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Gasco Cavero S, Santamarta JC, Cruz-Pérez N, Laspidou C, Díaz-Cruz S, Contreras-Llin A, Quintana G, García-Gil A. Comparative study of emerging pollutants of interest in the groundwater of the volcanic islands of La Palma and El Hierro (Canary Islands). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172026. [PMID: 38552971 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants (EPs) include a wide array of chemical compounds, as well as some microorganisms, which presence was unknown or unmeasurable until recently, or have recently started to be considered a threat towards the environment or animal and human health. No clear or homogeneous regulations exist for their measurement or control, and efforts should be made to assess their presence and offer solutions for their safe management, as well as to achieve an optimal protection of water resources. A previous study performed by our research group thoroughly studied a wide profile of EPs in El Hierro Island (Canary Islands) for the first time. Now, we present the study of the same panel of 70 EPs in La Palma Island (Canary Islands). 14 samples were collected in 2021, at different locations in La Palma island, representing seven municipalities (Los Llanos de Aridane, Santa Cruz de la Palma, El Paso, Breña Baja, Tazacorte, Barlovento and Fuencaliente) and four installation types (Piezometers/Wells, Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), Water Gallery and Water Springs). High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was performed to analyse the EP array, which included five chemical families: UV filters, UV blockers/stabilizers, parabens, Pharmaceutical Active Compounds (PhACs) and pesticides. Subsequently, a comprehensive descriptive and statistical analysis, including different tests was performed on the data obtained. Heterogeneous concentration levels of the EPs studied were found based on municipality and installation type among the island, with some of the PhACs and UV blockers/stabilizers showing very high levels, especially at Breña Baja and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It is worth noting that some of the samples comprised within the WWTPs category were collected outside the treatment plant, after water has been treated, so they should not bear dangerous concentrations of any hazardous compound. The high presence of two pesticides, imidacloprid (ranging from 68.7 to 24,896.5 ng⋅L-1) and acetamiprid (ranging from 1010.7 to 5168.1 ng⋅L-1) was worth highlighting too. In addition, three EP concentration clusters were found to virtually divide the island based on mathematical percentiles of EP mean concentrations, which can help gain more insight into the contamination status of the island and measures that could be taken for their management. Finally, a comparison between La Palma results and the profile observed at El Hierro by our research group was presented. Altogether, the study performed calls for a need to take actions towards avoiding entrance of EPs in the water cycle, and not just focusing on remediation strategies once they have reached the groundwater, freshwater or soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Gasco Cavero
- Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Salud de Madrid, Ayuntamiento de Madrid, España.
| | - Juan C Santamarta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agraria y del Medio Natural, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Noelia Cruz-Pérez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agraria y del Medio Natural, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Chrysi Laspidou
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
| | - Silvia Díaz-Cruz
- Dept. Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Contreras-Llin
- Dept. Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Quintana
- Dept. Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro García-Gil
- Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain.
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Ahammad NA, Ahmad MA, Hameed BH, Mohd Din AT. A mini review of recent progress in the removal of emerging contaminants from pharmaceutical waste using various adsorbents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:124459-124473. [PMID: 35314938 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of emerging contaminants (ECs) originating from pharmaceutical waste in water, wastewater, and marine ecosystems at various geographical locations has been clearly publicised. This review paper presents an overview of current monitoring data on the occurrences and distributions of ECs in coastal ecosystem, tap water, surface water, ground water, treated sewage effluents, and other sources. Technological advancements for EC removal are also presented, which include physical, chemical, biological, and hybrid treatments. Adsorption remains the most effective method to remove ECs from water bodies. Various types of adsorbents, such as activated carbons, biochars, nanoadsorbents (carbon nanotubes and graphene), ordered mesoporous carbons, molecular imprinting polymers, clays, zeolites, and metal-organic frameworks have been extensively used for removing ECs from water sources and wastewater. Extensive findings on adsorptive performances, process efficiency, reusability properties, and other related information are thoroughly discussed in this mini review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Azian Ahammad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmier Ahmad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Bassim H Hameed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Azam Taufik Mohd Din
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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3
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Szafranski GT, Granek EF. Contamination in mangrove ecosystems: A synthesis of literature reviews across multiple contaminant categories. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 196:115595. [PMID: 37852064 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove forests are exposed to diverse ocean-sourced and land-based contaminants, yet mangrove contamination research lags. We synthesize existing data and identify major gaps in research on five classes of mangrove contaminants: trace metals, persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, microplastics, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Research is concentrated in Asia, neglected in Africa and the Americas; higher concentrations are correlated with waste water treatment plants, industry, and urbanized landscapes. Trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, frequently at concentrations below regulatory thresholds, may bioconcentrate in fauna, whereas persistent organic pollutants were at levels potentially harmful to biota through short- or long-term exposure. Microplastics were at variable levels, yet lack regulatory and ecotoxicological thresholds. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products received minimal research despite biological activity at small concentrations. Given potential synergistic effects, multi-contaminant research, increased monitoring of multiple contaminant classes, and increased public outreach and involvement are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Szafranski
- Environmental Science & Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Elise F Granek
- Environmental Science & Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States of America.
