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Zhang Y, Chen J, Kong F, Wang C, Guo H, Li Y, Lu J, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhou Y. Label-free Colorimetric Detection of Viral RNA Based on Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and Gold Nanoparticles with a Portable Device. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:11534-11540. [PMID: 38758706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Viral infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are some of the most dangerous threats to humans. SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic, highlighting the unprecedented demand for rapid and portable diagnostic methods. To meet these requirements, we designed a label-free colorimetric platform that combines the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) 12a system for naked-eye detection (named LFP). This method utilizes reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and the trans-cleavage activity of the CRISPR/Cas12a system to increase the sensitivity and specificity of the reaction. This platform can detect as few as 4 copies/μL of RNA and produces no false positive results when tested against the influenza virus. To better meet the requirements of point-of-care (POC) detection, we developed a portable device that can be applied in resource-poor and densely populated regions. The LFP assay holds great potential for application in resource-limited settings, and the label-free gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) probe can reduce costs, making it suitable for large-scale screening. We expect that the LFP assay will be promising for the POC screening of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jianai Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Fange Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Hangyu Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yingchun Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jicheng Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jiasi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
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2
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Yi K, Tian M, Li X. The Influence of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases on Viral Pneumonia Development, Including COVID-19: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Pathogens 2024; 13:101. [PMID: 38392839 PMCID: PMC10893279 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between thyroid function and viral pneumonia has undergone extensive examination, yet the presence of a causal link remains uncertain. The objective of this paper was to employ Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the connections between three thyroid diseases and thyroid hormone indicators with viral pneumonia and COVID-19. We obtained summary statistics datasets from seven genome-wide association studies (GWASs). The primary method used for estimating relationships was inverse-variance weighting (IVW). In addition, we employed weighted median, weighted mode, MR-Egger, and MR-PRESSO as supplementary analytical tools. Sensitivity analyses encompassed Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, and MR-PRESSO. Our study revealed significant causal relationships between having a genetic predisposition to autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and an increased susceptibility to viral pneumonia (odds ratio [OR]: 1.096; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.022-1.176). Moreover, it demonstrated a heightened susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 (OR for COVID-19 susceptibility, COVID-19 hospitalization, and COVID-19 critical illness, with 95% CIs of 1.016, 1.001-1.032; 1.058, 1.003-1.116; 1.045, 1.010-1.081). However, no statistically significant associations were found between TSH, FT4, subclinical hypo- or hyperthyroidism, and the risk of viral pneumonia incidence, or the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 (all p > 0.05). This study establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between AITD and the development of viral pneumonia, as well as the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Yi
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Mingjie Tian
- Shanghai Deji Hospital, Qingdao University, Shanghai 200331, China;
| | - Xue Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China;
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3
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Battisti A, Samal SK, Puppi D. Biosensing Systems Based on Graphene Oxide Fluorescence Quenching Effect. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1522. [PMID: 37630058 PMCID: PMC10456591 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a versatile material obtained by the strong oxidation of graphite. Among its peculiar properties, there is the outstanding ability to significantly alter the fluorescence of many common fluorophores and dyes. This property has been exploited in the design of novel switch-ON and switch-OFF fluorescence biosensing platforms for the detection of a plethora of biomolecules, especially pathological biomarkers and environmental contaminants. Currently, novel advanced strategies are being developed for therapeutic, diagnostic and theranostic approaches to widespread pathologies caused by viral or bacterial agents, as well as to cancer. This work illustrates an overview of the most recent applications of GO-based sensing systems relying on its fluorescence quenching effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Battisti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, p.zza San Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sangram Keshari Samal
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine for Advanced Therapies, ICMR-RMRC, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India;
| | - Dario Puppi
- BIOLab Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, UdR INSTM Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy;
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Presti D, Bergier J, Ripoll L, Borio C, Torchia GA, Bilen M. Point-of-care real-time DNA detection device for SARS-CoV-2 from clinical samples. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2023; 40:C1-C7. [PMID: 37132945 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.479058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the global pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, people's health and the economic support of their countries have been seriously affected. It was necessary to develop a low-cost and faster diagnostic tool that allows the evaluation of symptomatic patients. Point-of-care testing and point-of-need testing systems have been recently developed to solve these drawbacks, providing accurate and rapid diagnostics at field level or at the site of outbreaks. In this work, a bio-photonic device has been developed for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The device is used with an isothermal system (Easy Loop Amplification based) for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The performance of the device was evaluated in the detection of a SARS-CoV-2 RNA sample panel, showing an analytical sensitivity comparable to the reference method of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction used commercially. In addition, the device was mainly built with simple and low-cost components; therefore, it is possible to obtain a high-efficiency and low-cost instrument. The device excites the sample to be analyzed with a semiconductor laser with a specific wavelength, thus triggering spontaneous emission of the fluorophore bound to the specific probe. The emitted fluorescence is suitably managed by using interferential filters. Under these conditions, a signal is registered and, depending on this level, defines the case as positive or negative. All the analysis is done autonomously inside the developed device through an integrated control system, and it is connected to a portable device to show the results wirelessly.
