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Bai J, Tan X, Tang S, Liu X, Shao L, Wang C, Huang L. Citrus p-Synephrine Improves Energy Homeostasis by Regulating Amino Acid Metabolism in HFD-Induced Mice. Nutrients 2024; 16:248. [PMID: 38257140 PMCID: PMC10818793 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
p-Synephrine is a common alkaloid widely distributed in citrus fruits. However, the effects of p-synephrine on the metabolic profiles of individuals with energy abnormalities are still unclear. In the study, we investigated the effect of p-synephrine on energy homeostasis and metabolic profiles using a high fat diet (HFD)-induced mouse model. We found that p-synephrine inhibited the gain in body weight, liver weight and white adipose tissues weight induced by HFD. p-Synephrine supplementation also reduced levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) but not to a statistically significant degree. Histological analysis showed that HFD induced excessive lipid accumulation and glycogen loss in the liver and adipocyte enlargement in perirenal fat tissue, while p-synephrine supplementation reversed the changes induced by HFD. Moreover, HFD feeding significantly increased mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and reduced the mRNA expression level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) compared to the control group, while p-synephrine supplementation significantly reversed these HFD-induced changes. Liver and serum metabolomic analysis showed that p-synephrine supplementation significantly altered small molecule metabolites in liver and serum in HFD mice and that the changes were closely associated with improvement of energy homeostasis. Notably, amino acid metabolism pathways, both in liver and serum samples, were significantly enriched. Our study suggests that p-synephrine improves energy homeostasis probably by regulating amino acid metabolism in HFD mice, which provides a novel insight into the action mechanism of p-synephrine modulating energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Bai
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; (J.B.)
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Xiang Tan
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; (J.B.)
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Sheng Tang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; (J.B.)
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; (J.B.)
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Linzi Shao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; (J.B.)
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Chen Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China
| | - Linhua Huang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China; (J.B.)
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China
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Xiang P, Chen Q, Chen L, Lei J, Yuan Z, Hu H, Lu Y, Wang X, Wang T, Yu R, Zhang W, Zhang J, Yu C, Ma L. Metabolite Neu5Ac triggers SLC3A2 degradation promoting vascular endothelial ferroptosis and aggravates atherosclerosis progression in ApoE -/-mice. Theranostics 2023; 13:4993-5016. [PMID: 37771765 PMCID: PMC10526676 DOI: 10.7150/thno.87968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Atherosclerosis (AS) is still the major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) as well as stroke. Endothelial metabolic disorder has been found to be activated and then promote endothelial cells (ECs) injury, which is regarded to initiate AS progression. N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a metabolite produced by hexosamine-sialic acid pathway branching from glucose metabolism, was presented as a notable biomarker of CVD and is positively correlated with ECs function. However, few studies explain whether Neu5Ac regulate AS progression by affecting EC function as well as its involved mechanisms are still unknown. Methods: Here, we mimicked an animal model in ApoE-/- mice which displaying similar plasma Neu5Ac levels with AS model to investigate its effect on AS progression. Results: We found that Neu5Ac exacerbated plaques area and increased lipids in plasma in absence of HFD feeding, and ECs inflammatory injury was supposed as the triggering factor upon Neu5Ac treatment with increasing expression of IL-1β, ICAM-1, and promoting ability of monocyte adhesion to ECs. Mechanistic studies showed that Neu5Ac facilitated SLC3A2 binding to ubiquitin and then triggered P62 mediated degradation, further leading to accumulation of lipid peroxidation in ECs. Fer-1 could inhibit ECs injury and reverse AS progression induced by Neu5Ac in ApoE-/- mice. Interestingly, mitochondrial dysfunction was also partly participated in ECs injury after Neu5Ac treatment and been reversed by Fer-1. Conclusions: Together, our study unveils a new mechanism by which evaluated metabolite Neu5Ac could promote SLC3A2 associated endothelial ferroptosis to activate ECs injury and AS plaque progression, thus providing a new insight into the role of Neu5Ac-ferroptosis pathway in AS. Also, our research revealed that pharmacological inhibition of ferroptosis may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for premature AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xiang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingqiu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Le Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Lei
