitro biotransformation of TMPRSS2 inhibitors provide additional information for the development of new antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Fedor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (A.S.-T.); (G.N.); (Z.S.); (E.V.); (A.P.); (Á.J.)
| | - Anna Szentkirályi-Tóth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (A.S.-T.); (G.N.); (Z.S.); (E.V.); (A.P.); (Á.J.)
| | - Gábor Nagy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (A.S.-T.); (G.N.); (Z.S.); (E.V.); (A.P.); (Á.J.)
| | - Zoltán Szimrók
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (A.S.-T.); (G.N.); (Z.S.); (E.V.); (A.P.); (Á.J.)
| | - Eszter Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (A.S.-T.); (G.N.); (Z.S.); (E.V.); (A.P.); (Á.J.)
| | - Anna Pászti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (A.S.-T.); (G.N.); (Z.S.); (E.V.); (A.P.); (Á.J.)
| | - Zoltán Pászti
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ákos Jerzsele
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (A.S.-T.); (G.N.); (Z.S.); (E.V.); (A.P.); (Á.J.)
| | - Oliver Pilgram
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (O.P.); (T.S.)
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (O.P.); (T.S.)
| | - Gábor Mátis
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (G.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Neogrády
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (G.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Erzsébet Pászti-Gere
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (A.S.-T.); (G.N.); (Z.S.); (E.V.); (A.P.); (Á.J.)
- Correspondence:
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