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Shen X, Wu P, Lin W. A new model for bubble cluster dynamics in a viscoelastic media. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 107:106890. [PMID: 38693010 PMCID: PMC11176833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Bubble cluster dynamics in viscoelastic media is instructive for ultrasound diagnosis and therapy. In this paper, we propose a statistical model for bubble cluster dynamics in viscoelastic media considering the radius distribution of bubble nuclei. By investigating and comparing the response for a bubble in three conditions: single bubble; multi-bubble with the same radius; multi-bubble with different radius, the following rules are found: The promotion or suppression of the bubble cluster on the bubble vibration is not monotonous with the increase of the number of bubbles. The promotion or suppression of the bubble cluster on the bubble vibration varies alternately with the frequency. The effect of bubble cluster on bubble vibration is mostly suppressed when the driving acoustic pressure amplitude pa is high (5000 kPa). Usually, the bubble cluster promotes the vibration of the large bubbles (R0 = 10 μm) more, or suppresses it less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhuo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Weijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Zhou J, Ji X, Wang H, Hsu JC, Hua C, Yang X, Liu Z, Guo H, Huang Y, Li Y, Cai W, Lin X, Ni D. Design of Ultrasound-Driven Charge Interference Therapy for Wound Infection. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38912706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Wound infections, especially those caused by pathogenic bacteria, present a considerable public health concern due to associated complications and poor therapeutic outcomes. Herein, we developed antibacterial nanoparticles, namely, PGTP, by coordinating guanidine derivatives with a porphyrin-based sonosensitizer. The synthesized PGTP nanoparticles, characterized by their strong positive charge, effectively disrupted the bacterial biosynthesis process through charge interference, demonstrating efficacy against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, PGTP nanoparticles generated reactive oxygen species under ultrasound stimulation, resulting in the disruption of biofilm integrity and efficient elimination of pathogens. RNA-seq analysis unveiled the detailed mechanism of wound healing, revealing that PGTP nanoparticles, when coupled with ultrasound, impair bacterial metabolism by interfering with the synthesis and transcription of amino acids. This study presents a novel approach to combatting wound infections through ultrasound-driven charge-interfering therapy, facilitated by advanced antibacterial nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiuru Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jessica C Hsu
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Chen Hua
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zeyang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haiyan Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuhan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Dalong Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215163, China
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3
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Fang J, Tan J, Lin L, Cao Y, Xu R, Lin C, He G, Xu X, Xiao X, Jiang Q, Saw PE. Bioactive Nanotherapeutic Ultrasound Contrast Agent for Concurrent Breast Cancer Ultrasound Imaging and Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401436. [PMID: 38923231 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) plays a crucial role in cancer diagnosis. The use of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) is inevitable in CEUS. However, current applications of UCAs primarily focus on enhancing imaging quality of ultrasound contrast rather than serving as integrated platforms for both diagnosis and treatment in clinical settings. In this study, a novel UCA, termed NPs-DPPA(C3F8), is innovatively prepared using a combination of nanoprecipitation and ultrasound vibration methods. The DPPA lipid possesses inherent antiangiogenic and antitumor activities, and when combined with C3F8, it functions as a theranostic agent. Notably, the preparation of NPs-DPPA(C3F8) is straightforward, requiring only one hour from raw materials to the final product due to the use of a single material, DPPA. NPs-DPPA(C3F8) exhibits inherent antiangiogenic and biotherapeutic activities, effectively inhibiting triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) angiogenesis and reducing VEGFA expression both in vitro and in vivo. Clinically, NPs-DPPA(C3F8) enables simultaneous real-time imaging, tumor assessment, and antitumor activity. Additionally, through ultrasound cavitation, NPs-DPPA(C3F8) can overcome the dense vascular walls to increase accumulation at the tumor site and facilitate internalization by tumor cells. The successful preparation of NPs-DPPA(C3F8) offers a novel approach for integrating clinical diagnosis and treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Jiabao Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Rui Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Chunhao Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Gui He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoding Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Qiongchao Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Phei Er Saw
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Nanomaterials, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
- Department of General Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
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4
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Zhang T, Yuan J, Li J, Li W, Qin Y, Ge X, Ou-Yang J, Yang X, Zhu B. Design and prediction of laser-induced damage threshold of CNT-PDMS optoacoustic transducer. ULTRASONICS 2024; 142:107377. [PMID: 38901151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The optoacoustic transducer has emerged as a new candidate for medical ultrasound applications and attracts considerable attention. Optoacoustic diagnosis and treatment sometimes require high-intensity acoustic pressure, which is often accompanied by the problem of laser-induced damage. Addressing the laser-induced damage phenomenon from a theoretical perspective holds paramount importance. In this study, the theoretical model of laser-induced damage of the carbon nanotubes-polydimethylsiloxane (CNT-PDMS) composite optoacoustic transducer is established. It is found that this laser-induced damage belongs to thermal ablation damage. Furthermore, the correctness of this theory can be confirmed by experimental results. Most importantly, when the laser energy density is less than threshold value of laser energy density, the optoacoustic transducer can work stable for long time. These encouraging results demonstrate that this work can provide significant guidance for the exploration and utilization of optoacoustic transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuit, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junru Yuan
- School of Integrated Circuit, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiapu Li
- School of Integrated Circuit, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenbo Li
- School of Integrated Circuit, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yijie Qin
- School of Integrated Circuit, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xu Ge
- School of Integrated Circuit, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun Ou-Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Benpeng Zhu
- School of Integrated Circuit, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
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5
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Abousalman-Rezvani Z, Refaat A, Dehghankelishadi P, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Esser L, Voelcker NH. Insights into Targeted and Stimulus-Responsive Nanocarriers for Brain Cancer Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302902. [PMID: 38199238 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Brain cancers, especially glioblastoma multiforme, are associated with poor prognosis due to the limited efficacy of current therapies. Nanomedicine has emerged as a versatile technology to treat various diseases, including cancers, and has played an indispensable role in combatting the COVID-19 pandemic as evidenced by the role that lipid nanocarrier-based vaccines have played. The tunability of nanocarrier physicochemical properties -including size, shape, surface chemistry, and drug release kinetics- has resulted in the development of a wide range of nanocarriers for brain cancer treatment. These nanocarriers can improve the pharmacokinetics of drugs, increase blood-brain barrier transfer efficiency, and specifically target brain cancer cells. These unique features would potentially allow for more efficient treatment of brain cancer with fewer side effects and better therapeutic outcomes. This review provides an overview of brain cancers, current therapeutic options, and challenges to efficient brain cancer treatment. The latest advances in nanomedicine strategies are investigated with an emphasis on targeted and stimulus-responsive nanocarriers and their potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abousalman-Rezvani
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Research Way, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Ahmed Refaat
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy - Alexandria University, 1 El-Khartoum Square, Alexandria, 21021, Egypt
| | - Pouya Dehghankelishadi
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Hossein Roghani-Mamaqani
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, P.O. Box: 51335/1996, Iran
| | - Lars Esser
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Research Way, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, 151 Wellington Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, 14 Alliance Ln, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
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6
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Zhu P, Simon I, Kokalari I, Kohane DS, Rwei AY. Miniaturized therapeutic systems for ultrasound-modulated drug delivery to the central and peripheral nervous system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 208:115275. [PMID: 38442747 PMCID: PMC11031353 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound is a promising technology to address challenges in drug delivery, including limited drug penetration across physiological barriers and ineffective targeting. Here we provide an overview of the significant advances made in recent years in overcoming technical and pharmacological barriers using ultrasound-assisted drug delivery to the central and peripheral nervous system. We commence by exploring the fundamental principles of ultrasound physics and its interaction with tissue. The mechanisms of ultrasonic-enhanced drug delivery are examined, as well as the relevant tissue barriers. We highlight drug transport through such tissue barriers utilizing insonation alone, in combination with ultrasound contrast agents (e.g., microbubbles), and through innovative particulate drug delivery systems. Furthermore, we review advances in systems and devices for providing therapeutic ultrasound, as their practicality and accessibility are crucial for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pancheng Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 210016, Nanjing, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ignasi Simon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Ida Kokalari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel S Kohane
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Alina Y Rwei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands.