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Yang T, Wang SC, Ye L, Maimaitiyiming Y, Naranmandura H. Targeting viral proteins for restraining SARS-CoV-2: focusing lens on viral proteins beyond spike for discovering new drug targets. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:247-268. [PMID: 36723288 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2175812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emergence of highly infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants are reducing protection provided by current vaccines, requiring constant updates in antiviral approaches. The virus encodes four structural and sixteen nonstructural proteins which play important roles in viral genome replication and transcription, virion assembly, release , entry into cells, and compromising host cellular defenses. As alien proteins to host cells, many viral proteins represent potential targets for combating the SARS-CoV-2. AREAS COVERED Based on literature from PubMed and Web of Science databases, the authors summarize the typical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 from the whole viral particle to the individual viral proteins and their corresponding functions in virus life cycle. The authors also discuss the potential and emerging targeted interventions to curb virus replication and spread in detail to provide unique insights into SARS-CoV-2 infection and countermeasures against it. EXPERT OPINION Our comprehensive analysis highlights the rationale to focus on non-spike viral proteins that are less mutated but have important functions. Examples of this include: structural proteins (e.g. nucleocapsid protein, envelope protein) and extensively-concerned nonstructural proteins (e.g. NSP3, NSP5, NSP12) along with the ones with relatively less attention (e.g. NSP1, NSP10, NSP14 and NSP16), for developing novel drugs to overcome resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to preexisting vaccines and antibody-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Si Chun Wang
- Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linyan Ye
- Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yasen Maimaitiyiming
- Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Haematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Neurobiology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, and MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Naranmandura
- Department of Hematology of First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Haematology Oncology Diagnosis and Treatment, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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6
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Porter A, Brown CC, Rodriguez A, Zohoori N, Wells S, Crump A, Romero J, Tilford JM. Variation in Time Between Testing Positive for COVID-19 and Hospital Admission by Race/Ethnicity and Insurance Status. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2023; 34:1290-1304. [PMID: 38661756 PMCID: PMC11101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the extent to which demographic and socioeconomic factors play a role in the disparities associated with duration between testing positive for COVID-19 and hospital admission will help in achieving equitable health outcomes. This project linked the statewide COVID-19 registry to administrative datasets to examine the variation in times between testing positive for COVID-19 and hospital admission by race/ethnicity and insurance. In 2020, there were 11,314 patients admitted for COVID-19 in Arkansas. Approximately 42.2% tested positive for COVID-19 on the same day as hospital admission. Black patients had 38% higher odds of hospitalization on the day of testing compared with White patients (p<.001). Medicaid and uninsured patients had 51% and 50% higher odds of admission on the day of testing compared with privately insured patients (both p<.001), respectively. This study highlights the implications of reduced access to testing with respect to equitable health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Porter
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Clare C. Brown
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Analiz Rodriguez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Namvar Zohoori
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, AR 72205
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Samantha Wells
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Alisha Crump
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - José Romero
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - J. Mick Tilford
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
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7
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Application of Nanotechnology in COVID-19 Infection: Findings and Limitations. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt3040014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to address the global mortality of the COVID-19 pandemic, as it reached 6.3 million as of July 2022. As such, the experts recommended the mass diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection at an early stage using nanotechnology-based sensitive diagnostic approaches. The development of nanobiosensors for Point-of-Care (POC) sampling of COVID-19 could ensure mass detection without the need for sophisticated laboratories or expert personnel. The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques for POC detection was also proposed. In addition, the utilization of various antiviral nanomaterials such as Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the development of masks for personal protection mitigates viral transmission. Nowadays, nano-assisted vaccines have been approved for emergency use, but their safety and effectiveness in the mutant strain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus remain challenging. Methodology: Updated literature was sourced from various research indexing databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Research Gate and Google Scholars. Result: We presented the concept of novel nanotechnology researched discovery, including nano-devices, electrochemical biosensing, nano-assisted vaccine, and nanomedicines, for use in recent times, which could be a formidable step for future management of COVID-19.
