1
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Roles of Reelin/Disabled1 pathway on functional recovery of hemiplegic mice after neural cell transplantation; Reelin promotes migration toward motor cortex and maturation to motoneurons of neural grafts. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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2
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Janowska J, Gargas J, Ziemka-Nalecz M, Zalewska T, Buzanska L, Sypecka J. Directed glial differentiation and transdifferentiation for neural tissue regeneration. Exp Neurol 2018; 319:112813. [PMID: 30171864 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells which are indispensable for the central nervous system development and functioning, are proven to be vulnerable to a harmful influence of pathological cues and tissue misbalance. However, they are also highly sensitive to both in vitro and in vivo modulation of their commitment, differentiation, activity and even the fate-switch by different types of bioactive molecules. Since glial cells (comprising macroglia and microglia) are an abundant and heterogeneous population of neural cells, which are almost uniformly distributed in the brain and the spinal cord parenchyma, they all create a natural endogenous reservoir of cells for potential neurogenerative processes required to be initiated in response to pathophysiological cues present in the local tissue microenvironment. The past decade of intensive investigation on a spontaneous and enforced conversion of glial fate into either alternative glial (for instance from oligodendrocytes to astrocytes) or neuronal phenotypes, has considerably extended our appreciation of glial involvement in restoring the nervous tissue cytoarchitecture and its proper functions. The most effective modulators of reprogramming processes have been identified and tested in a series of pre-clinical experiments. A list of bioactive compounds which are potent in guiding in vivo cell fate conversion and driving cell differentiation includes a selection of transcription factors, microRNAs, small molecules, exosomes, morphogens and trophic factors, which are helpful in boosting the enforced neuro-or gliogenesis and promoting the subsequent cell maturation into desired phenotypes. Herein, an issue of their utility for a directed glial differentiation and transdifferentiation is discussed in the context of elaborating future therapeutic options aimed at restoring the diseased nervous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Janowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Gargas
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Ziemka-Nalecz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Zalewska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leonora Buzanska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Sypecka
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, NeuroRepair Department, 5, Pawinskiego str., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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3
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Wu S, FitzGerald KT, Giordano J. On the Viability and Potential Value of Stem Cells for Repair and Treatment of Central Neurotrauma: Overview and Speculations. Front Neurol 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 30150968 PMCID: PMC6099099 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central neurotrauma, such as spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury, can damage critical axonal pathways and neurons and lead to partial to complete loss of neural function that is difficult to address in the mature central nervous system. Improvement and innovation in the development, manufacture, and delivery of stem-cell based therapies, as well as the continued exploration of newer forms of stem cells, have allowed the professional and public spheres to resolve technical and ethical questions that previously hindered stem cell research for central nervous system injury. Recent in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the potential that reprogrammed autologous stem cells, in particular, have to restore functionality and induce regeneration-while potentially mitigating technical issues of immunogenicity, rejection, and ethical issues of embryonic derivation. These newer stem-cell based approaches are not, however, without concerns and problems of safety, efficacy, use and distribution. This review is an assessment of the current state of the science, the potential solutions that have been and are currently being explored, and the problems and questions that arise from what appears to be a promising way forward (i.e., autologous stem cell-based therapies)-for the purpose of advancing the research for much-needed therapeutic interventions for central neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wu
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kevin T. FitzGerald
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - James Giordano
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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4
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Suzuki N, Arimitsu N, Shimizu J, Takai K, Hirotsu C, Ueda Y, Wakisaka S, Fujiwara N, Suzuki T. Neuronal Cell Sheets of Cortical Motor Neuron Phenotype Derived from Human iPSCs. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1355-1364. [PMID: 28901192 PMCID: PMC5680971 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717720280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of stem cells that differentiate into more mature neural cells brings about functional improvement in preclinical studies of stroke. Previous transplant approaches in the diseased brain utilized injection of the cells in a cell suspension. In addition, neural stem cells were preferentially used for grafting. However, these cells had no specific relationship to the damaged tissue of stroke and brain injury patients. The injection of cells in a suspension destroyed the cell–cell interactions that are suggested to be important for promoting functional integrity of cortical motor neurons. In order to obtain suitable cell types for grafting in patients with stroke and brain damage, a protocol was modified for differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells from cells phenotypically related to cortical motor neurons. Moreover, cell sheet technology was applied to neural cell transplantation, as maintaining the cell–cell communications is regarded important for the repair of host brain architecture. Accordingly, neuronal cell sheets that were positive Forebrain Embryonic Zinc Finger (Fez) family zinc finger 2 (FEZF2), COUP-TF-interacting protein 2, insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 4 (IGFBP4), cysteine-rich motor neuron 1 protein precursor (CRIM1), and forkhead box p2 (FOXP2) were developed. These markers are associated with cortical motoneurons that are appropriate for the transplant location in the lesions. The sheets allowed preservation of cell–cell interactions shown by synapsin1 staining after transplantation to damaged mouse brains. The sheet transplantation brought about partial structural restoration and the improvement of motor functions in hemiplegic mice. Collectively, the novel neuronal cell sheets were transplanted into damaged motor cortices; the cell sheets maintained cell–cell interactions and improved the motor functions in the hemiplegic model mice. The motoneuron cell sheets are possibly applicable for stroke patients and patients with brain damage by using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Suzuki
- 1 Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Nagisa Arimitsu
- 1 Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- 1 Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Takai
