1
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Delanka-Pedige HMK, Young RB, Abutokaikah MT, Chen L, Wang H, Imihamillage KABI, Thimons S, Jahne MA, Williams AJ, Zhang Y, Xu P. Non-targeted analysis and toxicity prediction for evaluation of photocatalytic membrane distillation removing organic contaminants from hypersaline oil and gas field-produced water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134436. [PMID: 38688221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) has received ample recognition for treating complex wastewater, including hypersaline oil and gas (O&G) produced water (PW). Rigorous water quality assessment is critical in evaluating PW treatment because PW consists of numerous contaminants beyond the targets listed in general discharge and reuse standards. This study evaluated a novel photocatalytic membrane distillation (PMD) process, with and without a UV light source, against a standard vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) process for treating PW, utilizing targeted analyses and a non-targeted chemical identification workflow coupled with toxicity predictions. PMD with UV light resulted in better removals of dissolved organic carbon, ammoniacal nitrogen, and conductivity. Targeted organic analyses identified only trace amounts of acetone and 2-butanone in distillates. According to non-targeted analysis, the number of suspects reduced from 65 in feed to 25-30 across all distillate samples. Certain physicochemical properties of compounds influenced contaminant rejection in different MD configurations. According to preliminary toxicity predictions, VMD, PMD with and without UV distillate samples, respectively contained 21, 22, and 23 suspects associated with critical toxicity concerns. Overall, non-targeted analysis together with toxicity prediction provides a competent supportive tool to assess treatment efficiency and potential impacts on public health and the environment during PW reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert B Young
- Chemical Analysis and Instrumentation Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Maha T Abutokaikah
- Chemical Analysis and Instrumentation Laboratory, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Huiyao Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Kanchana A B I Imihamillage
- Department of Engineering Technology and Surveying Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Sean Thimons
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Michael A Jahne
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Antony J Williams
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States.
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Zhang F, Shan S, Fu C, Guo S, Liu C, Wang S. Advanced Mass Spectrometry-Based Biomarker Identification for Metabolomics of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Molecules 2024; 29:2530. [PMID: 38893405 PMCID: PMC11173766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the years, there has been notable progress in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment modalities of diabetes and its complications, including the application of metabolomics in the study of diabetes, capturing attention from researchers worldwide. Advanced mass spectrometry, including gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS), etc., has significantly broadened the spectrum of detectable metabolites, even at lower concentrations. Advanced mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool in diabetes research, particularly in the context of metabolomics. By leveraging the precision and sensitivity of advanced mass spectrometry techniques, researchers have unlocked a wealth of information within the metabolome. This technology has enabled the identification and quantification of potential biomarkers associated with diabetes and its complications, providing new ideas and methods for clinical diagnostics and metabolic studies. Moreover, it offers a less invasive, or even non-invasive, means of tracking disease progression, evaluating treatment efficacy, and understanding the underlying metabolic alterations in diabetes. This paper summarizes advanced mass spectrometry for the application of metabolomics in diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic encephalopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and diabetic foot ulcers and organizes some of the potential biomarkers of the different complications with the aim of providing ideas and methods for subsequent in-depth metabolic research and searching for new ways of treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (F.Z.); (C.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Shan Shan
- College of Life Science, National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China;
| | - Chenlu Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (F.Z.); (C.F.); (S.G.)
- School of Pharmacy, Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (F.Z.); (C.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, Medicine Research Institute, Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (F.Z.); (C.F.); (S.G.)
| | - Shuanglong Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
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Bai H, Li Y, Lu P, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhang D, Wang X, Zhou Y. Effect of environmental factors on accumulation of trace metals in a typical shale gas exploitation area: A comprehensive investigation by machine learning and geodetector models. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140724. [PMID: 37972868 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Whether a certain relationship is exist between shale gas exploitation and accumulation of trace metals in soil is a controversial issue in recent years. To date, few study clearly reveal the intrinsic contributions of natural and anthropogenic factors to accumulation of trace metals in soil. In this study, machine learning and geodetector models were integrated to investigate to contribution of environmental factors to variations of trace metals concentration. Before modeling, there are 10.33%-25.87% of soil considered as metal pollution, and the value of Pn further suggest that the Ba contribute the most to the comprehensive pollution index of trace metals in soil. The initial prediction of trace metals concentration by machine learning models is less effectively indicating the need for alternative approaches. To address this problem, post-constraints approach was used, and the post-constraint MSLR model demonstrates superior performance (R2 = 0.81) Additionally, through the utilization of geodetector model, the explanatory power (q) of CEC and SOM were identified as dominant natural factors with value of 0.055 and 0.089. respectively. Moreover, distance from working sites and working status were identified as the dominant anthropogenic factors associating to the spatial heterogeneity of trace metals in soil. The interaction between natural and anthropogenic factors showed a siginifacnt nonlinear enhancement effect on accumulation of Cr, Ba and Sr, and the highest value of q was 0.38 for SOM and distance. This study indicated that the potential metal contamination was related to shale gas exploitation and provide reference for controlling soil pollution in shale gas exploitation area and making management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Bai
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610106, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 400045, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of City Solid Waste Energy and Building Materials Conversion and Utilization Technology, China.