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Amani A, Farajollahi AH. Drug Delivery Angle for Various Atherosclerosis and Aneurysm Percentages of the Carotid Artery. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1777-1793. [PMID: 38478900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is the second cause of mortality among adult males and the first cause of death in adult females all around the world. It is also recognized as one of the most important causes of morbidity and dementia in adults. Stenosis or rupture of the only channels of the blood supply from the heart to the brain (carotid arteries) is among the main causes of stroke. In this regard, treatment of the lesions of carotid arteries, including atherosclerosis and aneurysm, could be a huge step in preventing stroke and improving brain performance. Targeted drug delivery by drug-carrying nanoparticles is the latest method for optimal delivery of drug to the damaged parts of the artery. In this study, a wide range of carotid artery lesions, including different percentages of atherosclerosis and aneurysm, were considered. After analyzing the dynamics of the fluid flow in different damaged regions and selecting the magnetic framework with proper ligand (Fe3O4@MOF) as the drug carrier, the size of the particles and their number per cycle were analyzed. Based on the results, the particle size of 100 nm and the use of 300 particles per injection at each cardiac cycle can result in maximum drug delivery to the target site. Then, the effect of the hospital bed angle on drug delivery was investigated. The results showed a unique optimal drug delivery angle for each extent of atherosclerosis or aneurysm. For example, in a 50% aneurysm, drug delivery at an angle of 30° is about 387% higher than that at an angle of 15°. Finally, simulation of real geometry indicated the effectiveness of simple geometry instead of real geometry for the simulation of carotid arteries, which can remarkably decrease the computational time and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 11155-9466, Iran
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Gholap AD, Kapare HS, Pagar S, Kamandar P, Bhowmik D, Vishwakarma N, Raikwar S, Garkal A, Mehta TA, Rojekar S, Hatvate N, Mohanto S. Exploring modified chitosan-based gene delivery technologies for therapeutic advancements. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129581. [PMID: 38266848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
One of the critical steps in gene therapy is the successful delivery of the genes. Immunogenicity and toxicity are major issues for viral gene delivery systems. Thus, non-viral vectors are explored. A cationic polysaccharide like chitosan could be used as a nonviral gene delivery vector owing to its significant interaction with negatively charged nucleic acid and biomembrane, providing effective cellular uptake. However, the native chitosan has issues of targetability, unpacking ability, and solubility along with poor buffer capability, hence requiring modifications for effective use in gene delivery. Modified chitosan has shown that the "proton sponge effect" involved in buffering the endosomal pH results in osmotic swelling owing to the accumulation of a greater amount of proton and chloride along with water. The major challenges include limited exploration of chitosan as a gene carrier, the availability of high-purity chitosan for toxicity reduction, and its immunogenicity. The genetic drugs are in their infancy phase and require further exploration for effective delivery of nucleic acid molecules as FDA-approved marketed formulations soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Gholap
- Department of Pharmaceutics, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harshad S Kapare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sakshi Pagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Pallavi Kamandar
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, India
| | - Deblina Bhowmik
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, India
| | - Nikhar Vishwakarma
- Department of Pharmacy, Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology and Sciences, Jabalpur 482003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sarjana Raikwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar 470003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Atul Garkal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujrat, India
| | - Tejal A Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujrat, India
| | - Satish Rojekar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Navnath Hatvate
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, India.
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka 575018, India
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9
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Haghi H, Kolios MC. Numerical investigation of the effect of bubble properties on the linear resonance frequency shift due to inter-bubble interactions in ultrasonically excited lipid coated microbubbles. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 104:106831. [PMID: 38428306 PMCID: PMC10912878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasonically excited microbubbles (MBs) have numerous applications in various fields, such as drug delivery, and imaging. Ultrasonically excited MBs are known to be nonlinear oscillators that generate secondary acoustic emissions in the media when excited by a primary ultrasound wave. The propagation of acoustic waves in the liquid is limited to the speed of sound, resulting in each MB receiving the primary and secondary waves at different times depending on their distance from the ultrasound source and the distance between MBs. These delays are referred to as primary and secondary delays, respectively. A previous study demonstrated that the inclusion of secondary delays in a model describing the interactions between MBs exposed to ultrasound results in an increase in the linear resonance frequency of MBs as they approach each other. This work investigates the impact of various MB properties on the change in linear resonance frequency resulting from changes in inter-bubble distances. The effects of shell properties, including the initial surface tension, surface dilatational viscosity of the shell monolayer, elastic compression modulus of the shell, and the initial radius of the MBs, are examined. MB size is a significant factor influencing the rate of linear resonance frequency increase with increasing concentration. Moreover, it is found that the shell properties of MBs play a negligible role in the rate of change in linear resonance frequency of MBs as the inter-bubble distances change.The findings of this study have implications for various applications of MBs in the biomedical field. By understanding the impact of inter-bubble distances and shell properties on the linear resonance frequency of MBs, the utilization of MBs in applications reliant on their resonant behavior can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Haghi
- Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital and Toronto Metropolitan University, 209 Victoria St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between St. Michael's Hospital and Toronto Metropolitan University, 209 Victoria St, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Ermakov AV, Chapek SV, Lengert EV, Konarev PV, Volkov VV, Artemov VV, Soldatov MA, Trushina DB. Microfluidically Assisted Synthesis of Calcium Carbonate Submicron Particles with Improved Loading Properties. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:16. [PMID: 38276844 PMCID: PMC10818696 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The development of advanced methods for the synthesis of nano- and microparticles in the field of biomedicine is of high interest due to a range of reasons. The current synthesis methods may have limitations in terms of efficiency, scalability, and uniformity of the particles. Here, we investigate the synthesis of submicron calcium carbonate using a microfluidic chip with a T-shaped oil supply for droplet-based synthesis to facilitate control over the formation of submicron calcium carbonate particles. The design of the chip allowed for the precise manipulation of reaction parameters, resulting in improved porosity while maintaining an efficient synthesis rate. The pore size distribution within calcium carbonate particles was estimated via small-angle X-ray scattering. This study showed that the high porosity and reduced size of the particles facilitated the higher loading of a model peptide: 16 vs. 9 mass.% for the particles synthesized in a microfluidic device and in bulk, correspondingly. The biosafety of the developed particles in the concentration range of 0.08-0.8 mg per plate was established by the results of the cytotoxicity study using mouse fibroblasts. This innovative approach of microfluidically assisted synthesis provides a promising avenue for future research in the field of particle synthesis and drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Ermakov
- Institute of Molecular Theranostics, First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.L.); (D.B.T.)
| | - Sergei V. Chapek
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Sladkova 178/24, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (S.V.C.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Ekaterina V. Lengert
- Institute of Molecular Theranostics, First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.L.); (D.B.T.)
| | - Petr V. Konarev
- Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.K.); (V.V.V.); (V.V.A.)
| | - Vladimir V. Volkov
- Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.K.); (V.V.V.); (V.V.A.)
| | - Vladimir V. Artemov
- Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.K.); (V.V.V.); (V.V.A.)
| | - Mikhail A. Soldatov
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Sladkova 178/24, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia; (S.V.C.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Daria B. Trushina
- Institute of Molecular Theranostics, First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.L.); (D.B.T.)
- Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics”, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia; (P.V.K.); (V.V.V.); (V.V.A.)