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8
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Maleki B, Hojati Z. A precise review on NAATs-based diagnostic assays for COVID-19: A motion in fast POC molecular tests. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13853. [PMID: 35989561 PMCID: PMC9538879 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnosis is one of the main strategies to deal with infectious and deadly diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The global pandemic of COVID-19 has led to an immediate need to expand rapid diagnostic techniques. New isothermal-based methods are being developed for COVID-19 detection aiming to resolve the limitations related to the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method through immediate samples processing and minimizing false-negative or ambiguous results. Advances in nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) can provide affordable and easy-to-use diagnostic platforms with high sensitivity and specificity in order to be available to the public as approved commercial kits. AIMS The development of point-of-care (POC) testing can assist in rapid clinical decision-making and mitigate burdens on health care facilities. Finally, we discussed the different diagnostic methods based on NAATs for COVID-19 in detail. Comparative parameters are addressed for all assays and Emergency Use Authorizations (EUA)-approved commercial tests are cited. CONCLUSIONS Isothermal-coupled methods and LAMP-based molecular methods have been suggested as suitable portable tests with high diagnostic speed for use in POC testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Maleki
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Hojati
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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9
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Vásquez V, Orozco J. Detection of COVID-19-related biomarkers by electrochemical biosensors and potential for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of the course of the disease in the context of personalized medicine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:1003-1031. [PMID: 35970970 PMCID: PMC9378265 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a more efficient and effective way to address disease diagnosis and intervention, cutting-edge technologies, devices, therapeutic approaches, and practices have emerged within the personalized medicine concept depending on the particular patient's biology and the molecular basis of the disease. Personalized medicine is expected to play a pivotal role in assessing disease risk or predicting response to treatment, understanding a person's health status, and, therefore, health care decision-making. This work discusses electrochemical biosensors for monitoring multiparametric biomarkers at different molecular levels and their potential to elucidate the health status of an individual in a personalized manner. In particular, and as an illustration, we discuss several aspects of the infection produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a current health care concern worldwide. This includes SARS-CoV-2 structure, mechanism of infection, biomarkers, and electrochemical biosensors most commonly explored for diagnostics, prognostics, and potentially assessing the risk of complications in patients in the context of personalized medicine. Finally, some concluding remarks and perspectives hint at the use of electrochemical biosensors in the frame of other cutting-edge converging/emerging technologies toward the inauguration of a new paradigm of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Vásquez
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Medellín, 050010 Colombia
| | - Jahir Orozco
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Medellín, 050010 Colombia
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10
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Chaouch M. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): An effective molecular point-of-care technique for the rapid diagnosis of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2215. [PMID: 33476080 PMCID: PMC7995099 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) public health emergency has caused enormous loss around the world. This pandemic is a concrete example of the existing gap between availability of advanced diagnostics and current need for cost-effective methodology. The advent of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay provided an innovative tool for establishing a rapid diagnostic technique based on the molecular amplification of pathogen RNA or DNA. In this review, we explore the applications, diagnostic effectiveness of LAMP test for molecular diagnosis and surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Our results show that LAMP can be considered as an effective point-of-care test for the diagnosis of Covid-19 in endemic areas, especially for low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Chaouch
- Laboratory of Medical ParasitologyBiotechnology and Biomolecules LR 11 IPT 06Institut Pasteur de TunisTunisTunisia
- Laboratory of BioinformaticsBiomathematics and Biostatistics LR 16 IPT 09Institut Pasteur de TunisTunisTunisia