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 400045, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 400045, China.
| | - Yutong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 400045, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 400045, China
| | - Daijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 400045, China
| | - Xing Wang
- College of International Studies, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, 644000, China
| | - Yuxiao Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
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Hussain NAS, Stafford JL. Abiotic and biotic constituents of oil sands process-affected waters. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:169-186. [PMID: 36522051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The oil sands in Northern Alberta are the largest oil sands in the world, providing an important economic resource for the Canadian energy industry. The extraction of petroleum in the oil sands begins with the addition of hot water to the bituminous sediment, generating oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), which is acutely toxic to organisms. Trillions of litres of OSPW are stored on oil sands mining leased sites in man-made reservoirs called tailings ponds. As the volume of OSPW increases, concerns arise regarding the reclamation and eventual release of this water back into the environment. OSPW is composed of a complex and heterogeneous mix of components that vary based on factors such as company extraction techniques, age of the water, location, and bitumen ore quality. Therefore, the effective remediation of OSPW requires the consideration of abiotic and biotic constituents within it to understand short and long term effects of treatments used. This review summarizes selected chemicals and organisms in these waters and their interactions to provide a holistic perspective on the physiochemical and microbial dynamics underpinning OSPW .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A S Hussain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N8, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N8, Canada.
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Crucello J, Medeiros Junior I, Mesquita de Carvalho R, Wang Hantao L. Profiling organic acids in produced water samples using vacuum-assisted sorbent extraction and gas chromatography coupled to Fourier transform Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Analysis of Regulatory Framework for Produced Water Management and Reuse in Major Oil- and Gas-Producing Regions in the United States. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14142162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of unconventional oil and gas (O&G) extraction around the world produces a significant amount of wastewater that requires appropriate management and disposal. Produced water (PW) is primarily disposed of through saltwater disposal wells, and other reuse/disposal methods include using PW for hydraulic fracturing, enhanced oil recovery, well drilling, evaporation ponds or seepage pits within the O&G field, and transferring PW offsite for management or reuse. Currently, 1–2% of PW in the U.S. is used outside the O&G field after treatment. With the considerable interest in PW reuse to reduce environmental implications and alleviate regional water scarcity, it is imperative to analyze the current regulatory framework for PW management and reuse. In the U.S., PW is subject to a complex set of federal, state, and sometimes local regulations to address the wide range of PW management, construction, and operation practices. Under the supervision of the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), different states have their own regulatory agencies and requirements based on state-specific practices and laws. This study analyzed the regulatory framework in major O&G-producing regions surrounding the management of PW, including relevant laws and jurisdictional illustrations of water rules and responsibilities, water quality standards, and PW disposal and current/potential beneficial reuse up to early 2022. The selected eastern states (based on the 98th meridian designated by the U.S. EPA as a tool to separate discharge permitting) include the Appalachian Basin (Marcellus and Utica shale areas of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia), Oklahoma, and Texas; and the western states include California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming. These regions represent different regulations; climates; water quantities; quality diversities; and geologic, geographic, and hydrologic conditions. This review is particularly focused on the water quality standards, reuse practices and scenarios, risks assessment, knowledge gaps, and research needs for the potential reuse of treated PW outside of O&G fields. Given the complexity surrounding PW regulations and rules, this study is intended as preliminary guidance for PW management, and for identifying the knowledge gaps and research needs to reduce the potential impacts of treated PW reuse on the environment and public health. The regulations and experiences learned from these case studies would significantly benefit other states and countries with O&G sources for the protection of their environment and public health.