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Al-Hashimi O, Hashim K, Loffill E, Nakouti I, Faisal AAH, Čebašek TM. Eco-friendly remediation of tetracycline antibiotic from polluted water using waste-derived surface re-engineered silica sand. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13148. [PMID: 37573363 PMCID: PMC10423248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A new green reactive adsorbent (calcium ferric oxide silica sand (CFO-SS)) made from wastepaper sludge ash and ferric ions was synthesised and shown to remove tetracycline antibiotics (TC) from contaminated water effectively. The synthesised sand was dried at 95 °C, and a series of batch and fixed bed experiments were performed to determine the optimum operating conditions. Results showed that the adsorption capacity of the CFO-SS increases with the concentration gradient between the solid and liquid phases. 0.3 g of the new adsorbent was proven sufficient to remove more than 90% of the TC at a pollutant dose of 50 mg/L in 50 mL of simulated groundwater with an agitation speed of 200 rpm for 3 h. The adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir isotherm model, with a loading capacity of 21.96 mg/g at pH 7, while the Pseudo second-order model best described the absorption kinetics. The adsorption mechanisms proposed included electrostatic interaction, intraparticle diffusion, hydrogen bonding, and cation-π interactions. Characterisation investigations revealed that the newly precipitated oxides on silica sand play an essential role in TC adsorption support. In fixed-bed experiments, it was discovered that reducing the flow rate and inflow concentration of TC and increasing the sorbent mass significantly extended the lifetime of the produced sorbent in the packed column. The measured breakthrough curves were best fit with the Adams-Bohart and the Clark models, as they provided the highest square root number (R2) values. Finally, considering the efficacy of CFO-SS in TC adsorption performance, it can be noted that the novel synthesised reactive material is an efficient and environmentally friendly material for TC removal, and it presents a potential solution to resolving the challenge of TC-rich groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah Al-Hashimi
- Babylon Water Directorate, Babylon, 51001, Iraq.
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Khalid Hashim
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Edward Loffill
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Ismini Nakouti
- Built Environment and Sustainable Technology Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Ayad A H Faisal
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Tina Marolt Čebašek
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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Sanusi IO, Olutona GO, Wawata IG, Onohuean H. Occurrence, environmental impact and fate of pharmaceuticals in groundwater and surface water: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:90595-90614. [PMID: 37488386 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In many nations and locations, groundwater serves as the population's primary drinking water supply. However, pharmaceuticals found in groundwater and surface waters may affect aquatic ecosystems and public health. As a result, their existence in natural raw waters are now more widely acknowledged as a concern. This review summarises the evidence of research on pharmaceuticals' occurrence, impact and fate, considering results from different water bodies. Also, various analytical techniques were reviewed to compare different pharmaceuticals' detection frequencies in water bodies. These include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). However, owing to LC-MS's high sensitivity and specification, it is the most reported instrument used for analysis. The PRISMA reviewing methodology was adopted based on relevant literature in order to focus on aim of the review. Among other pharmaceuticals reviewed, sulfamethoxazole was found to be the most frequently detected drug in wastewater (up to 100% detection frequency). The most reported pharmaceutical group in this review is antibiotics, with sulfamethoxazole having the highest concentration among the analysed pharmaceuticals in groundwater and freshwater (up to 5600 ng/L). Despite extensive study and analysis on the occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment, appropriate wastewater management and disposal of pharmaceuticals in the water environment are not still monitored regularly. Therefore, there is a need for mainstream studies tailored to the surveillance of pharmaceuticals in water bodies to limit environmental risks to human and aquatic habitats in both mid and low-income nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Olatunji Sanusi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda.