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11
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Zhang Y, Chen M, Liu C, Chen J, Luo X, Xue Y, Liang Q, Zhou L, Tao Y, Li M, Wang D, Zhou J, Wang J. Sensitive and rapid on-site detection of SARS-CoV-2 using a gold nanoparticle-based high-throughput platform coupled with CRISPR/Cas12-assisted RT-LAMP. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021. [PMID: 34248284 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2020.128905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a global pandemic. The high infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 highlights the need for sensitive, rapid and on-site diagnostic assays of SARS-CoV-2 with high-throughput testing capability for large-scale population screening. The current detection methods in clinical application need to operate in centralized labs. Though some on-site detection methods have been developed, few tests could be performed for high-throughput analysis. We here developed a gold nanoparticle-based visual assay that combines with CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted RT-LAMP, which is called Cas12a-assisted RT-LAMP/AuNP (CLAP) assay for rapid and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2. In optimal condition, we could detect down to 4 copies/μL of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 40 min. by naked eye. The sequence-specific recognition character of CRISPR/Cas12a enables CLAP a superior specificity. More importantly, the CLAP is easy for operation that can be extended to high-throughput test by using a common microplate reader. The CLAP assay holds a great potential to be applied in airports, railway stations, or low-resource settings for screening of suspected people. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first AuNP-based colorimetric assay coupled with Cas12 and RT-LAMP for on-site diagnosis of COVID-19. We expect CLAP assay will improve the current COVID-19 screening efforts, and make contribution for control and mitigation of the pandemic.
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Key Words
- AuNP, gold nanoparticle
- COVID-19, Corona Virus Disease 2019
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- CRISPR/Cas
- Coronavirus disease
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- FDA, American Food and Drug Administration
- Gold nanoparticle
- HCRs, hybridization chain reactions
- High-throughput on-site detection
- LAMP, loop-mediated isothermal amplification
- Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
- NMPA, the Chinese National Medical Products Administration
- POCT, point of care testing
- RPA, recombinase polymerase amplification
- RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-real time quantitative PCR
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- TCEP, Tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Minyan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chengrong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xinyi Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yingying Xue
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Qiming Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiasi Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Chen M, Liu C, Chen J, Luo X, Xue Y, Liang Q, Zhou L, Tao Y, Li M, Wang D, Zhou J, Wang J. Sensitive and rapid on-site detection of SARS-CoV-2 using a gold nanoparticle-based high-throughput platform coupled with CRISPR/Cas12-assisted RT-LAMP. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 345:130411. [PMID: 34248284 PMCID: PMC8257267 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.130411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a global pandemic. The high infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 highlights the need for sensitive, rapid and on-site diagnostic assays of SARS-CoV-2 with high-throughput testing capability for large-scale population screening. The current detection methods in clinical application need to operate in centralized labs. Though some on-site detection methods have been developed, few tests could be performed for high-throughput analysis. We here developed a gold nanoparticle-based visual assay that combines with CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted RT-LAMP, which is called Cas12a-assisted RT-LAMP/AuNP (CLAP) assay for rapid and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2. In optimal condition, we could detect down to 4 copies/μL of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 40 min. by naked eye. The sequence-specific recognition character of CRISPR/Cas12a enables CLAP a superior specificity. More importantly, the CLAP is easy for operation that can be extended to high-throughput test by using a common microplate reader. The CLAP assay holds a great potential to be applied in airports, railway stations, or low-resource settings for screening of suspected people. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first AuNP-based colorimetric assay coupled with Cas12 and RT-LAMP for on-site diagnosis of COVID-19. We expect CLAP assay will improve the current COVID-19 screening efforts, and make contribution for control and mitigation of the pandemic.
