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Dos Passos RR, Santos CV, Priviero F, Briones AM, Tostes RC, Webb RC, Bomfim GF. Immunomodulatory Activity of Cytokines in Hypertension: A Vascular Perspective. Hypertension 2024; 81:1411-1423. [PMID: 38686582 PMCID: PMC11168883 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.21712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Cytokines play a crucial role in the structure and function of blood vessels in hypertension. Hypertension damages blood vessels by mechanisms linked to shear forces, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems, oxidative stress, and a proinflammatory milieu that lead to the generation of neoantigens and damage-associated molecular patterns, ultimately triggering the release of numerous cytokines. Damage-associated molecular patterns are recognized by PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) and activate inflammatory mechanisms in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, perivascular nerves, and perivascular adipose tissue. Activated vascular cells also release cytokines and express factors that attract macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes to the blood vessels. Activated and differentiated T cells into Th1, Th17, and Th22 in secondary lymphoid organs migrate to the vessels, releasing specific cytokines that further contribute to vascular dysfunction and remodeling. This chronic inflammation alters the profile of endothelial and smooth muscle cells, making them dysfunctional. Here, we provide an overview of how cytokines contribute to hypertension by impacting the vasculature. Furthermore, we explore clinical perspectives about the modulation of cytokines as a potential therapeutic intervention to specifically target hypertension-linked vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo R Dos Passos
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, School of Medicine (R.R.d.P., C.V.S., F.P., R.C.W., G.F.B.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Cintia V Santos
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, School of Medicine (R.R.d.P., C.V.S., F.P., R.C.W., G.F.B.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil (C.V.S., R.C.T.)
| | - Fernanda Priviero
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, School of Medicine (R.R.d.P., C.V.S., F.P., R.C.W., G.F.B.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing (F.P., R.C.W.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Ana M Briones
- Department of Pharmacology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.)
- CIBER Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain (A.M.B.)
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil (C.V.S., R.C.T.)
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, School of Medicine (R.R.d.P., C.V.S., F.P., R.C.W., G.F.B.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing (F.P., R.C.W.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Gisele F Bomfim
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, School of Medicine (R.R.d.P., C.V.S., F.P., R.C.W., G.F.B.), University of South Carolina, Columbia
- NUPADS - Health Education and Research Center, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, Brazil (G.F.B.)
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Gan L, Ye D, Feng Y, Pan H, Lu X, Wan J, Ye J. Immune cells and hypertension. Immunol Res 2024; 72:1-13. [PMID: 38044398 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death due to target organ injury from cardiovascular disease. Although there are many treatments, only one-sixth of hypertensive patients effectively control their blood pressure. Therefore, further understanding the pathogenesis of hypertension is essential for the treatment of hypertension. Much research shows that immune cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Here, we discuss the roles of different immune cells in hypertension. Many immune cells participate in innate and adaptive immune responses, such as monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, NK cells, and B and T lymphocytes. Immune cells infiltrate the blood vessels, kidneys, and hearts and cause damage. The mechanism is that immune cells secrete cytokines such as interleukin, interferon, and tumor necrosis factor, which affect the inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress, and kidney sodium water retention, and finally aggravate or reduce the dysfunction, remodeling, and fibrosis of the blood vessel, kidney, and heart to participate in blood pressure regulation. This article reviews the research progress on immune cells and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liren Gan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqi Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heng Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiyi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China.