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7
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Produced Water Treatment and Valorization: A Techno-Economical Review. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15134619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, environmental concerns have urged companies in the energy sector to modify their industrial activities to facilitate greater environmental stewardship. For example, the practice of unconventional oil and gas extraction has drawn the ire of regulators and various environmental groups due to its reliance on millions of barrels of fresh water—which is generally drawn from natural sources and public water supplies—for hydraulic fracturing well stimulation. Additionally, this process generates two substantial waste streams, which are collectively characterized as flowback and produced water. Whereas flowback water is comprised of various chemical additives that are used during hydraulic fracturing; produced water is a complex mixture of microbiota, inorganic and organic constituents derived from the petroliferous strata. This review will discuss the obstacles of managing and treating flowback and produced waters, concentrating on the hardest constituents to remove by current technologies and their effect on the environment if left untreated. Additionally, this work will address the opportunities associated with repurposing produced water for various applications as an alternative to subsurface injection, which has a number of environmental concerns. This review also uses lithium to evaluate the feasibility of extracting valuable metals from produced water using commercially available technologies.
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Jiang W, Xu X, Hall R, Zhang Y, Carroll KC, Ramos F, Engle MA, Lin L, Wang H, Sayer M, Xu P. Characterization of produced water and surrounding surface water in the Permian Basin, the United States. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128409. [PMID: 35149501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of produced water (PW) quality is critical to advance the knowledge and tools for effective PW management, treatment, risk assessment, and feasibility for beneficial reuse outside the oil and gas industry. This study provides the first step to better understand PW quality to develop beneficial reuse programs that are protective of human health and the environment. In total, 46 PW samples from unconventional operations in the Permian Basin and ten surface water samples from the Pecos River in New Mexico were collected for quantitative target analyses of more than 300 constituents. Water quality analyses of Pecos River samples could provide context and baseline information for the potential discharge and reuse of treated PW in this area. Temporal PW and river water quality changes were monitored for eight months in 2020. PW samples had total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations ranging from 100,800-201,500 mg/L. Various mineral salts, metals, oil and grease, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, radionuclides, ammonia, hydraulic fracturing additives, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances were detected at different concentrations. Chemical characterization of organic compounds found in Pecos River water showed no evidence of PW origin. Isometric log-ratio Na-Cl-Br analysis showed the salinity in the Pecos River samples appeared to be linked to an increase in natural shallow brine inputs. This study outlines baseline analytical information to advance PW research by describing PW and surrounding surface water quality in the Permian Basin that will assist in determining management strategies, treatment methods, potential beneficial reuse applications, and potential environmental impacts specific to intended beneficial use of treated PW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Jiang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Xuesong Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Ryan Hall
- NGL Partners LP, Santa Fe, NM 87501, United States
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Kenneth C Carroll
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Frank Ramos
- Department of Geological Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Mark A Engle
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resource Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | - Huiyao Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States
| | | | - Pei Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States.
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Zhou S, Peng S, Li Z, Zhang D, Zhu Y, Li X, Hong M, Li W, Lu P. Risk assessment of pollutants in flowback and produced waters and sludge in impoundments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152250. [PMID: 34921872 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the growing hydraulic fracturing (HF) practices in China, the environmental risks of pollutants in flowback and produced waters (FPW) and sludge in impoundments for FPW reserves have drawn increasing attention. In this context, we first characterized the comparative geochemical characteristics of the FPW and the sludge in impoundments that collected FPW from 75 shale gas wells, and then the risks associated with the pollutants were assessed. The results demonstrated that four organic compounds detected in the FPW, naphthalene, acenaphthene, dibutyl phthalate, and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, were potential threats to surface waters. The concentrations of trace metals (copper, cadmium, manganese, chromium, nickel, zinc, arsenic, and lead) in the FPW and sludge were low; however, those of iron, barium, and strontium were high. The accumulation of chromium, nickel, zinc, and lead in the sludge became more evident as the depth increased. The environmental risks from heavy metals in the one-year precipitated sludge were comparable to those reported in the environment. However, the radium equivalent activities were 10-41 times higher than the recommended value for human health safety, indicating potential radiation risks. Although hydrophobic organic compounds, such as high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalate esters (PAEs), benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene (BTEX), tended to accumulate in the sludge, their environmental risks were within tolerable ranges after proper treatment. Multiple antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), such as those for macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin (MLS), tetracycline, and multidrug resistances, were detected in the shale gas wastewaters and sludge. Therefore, the environmental risks of these emerging pollutants upon being discharged or leaked into surface waters require further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Shuchan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Daijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yantao Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xingquan Li