- Xi'an No.1 Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, 710002, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiyi Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Yining Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianmin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruihong Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanping Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, 400010, Chongqing, China
| | - Limei Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, 400010, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, 400010, Chongqing, China
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Zhao M, Zhu Y, Wang H, Zhang W, Mu W. Recent advances on N-acetylneuraminic acid: Physiological roles, applications, and biosynthesis. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2023; 8:509-519. [PMID: 37502821 PMCID: PMC10369400 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), the most common type of Sia, generally acts as the terminal sugar in cell surface glycans, glycoconjugates, oligosaccharides, lipo-oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, thus exerting numerous physiological functions. The extensive applications of Neu5Ac in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries make large-scale production of this chemical desirable. Biosynthesis which is associated with important application potential and environmental friendliness has become an indispensable approach for large-scale synthesis of Neu5Ac. In this review, the physiological roles of Neu5Ac was first summarized in detail. Second, the safety evaluation, regulatory status, and applications of Neu5Ac were discussed. Third, enzyme-catalyzed preparation, whole-cell biocatalysis, and microbial de novo synthesis of Neu5Ac were comprehensively reviewed. In addition, we discussed the main challenges of Neu5Ac de novo biosynthesis, such as screening and engineering of key enzymes, identifying exporters of intermediates and Neu5Ac, and balancing cell growth and biosynthesis. The corresponding strategies and systematic strategies were proposed to overcome these challenges and facilitate Neu5Ac industrial-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Bloomage Biotechnology Corp., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, 250010, PR China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China
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Guerrero-Flores GN, Pacheco FJ, Boskovic DS, Pacheco SOS, Zhang G, Fraser GE, Miles FL. Sialic acids Neu5Ac and KDN in adipose tissue samples from individuals following habitual vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12593. [PMID: 37537165 PMCID: PMC10400564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are a class of sugar molecules with a parent nine-carbon neuraminic acid, generally present at the ends of carbohydrate chains, either attached to cellular surfaces or as secreted glycoconjugates. Given their position and structural diversity, Sias modulate a wide variety of biological processes. However, little is known about the role of Sias in human adipose tissue, or their implications for health and disease, particularly among individuals following different dietary patterns. The goal of this study was to measure N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nononic acid (KDN) concentrations in adipose tissue samples from participants in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) and to compare the abundance of these Sias in individuals following habitual, long-term vegetarian or non-vegetarian dietary patterns. A method was successfully developed for the extraction and detection of Sias in adipose tissue. Sias levels were quantified in 52 vegans, 56 lacto-vegetarians, and 48 non-vegetarians using LC-MS/MS with Neu5Ac-D-1,2,3-13C3 as an internal standard. Dietary groups were compared using linear regression. Vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians had significantly higher concentrations of Neu5Ac relative to non-vegetarians. While KDN levels tended to be higher in vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians, these differences were not statistically significant. However, KDN levels were significantly inversely associated with body mass index. In contrast, Neu5Gc was not detected in human adipose samples. It is plausible that different Neu5Ac concentrations in adipose tissues of vegetarians, compared to those of non-vegetarians, reflect a difference in the baseline inflammatory status between the two groups. Epidemiologic studies examining levels of Sias in human adipose tissue and other biospecimens will help to further explore their roles in development and progression of inflammatory conditions and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo N Guerrero-Flores
- Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Adventista del Plata, 3103, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), 3100, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fabio J Pacheco
- Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Adventista del Plata, 3103, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Institute for Food Science and Nutrition, Universidad Adventista del Plata, 3103, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Danilo S Boskovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Sandaly O S Pacheco
- Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad Adventista del Plata, 3103, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos, Argentina