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Key Words
- AuNP, gold nanoparticle
- COVID-19, Corona Virus Disease 2019
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- CRISPR/Cas
- Coronavirus disease
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium
- FDA, American Food and Drug Administration
- Gold nanoparticle
- HCRs, hybridization chain reactions
- High-throughput on-site detection
- LAMP, loop-mediated isothermal amplification
- Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
- NMPA, the Chinese National Medical Products Administration
- POCT, point of care testing
- RPA, recombinase polymerase amplification
- RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-real time quantitative PCR
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- TCEP, Tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Minyan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chengrong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xinyi Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yingying Xue
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Qiming Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiasi Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
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Predicting Intensive Care Unit Admissions for COVID-19 Patients in the Emergency Department. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 16:1594-1598. [PMID: 34462044 PMCID: PMC8460423 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Determining the parameters that can predict the requirement of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions among the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients presented to the emergency departments (EDs). Methods: In adult consecutive patients admitted (March 15 - April 15, 2020) to the ED of a state hospital for COVID-19, we retrospectively analyzed demographic data, symptoms, laboratory tests, and chest computed tomography (CT) on arrival. Results: We included 458 patients [213 (46.5%) females, median age 48 y]. Body temperature, respiration rate, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, ferritin values, and the number of comorbidities were significantly higher in patients admitted to the ICU than others. Also, diffuse infiltration in chest CT is more common in patients who need ICU follow-up. As a result of the binary regression analysis, a statistically significant correlation was found between the presence of dyspnea (odds ratio [OR]: 12.55), tachypnea (relative risk [RR] ≥ 18) (OR: 14.54), multiple comorbidities (≥2) (OR: 23.39), diffuse infiltration in CT (OR: 14.52), and CRP (≥45 mg/L) (OR: 4.71); and the need for ICU admission. Conclusion: It has been concluded that the presence of dyspnea and tachypnea, elevated CRP, presence of multiple comorbidities, and diffuse infiltration in CT may predict the need for ICU admissions of the patients, who presented to the EDs.
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14
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Mack CD, Osterholm M, Wasserman EB, Petruski-Ivleva N, Anderson DJ, Myers E, Singh N, Walton P, Solomon G, Hostler C, Mancell J, Sills A. Optimizing SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance in the United States: Insights From the National Football League Occupational Health Program. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174:1081-1089. [PMID: 34125571 PMCID: PMC8252091 DOI: 10.7326/m21-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence to understand effective strategies for surveillance and early detection of SARS-CoV-2 is limited. OBJECTIVE To describe the results of a rigorous, large-scale COVID-19 testing and monitoring program. DESIGN The U.S. National Football League (NFL) and the NFL Players Association (NFLPA) instituted a large-scale COVID-19 monitoring program involving daily testing using 2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) platforms (Roche cobas and Thermo Fisher QuantStudio), a transcription-mediated amplification platform (Hologic Panther), and an antigen point-of-care (aPOC) test (Quidel Sofia). SETTING 32 NFL clubs in 24 states during the 2020 NFL season. PARTICIPANTS NFL players and staff. MEASUREMENTS SARS-CoV-2 test results were described in the context of medically adjudicated status. Cycle threshold (Ct) values are reported when available. RESULTS A total of 632 370 tests administered across 11 668 persons identified 270 (2.4%) COVID-19 cases from 1 August to 14 November 2020. Positive predictive values ranged from 73.0% to 82.0% across the RT-PCR platforms. High Ct values (33 to 37) often indicated early infection. For the first positive result, the median Ct value was 32.77 (interquartile range, 30.02 to 34.72) and 22% of Ct values were above 35. Among adjudicated COVID-19 cases tested with aPOC, 42.3% had a negative result. Positive concordance between aPOC test result and adjudicated case status increased as viral load increased. LIMITATIONS Platforms varied by laboratory, and test variability may reflect procedural differences. CONCLUSION Routine RT-PCR testing allowed early detection of infection. Cycle threshold values provided a useful guidepost for understanding results, with high values often indicating early infection. Antigen POC testing was unable to reliably rule out COVID-19 early in infection. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE The NFL and the NFLPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Deverick J Anderson
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, and Infection Control Education for Major Sports, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (D.J.A.)