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11
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Zhang Q, Zhang G, Luo L, Liu Z, Zhu Y, Fan Z, Guo X, Wu X, Zhang D, Tu J. Improved assessment sensitivity of time-varying cavitation events based on wavelet analysis. ULTRASONICS 2023; 138:107227. [PMID: 38118237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic cavitation, characterized by the oscillation or abrupt collapse of cavitation nuclei in response to ultrasound stimulation, plays a significant role in various applications within both industrial and biomedical sectors. In particular, inertial cavitation (IC) has garnered considerable attention due to the resulting mechanical, chemical, and thermal effects. Passive cavitation detection (PCD) has emerged as a valuable technique for monitoring this procedure. While the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is a widely used algorithm to analyze IC-induced broadband noise detected by PCD system, it may not adequately capture the time-varying instability of cavitation due to potential nuclei collapse during ultrasound irradiation. In contrast, the continuous wavelet transform offers a more flexible approach, enabling more sensitive analysis of signals with varying frequencies over time. In this study, nanodiamond (ND) and its derivative, nitro-doped nanodiamond (N-AND), known to possess cavitation potential from previous research, were chosen as the source of cavitation nuclei. The cavitation signals detected by PCD were subjected to both FFT and wavelet analyses, with their results comprehensively compared. This research showcased the feasibility of employing wavelet analysis for effective inertial cavitation evaluation. It provided the advantage of monitoring the temporal evolution of cavitation events in real-time, enhancing sensitivity to weak and unstable cavitation signals, especially those in higher order components (3rd and 4th order). Additionally, it yielded a higher level of precision in determining IC thresholds and doses. Furthermore, the inclusion of time information through wavelet analysis offered insights into the limitations of low-cycle ultrasound in inducing IC. This study introduces a novel perspective for more sensitive and precise cavitation assessment, leveraging time and frequency data from wavelet analysis, and holds promise for effective utilization of cavitation effects while minimizing losses and damages resulting from unintended cavitation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yifei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoge Wu
- Environment Science and Engineering College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; The State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100080, China.
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12
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Bismuth M, Eck M, Ilovitsh T. Nanobubble-mediated cancer cell sonoporation using low-frequency ultrasound. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17899-17909. [PMID: 37899700 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03226d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound insonation of microbubbles can form transient pores in cell membranes that enable the delivery of non-permeable extracellular molecules to the cells. Reducing the size of microbubble contrast agents to the nanometer range could facilitate cancer sonoporation. This size reduction can enhance the extravasation of nanobubbles into tumors after an intravenous injection, thus providing a noninvasive sonoporation platform. However, drug delivery efficacy depends on the oscillations of the bubbles, the ultrasound parameters and the size of the target compared to the membrane pores. The formation of large pores is advantageous for the delivery of large molecules, however the small size of the nanobubbles limit the bioeffects when operating near the nanobubble resonance frequency at the MHz range. Here, we show that by coupling nanobubbles with 250 kHz low frequency ultrasound, high amplitude oscillations can be achieved, which facilitate low energy sonoporation of cancer cells. This is beneficial both for increasing the uptake of a specific molecule and to improve large molecule delivery. The method was optimized for the delivery of four fluorescent molecules ranging in size from 1.2 to 70 kDa to breast cancer cells, while comparing the results to targeted microbubbles. Depending on the fluorescent molecule size, the optimal ultrasound peak negative pressure was found to range between 300 and 500 kPa. Increasing the pressure to 800 kPa reduced the fraction of fluorescent cells for all molecules sizes. The optimal uptake for the smaller molecule size of 4 kDa resulted in a fraction of 19.9 ± 1.8% of fluorescent cells, whereas delivery of 20 kDa and 70 kDa molecules yielded 14 ± 0.8% and 4.1 ± 1.1%, respectively. These values were similar to targeted microbubble-mediated sonoporation, suggesting that nanobubbles can serve as noninvasive sonoporation agents with a similar potency, and at a reduced bubble size. The nanobubbles effectively reduced cell viability and may thus potentially reduce the tumor burden, which is crucial for the success of cancer treatment. This method provides a non-invasive and low-energy tumor sonoporation theranostic platform, which can be combined with other therapies to maximize the therapeutic benefits of cancer treatment or be harnessed in gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Bismuth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Michal Eck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Tali Ilovitsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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van Elburg B, Deprez J, van den Broek M, De Smedt SC, Versluis M, Lajoinie G, Lentacker I, Segers T. Dependence of sonoporation efficiency on microbubble size: An in vitro monodisperse microbubble study. J Control Release 2023; 363:747-755. [PMID: 37778466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Sonoporation is the process where intracellular drug delivery is facilitated by ultrasound-driven microbubble oscillations. Several mechanisms have been proposed to relate microbubble dynamics to sonoporation including shear and normal stress. The present work aims to gain insight into the role of microbubble size on sonoporation and thereby into the relevant mechanism(s) of sonoporation. To this end, we measured the sonoporation efficiency while varying microbubble size using monodisperse microbubble suspensions. Sonoporation experiments were performed in vitro on cell monolayers using a single ultrasound pulse with a fixed frequency of 1 MHz while the acoustic pressure amplitude and pulse length were varied at 250, 500, and 750 kPa, and 10, 100, and 1000 cycles, respectively. Sonoporation efficiency was quantified using flow cytometry by measuring the FITC-dextran (4 kDa and 2 MDa) fluorescence intensity in 10,000 cells per experiment to average out inherent variations in the bioresponse. Using ultra-high-speed imaging at 10 million frames per second, we demonstrate that the bubble oscillation amplitude is nearly independent of the equilibrium bubble radius at acoustic pressure amplitudes that induce sonoporation (≥ 500 kPa). However, we show that sonoporation efficiency is strongly dependent on the equilibrium bubble size and that under all explored driving conditions most efficiently induced by bubbles with a radius of 4.7 μm. Polydisperse microbubbles with a typical ultrasound contrast agent size distribution perform almost an order of magnitude lower in terms of sonoporation efficiency than the 4.7-μm bubbles. We elucidate that for our system shear stress is highly unlikely the mechanism of action. By contrast, we show that sonoporation efficiency correlates well with an estimate of the bubble-induced normal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin van Elburg
- Physics of Fluids Group and Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Joke Deprez
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martin van den Broek
- BIOS / Lab on a Chip Group, Max-Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michel Versluis
- Physics of Fluids Group and Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Lajoinie
- Physics of Fluids Group and Technical Medical (TechMed) Center, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Segers
- BIOS / Lab on a Chip Group, Max-Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
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14
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Graceffa V. Intracellular protein delivery: New insights into the therapeutic applications and emerging technologies. Biochimie 2023; 213:82-99. [PMID: 37209808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The inability to cross the plasma membranes traditionally limited the therapeutic use of recombinant proteins. However, in the last two decades, novel technologies made delivering proteins inside the cells possible. This allowed researchers to unlock intracellular targets, once considered 'undruggable', bringing a new research area to emerge. Protein transfection systems display a large potential in a plethora of applications. However, their modality of action is often unclear, and cytotoxic effects are elevated, whereas experimental conditions to increase transfection efficacy and cell viability still need to be identified. Furthermore, technical complexity often limits in vivo experimentation, while challenging industrial and clinical translation. This review highlights the applications of protein transfection technologies, and then critically discuss the current methodologies and their limitations. Physical membrane perforation systems are compared to systems exploiting cellular endocytosis. Research evidence of the existence of either extracellular vesicles (EVs) or cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs)- based systems, that circumvent the endosomal systems is critically analysed. Commercial systems, novel solid-phase reverse protein transfection systems, and engineered living intracellular bacteria-based mechanisms are finally described. This review ultimately aims at finding new methodologies and possible applications of protein transfection systems, while helping the development of an evidence-based research approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Graceffa
- Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group (CHAT), Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Intelligent Systems for Health and Environment (MISHE), Atlantic Technological University (ATU), Sligo, Ireland.
