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Huang Y, Liu H, Lu X, Yao L, Chen J, Pan T. Vis-NIR spectroscopic discriminant analysis of aflatoxin B 1 excessive standard in peanut meal as feedstuff materials. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 317:124394. [PMID: 38723467 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
A fast, simple and reagent-free detection method for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is of great significance to food safety and human health. Visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy was applied to the discriminant analysis of AFB1 excessive standard of peanut meal as feedstuff materials. Two types of excessive standard discriminant models based on spectral quantitative analysis with partial least squares (PLS) and direct pattern recognition with partial least squares-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) were established, respectively. Multi-parameter optimization of Norris derivative filtering (NDF) was used for spectral preprocessing; the two-stage wavelength screening method based on equidistant combination-wavelength step-by-step phase-out (EC-WSP) was used for wavelength optimization. A rigorous sample experimental design of calibration-prediction-validation was utilized. The calibration and prediction samples were used for modeling and parameter optimization, and the selected model was validated using the independent validation samples. For quantitative analysis-based, the positive, negative and total recognition-accuracy rates in validation (RARV+, RARV-, and RARV) were 84.8 %, 74.6 % and 79.8 %, respectively; but, the relative root mean square error of prediction was as high as 51.0 %. For pattern recognition-based, the RARV+, RARV-, and RARV were 93.3 %, 90.5 % and 91.9 %, respectively. Moreover, the number of wavelengths N was drastically reduced to 17, and the discrete wavelength combination was in NIR overtone frequency region. The results indicated that, the EC-WSP-PLS-DA model achieved significantly better discrimination effect. Thus demonstrated that Vis-NIR spectroscopy has feasibility for the excessive standard discrimination of aflatoxin B1 in feedstuff materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Huang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu Road West 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu Road West 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xizhe Lu
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu Road West 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijun Yao
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu Road West 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiemei Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu Road West 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Tao Pan
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Huangpu Road West 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Zhou S, Zhu X, Song S, Sun M, Kuang H, Xu C, Guo L. Rapid and simultaneous detection of five mycotoxins and their analogs with a gold nanoparticle-based multiplex immuno-strip sensor. Food Microbiol 2024; 121:104510. [PMID: 38637074 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, as secondary metabolites produced by fungi, have been the focus of researchers in various countries and are considered to be one of the major risk factors in agricultural products. There is an urgent need for a rapid, simple and high-performance method to detect residues of harmful mycotoxins in agricultural foods. We have developed a gold nanoparticle-based multiplexed immunochromatographic strip biosensor that can simultaneously detect fifteen mycotoxins in cereal samples. With this optimized procedure, five representative mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 toxin (T-2), tenuazonic acid (TEA) and alternariol (AOH) were detected in the range of 0.91-4.77, 0.04-0.56, 0.11-0.68, 0.12-1.02 and 0.09-0.75 ng/mL, respectively. The accuracy and stability of these measurements were demonstrated by analysis of spiked samples with recoveries of 91.8%-115.3% and coefficients of variation <8.7%. In addition, commercially available samples of real cereals were tested using the strips and showed good agreement with the results verified by LC-MS/MS. Therefore, Our assembled ICA strips can be used for the simultaneous detection of 5 mycotoxins and their analogs (15 mycotoxins in total) in grain samples, and the results were consistent between different types of cereal foods, this multiplexed immunochromatographic strip biosensor can be used as an effective tool for the primary screening of mycotoxin residues in agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhu
- Jiangsu Product Quality Testing and Inspection Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210025, China