| | - Godwin Oladele Olutona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Industrial Chemistry Programme, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
- Department of Basic Science, School of Science and Technology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Ibrahim Garba Wawata
- Department of Basic Science, School of Science and Technology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, PMB +243 1144, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
| | - Hope Onohuean
- Biomolecules, Metagenomics, Endocrine and Tropical Disease Research Group (BMETDREG), Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Biopharmaceutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
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Egbeyemi MM, Lateef SA, Akinsete SJ, Omobowale MO, Ewemoje TA. Health risk assessment for uptake and accumulation of pharmaceuticals in jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius) irrigated with treated hospital wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:956. [PMID: 37452922 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of reclaimed water for crop irrigation presents a route through which pharmaceuticals enter the agro-environment, raising concerns about their potential inclusion into the food chain and associated health risks. The main objective of this study was to determine the accumulation of six pharmaceuticals (paracetamol, diclofenac and ibuprofen, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole) in edible part of jute mallow (JM) (Corchorus olitorius) irrigated with treated hospital wastewater (THWW) and potential health risks associated with the consumption of the contaminated JM. In a greenhouse experiment, JM vegetable was grown in soils irrigated with groundwater and THWW. After 4 weeks of cultivation, the pharmaceutical concentrations in the soil and JM tissues were determined. The uptake and accumulation of the pharmaceuticals in the irrigated JM and the human health risks associated with their consumption were evaluated. Results showed that the THWW-irrigated and groundwater-irrigated soils accumulated all the studied pharmaceuticals except paracetamol and sulfamethoxazole, with the concentrations in the soil before and after irrigation ranging from 0.01 to 0.14 μg g-1 and 0.03 to 1.35 μg g-1, respectively. In JM leaves, the accumulation was in the order of tetracycline > ciprofloxacin > ibuprofen > diclofenac and tetracycline > ciprofloxacin > diclofenac > ibuprofen under THWW-irrigated and groundwater-irrigated treatments, respectively. Under both treatments, the uptake and accumulation of the studied pharmaceuticals were in the order of roots > stem > leaves. The health risk assessment indicated that the consumption of the studied pharmaceuticals through JM implies some risks to human health and the risks were in the order of tetracycline > diclofenac > ciprofloxacin > ibuprofen > paracetamol > sulfamethoxazole. This study has demonstrated that irrigation with reclaimed water is a major route of pharmaceuticals into the food chain and a key determinant of associated health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morenike Margaret Egbeyemi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Suraju Adekunle Lateef
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Shade John Akinsete
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mobolaji Oluyimika Omobowale
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Temitayo Abayomi Ewemoje
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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7
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Verovšek T, Janža M, Heath D, Šuštarič A, Prosen H, Heath E. Occurrence and sources of residues of drugs of abuse in an urban aquifer: Chemical analysis and solute transport modelling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 892:164364. [PMID: 37257590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and potential sources of residues of drugs of abuse in an urban aquifer beneath the City of Ljubljana using water analysis and a solute transport model designed to predict nitrogen distribution. Samples were collected from three sources: 28 wastewater samples (24-h composites), 4 aquifer-recharging river samples (grab), and 22 groundwater samples. The samples were analysed for residues of commonly (ab)used licit drugs (nicotine and alcohol), medications of abuse (morphine, methadone, codeine, and ketamine), and illicit drugs (tetrahydrocannabinol - THC, cocaine, amphetamines, and heroin) using liquid-liquid (alcohol residue) and solid-phase extraction, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Additionally, we used solute transport modelling to predict the spatial distribution of drug residues in the aquifer and their potential sources. Nicotine (up to 45,7 ng/L), cotinine (up to 5.86 ng/L), trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (up to 0.528 ng/L) and benzoylecgonine (up to 0.572 ng/L) were the most commonly detected drug residues in groundwater, followed by cocaine (<LOQ). In comparison, methadone (0.054 ng/L) was detected only once. A higher prevalence of residues of drugs of abuse was observed in samples obtained at the south-eastern edge of the aquifer, downgradient from the main zone of urbanisation, agreeing with model predictions. Although drug residues were detected in river water, modelling suggests that the city's leaky sewer system is the primary source of drug residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taja Verovšek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Janža
- Geological Survey of, Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, 1000 Ljubljana
| | - David Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ariana Šuštarič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Prosen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Gasco Cavero S, García-Gil A, Cruz-Pérez N, Martín Rodríguez LF, Laspidou C, Contreras-Llin A, Quintana G, Díaz-Cruz S, Santamarta JC. First emerging pollutants profile in groundwater of the volcanic active island of El Hierro (Canary Islands). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162204. [PMID: 36796686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants (EPs) are substances present in wastewater that have not been studied, previously, leading to ambiguity in regulations for their presence in water resources. Territories that are highly dependent on groundwater resources are at a high risk of suffering the consequences of EP contamination due to their dependence on good quality groundwater for agriculture, drinking, and other uses. A relevant example is El Hierro (Canary Islands), which was declared a biosphere reserve by the UNESCO in 2000 and is almost completely powered by renewable energies. Using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the concentrations of 70 EPs were assessed at 19 sampling points on El Hierro. The results indicated that no pesticides were present in groundwater; however, varied concentration levels of ultraviolet (UV) filters, UV stabilizers/blockers and pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) were found, with La Frontera being the most contaminated municipality. With regard to the different installation types, piezometers and wells were the ones showing the highest concentrations for most EPs. Interestingly, the depth of sampling correlated positively with EP concentration, and four different clusters virtually dividing the island into two areas could be identified based on the presence of each EP. More studies should be performed to ascertain why a few of the EPs showed considerably high concentrations at different depths. The results obtained highlight the need to, not only implement remediation measures once EPs have reached the soil and aquifers, but also to avoid their incorporation into the water cycle via homes, animal husbandry, agriculture, industry, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Gasco Cavero
- Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro García-Gil
- Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Noelia Cruz-Pérez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agraria y del Medio Natural, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Luis Fernando Martín Rodríguez
- Insular Water Authority of El Hierro (CIAEH)/Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Chrysi Laspidou
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
| | - Albert Contreras-Llin
- Dept. Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Quintana
- Dept. Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Díaz-Cruz
- Dept. Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan C Santamarta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Agraria y del Medio Natural, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Spain.