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Mingyu Hong
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Weichang Li
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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Emmons RV, Shyam Sunder GS, Liden T, Schug KA, Asfaha TY, Lawrence JG, Kirchhoff JR, Gionfriddo E. Unraveling the Complex Composition of Produced Water by Specialized Extraction Methodologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2334-2344. [PMID: 35080868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW), a waste byproduct of oil and gas extraction, is a complex mixture containing numerous organic solubles and elemental species; these constituents range from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to naturally occurring radioactive materials. Identification of these compounds is critical in developing reuse and disposal protocols to minimize environmental contamination and health risks. In this study, versatile extraction methodologies were investigated for the untargeted analysis of PW. Thin-film solid-phase microextraction with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance particles was utilized for the extraction of organic solubles from eight PW samples from the Permian Basin and Eagle Ford formation in Texas. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis found a total of 266 different organic constituents including 1,4-dioxane, atrazine, pyridine, and PAHs. The elemental composition of PW was evaluated using dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, utilizing a new coordinating sorbent, poly(pyrrole-1-carboxylic acid). This confirmed the presence of 29 elements including rare earth elements, as well as hazardous metals such as Cr, Cd, Pb, and U. Utilizing chemometric analysis, both approaches facilitated the discrimination of each PW sample based on their geochemical origin with a prediction accuracy above 90% using partial least-squares-discriminant analysis, paving the way for PW origin tracing in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald V Emmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Govind Sharma Shyam Sunder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Tiffany Liden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
- Collaborative Laboratories for Environmental Analysis and Remediation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Timnit Yosef Asfaha
- Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization, College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Joseph G Lawrence
- Center for Materials and Sensor Characterization, College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Jon R Kirchhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
- School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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11
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Chen L, Xu P, Wang H. Photocatalytic membrane reactors for produced water treatment and reuse: Fundamentals, affecting factors, rational design, and evaluation metrics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127493. [PMID: 34879511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Treatment and reuse of produced water (PW), the largest wastewater stream generated during oil and gas production, provides a promising option to address the increasing clean water demands. High-performance treatment technologies are needed to efficiently remove the organic and inorganic contaminants in PW for fit-for-purpose applications. Photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) is an emerging green technology for removal of organic pollutants, photoreduction of heavy metals, photo-inactivation of bacteria, and resource recovery. This study critically reviewed the mechanisms of photocatalysis and membrane processes in PMR, factors affecting PMR performance, rational design, and evaluation metrics for PW treatment. Specifically, PW characteristics, photocatalysts properties, membranes applied, and operating conditions are of utmost importance for rational design and reliable operation of PMR. PW pretreatment to remove oil and grease, colloidal and suspended solids is necessary to reduce membrane fouling and ensure optimal PMR performance. The metrics to evaluate PMR performance were developed including light utilization, exergetic efficiency, water recovery, product water improvement, lifetime of the photocatalyst, and costs. This review also presented the research gaps and outlook for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Huiyao Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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12
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Biological-Based Produced Water Treatment Using Microalgae: Challenges and Efficiency. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14010499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Produced water (PW) is the most significant waste stream generated in the oil and gas industries. The generated PW has the potential to be a useful water source rather than waste. While a variety of technologies can be used for the treatment of PW for reuse, biological-based technologies are an effective and sustainable remediation method. Specifically, microalgae, which are a cost-effective and sustainable process that use nutrients to eliminate organic pollutants from PW during the bioremediation process. In these treatment processes, microalgae grow in PW free of charge, eliminate pollutants, and generate clean water that can be recycled and reused. This helps to reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere while simultaneously producing biofuels, other useful chemicals, and added-value products. As such, this review focuses on PW generation in the oil and gas industry, PW characteristics, and examines the available technologies that can be used for PW remediation, with specific attention to algal-based technologies. In addition, the various aspects of algae growth and cultivation in PW, the effect of growth conditions, water quality parameters, and the corresponding treatment performance are presented. Lastly, this review emphasizes the bioremediation of PW using algae and highlights how to harvest algae that can be processed to generate biofuels for added-value products as a sustainable approach.