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15
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Zhang Q, Xue H, Zhang H, Chen Y, Liu Z, Fan Z, Guo X, Wu X, Zhang D, Tu J. Enhanced thrombolytic effect induced by acoustic cavitation generated from nitrogen-doped annealed nanodiamond particles. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 99:106563. [PMID: 37647744 PMCID: PMC10474234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In biomedical research, ultrasonic cavitation, especially inertial cavitation (IC) has attracted extensive attentions due to its ability to induce mechanical, chemical and thermal effects. Like ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) microbubbles or droplets, acoustic cavitation can be effectively triggered beyond a certain pressure threshold through the interaction between ultrasound and nucleation particles, leading to an enhanced thrombolytic effect. As a newly developed nanocarbon material, nitrogen-doped annealed nanodiamond (N-AND) has shown promising catalytic performance. To further explore its effects on ultrasonic cavitation, N-AND was synthesized at the temperature of 1000 °C. After systematic material characterization, the potential of N-AND to induce enhanced IC activity was assessed for the first time by using passive cavitation detection (PCD). Based on experiments performed at varied material suspension concentration and cycle number, N-AND demonstrated a strong capability to generate significant cavitation characteristics, indicating the formation of stable bubbles from the surface of the materials. Furthermore, N-AND was applied in the in vitro thrombolysis experiments to verify its contribution to ultrasound thrombolysis. The influence of surface hydrophobicity on the cavitation potentials of ND and N-AND was innovatively discussed in combination with the theory of mote-induced nucleation. It is found that the cavitation stability of N-AND was better than that of the commercial UCA microbubbles. This study would provide better understanding of the potential of novel carbonous nanomaterials as cavitation nuclei and is expected to provide guidance for their future biomedical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Honghui Xue
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Wuxi 214153, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Dezhou 251100, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoge Wu
- Environment Science and Engineering College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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16
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Qin D, Yang Q, Lei S, Fu J, Ji X, Wang X. Investigation of interaction effects on dual-frequency driven cavitation dynamics in a two-bubble system. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 99:106586. [PMID: 37688945 PMCID: PMC10498094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The cavitation dynamics of a two-bubble system in viscoelastic media excited by dual-frequency ultrasound is studied numerically with a focus on the effects of inter-bubble interactions. Compared to the isolated bubble cases, the enhancement or suppression effects can be exerted on the amplitude and nonlinearity of the bubble oscillations to different degrees. Moreover, the interaction effects are found to be highly sensitive to multiple paramount parameters related to the two-bubble system, the dual-frequency ultrasound and the medium viscoelasticity. Specifically, the larger bubble of a two-bubble system shows a stronger effect on the smaller one, and this effect becomes more pronounced when the larger bubble undergoes harmonic and/or subharmonic resonances as well as the two bubbles get closer (e.g., d0 < 100 μm). For the influences of the dual-frequency excitation, the results show that the bubbles can achieve enhanced harmonic and/or subharmonic oscillations as the frequency combinations with small frequency differences (e.g., Δf < 0.2 MHz) close to the corresponding resonance frequencies of bubbles, and the interaction effects are consequently intensified. Similarly, the bubble oscillations and the interaction effects can also be enhanced as the acoustic pressure amplitude of each frequency component is equal and the pressure amplitude pA increases. Above a pressure threshold (pA = 215 kPa), a larger bubble undergoes period 2 (P2) oscillations, which can force a smaller bubble to change its oscillation pattern from period 1 (P1) into P2 oscillations. In addition, it is found that the medium viscosity dampens the bubble oscillations while the medium elasticity affects the bubble resonances, accordingly exhibiting stronger interaction effects at smaller viscosities (e.g., μ < 4 mPa·s) or certain elasticities (approximately G = 70-120 kPa, G = 160-200 kPa and G = 640-780 kPa) at which the bubble resonances occur. The study can contribute to a better understanding of the complex dynamic behaviors of interacting cavitation bubbles in viscoelastic tissues for high efficient cavitation-mediated biomedical applications using dual-frequency ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dui Qin
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Postdoctoral Workstation of Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qianru Yang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Lei
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Fu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Ji
- Postdoctoral Workstation of Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Department of Ultrasound, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiuxin Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Charmi J, Seidi F, Amereh M, Ghaffarlou M, Salehiabar M, Yousefnejad S, Barsbay M, Sharafi A, Javani S, Nosrati H. Synthesis of Pt nanoparticles with gelatin-assisted green route to improve sensitization of cancer cells to X-Ray irradiation. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123148. [PMID: 37336297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a novel radiosensitizer consisting of platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) as a high-atomic-number element in order to maximize the generation of ROS under ionizing radiation at the tumor site. Pt NPs were produced via a green and facile method in the presence of gelatin (Gel) as both reducing and stabilizing agent. After determining the physical structure and chemical composition of Pt@Gel NPs by STEM, FeSEM, EDS, DLS, XRD and FTIR, in vitro cytotoxicity on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and breast cancer cell line (4T1) was evaluated by MTT assay. Finally, ROS generation assay, calcein AM/PI staining assay and clonogenic test were performed on 4T1 cells under X-Ray irradiation to evaluate the radioenhancment efficiency of Pt@Gel. The prepared NPs exhibited spherical and uniform shapes and narrowly distributed sizes in addition to an acceptable radiosensitization capability. The nanosystem provided higher levels of intracellular ROS in malignant cells and enhanced cancer cell death rate under X-Ray irradiation. Overall, the findings suggested that Pt@Gel could be a safe and effective alternative to existing radiosensitizers and potentially be employed for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Charmi
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Mahdi Amereh
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Marziyeh Salehiabar
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Shima Yousefnejad
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Murat Barsbay
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, Beytepe, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Institute of Science, Polymer Science and Technology Division, Beytepe, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Sharafi
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Siamak Javani
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Hamed Nosrati
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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18
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Duncan B, Al-Kassas R, Zhang G, Hughes D, Qiu Y. Ultrasound-Mediated Ocular Drug Delivery: From Physics and Instrumentation to Future Directions. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1575. [PMID: 37630111 PMCID: PMC10456754 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye is impeded by anatomical and physiological barriers. Increasingly, the bioeffects produced by ultrasound are being proven effective for mitigating the impact of these barriers on ocular drug delivery, though there does not appear to be a consensus on the most appropriate system configuration and operating parameters for this application. In this review, the fundamental aspects of ultrasound physics most pertinent to drug delivery are presented; the primary phenomena responsible for increased drug delivery efficacy under ultrasound sonication are discussed; an overview of common ocular drug administration routes and the associated ocular barriers is also given before reviewing the current state of the art of ultrasound-mediated ocular drug delivery and its potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair Duncan
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Raida Al-Kassas
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Dave Hughes
- Novosound Ltd., Biocity, BoNess Road, Newhouse, Glasgow ML1 5UH, UK
| | - Yongqiang Qiu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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19
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Shibata T, Omachi J. Single-shot videography with multiplex structured illumination using an interferometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:27020-27028. [PMID: 37710549 DOI: 10.1364/oe.496512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Frequency recognition algorithm for multiple exposures (FRAME) is a high-speed videography technique that exposes a dynamic object to time-varying structured illumination (SI) and captures two-dimensional transients in a single shot. Conventional FRAME requires light splitting to increase the number of frames per shot, thereby resulting in optical loss and a limited number of frames per shot. Here, we propose and demonstrate a novel FRAME method which overcomes these problems by utilizing an interferometer to generate a time-varying SI without light splitting. Combining this method with a pulsed laser enables low-cost, high-speed videography on a variety of timescales from microseconds.