| | - Shanshan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Maozhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Lingling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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Dib AA, Assaf JC, Debs E, Khatib SE, Louka N, Khoury AE. A comparative review on methods of detection and quantification of mycotoxins in solid food and feed: a focus on cereals and nuts. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:319-345. [PMID: 37523055 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Many emerging factors and circumstances urge the need to develop and optimize the detection and quantification techniques of mycotoxins in solid food and feed. The diversity of mycotoxins, which have different properties and affinities, makes the standardization of the analytical procedures and the adoption of a single protocol that covers the attributes of all mycotoxins a tedious or even an impossible mission. Several modifications and improvements have been undergone in order to optimize the performance of these methods including the extraction solvents, the extraction methods, the clean-up procedures, and the analytical techniques. The techniques range from the rapid screening methods, which lack sensitivity and specificity such as TLC, to a spectrum of more advanced protocols, namely, ELISA, HPLC, and GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. This review aims at assessing the current studies related to these analytical techniques of mycotoxins in solid food and feed. It discusses and evaluates, through a critical approach, various sample treatment techniques, and provides an in-depth examination of different mycotoxin detection methods. Furthermore, it includes a comparison of their actual accuracy and a thorough analysis of the observed benefits and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Abou Dib
- Centre d'Analyses Et de Recherche (CAR), Faculté Des Sciences, Unité de Recherche Technologies Et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus Des Sciences Et TechnologiesMar Roukos, Matn, 1104-2020, Lebanon
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bekaa Campus, Lebanese International University, Khiyara, 1108, Bekaa, Lebanon
| | - Jean Claude Assaf
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Espérance Debs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, 1300, Lebanon
| | - Sami El Khatib
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bekaa Campus, Lebanese International University, Khiyara, 1108, Bekaa, Lebanon
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally, Kuwait
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d'Analyses Et de Recherche (CAR), Faculté Des Sciences, Unité de Recherche Technologies Et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus Des Sciences Et TechnologiesMar Roukos, Matn, 1104-2020, Lebanon
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre d'Analyses Et de Recherche (CAR), Faculté Des Sciences, Unité de Recherche Technologies Et Valorisation Agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus Des Sciences Et TechnologiesMar Roukos, Matn, 1104-2020, Lebanon.
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Gabbitas A, Ahlborn G, Allen K, Pang S. Advancing Mycotoxin Detection: Multivariate Rapid Analysis on Corn Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:610. [PMID: 37888641 PMCID: PMC10610586 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination on food and feed can have deleterious effect on human and animal health. Agricultural crops may contain one or more mycotoxin compounds; therefore, a good multiplex detection method is desirable to ensure food safety. In this study, we developed a rapid method using label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to simultaneously detect three common types of mycotoxins found on corn, namely aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A (OTA). The intrinsic chemical fingerprint from each mycotoxin was characterized by their unique Raman spectra, enabling clear discrimination between them. The limit of detection (LOD) of AFB1, ZEN, and OTA on corn were 10 ppb (32 nM), 20 ppb (64 nM), and 100 ppb (248 nM), respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to predict concentrations of AFB1, ZEN, and OTA up to 1.5 ppm (4.8 µM) based on the SERS spectra of known concentrations, resulting in a correlation coefficient of 0.74, 0.89, and 0.72, respectively. The sampling time was less than 30 min per sample. The application of label-free SERS and multivariate analysis is a promising method for rapid and simultaneous detection of mycotoxins in corn and may be extended to other types of mycotoxins and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Gabbitas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.G.); (K.A.)
| | - Gene Ahlborn
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Kaitlyn Allen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (A.G.); (K.A.)