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Jiang W, Pokharel B, Lin L, Cao H, Carroll KC, Zhang Y, Galdeano C, Musale DA, Ghurye GL, Xu P. Analysis and prediction of produced water quantity and quality in the Permian Basin using machine learning techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149693. [PMID: 34467907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate produced water (PW) management is critical for oil and gas industry. Understanding PW quantity and quality trends for one well or all similar wells in one region would significantly assist operators, regulators, and water treatment/disposal companies in optimizing PW management. In this research, historical PW quantity and quality data in the New Mexico portion (NM) of the Permian Basin from 1995 to 2019 was collected, pre-processed, and analyzed to understand the distribution, trend and characteristics of PW production for potential beneficial use. Various machine learning algorithms were applied to predict PW quantity for different types of oil and gas wells. Both linear and non-linear regression approaches were used to conduct the analysis. The prediction results from five-fold cross-validation showed that the Random Forest Regression model reported high prediction accuracy. The AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average model showed good results for predicting PW volume in time series. The water quality analysis results showed that the PW samples from the Delaware and Artesia Formations (mostly from conventional wells) had the highest and the lowest average total dissolved solids concentrations of 194,535 mg/L and 100,036 mg/L, respectively. This study is the first research that comprehensively analyzed and predicted PW quantity and quality in the NM-Permian Basin. The results can be used to develop a geospatial metrics analysis or facilitate system modeling to identify the potential opportunities and challenges of PW management alternatives within and outside oil and gas industry. The machine learning techniques developed in this study are generic and can be applied to other basins to predict PW quantity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Jiang
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Beepana Pokharel
- Dept. of Computer Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Lu Lin
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Huiping Cao
- Dept. of Computer Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Kenneth C Carroll
- Dept. of Plant and Environmental Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Carlos Galdeano
- ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, Research & Technology Development-Unconventionals, Spring, TX 77389, United States
| | - Deepak A Musale
- ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, Research & Technology Development-Unconventionals, Spring, TX 77389, United States
| | - Ganesh L Ghurye
- ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, Research & Technology Development-Unconventionals, Spring, TX 77389, United States
| | - Pei Xu
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States.
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Porto NDA, Crucello J, Facanali R, Junior IM, Carvalho RM, Hantao LW. Profiling naphthenic acids in produced water using hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography coupled to Fourier transform Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1655:462485. [PMID: 34474190 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the development of an analytical method to profile naphthenic acids (NAs) from produced water (PW). The NAs were isolated by hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME). A microwave-assisted methylation method was used to convert the free acids into its corresponding naphthenic methyl esters (NAMEs). The best reaction conditions were ascertained using central composite design. The optimized sample preparation method exhibited an improved analytical eco-scale value (80 vs. 61) compared to conventional liquid-liquid extraction. Although the primary goal was qualitative analysis of NAMEs (e.g., group-type separation) in produced water, the quantitative performance was also evaluated for future investigations. The instrumental detection and quantification limits were 0.10 ng mL-1 and 0.16 ng mL-1, respectively, using full spectrum data acquisition. The accuracy and precision of the proposed method ranged from 90.4 to 96.6 % and 3.3 to 13.1 %, respectively, using matrix-matched working solutions (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 µg mL-1). The monoisotopic masses of the adduct ions ([M+H]+) and its corresponding fine isotopic patterns were used to determine the elemental composition of the NAMEs in the PW samples. Qualitative analysis indicated the O2 class as the predominant class in all samples with carbon numbers ranging from C5 to C19 and double bond equivalent (DBE) values of 1 to 8. Additional classes of polar compounds, i.e., O3, O4 and nitrogen-containing classes, are reported for the first time by gas chromatography coupled to Fourier transform Orbitrap mass spectrometry and chemical ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália de Aguiar Porto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 270 Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Juliana Crucello
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 270 Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Roselaine Facanali
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 270 Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862 Brazil
| | - Iris Medeiros Junior
- Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center, Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro 20031-912 Brazil
| | - Rogerio Mesquita Carvalho
- Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello Research and Development Center, Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro 20031-912 Brazil
| | - Leandro Wang Hantao
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, 270 Monteiro Lobato, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862 Brazil.
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Hollanda LR, Santos SBF, Faustino JGAA, Dotto GL, Foletto EL, Chiavone-Filho O. Oil field-produced water treatment: characterization, photochemical systems, and combined processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:52744-52763. [PMID: 34467489 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Produced water, a mixture of inorganic and organic components, comprises the largest effluent stream from oil and gas activities. The removal of contaminants from this wastewater is receiving special attention of the researchers since most of them are persistent and difficult to remove with simple techniques. Several technologies from conventional to advanced oxidation processes have been employed to treat produced water. However, the achievement of greater efficiency may be conditioned to a combination of different wastewater treatment techniques. Hereupon, the present paper discusses three important aspects regarding produced water treatment: analytical methods used for characterization, relevant aspects regarding photochemical systems used for advanced oxidation processes, and combined techniques for treating oil field wastewaters. Analytical methods employed for the quantification of the main species contained in produced water are presented for a proper characterization. Photochemical aspects of the reaction systems such as operating conditions, types of irradiation sources, and technical details of reactors are also addressed. Finally, research papers concerning combined treatment techniques are discussed focusing on the essential contributions. Thus, this manuscript aims to assist in the development of novel techniques and the improvement of produced water treatment to obtain a high-quality treated effluent and reduce environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Rabelo Hollanda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59078-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Guilherme Luiz Dotto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Edson Luiz Foletto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Chiavone-Filho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59078-970, Brazil
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