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20
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Liu Y, Yin Q, Luo Y, Huang Z, Cheng Q, Zhang W, Zhou B, Zhou Y, Ma Z. Manipulation with sound and vibration: A review on the micromanipulation system based on sub-MHz acoustic waves. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 96:106441. [PMID: 37216791 PMCID: PMC10213378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of micro-objects have been playing an essential role in biochemical analysis or clinical diagnostics. Among the diverse technologies for micromanipulation, acoustic methods show the advantages of good biocompatibility, wide tunability, a label-free and contactless manner. Thus, acoustic micromanipulations have been widely exploited in micro-analysis systems. In this article, we reviewed the acoustic micromanipulation systems that were actuated by sub-MHz acoustic waves. In contrast to the high-frequency range, the acoustic microsystems operating at sub-MHz acoustic frequency are more accessible, whose acoustic sources are at low cost and even available from daily acoustic devices (e.g. buzzers, speakers, piezoelectric plates). The broad availability, with the addition of the advantages of acoustic micromanipulation, make sub-MHz microsystems promising for a variety of biomedical applications. Here, we review recent progresses in sub-MHz acoustic micromanipulation technologies, focusing on their applications in biomedical fields. These technologies are based on the basic acoustic phenomenon, such as cavitation, acoustic radiation force, and acoustic streaming. And categorized by their applications, we introduce these systems for mixing, pumping and droplet generation, separation and enrichment, patterning, rotation, propulsion and actuation. The diverse applications of these systems hold great promise for a wide range of enhancements in biomedicines and attract increasing interest for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Qiu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yucheng Luo
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ziyu Huang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Quansheng Cheng
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bingpu Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yinning Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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21
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Ambattu LA, Yeo LY. Sonomechanobiology: Vibrational stimulation of cells and its therapeutic implications. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:021301. [PMID: 38504927 PMCID: PMC10903386 DOI: 10.1063/5.0127122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
All cells possess an innate ability to respond to a range of mechanical stimuli through their complex internal machinery. This comprises various mechanosensory elements that detect these mechanical cues and diverse cytoskeletal structures that transmit the force to different parts of the cell, where they are transcribed into complex transcriptomic and signaling events that determine their response and fate. In contrast to static (or steady) mechanostimuli primarily involving constant-force loading such as compression, tension, and shear (or forces applied at very low oscillatory frequencies (≤ 1 Hz) that essentially render their effects quasi-static), dynamic mechanostimuli comprising more complex vibrational forms (e.g., time-dependent, i.e., periodic, forcing) at higher frequencies are less well understood in comparison. We review the mechanotransductive processes associated with such acoustic forcing, typically at ultrasonic frequencies (> 20 kHz), and discuss the various applications that arise from the cellular responses that are generated, particularly for regenerative therapeutics, such as exosome biogenesis, stem cell differentiation, and endothelial barrier modulation. Finally, we offer perspectives on the possible existence of a universal mechanism that is common across all forms of acoustically driven mechanostimuli that underscores the central role of the cell membrane as the key effector, and calcium as the dominant second messenger, in the mechanotransduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizebona August Ambattu
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Leslie Y. Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
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22
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Spatarelu CP, Jandhyala S, Luke GP. Dual-drug loaded ultrasound-responsive nanodroplets for on-demand combination chemotherapy. ULTRASONICS 2023; 133:107056. [PMID: 37269682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phase-changing nanodroplets are nanometric sized constructs that can be vaporized via external stimuli, such as focused ultrasound, to generate gaseous bubbles that are visible in ultrasound. Their activation can also be leveraged to release their payload, creating a method for ultrasound-modulated localized drug delivery. Here, we develop a perfluoropentane core nanodroplet that can simultaneously load paclitaxel and doxorubicin, and release them in response to an acoustic trigger. A double emulsion method is used to incorporate the two drugs with different physio-chemical properties, which allows for a combinatorial chemotherapy regimen to be used. Their loading, release, and biological effects on a triple negative breast cancer mouse model are investigated. We show that activation enhances the drug-delivery effect and delays the tumor growth rate in vivo. Overall, the phase-changing nanodroplets are a useful platform to allow on-demand delivery of combinations of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina-Paula Spatarelu
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Sidhartha Jandhyala
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Geoffrey P Luke
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 15 Thayer Drive, Hanover, NH 03755, United States; Translational Engineering in Cancer Research Program, Dartmouth Cancer Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States.
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23
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Qin D, Zou Q, Zhong X, Zhang B, Li Z. Effects of medium viscoelasticity on bubble collapse strength of interacting polydisperse bubbles. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 95:106375. [PMID: 36965309 PMCID: PMC10060372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to its physical and/or chemical effects, acoustic cavitation plays a crucial role in various emerging applications ranging from advanced materials to biomedicine. The cavitation bubbles usually undergo oscillatory dynamics and violent collapse within a viscoelastic medium, which are closely related to the cavitation-associated effects. However, the role of medium viscoelasticity on the cavitation dynamics has received little attention, especially for the bubble collapse strength during multi-bubble cavitation with the complex interactions between size polydisperse bubbles. In this study, modified Gilmore equations accounting for inter-bubble interactions were coupled with the Zener viscoelastic model to simulate the dynamics of multi-bubble cavitation in viscoelastic media. Results showed that the cavitation dynamics (e.g., acoustic resonant response, nonlinear oscillation behavior and bubble collapse strength) of differently-sized bubbles depend differently on the medium viscoelasticity and each bubble is affected by its neighboring bubbles to a different degree. More specifically, increasing medium viscosity drastically dampens the bubble dynamics and weakens the bubble collapse strength, while medium elasticity mainly affects the bubble resonance at which the bubble collapse strength is maximum. Differently-sized bubbles can achieve resonances and even subharmonic resonances at high driving acoustic pressures as the elasticity changes to certain values, and the resonance frequency of each bubble increases with the elasticity increasing. For the interactions between the size polydisperse bubbles, it indicated that the largest bubble generally has a dominant effect on the dynamics of smaller ones while in turn it is almost unaffected, exhibiting a pattern of destructive and constructive interactions. This study provides a valuable insight into the acoustic cavitation dynamics of multiple interacting polydisperse bubbles in viscoelastic media, which may offer a potential of controlling the medium viscoelasticity to appropriately manipulate the dynamics of multi-bubble cavitation for achieving proper cavitation effects according to the desired application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dui Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Postdoctoral Workstation of Chongqing People's Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingqin Zou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhua Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangyong Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Rousou C, van Kronenburg N, Sonnen AFP, van Dijk M, Moonen C, Storm G, Mastrobattista E, Deckers R. Microbubble-Assisted Ultrasound for Drug Delivery to the Retina in an Ex Vivo Eye Model. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041220. [PMID: 37111705 PMCID: PMC10141545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery to the retina is one of the major challenges in ophthalmology due to the biological barriers that protect it from harmful substances in the body. Despite the advancement in ocular therapeutics, there are many unmet needs for the treatment of retinal diseases. Ultrasound combined with microbubbles (USMB) was proposed as a minimally invasive method for improving delivery of drugs in the retina from the blood circulation. This study aimed to investigate the applicability of USMB for the delivery of model drugs (molecular weight varying from 600 Da to 20 kDa) in the retina of ex vivo porcine eyes. A clinical ultrasound system, in combination with microbubbles approved for clinical ultrasound imaging, was used for the treatment. Intracellular accumulation of model drugs was observed in the cells lining blood vessels in the retina and choroid of eyes treated with USMB but not in eyes that received ultrasound only. Specifically, 25.6 ± 2.9% of cells had intracellular uptake at mechanical index (MI) 0.2 and 34.5 ± 6.0% at MI 0.4. Histological examination of retinal and choroid tissues revealed that at these USMB conditions, no irreversible alterations were induced at the USMB conditions used. These results indicate that USMB can be used as a minimally invasive targeted means to induce intracellular accumulation of drugs for the treatment of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Rousou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Imaging and Oncology Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicky van Kronenburg
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas F P Sonnen
- Department of Pathology, Division of Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke van Dijk
- Department of Pathology, Division of Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chrit Moonen
- Imaging and Oncology Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Deckers