| | - Emily Myers
- National Football League, New York, New York (E.M., G.S., A.S.)
| | - Navdeep Singh
- Eden Medical Center, Castro Valley, California (N.S.)
| | - Patti Walton
- Williamson Medical Center, Franklin, Tennessee (P.W.)
| | - Gary Solomon
- National Football League, New York, New York (E.M., G.S., A.S.)
| | - Christopher Hostler
- Duke University School of Medicine and Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina, and Infection Control Education for Major Sports, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.H.)
| | - Jimmie Mancell
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (J.M.)
| | - Allen Sills
- National Football League, New York, New York (E.M., G.S., A.S.)
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15
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Berdahl CT, Nguyen AT, Diniz MA, Henreid AJ, Nuckols TK, Libby CP, Pevnick JM. Using body temperature and variables commonly available in the EHR to predict acute infection: a proof-of-concept study showing improved pretest probability estimates for acute COVID-19 infection among discharged emergency department patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 8:450-457. [PMID: 34187134 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obtaining body temperature is a quick and easy method to screen for acute infection such as COVID-19. Currently, the predictive value of body temperature for acute infection is inhibited by failure to account for other readily available variables that affect temperature values. In this proof-of-concept study, we sought to improve COVID-19 pretest probability estimation by incorporating covariates known to be associated with body temperature, including patient age, sex, comorbidities, month, and time of day. METHODS For patients discharged from an academic hospital emergency department after testing for COVID-19 in March and April of 2020, we abstracted clinical data. We reviewed physician documentation to retrospectively generate estimates of pretest probability for COVID-19. Using patients' COVID-19 PCR test results as a gold standard, we compared AUCs of logistic regression models predicting COVID-19 positivity that used: (1) body temperature alone; (2) body temperature and pretest probability; (3) body temperature, pretest probability, and body temperature-relevant covariates. Calibration plots and bootstrap validation were used to assess predictive performance for model #3. RESULTS Data from 117 patients were included. The models' AUCs were: (1) 0.69 (2) 0.72, and (3) 0.76, respectively. The absolute difference in AUC was 0.029 (95% CI -0.057 to 0.114, p=0.25) between model 2 and 1 and 0.038 (95% CI -0.021 to 0.097, p=0.10) between model 3 and 2. CONCLUSIONS By incorporating covariates known to affect body temperature, we demonstrated improved pretest probability estimates of acute COVID-19 infection. Future work should be undertaken to further develop and validate our model in a larger, multi-institutional sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - An T Nguyen
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Ünlü B, Simsek R, Köse SBE, Yirün A, Erkekoglu P. Neurological Effects of Sars-Cov-2 And Neurotoxicity of Antiviral Drugs Against Covid-19. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:213-231. [PMID: 34191697 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210629100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is caused by different SARS viruses. In 2020, novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) led to an ongoing pandemic, known as "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". The disease can spread among individuals through direct (via saliva, respiratory secretions or secretion droplets) or indirect (through contaminated objects or surfaces) contact. The pandemic has spread rapidly from Asia to Europe and later to America. It continues to affect all parts of the world at an increasing rate. There have been over 92 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 by mid-January 2021. The similarity of homological sequences between SARS-CoV-2 and other SARS-CoVs is high. In addition, clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 and other SARS viruses show similarities. However, some COVID-19 cases show neurologic signs like headache, loss of smell, hiccups and encephalopathy. The drugs used in the palliative treatment of the disease also have some neurotoxic effects. Currently, there are approved vaccines for COVID-19. However, there is a need for specific therapeutics against COVID-19. This review will describe the neurological effects of SARS-CoV-2 and the neurotoxicity of COVID-19 drugs used in clinics. Drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19 will be evaluated by their mechanism of action and their toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Ünlü
- TOBB University, Bioengineering Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rahime Simsek
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sıhhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selinay Başak Erdemli Köse
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Sıhhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anıl Yirün