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Stefano PHP, Roisenberg A, Santos MR, Dias MA, Montagner CC. Unraveling the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in groundwater from urban setting: A combined multidisciplinary approach and self-organizing maps. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134395. [PMID: 35339518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, changes in human behavior and new technologies have introduced thousands of new compounds into the environment called "contaminants of emerging concern" (CEC). These compounds have been detected in different environmental compartments such as soil, surface water, air, and groundwater. The presence of these contaminants in groundwater may pose risks to human health when used as potable water. In some urban areas in Brazil, groundwater is normally consumed without previous treatment. This study aimed to use statistical analysis by self-organizing maps (SOM) to evaluate the trends of CEC in urban groundwater systems. A total of 23 CEC compounds including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and hormones were determined in groundwater samples using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The CEC most frequently detected were atrazine and degradation products, fipronil, simazine, tebuconazole, hexazinone, and caffeine in concentrations up to 300 ng L-1. All studied compounds were detected in groundwater at least in one sample. Patterns in the data through SOM have shown a strong positive correlation between atrazine, hexazinone, simazine, tebuthiuron, 2-hydroxyatrazine, and 17β-estradiol. The hormones estrone and testosterone also show a positive correlation due to their similar chemical properties. On the other hand, caffeine was detected in 90% of the samples, likely due to a population habit of taking daily a hot drink made of yerba mate associated with low rates of treated domestic sewage in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique Prado Stefano
- Hydrogeochemistry Laboratory, Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ari Roisenberg
- Hydrogeochemistry Laboratory, Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matheus Rossi Santos
- Hydrogeochemistry Laboratory, Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariana Amaral Dias
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Soil and Water Management Factors That Affect Plant Uptake of Pharmaceuticals: A Case Study. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water and food security are of global concern. Improving knowledge on crops’ potential uptake of pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) is necessary to guarantee consumer health and improve the public’s perception of reclaimed water reuse. This study aimed to determine how water management (bottom-up applied for being supplied by Subsurface Drip Irrigation) and the plant rhizosphere effect on the uptake of PhCs. Five PhCs were mixed: atenolol, carbamazepine, dicoflenac, ibuprofen and valsartan. A total of 5 treatments were considered: 3 concentrations of PhCs in agricultural volcanic soil: 0.1, 10 and 100 µg·L−1; 0.1 µg·L−1 in sterilized soil; and a blank with three plant replications at 30, 45, and 60 days after emerging. The maximum quantity of the added PhCs was 100 µg·kg soil−1. A variant of the QuEChERS method was followed to extract PhCs from samples. The limits of quantification were between 10 ng·L−1 and 100 ng·L−1 in extracts. No PhCs over the limits of detection were detected (0.06–0.6 µg·kg−1 of dry plant sample). Hence, the described water reuse methodology poses a negligible consumer risk, which contrasts with hydroponic systems in which this risk has been shown. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of irrigation system, water management and the soil-plant barrier.