- Institute for Food Science and Nutrition, Universidad Adventista del Plata, 3103, Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Guangyu Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Gary E Fraser
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyles and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Adventist Health Study, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Fayth L Miles
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
- Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyles and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
- Adventist Health Study, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
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Kawanishi K, Coker JK, Grunddal KV, Dhar C, Hsiao J, Zengler K, Varki N, Varki A, Gordts PL. Dietary Neu5Ac Intervention Protects Against Atherosclerosis Associated With Human-Like Neu5Gc Loss-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2730-2739. [PMID: 34587757 PMCID: PMC8551057 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Species-specific pseudogenization of the CMAH gene during human evolution eliminated common mammalian sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) biosynthesis from its precursor N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). With metabolic nonhuman Neu5Gc incorporation into endothelia from red meat, the major dietary source, anti-Neu5Gc antibodies appeared. Human-like Ldlr-/-Cmah-/- mice on a high-fat diet supplemented with a Neu5Gc-enriched mucin, to mimic human red meat consumption, suffered increased atherosclerosis if human-like anti-Neu5Gc antibodies were elicited. Approach and Results We now ask whether interventional Neu5Ac feeding attenuates metabolically incorporated Neu5Gc-mediated inflammatory acceleration of atherogenesis in this Cmah-/-Ldlr-/- model system. Switching to a Neu5Gc-free high-fat diet or adding a 5-fold excess of Collocalia mucoid-derived Neu5Ac in high-fat diet protects against accelerated atherosclerosis. Switching completely from a Neu5Gc-rich to a Neu5Ac-rich diet further reduces severity. Remarkably, feeding Neu5Ac-enriched high-fat diet alone has a substantial intrinsic protective effect against atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice even in the absence of dietary Neu5Gc but only in the human-like Cmah-null background. Conclusions Interventional Neu5Ac feeding can mitigate or prevent the red meat/Neu5Gc-mediated increased risk for atherosclerosis, and has an intrinsic protective effect, even in the absence of Neu5Gc feeding. These findings suggest that similar interventions should be tried in humans and that Neu5Ac-enriched diets alone should also be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Kawanishi
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Joanna K Coker
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Kaare V. Grunddal
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Chirag Dhar
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Jason Hsiao
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Karsten Zengler
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Nissi Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Philip L.S.M. Gordts
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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Hui Yan T, Babji AS, Lim SJ, Sarbini SR. A Systematic Review of Edible Swiftlet's Nest (ESN): Nutritional bioactive compounds, health benefits as functional food, and recent development as bioactive ESN glycopeptide hydrolysate. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zhang C, Chen J, Liu Y, Xu D. Sialic acid metabolism as a potential therapeutic target of atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:173. [PMID: 31521172 PMCID: PMC6745061 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid (Sia), the acylated derivative of the nine-carbon sugar neuraminic acid, is a terminal component of the oligosaccharide chains of many glycoproteins and glycolipids. In light of its important biological and pathological functions, the relationship between Sia and coronary artery disease (CAD) has been drawing great attentions recently. Large-scale epidemiological surveys have uncovered a positive correlation between plasma total Sia and CAD risk. Further research demonstrated that N-Acetyl-Neuraminic Acid, acting as a signaling molecule, triggered myocardial injury via activation of Rho/ROCK-JNK/ERK signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, there were some evidences showing that the aberrant sialylation of low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein receptor and blood cells was involved in the pathological process of atherosclerosis. Significantly, the Sia regulates immune response by binding to sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglecs). The Sia-Siglecs axis is involved in the immune inflammation of atherosclerosis. The generation of Sia and sialylation of glycoconjugate both depend on many enzymes, such as sialidase, sialyltransferase and trans-sialidase. Abnormal activation or level of these enzymes associated with atherosclerosis, and inhibitors of them might be new CAD treatments. In this review, we focus on summarizing current understanding of Sia metabolism and of its relevance to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Department of Health Management Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, 61 Jiefang West Road, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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