- Imaging and Oncology Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Son H, Shin J, Park J. Recent progress in nanomedicine-mediated cytosolic delivery. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9788-9799. [PMID: 36998521 PMCID: PMC10043881 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07111h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic delivery of bioactive agents has exhibited great potential to cure undruggable targets and diseases. Because biological cell membranes are a natural barrier for living cells, efficient delivery methods are required to transfer bioactive and therapeutic agents into the cytosol. Various strategies that do not require cell invasive and harmful processes, such as endosomal escape, cell-penetrating peptides, stimuli-sensitive delivery, and fusogenic liposomes, have been developed for cytosolic delivery. Nanoparticles can easily display functionalization ligands on their surfaces, enabling many bio-applications for cytosolic delivery of various cargo, including genes, proteins, and small-molecule drugs. Cytosolic delivery uses nanoparticle-based delivery systems to avoid degradation of proteins and keep the functionality of other bioactive molecules, and functionalization of nanoparticle-based delivery vehicles imparts a specific targeting ability. With these advantages, nanomedicines have been used for organelle-specific tagging, vaccine delivery for enhanced immunotherapy, and intracellular delivery of proteins and genes. Optimization of the size, surface charges, specific targeting ability, and composition of nanoparticles is needed for various cargos and target cells. Toxicity issues with the nanoparticle material must be managed to enable clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Son
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu Seoul 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsu Shin
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu Seoul 06591 Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhyuck Park
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu Seoul 06591 Republic of Korea
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26
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Zhang Q, Yang Y, Xue H, Zhang H, Yuan Z, Shen Y, Guo X, Fan Z, Wu X, Zhang D, Tu J. Intensified and controllable vaporization of phase-changeable nanodroplets induced by simultaneous exposure of laser and ultrasound. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 94:106312. [PMID: 36731283 PMCID: PMC9926226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phase-changeable contrast agents have been proposed as a next-generation ultrasound contrast agent over conventional microbubbles given its stability, longer circulation time and ability to extravasate. Safe vaporization of nanodroplets (NDs) plays an essential role in the practical translation of ND applications in industry and medical therapy. In particular, the exposure parameters for initializing phase change as well as the site of phase change are concerned to be controlled. Compared to the traditional optical vaporization or acoustic droplet vaporization, this study exhibited the potential of using simultaneous, single burst laser and ultrasound incidence as a means of activating phase change of NDs to generate cavitation nuclei with reduced fluence and sound pressure. A theoretical model considering the laser heating, vapor cavity nucleation and growth was established, where qualitative agreement with experiment findings were found in terms of the trend of combined exposure parameters in order to achieve the same level of vaporization outcome. The results indicate that using single burst laser pulse and 10-cycle ultrasound might be sufficient to lower the exposure levels under FDA limit for laser skin exposure and ultrasound imaging. The combination of laser and ultrasound also provides temporal and spatial control of ND vaporization and cavitation nucleation without altering the sound field, which is beneficial for further safe and effective applications of phase-changeable NDs in medical, environmental, food processing and other industrial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yanye Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Honghui Xue
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China; Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Wuxi 214153, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Branden Industrial Park, Dezhou 251100, Shandong, China
| | - Ziyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuchen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoge Wu
- Environment Science and Engineering College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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27
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Qin D, Lei S, Wang X, Zhong X, Ji X, Li Z. Resonance behaviors of encapsulated microbubbles oscillating nonlinearly with ultrasonic excitation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 94:106334. [PMID: 36805411 PMCID: PMC9969295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The resonance behaviors of a few lipid-coated microbubbles acoustically activated in viscoelastic media were comprehensively examined via radius response analysis. The size polydispersity and random spatial distribution of the interacting microbubbles, the rheological properties of the lipid shell and the viscoelasticity of the surrounding medium were considered simultaneously. The obtained radius response curves present a successive occurrence of linear resonances, nonlinear harmonic and sub-harmonic resonances with the acoustic pressure increasing. The microbubble resonance is radius-, pressure- and frequency-dependent. Specifically, the maximum bubble expansion ratio at the main resonance peak increases but the resonant radius decreases as the ultrasound pressure increases, while both of them decrease with the ultrasound frequency increasing. Moreover, compared to an isolated microbubble case, it is found that large microbubbles in close proximity prominently suppress the resonant oscillations while slightly increase the resonant radii for both harmonic and subharmonic resonances, even leading to the disappearance of the subharmonic resonance with the influences increasing to a certain degree. In addition, the results also suggest that both the encapsulating shell and surrounding medium can substantially dampen the harmonic and subharmonic resonances while increase the resonant radii, which seem to be affected by the medium viscoelasticity to a greater degree rather than the shell properties. This work offers valuable insights into the resonance behaviors of microbubbles oscillating in viscoelastic biological media, greatly contributing to further optimizing their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dui Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Postdoctoral Workstation of Chongqing People's Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuang Lei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chonggang General Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhua Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Ji
- Postdoctoral Workstation of Chongqing People's Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Department of Ultrasound, Chongqing People's Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangyong Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Moradi Kashkooli F, Jakhmola A, Hornsby TK, Tavakkoli JJ, Kolios MC. Ultrasound-mediated nano drug delivery for treating cancer: Fundamental physics to future directions. J Control Release 2023; 355:552-578. [PMID: 36773959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of biocompatible nanocarriers in medicine has provided several benefits over conventional treatment methods. However, achieving high treatment efficacy and deep penetration of nanocarriers in tumor tissue is still challenging. To address this, stimuli-responsive nano-sized drug delivery systems (DDSs) are an active area of investigation in delivering anticancer drugs. While ultrasound is mainly used for diagnostic purposes, it can also be applied to affect cellular function and the delivery/release of anticancer drugs. Therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) has shown potential as both a stand-alone anticancer treatment and a method to induce targeted drug release from nanocarrier systems. TUS approaches have been used to overcome various physiological obstacles, including endothelial barriers, the tumor microenvironment (TME), and immunological hurdles. Combining nanomedicine and ultrasound as a smart DDS can increase in situ drug delivery and improve access to impermeable tissues. Furthermore, smart DDSs can perform targeted drug release in response to distinctive TMEs, external triggers, or dual/multi-stimulus. This results in enhanced treatment efficacy and reduced damage to surrounding healthy tissue or organs at risk. Integrating DDSs and ultrasound is still in its early stages. More research and clinical trials are required to fully understand ultrasound's underlying physical mechanisms and interactions with various types of nanocarriers and different types of cells and tissues. In the present review, ultrasound-mediated nano-sized DDS, specifically focused on cancer treatment, is presented and discussed. Ultrasound interaction with nanoparticles (NPs), drug release mechanisms, and various types of ultrasound-sensitive NPs are examined. Additionally, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical applications of TUS are reviewed in light of the critical challenges that need to be considered to advance TUS toward an efficient, secure, straightforward, and accessible cancer treatment. This study also presents effective TUS parameters and safety considerations for this treatment modality and gives recommendations about system design and operation. Finally, future perspectives are considered, and different TUS approaches are examined and discussed in detail. This review investigates drug release and delivery through ultrasound-mediated nano-sized cancer treatment, both pre-clinically and clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anshuman Jakhmola
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler K Hornsby
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jahangir Jahan Tavakkoli
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael C Kolios
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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29
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Samani RK, Maghsoudinia F, Mehradnia F, Hejazi SH, Saeb M, Sobhani T, Farahbakhsh Z, Mehrgardi MA, Tavakoli MB. Ultrasound-guided chemoradiotherapy of breast cancer using smart methotrexate-loaded perfluorohexane nanodroplets. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 48:102643. [PMID: 36584739 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemoradiotherapy with controlled-release nanocarriers such as sono-sensitive nanodroplets (NDs) can enhance the anticancer activity of chemotherapy medicines and reduces normal tissue side effects. In this study, folic acid-functionalized methotrexate-loaded perfluorohexane NDs with alginate shell (FA-MTX/PFH@alginate NDs) were synthesized, characterized, and their potential for ultrasound-guided chemoradiotherapy of breast cancer was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The cancer cell (4T1) viabilities and surviving fractions after NDs and ultrasound treatments were significantly decreased. However, this reduction was much more significant for ultrasound in combination with X-ray irradiation. The in vitro and in vivo results confirmed that MTX-loaded NDs are highly biocompatible and they have no significant hemolytic activity and organ toxicity. Furthermore, the in vivo results indicated that the FA-MTX/PFH@alginate NDs were accumulated selectively in the tumor region. In conclusion, FA-functionalized MTX/PFH@alginate NDs have a great theranostic performance for ultrasound-controlled drug delivery in combination with radiotherapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Kamran Samani
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Maghsoudinia
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mehradnia
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Mohsen Saeb
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Tayebe Sobhani
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Zohreh Farahbakhsh
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud A Mehrgardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran.
| | - Mohamad Bagher Tavakoli
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran.