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Sıhhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pinar Erkekoglu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Sıhhiye 06100, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Motta D, Amaral LFTG, Silva BCDS, Gomes LDF, Barbosa WT, Coelho RS, Machado BAS. Collaborative and Structured Network for Maintenance of Mechanical Ventilators during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:754. [PMID: 34207413 PMCID: PMC8234581 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Brazil has grown rapidly since the first case was reported on 26 February 2020. As the pandemic has spread, the low availability of medical equipment has increased, especially mechanical ventilators. The Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) claimed to have only 40,508 mechanical ventilators, which would be insufficient to support the Brazilian population at the pandemic peak. This lack of ventilators, especially in public hospitals, required quick, assertive, and effective actions to minimize the health crisis. This work provides an overview of the rapid deployment of a network for maintaining disused mechanical ventilators in public and private healthcare units in some regions of Brazil during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Data referring to the processes of maintaining equipment, acquiring parts, and conducting national and international training were collected and analyzed. In total, 4047 ventilators were received by the maintenance sites, and 2516 ventilators were successfully repaired and returned to the healthcare units, which represents a success rate of 62.17%. The results show that the maintenance initiative directly impacted the availability and reliability of the equipment, allowing access to ventilators in the public and private health system and increasing the capacity of beds during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Motta
- Postgraduate Program MPDS/GETEC/MCTI, University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil; (D.M.); (L.F.T.G.A.); (B.C.d.S.S.); (L.d.F.G.); (W.T.B.); (R.S.C.)
| | - Luiz Fernando Taboada Gomes Amaral
- Postgraduate Program MPDS/GETEC/MCTI, University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil; (D.M.); (L.F.T.G.A.); (B.C.d.S.S.); (L.d.F.G.); (W.T.B.); (R.S.C.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Automation (CIMATEC ISI Automation), SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Bruno Caetano dos Santos Silva
- Postgraduate Program MPDS/GETEC/MCTI, University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil; (D.M.); (L.F.T.G.A.); (B.C.d.S.S.); (L.d.F.G.); (W.T.B.); (R.S.C.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Forming and Joining of Materials (CIMATEC ISI F&J), SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Freitas Gomes
- Postgraduate Program MPDS/GETEC/MCTI, University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil; (D.M.); (L.F.T.G.A.); (B.C.d.S.S.); (L.d.F.G.); (W.T.B.); (R.S.C.)
| | - Willams Teles Barbosa
- Postgraduate Program MPDS/GETEC/MCTI, University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil; (D.M.); (L.F.T.G.A.); (B.C.d.S.S.); (L.d.F.G.); (W.T.B.); (R.S.C.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Forming and Joining of Materials (CIMATEC ISI F&J), SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Santiago Coelho
- Postgraduate Program MPDS/GETEC/MCTI, University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil; (D.M.); (L.F.T.G.A.); (B.C.d.S.S.); (L.d.F.G.); (W.T.B.); (R.S.C.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Forming and Joining of Materials (CIMATEC ISI F&J), SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- Postgraduate Program MPDS/GETEC/MCTI, University Center SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil; (D.M.); (L.F.T.G.A.); (B.C.d.S.S.); (L.d.F.G.); (W.T.B.); (R.S.C.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Advanced Health Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), SENAI CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845 Piatã, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
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Shang Z, Chan SY, Liu WJ, Li P, Huang W. Recent Insights into Emerging Coronavirus: SARS-CoV-2. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1369-1388. [PMID: 33296169 PMCID: PMC7737536 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak that emerged at the end of 2019 has affected more than 58 million people with more than 1.38 million deaths and has had an incalculable impact on the world . Extensive prevention and treatment measures have been implemented since the pandemic. In this Review, we summarize current understanding on the source, transmission characteristics, and pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2. We also detail the recent development of diagnostic methods and potential treatment strategies of COVID-19 with focus on the ongoing clinical trials of antibodies, vaccines, and inhibitors for combating the emerging coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifang Shang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
(FSCFE), Xian Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of
Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical
University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Siew Yin Chan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
(FSCFE), Xian Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of
Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical
University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
| | - William J. Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute
for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control
and Prevention, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
(FSCFE), Xian Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of
Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical