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11
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Pharmaceuticals as Emerging Pollutants in the Reclaimed Wastewater Used in Irrigation and Their Effects on Plants, Soils, and Groundwater. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were investigated in five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), groundwater, irrigated soils, and plants in Amman and Al-Balqa governorates in Jordan. PPCPs were extracted from water samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). Carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, ceftiofur, diclofenac, erythromycin, lincomycin, ofloxacin, pyrimthamine, spiramycin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, testosterone, trimethoprim, and thiamphenicol were detected in all raw wastewaters in μg/L, whereas 45 PPCPs were below the detection limits (<0.02 μg/L) in all samples. Na`ur and Abu Nuseir WWTPs showed high PPCPs removal efficiencies in comparison with AL-Baqa`a, Salt, and Fuhais-Mahis WWTPs. Boqorreya spring showed signs of contamination by Salt WWTP effluents as a result of mixing. Irrigation with effluents showed higher carbamazepine concentrations in soils at the top soil layers (0 to 20 cm) in all farms than its concentrations at the root zone (20 to 40 cm) by using drip irrigation system with various plants. In plants, carbamazepine concentration was only detected in high concentration level in mint leaves. In the same farm, diclofenac concentration was detected only in olives and not in twigs and leaves, indicating a high rate of plant uptake especially during the olive’s growth period. Furthermore, plant fruits, leaves, and stems left on the farm after harvesting are generally consumed by cattle, which means entering the food chain of humans.
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Influence of Chromatographic Conditions on LOD and LOQ of Fluoxetine and Sertraline Analyzed by TLC-Densitometric Method. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This research introduces the analysis of fluoxetine and sertraline by means of the TLC-densitometric method. They provide information on LOD and LOQ under various chromatographic conditions. The study used adsorption (NPTLC) and partition (RPTLC) thin-layer chromatography in combination with a densitometric analysis. Four types of chromatographic plates precoated with: silica gel 60 F254, silica gel 60, silanized silica gel 60 F254 (RP-2), and a mixture of silica gel 60 and kieselguhr F254, as well as three mobile phases: chloroform + methanol + ammonia (9:1:0.4, v/v/v), chloroform + methanol + glacial acetic acid (5:4:1, v/v/v), and acetone + toluene + ammonia (10:9:1, v/v/v), were used in NPTLC. RP-18F254 and silanized silica gel 60 F254 (RP-2) plates and four mobile phases: methanol + water (10:0 and 9:1, v/v), acetone + water (10:0 and 9:1, v/v), were used in RPTLC. The lowest LOD and LOQ values for fluoxetine were obtained using a silanized silica gel 60 F254 (RP-2) with acetone + toluene + ammonia (10:9:1, v/v/v) in NPTLC, and with a silanized silica gel 60 F254 (RP-2) in combination with methanol + water (10:0, v/v) in RPTLC. The lowest LOD and LOQ values of sertraline were obtained using a silica gel 60 with acetone + toluene + ammonia (10:9:1; v/v/v) in NPTLC. The smallest amount of sertraline was detected on the silanized silica gel 60 F254 plate in combination with methanol + water (9:1, v/v) in RPTLC. The obtained results provide important information that can give a good basis and set the direction for further, more detailed research; the results can also benefit other researchers who analyze fluoxetine and sertraline with the TLC technique in model systems (testing standards) as well as in drug and biological samples.
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Leitão I, Martins LL, Carvalho L, Oliveira MC, Marques MM, Mourato MP. Acetaminophen Induces an Antioxidative Response in Lettuce Plants. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061152. [PMID: 34204080 PMCID: PMC8229777 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Contaminants of environmental concern, like pharmaceuticals, are being detected in increasing amounts in soils and irrigation waters and can thus be taken up by plants. In this work, the uptake of acetaminophen (ACT) by lettuce plants was evaluated through a hydroponic experiment at different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1 and 5 mg L−1 ACT). The pathways related to oxidative stress induced by ACT were studied in lettuce leaves and roots at 1, 8 and 15 days after exposure. Stress indicators such as hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were analyzed, revealing increases in plants contaminated with ACT in comparison to control, confirming the occurrence of oxidative stress, with the exception of MDA in leaves. The enzymatic activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase, directly involved in the antioxidative system, showed significant differences when compared to control plants, and, depending on the enzyme and the tissue, different trends were observed. Glutathione reductase revealed a decrease in contaminated leaves, which may imply a specific impact of ACT in the glutathione cycle. Significant increases were found in the anthocyanin content of leaves, both with exposure time and ACT concentration, indicating an antioxidative response induced by ACT contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Leitão
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.L.); (L.L.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Luisa L. Martins
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.L.); (L.L.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Luisa Carvalho
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.L.); (L.L.M.); (L.C.)
| | - M. Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.C.O.); (M.M.M.)
| | - M. Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.C.O.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Miguel P. Mourato
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.L.); (L.L.M.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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