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Caiazzo E, Sharma M, Rezig AOM, Morsy MI, Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M, Ialenti A, Sulicka-Grodzicka J, Pellicori P, Crouch SH, Schutte AE, Bruzzese D, Maffia P, Guzik TJ. Circulating cytokines and risk of developing hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2024; 200:107050. [PMID: 38159784 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune responses play a significant role in hypertension, though the importance of key inflammatory mediators remains to be defined. We used a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to study the associations between key cytokines and incident hypertension. METHODS We performed a systematic search of Pubmed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), for peer-reviewed studies published up to August 2022. Incident hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg and/or the use of antihypertensive medications. Random effects meta-analyses were used to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HRs)/risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals by cytokine levels (highest vs. lowest quartile). RESULTS Only IL-6 and IL-1β levels have evidence allowing for quantitative evaluation concerning the onset of hypertension. Six studies (10406 participants, 2932 incident cases) examined the association of IL-6 with incident hypertension. The highest versus lowest quartile of circulating IL-6 was associated with a significant HR/RR of hypertension (1.61, 95% CI: 1.00 to 2.60; I2 =87%). After adjusting for potential confounders, including body mass index (BMI), HR/RR was no longer significant (HR/RR: 1.24; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.61; I2 = 56%). About IL-1β, neither the crude (HR/RR: 1.03; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.76; n = 2) nor multivariate analysis (HR/RR: 0.97, 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.56; n = 2) suggested a significant association with the risk of developing hypertension. CONCLUSIONS A limited number of studies suggest that higher IL-6, but not IL-1β, might be associated with the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Caiazzo
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Malvika Sharma
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Asma O M Rezig
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Moustafa I Morsy
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Marta Czesnikiewicz-Guzik
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Periodontology, Prophylaxis and Oral Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Armando Ialenti
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Joanna Sulicka-Grodzicka
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kracow, Poland
| | - Pierpaolo Pellicori
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Simone H Crouch
- SA MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Aletta E Schutte
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; MRC Research Unit: Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia; School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dario Bruzzese
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance (ARUA) & The Guild of European Research-intensive Universities, South Africa.
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance (ARUA) & The Guild of European Research-intensive Universities, South Africa; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine and Omicron Medical Genomics Laboratory, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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Luo Q, Zhang Y, Yang X, Qin L, Wang H. Hypertension in connective tissue disease. J Hum Hypertens 2024; 38:19-28. [PMID: 35505225 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that connective tissue disease (CTD) is a type of autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation, which can occur across various organ systems throughout the whole body. Although the clinical manifestations of CTD are different, studies have shown that different CTD diseases have similar pathogenesis, implying that different CTD diseases may have similar clinical outcomes. Recent population-based studies have demonstrated an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with CTD compared with the control group, which is partially attributed to traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension (HT), and that controlling the patients' blood pressure (BP) still constitutes one of the most effective means to prevent CVD. Although many studies have shown that the prevalence of HT in patients with CTD is higher than that in the general population, there is a lack of adequate data on the possible pathogenesis of HT. Also, the factors that promote the rise of BP, especially the relationship between connective tissue disease- hypertension (CTD-HT) and traditional cardiovascular risk factors (aging, sex, race, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity, etc.), have not been fully confirmed. In this review, we explore the mechanisms that might lead to elevated BP in patients with CTD and the factors that contribute to elevated BP and the management of CTD-HT, and we focus on whether traditional cardiovascular risk factors, the disease, and the presence of related therapeutic drugs are associated with an increased risk of HT in patients with CTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, 82 Qinglong St., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, 82 Qinglong St., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, 82 Qinglong St., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, 82 Qinglong St., Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, 82 Qinglong St., Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Nishibe S, Oikawa H, Mitsui-Saitoh K, Sakai J, Zhang W, Fujikawa T. The Differences of Mechanisms in Antihypertensive and Anti-Obesity Effects of Eucommia Leaf Extract between Rodents and Humans. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041964. [PMID: 36838952 PMCID: PMC9965471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 1970s, Eucommia leaf tea, known as Tochu-cha in Japanese, was developed from roasted Eucommia leaves in Japan and is considered as a healthy tea. The antihypertensive, diuretic, anti-stress, insulin resistance improving, and anti-obesity effects of Eucommia leaf extract have been reported. However, the identification and properties of the active components as well as the underlying mechanism of action are largely unknown. In this review, we summarize studies involving the oral administration of geniposidic acid, a major iridoid component of Eucommia leaf extract which increases plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on the atria of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by activating the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). To achieve the antihypertensive effects of the Eucommia leaf extract through ANP secretion in humans, combining a potent cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) inhibitor, such as pinoresinol di-β-d-glucoside, with geniposidic acid may be necessary. Changes in the gut microbiota are an important aspect involved in the efficacy of asperuloside, another component of the Eucommia leaf extract, which improves obesity and related sequelae, such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. There are species differences of mechanisms associated with the antihypertensive and anti-obesity effects between rodents and humans, and not all animal test results are consistent with that of human studies. This review is focused on the mechanisms in antihypertensive and anti-obesity effects of the Eucommia leaf extract and summarizes the differences of mechanisms in their effects on rodents and humans based on our studies and those of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sansei Nishibe
- Faculy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +81-11-812-5460
| | - Hirotaka Oikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Suzuka 513-8670, Mie, Japan
| | - Kumiko Mitsui-Saitoh
- Faculty of Health and Sports, Nagoya Gakuin Unversity, 1350 Kamishinano, Seto 480-1298, Aichi, Japan
| | - Junichi Sakai
- Faculty of Health and Sports, Nagoya Gakuin Unversity, 1350 Kamishinano, Seto 480-1298, Aichi, Japan
| | - Wenping Zhang
- Faculty of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1 Kishioka-cho, Suzuka 510-0293, Mie, Japan
| | - Takahiko Fujikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki-cho, Suzuka 513-8670, Mie, Japan
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Dijkshoorn B, Raadsen R, Nurmohamed MT. Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis Anno 2022. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2704. [PMID: 35628831 PMCID: PMC9142998 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk for developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is 1.5 times higher compared to the general population. This risk is partly due to the contribution of systemic inflammation in increased atherogenesis, while an increased prevalence of "traditional" cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, is also attributed to nearly 50% of the total CVD risk. Most anti-rheumatic medication partly reduces this CVD risk, primarily by reducing inflammation. The increased risk is recognized by most guidelines, which advise consequent screening and multiplying calculated risk scores by 1.5. However, screening in daily clinical practice is poorly done, and RA patients often have undiagnosed and untreated risk factors. In conclusion, even nowadays, RA patients still have an increased risk of developing CVD. Advances in anti-inflammatory treatment partly mitigate this risk, but RA patients need mandatory screening for CV risk factors to turn their CVD risk towards that of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Dijkshoorn
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Location Reade, Department of Rheumatology, Dr. Jan van Breemenstraat 2, 1056 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.R.); (M.T.N.)
| | - Reinder Raadsen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Location Reade, Department of Rheumatology, Dr. Jan van Breemenstraat 2, 1056 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.R.); (M.T.N.)
| | - Michael T. Nurmohamed
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Location Reade, Department of Rheumatology, Dr. Jan van Breemenstraat 2, 1056 AB Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (R.R.); (M.T.N.)
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Santos Souza
- Universidade Federal de São PauloEscola Paulista de MedicinaDepartamento de BiofísicaSão PauloSPBrasilLaboratório de CardioBiologia, Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
| | - Danilo Roman-Campos
- Universidade Federal de São PauloEscola Paulista de MedicinaDepartamento de BiofísicaSão PauloSPBrasilLaboratório de CardioBiologia, Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil
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Lopes HF. New Perspectives in the Treatment of Hypertension. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 116:452-453. [PMID: 33909774 PMCID: PMC8159559 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20201164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heno F. Lopes
- Universidade de São Paulo Instituto do Coração – CardiopneumologiaSão PauloSPBrasilUniversidade de São Paulo Instituto do Coração – Cardiopneumologia, São Paulo, SP – Brasil.,Correspondência: Heno F. Lopes • Universidade de São Paulo Instituto do Coração – Cardiopneumologia - Av. Dr. Eneas de C. Aguiar, 44 Bloco 2, sala 8. CEP 05403-900, São Paulo, SP – Brasil. E-mail:
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