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Hu S, Zhang X, Melzer A, Landgraf L. Ultrasound-induced cavitation renders prostate cancer cells susceptible to hyperthermia: Analysis of potential cellular and molecular mechanisms. Front Genet 2023; 14:1122758. [PMID: 37152995 PMCID: PMC10154534 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1122758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Focused ultrasound (FUS) has become an important non-invasive therapy for prostate tumor ablation via thermal effects in the clinic. The cavitation effect induced by FUS is applied for histotripsy, support drug delivery, and the induction of blood vessel destruction for cancer therapy. Numerous studies report that cavitation-induced sonoporation could provoke multiple anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells. Therefore, cavitation alone or in combination with thermal treatment is of great interest but research in this field is inadequate. Methods: Human prostate cancer cells (LNCap and PC-3) were exposed to 40 s cavitation using a FUS system, followed by water bath hyperthermia (HT). The clonogenic assay, WST-1 assay, and Transwell® invasion assay, respectively, were used to assess cancer cell clonogenic survival, metabolic activity, and invasion potential. Fluorescence microscopy using propidium iodide (PI) as a probe of cell membrane integrity was used to identify sonoporation. The H2A.X assay and Nicoletti test were conducted in the mechanism investigation to detect DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and cell cycle arrest. Immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were performed to determine the distribution and expression of 5α-reductase (SRD5A). Results: Short FUS shots with cavitation (FUS-Cav) in combination with HT resulted in, respectively, a 2.2, 2.3, and 2.8-fold decrease (LNCap) and a 2.0, 1.5, and 1.6-fold decrease (PC-3) in the clonogenic survival, cell invasiveness and metabolic activity of prostate cancer cells when compared to HT alone. FUS-Cav immediately induced sonoporation in 61.7% of LNCap cells, and the combination treatment led to a 1.4 (LNCap) and 1.6-fold (PC-3) increase in the number of DSBs compared to HT alone. Meanwhile, the combination therapy resulted in 26.68% of LNCap and 31.70% of PC-3 with cell cycle arrest in the Sub-G1 phase and 35.37% of PC-3 with cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Additionally, the treatment of FUS-Cav combined with HT block the androgen receptor (AR) signal pathway by reducing the relative Type I 5α-reductase (SRD5A1) level to 38.28 ± 3.76% in LNCap cells, and decreasing the relative Type III 5α-reductase 3 (SRD5A3) level to 22.87 ± 4.88% in PC-3 cells, in contrast, the relative SRD5A level in untreated groups was set to 100%. Conclusion: FUS-induced cavitation increases the effects of HT by interrupting cancer cell membranes, inducing the DSBs and cell cycle arrest, and blocking the AR signal pathway of the prostate cancer cells, with the potential to be a promising adjuvant therapy in prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaonan Hu
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Xinrui Zhang, ; Andreas Melzer,
| | - Andreas Melzer
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Science and Technology (IMSaT), University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Xinrui Zhang, ; Andreas Melzer,
| | - Lisa Landgraf
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Recent progress in theranostic microbubbles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Xie L, Li J, Wang L, Dai Y. Engineering metal‐phenolic networks for enhancing cancer therapy by tumor microenvironment modulation. WIRES NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 15:e1864. [PMID: 36333962 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The complicated tumor microenvironment (TME) is featured by low pH values, high redox status, and hypoxia, which greatly supports the genesis, development, and metastasis of tumors, leading to drug resistance and clinical failure. Moreover, a lot of immunosuppressive cells infiltrate in such TME, resulting in depressing immunotherapy. Therefore, the development of TME-responsive nanoplatforms has shown great significance in enhancing cancer therapeutics. Metal-phenolic networks (MPNs)-based nanosystems, which self-assemble via coordination of phenolic materials and metal ions, have emerged as excellent TME theranostic nanoplatforms. MPNs have unique properties including fast preparation, tunable morphologies, pH response, and biocompatibility. Besides, functionalization and surface modification can endow MPNs with specific functions for application requirements. Here, the representative engineering strategies of various polyphenols are first introduced, followed by the introduction of the engineering mechanisms of polyphenolic nanosystems, fabrication, and distinct properties of MPNs. Then, their advances in TME modulation are highlighted, such as antiangiogenesis, hypoxia relief, combination therapy sensitization, and immunosuppressive TME reversion. Finally, we will discuss the challenges and future perspectives of MPNs-based nanosystems for enhancing cancer therapy. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine Medical Research Center, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing China
| | - Leyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering Southern Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Yunlu Dai
- Cancer Center and Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Macau Macau China
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology University of Macau Macau China
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Huang W, Ning C, Zhang R, Xu J, Chen B, Li Z, Cui Y, Shao W. Evaluation of the dual-frequency transducer for controlling thermal ablation morphology using frequency shift keying signal. Int J Hyperthermia 2022; 39:1344-1357. [PMID: 36223887 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2022.2130999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The catheter-based ultrasound (CBUS) can reach the target tissue directly and achieve rapid treatment. The frequency shift keying (FSK) signal is proposed to regulate and evaluate tumor ablation by a miniaturized dual-frequency transducer. METHODS A dual-frequency transducer prototype (3 × 7 × 0.4 mm) was designed and fabricated for the CBUS applicator (OD: 3.8 mm) based on the fundamental frequency of 5.21 MHz and the third harmonic frequency of 16.88 MHz. Then, the acoustic fields and temperature field distributions using the FSK signals (with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% third harmonic frequency duty ratios) were simulated by finite element analysis. Finally, tissue ablation and temperature monitoring were performed in phantom and ex vivo tissue, respectively. RESULTS At the same input electrical power (20 W), the output acoustic power of the fundamental frequency of the transducer was 10.03 W (electroacoustic efficiencies: 50.1%), and that of the third harmonic frequency was 6.19 W (30.6%). As the third harmonic frequency duty ratios increased, the shape of thermal lesions varied from strip to droplet in simulated and phantom experimental results. The same trend was observed in ex vivo tests. CONCLUSION Dual-frequency transducers excited by the FSK signal can control the morphology of lesions. SIGNIFICANCE The acoustic power deposition of CBUS was optimized to achieve precise ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanlong Ning
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Beiyi Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhangjian Li
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaoyao Cui
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Shao
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Tong L, Zhang S, Huang R, Yi H, Wang JW. Extracellular vesicles as a novel photosensitive drug delivery system for enhanced photodynamic therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1032318. [PMID: 36237218 PMCID: PMC9550933 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1032318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising non-invasive therapeutic approach that utilizes photosensitizers (PSs) to generate highly reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen, for removal of targeted cells. PDT has been proven efficacious for the treatment of several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and diabetic ocular disease. However, the therapeutic efficacy of PDT is limited and often accompanied by side effects, largely due to non-specific delivery of PSs beyond the desired lesion site. Over the past decade, despite various nanoparticular drug delivery systems developed have markedly improved the treatment efficacy while reducing the off-target effects of PSs, concerns over the safety and toxicity of synthetic nanomaterials following intravenous administration are raised. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a type of nanoparticle released from cells, are emerging as a natural drug delivery system for PSs in light of EV's potentially low immunogenicity and biocompatibility compared with other nanoparticles. This review aims to provide an overview of the research progress in PS delivery systems and propose EVs as an alternative PS delivery system for PDT. Moreover, the challenges and future perspectives of EVs for PS delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Tong
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Sitong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rong Huang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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35
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Foley RA, Sims RA, Duggan EC, Olmedo JK, Ma R, Jonas SJ. Delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 system for engineering gene therapies: Recent cargo and delivery approaches for clinical translation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:973326. [PMID: 36225598 PMCID: PMC9549251 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.973326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) has transformed our ability to edit the human genome selectively. This technology has quickly become the most standardized and reproducible gene editing tool available. Catalyzing rapid advances in biomedical research and genetic engineering, the CRISPR/Cas9 system offers great potential to provide diagnostic and therapeutic options for the prevention and treatment of currently incurable single-gene and more complex human diseases. However, significant barriers to the clinical application of CRISPR/Cas9 remain. While in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo gene editing has been demonstrated extensively in a laboratory setting, the translation to clinical studies is currently limited by shortfalls in the precision, scalability, and efficiency of delivering CRISPR/Cas9-associated reagents to their intended therapeutic targets. To overcome these challenges, recent advancements manipulate both the delivery cargo and vehicles used to transport CRISPR/Cas9 reagents. With the choice of cargo informing the delivery vehicle, both must be optimized for precision and efficiency. This review aims to summarize current bioengineering approaches to applying CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tools towards the development of emerging cellular therapeutics, focusing on its two main engineerable components: the delivery vehicle and the gene editing cargo it carries. The contemporary barriers to biomedical applications are discussed within the context of key considerations to be made in the optimization of CRISPR/Cas9 for widespread clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Foley