| | - Shintaro Pang
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
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Suo Z, Niu X, Wei M, Jin H, He B. Latest strategies for rapid and point of care detection of mycotoxins in food: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340888. [PMID: 36764774 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins contaminated in agricultural products are often highly carcinogenic and genotoxic to humans. With the streamlining of the food industry chain and the improvement of food safety requirements, the traditional laboratory testing mode is constantly challenged due to the expensive equipment, complex operation steps, and lag in testing results. Therefore, rapid detection methods are urgently needed in the food safety system. This review focuses on the latest strategies that can achieve rapid and on-site testing, with particular attention to the nanomaterials integrated biosensors. To provide researchers with the latest trends and inspiration in the field of rapid detection, we summarize several strategies suitable for point of care testing (POCT) of mycotoxins, including enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), lateral flow assay (LFA), fluorescence, electrochemistry, and colorimetry assay. POCT-based strategies are all developing towards intelligence and portability, especially when combined with smartphones, making it easier to read signals for intuitive access and analysis of test data. Detection performance of the devices has also improved considerably with the integration of biosensors and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Suo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Xingyuan Niu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Min Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huali Jin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Baoshan He
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Compliance between Food and Feed Safety: Eight-Year Survey (2013–2021) of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk and Aflatoxin B1 in Feed in Northern Italy. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030168. [PMID: 36977059 PMCID: PMC10057617 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are fungal metabolites that are found in feed and food. When ruminants eat feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), it is metabolised and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is excreted in the milk. Aflatoxins can result in hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, and immunosuppressive effects. The European Union thus set a low threshold limit (50 ng/L) for presence of AFM1 in milk. This was in view of its possible presence also in dairy products and that quantification of these toxins is mandatory for milk suppliers. In the present study, a total of 95,882 samples of whole raw milk, collected in northern Italy between 2013 and 2021, were evaluated for presence of AFM1 using an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method. The study also evaluated the relationship between feed materials collected from the same farms in the same area during the same period (2013–2021) and milk contamination. Only 667 milk samples out of 95,882 samples analysed (0.7%) showed AFM1 values higher than the EU threshold limit of 50 ng/L. A total of 390 samples (0.4%) showed values between 40 and 50 ng/L, thus requiring corrective action despite not surpassing the regulatory threshold. Combining feed contamination and milk contamination data, some feedingstuffs seem to be more effective in defying potential carryover of AFs from feed to milk. Combining the results, it can be concluded that a robust monitoring system that covers both feed, with a special focus on high risk/sentinel matrices, and milk is essential to guarantee high quality and safety standards of dairy products.
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Contreras-Trigo B, Díaz-García V, Oyarzún P. A Novel Preanalytical Strategy Enabling Application of a Colorimetric Nanoaptasensor for On-Site Detection of AFB1 in Cattle Feed. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9280. [PMID: 36501982 PMCID: PMC9735511 DOI: 10.3390/s22239280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination of cattle feed is responsible for serious adverse effects on animal and human health. A number of approaches have been reported to determine aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in a variety of feed samples using aptasensors. However, rapid analysis of AFB1 in these matrices remains to be addressed in light of the complexity of the preanalytical process. Herein we describe an optimization on the preanalytical stage to minimize the sample processing steps required to perform semi-quantitative colorimetric detection of AFB1 in cattle feed using a gold nanoparticle-based aptasensor (nano-aptasensor). The optical behavior of the nano-aptasensor was characterized in different organics solvents, with acetonitrile showing the least interference on the activity of the nan-aptasensor. This solvent was selected as the extractant agent for AFB1-containing feed, allowing for the first time, direct colorimetric detection from the crude extract (detection limit of 5 µg/kg). Overall, these results lend support to the application of this technology for the on-site detection of AFB1 in the dairy sector.