University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
(FSCFE), Xian Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of
Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical
University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &
Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for
Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University
(NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information
Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing
University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023,
China
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19
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Machado BAS, Hodel KVS, Barbosa-Júnior VG, Soares MBP, Badaró R. The Main Molecular and Serological Methods for Diagnosing COVID-19: An Overview Based on the Literature. Viruses 2020; 13:E40. [PMID: 33383888 PMCID: PMC7823618 DOI: 10.3390/v13010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic tests have been considered as the main alternative for the control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as a correct diagnosis allows for decision making when facing the disease, particularly as there is a lack of effective therapeutic protocols and vaccines. Thus, in this review, we summarized the main diagnostic approaches currently available for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans based on studies available in article databases. The tests can be organized into two main categories: nucleic acid-based tests, recommended for the initial detection of the virus, and serological tests, recommended for assessing the disease progression. The studies have shown that the performance of diagnostic methods depends on different factors, such as the type of samples and the characteristics of each assay. It was identified that the positivity of the tests is mainly related to the onset of symptoms. We also observed that point-of-care diagnoses are considered as one of the main trends in this area, due to the low-cost and simplicity of the assay; however, the analytical performance must be critically analyzed. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical role of diagnostic technologies in the control of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Katharine Valéria Saraiva Hodel
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Valdir Gomes Barbosa-Júnior
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto Badaró
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (K.V.S.H.); (V.G.B.-J.); (M.B.P.S.); (R.B.)
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20
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Arumugam A, Faron ML, Yu P, Markham C, Wu M, Wong S. A Rapid SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Assay for Low Resource Settings. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E739. [PMID: 32987722 PMCID: PMC7598596 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay is the gold standard recommended to test for acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, it generally requires expensive equipment such as RNA isolation instruments and real-time PCR thermal cyclers. As a pandemic, COVID-19 has spread indiscriminately, and many low resource settings and developing countries do not have the means for fast and accurate COVID-19 detection to control the outbreak. Additionally, long assay times, in part caused by slow sample preparation steps, have created a large backlog when testing patient samples suspected of COVID-19. With many PCR-based molecular assays including an extraction step, this can take a significant amount of time and labor, especially if the extraction is performed manually. Using COVID-19 clinical specimens, we have collected evidence that the RT-qPCR assay can feasibly be performed directly on patient sample material in virus transport medium (VTM) without an RNA extraction step, while still producing sensitive test results. If RNA extraction steps can be omitted without significantly affecting clinical sensitivity, the turn-around time of COVID-19 tests, and the backlog we currently experience can be reduced drastically. Furthermore, our data suggest that rapid RT-PCR can be implemented for sensitive and specific molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 in locations where sophisticated laboratory instruments are not available. Our USD 300 set up achieved rapid RT-PCR using thin-walled PCR tubes and a water bath setup using sous vide immersion heaters, a Raspberry Pi computer, and a single servo motor that can process up to 96 samples at a time. Using COVID-19 positive clinical specimens, we demonstrated that RT-PCR assays can be performed in as little as 12 min using untreated samples, heat-inactivated samples, or extracted RNA templates with our low-cost water bath setup. These findings can help rapid COVID-19 testing to become more accessible and attainable across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Arumugam
- AI Biosciences, Inc., College Station, TX 77845, USA; (A.A.); (P.Y.); (C.M.); (M.W.)
| | | | - Peter Yu
- AI Biosciences, Inc., College Station, TX 77845, USA; (A.A.); (P.Y.); (C.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Cole Markham
- AI Biosciences, Inc., College Station, TX 77845, USA; (A.A.); (P.Y.); (C.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Michelle Wu
- AI Biosciences, Inc., College Station, TX 77845, USA; (A.A.); (P.Y.); (C.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Season Wong
- AI Biosciences, Inc., College Station, TX 77845, USA; (A.A.); (P.Y.); (C.M.); (M.W.)
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