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ruby A. Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily C. Duggan
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jessica K. Olmedo
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rachel Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Steven J. Jonas
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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36
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Ayana G, Ryu J, Choe SW. Ultrasound-Responsive Nanocarriers for Breast Cancer Chemotherapy. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13091508. [PMID: 36144131 PMCID: PMC9503784 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and it is treated with surgical intervention, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these regimens. Despite chemotherapy's ample use, it has limitations such as bioavailability, adverse side effects, high-dose requirements, low therapeutic indices, multiple drug resistance development, and non-specific targeting. Drug delivery vehicles or carriers, of which nanocarriers are prominent, have been introduced to overcome chemotherapy limitations. Nanocarriers have been preferentially used in breast cancer chemotherapy because of their role in protecting therapeutic agents from degradation, enabling efficient drug concentration in target cells or tissues, overcoming drug resistance, and their relatively small size. However, nanocarriers are affected by physiological barriers, bioavailability of transported drugs, and other factors. To resolve these issues, the use of external stimuli has been introduced, such as ultrasound, infrared light, thermal stimulation, microwaves, and X-rays. Recently, ultrasound-responsive nanocarriers have become popular because they are cost-effective, non-invasive, specific, tissue-penetrating, and deliver high drug concentrations to their target. In this paper, we review recent developments in ultrasound-guided nanocarriers for breast cancer chemotherapy, discuss the relevant challenges, and provide insights into future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelan Ayana
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39253, Korea
| | - Jaemyung Ryu
- Department of Optical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39253, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (S.-w.C.); Tel.: +82-54-478-7781 (S.-w.C.); Fax: +82-54-462-1049 (S.-w.C.)
| | - Se-woon Choe
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39253, Korea
- Department of IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39253, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (S.-w.C.); Tel.: +82-54-478-7781 (S.-w.C.); Fax: +82-54-462-1049 (S.-w.C.)
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37
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Zhang Q, Yuan Z, Song R, Xue H, Tu J, Fan Z, Guo X, Zheng Y, Zhang D. Optimized acoustic streaming generated at oblique incident angles to improve ultrasound thrombolysis effect. Med Phys 2022; 49:5728-5741. [PMID: 35860901 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined with thrombolytic drugs and/or microbubbles (MBs), ultrasound (US) has been regarded as a useful tool for thrombolysis treatment by taking its advantages of non-invasive, non-ionization, low cost and accurate targeting of tissues deep in body. Recently, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), which can cause fewer complications by stable cavitation and acoustic streaming other than more violent effects, has attracted broad attention. PURPOSE However, the thrombolysis effect in practice might not achieve expectation because there is not an ideal parallel multilayer structure between the skin and the targeted vessel. Therefore, the current work aims to better elucidate the influence of US incident angle on the generation of acoustic streaming and thrombolysis effect. METHODS Systemic numerical and experimental studies, viz., finite element modeling (FEM), particle image velocimetry (PIV) and in vitro thrombolysis measurements, were performed to estimate the acoustical/streaming field pattern, maximum flow velocity and shear stress on the surface of thrombus, as well as the lysis rate generated at different conditions. These methods aim at verifying the hypothesis that streaming-induced vortices can further accelerate the dissolution of the thrombus and optimized thrombolysis effected can be achieved by adjusting US incident angles. RESULTS The pool data results showed that the variation trends of the flow velocity and shear stress obtained from FEM simulation and PIV experiments are qualitatively consistent with each other. There exists an optimal incident angle that can maximize the flow velocity and shear stress on the surface of thrombus, so that superior stirring and mixing effect can be generated. Furthermore, as the flow velocity and shear stress on thrombus surface are both highly correlated with the thrombolysis effect (the correlation coefficient R1 = 0.988, R2 = 0.958, respectively), the peak value of lysis rate (increase by at least 5.02%) also occurred at 10°. CONCLUSIONS The current results demonstrated that, with appropriately determined incident angle, higher thrombolysis rate could be achieved without increasing the driving pressure. It may shed the light on future US thrombolysis planning strategy that, if combined with other advanced technologies (e.g., machine-learning-based image analysis and image-guided adaptive US emission modulation), more efficient thrombolytic effect could be realized while minimizing undesired side-effects caused by excessively high pressure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ziyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Renjie Song
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Honghui Xue
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yinfei Zheng
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China.,Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100080, China
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Duan X, Lo SY, Lee JCY, Wan JMF, Yu ACH. Sonoporation of Immune Cells: Heterogeneous Impact on Lymphocytes, Monocytes and Granulocytes. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2022; 48:1268-1281. [PMID: 35461725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbubble-mediated ultrasound (MB-US) can be used to realize sonoporation and, in turn, facilitate the transfection of leukocytes in the immune system. Nevertheless, the bio-effects that can be induced by MB-US exposure on leukocytes have not been adequately studied, particularly for different leukocyte lineage subsets with distinct cytological characteristics. Here, we describe how that same set of MB-US exposure conditions would induce heterogeneous bio-effects on the three main leukocyte subsets: lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. MB-US exposure was delivered by applying 1-MHz pulsed ultrasound (0.50-MPa peak negative pressure, 10% duty cycle, 30-s exposure period) in the presence of microbubbles (1:1 cell-to-bubble ratio); sonoporated and non-viable leukocytes were respectively labeled using calcein and propidium iodide. Flow cytometry was then performed to classify leukocytes into their corresponding subsets and to analyze each subset's post-exposure viability, sonoporation rate, uptake characteristics and morphology. Results revealed that, when subjected to MB-US exposure, granulocytes experienced the highest loss of viability (64.0 ± 11.0%) and the lowest sonoporation rate (6.3 ± 2.5%), despite maintaining their size and granularity. In contrast, lymphocytes exhibited the lowest loss of viability (20.9 ± 7.0%), while monocytes had the highest sonoporation rate (24.1 ± 13.6%). For these two sonoporated leukocyte subsets, their cell size and granularity were found to be reduced. Also, they exhibited graded levels of calcein uptake, whereas sonoporated granulocytes achieved only mild calcein uptake. These heterogeneous bio-effects should be accounted for when using MB-US and sonoporation in immunomodulation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Duan
- Schlegel Research Institute for Aging and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shun Yu Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jetty C Y Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jennifer M F Wan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alfred C H Yu
- Schlegel Research Institute for Aging and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Li F, Wang X, Wu M, Guan J, Liang Y, Liu X, Lin X, Liu J. Biosynthetic cell membrane vesicles to enhance TRAIL-mediated apoptosis driven by photo-triggered oxidative stress. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:3547-3558. [PMID: 35616096 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the tumor-specificity and limited side effects, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) shows great potential in cancer treatments. However, the short half-life of TRAIL protein and the poor...
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Affiliation(s)
- Feida Li
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Wu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China.
- Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Guan
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China.
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhi Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China.
- Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Lin
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China.
- Mengchao Med-X Center, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, P. R. China.
- Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, P. R. China
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