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Horváth E, Pusztahelyi T, Adácsi C, Tanyi E, Pócsi I. Optimization and Validation of ELISA for Aflatoxin B1 Detection in Fermented Forages and Feeds. SCIENTIFICA 2022; 2022:6059880. [PMID: 36247725 PMCID: PMC9553708 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6059880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-coupled immunosorbent assays (ELISA) methods are usually validated only for homogenous matrixes like corn and wheat. More complex materials like fermented forages and mixed feed are not targeted for mycotoxin measurement. The low number of ELISA methods found in the literature neither contained the pH set for fermented forages nor dealt with the setting of the matrix:solvent ratio. The sample preparation of these matrixes needs to be optimized and validated for aflatoxin B1 analysis from fermented forages (corn silage and rye haylage) and mixed feed for Romer AgraQuant® Aflatoxin B1 ELISA (Romer Labs, Austria). Drying and pH adjustment of fermented forages had high importance before mycotoxin extraction. Because of the matrix swelling, the 1 : 5 ratio of the sample/extraction solute should have been increased to 1 : 8 to gain the highest aflatoxin B1 recovery. The accuracy and repeatability of the analysis were tested and found to be suitable for further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Horváth
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Egyetem Tér 1, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Böszörményi Street 138 H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Cintia Adácsi
- Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Böszörményi Street 138, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ervin Tanyi
- Romer Labs Diagnostic Ltd, Technopark 5, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032, Egyetem Tér 1, Debrecen, Hungary
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Hassan HF, Abou Ghaida A, Charara A, Dimassi H, Faour H, Nahouli R, Karam L, Alwan N. Exposure to Ochratoxin A from Rice Consumption in Lebanon and United Arab Emirates: A Comparative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11074. [PMID: 36078789 PMCID: PMC9518451 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Our study aims to evaluate the ochratoxin A (OTA) in rice marketed in Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and to determine the exposure to OTA from rice consumption. All brands available in the market were collected twice (total number of collected samples: 105 and 127 in Lebanon and the UAE, respectively). Using ELISA, the OTA in 56 (53%) samples in Lebanon and 73 (58%) samples in the UAE were above the limit of quantification (0.8 μg/kg). The average concentrations of the positive samples ± standard deviations were 1.29 ± 0.32 and 1.40 ± 0.42 μg/kg in Lebanon and the UAE, respectively. Only one sample (1%) in Lebanon had a level at the borderline of the European Union (EU) limit, and two samples (1.6%) in the UAE had a level above the EU limit (5 μg/kg). The OTA in brown rice was higher than in white and parboiled rice for both countries, yet the difference was not significant. The packing season, packing country, and country of origin did not have any significant effects. The presence of a food safety certification resulted in lower OTA in the rice, but the difference was significant (p = 0.04) in the UAE only. Long grains had higher OTA than short grains, yet the difference was only significant in Lebanon (p = 0.046). The exposures were calculated as 1.27 ng/kg body weight/day in Lebanon and 1.42 ng/kg body weight/day in the UAE, and no health risk was observed for both the neoplastic and non-neoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein F. Hassan
- Nutrition Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
| | - Alissar Abou Ghaida
- Nutrition Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
| | - Abeer Charara
- Nutrition Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
| | - Hani Dimassi
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
| | - Hussein Faour
- Biology Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
| | - Rayan Nahouli
- Biology Program, Natural Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 13-5053, Lebanon
| | - Layal Karam
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Nisreen Alwan
- College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 59911, United Arab Emirates
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Mycotoxins in Cattle Feed and Feed Ingredients in Brazil: A Five-Year Survey. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080552. [PMID: 36006214 PMCID: PMC9416694 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by a variety of fungi, which when ingested can cause several deleterious effects to the health of humans and animals. In this work, the detection and quantification of six major mycotoxins (aflatoxins-AFLA, deoxynivalenol-DON, fumonisins-FUMO, ochratoxin A-OTA, T-2 toxin-T-2 and zearalenone-ZON) in 1749 samples of feed and feed ingredients for cattle, collected in Brazil between 2017 and 2021, was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In total, 97% of samples were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin, yet, very few samples exceeded the lowest European Union guidance values for cattle, and the estimated daily intake also showed a low risk for the animals. However, co-occurrences were widely observed, as 87% of samples contained two or more mycotoxins at the same time, and the presence of more than one mycotoxin at the same time in feed can lead to interactions. In conclusion, the contamination of feed and feed ingredients for cattle with mycotoxins in Brazil is very common. Hence, the monitoring of these mycotoxins is of significant importance for food safety.
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