- 1 Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Chieko Hirotsu
- 2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Ueda
- 2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Sueshige Wakisaka
- 2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naruyoshi Fujiwara
- 1 Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoko Suzuki
- 2 Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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5
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Borlongan CV, Yu G, Matsukawa N, Yasuhara T, Hara K, Xu L. Article Commentary: Cell Transplantation: Stem Cells in the Spotlight. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:519-526. [DOI: 10.3727/000000005783982774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar V. Borlongan
- Neurology/Insttitute of Molecular Medicind & Genetics/School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research/Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Guolong Yu
- Neurology/Insttitute of Molecular Medicind & Genetics/School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research/Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Noriyuki Matsukawa
- Neurology/Insttitute of Molecular Medicind & Genetics/School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research/Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Neurology/Insttitute of Molecular Medicind & Genetics/School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research/Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Koichi Hara
- Neurology/Insttitute of Molecular Medicind & Genetics/School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research/Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Neurology/Insttitute of Molecular Medicind & Genetics/School of Graduate Studies, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
- Research/Affiliations Service Line, Augusta VAMC, Augusta, GA, USA
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6
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Domínguez-Bendala J, Ricordi C. Article Commentary: Stem Cell Plasticity and Tissue Replacement. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:423-425. [DOI: 10.3727/000000005783982891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Domínguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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7
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Sanberg PR, Greene-Zavertnik C, Davis CD. Article Commentary: Cell Transplantation: The Regenerative Medicine Journal. A Biennial Analysis of Publications. Cell Transplant 2017; 12:815-825. [DOI: 10.3727/000000003771000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 78, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Cathryn Greene-Zavertnik
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 78, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Cyndy D. Davis
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 78, Tampa, FL 33612
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8
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Gennai S, Monsel A, Hao Q, Liu J, Gudapati V, Barbier EL, Lee JW. Cell-based therapy for traumatic brain injury. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115:203-12. [PMID: 26170348 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is a major economic burden to hospitals in terms of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and utilization of intensive care units. Current guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injuries are primarily supportive, with an emphasis on surveillance (i.e. intracranial pressure) and preventive measures to reduce morbidity and mortality. There are no direct effective therapies available. Over the last fifteen years, pre-clinical studies in regenerative medicine utilizing cell-based therapy have generated enthusiasm as a possible treatment option for traumatic brain injury. In these studies, stem cells and progenitor cells were shown to migrate into the injured brain and proliferate, exerting protective effects through possible cell replacement, gene and protein transfer, and release of anti-inflammatory and growth factors. In this work, we reviewed the pathophysiological mechanisms of traumatic brain injury, the biological rationale for using stem cells and progenitor cells, and the results of clinical trials using cell-based therapy for traumatic brain injury. Although the benefits of cell-based therapy have been clearly demonstrated in pre-clinical studies, some questions remain regarding the biological mechanisms of repair and safety, dose, route and timing of cell delivery, which ultimately will determine its optimal clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gennai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Grenoble University Hospital, La Tronche, France
| | - A Monsel
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Q Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - J Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - V Gudapati
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - E L Barbier
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Unité Inserm U 836, La Tronche, France
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., Box 0648, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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9
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Salewski RP, Mitchell RA, Shen C, Fehlings MG. Transplantation of neural stem cells clonally derived from embryonic stem cells promotes recovery after murine spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:36-50. [PMID: 25119334 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI) makes it appropriate for cell-based therapies. Treatments using neural stem cells (NSCs) in animal models of SCI have shown positive outcomes, although uncertainty remains regarding the optimal cell source. Pluripotent cell sources such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide a limitless supply of therapeutic cells. NSCs derived using embryoid bodies (EB) from ESCs have shown tumorigenic potential. Clonal neurosphere generation is an alternative method to generate safer and more clinically relevant NSCs without the use of an EB stage for use in cell-based therapies. We generated clonally derived definitive NSCs (dNSCs) from ESC. These cells were transplanted into a mouse thoracic SCI model. Embryonic stem cell-derived definitive neural stem cell (ES-dNSC)-transplanted mice were compared with controls using behavioral measures and histopathological analysis of tissue. In addition, the role of remyelination in injury recovery was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The SCI group that received ES-dNSC transplantation showed significant improvements in locomotor function compared with controls in open field and gait analysis. The cell treatment group had a significant enhancement of spared neural tissue. Immunohistological assessments showed that dNSCs differentiated primarily to oligodendrocytes. These cells were shown to express myelin basic protein, associate with axons, and support nodal architecture as well as display proper compact, multilayer myelination in electron microscopic analysis. This study provides strong evidence that dNSCs clonally derived from pluripotent cells using the default pathway of neuralization improve motor function after SCI and enhance sparing of neural tissue, while remaining safe and clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Salewski
- 1 Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Iinuma M, Umehara T, Arimitsu N, Shimizu J, Misawa H, Takai K, Fujiwara N, Fujii A, Ueda Y, Wakisaka S, Suzuki T, Hirotsu C, Beppu M, Suzuki N. Induction of neural cells with spinal motoneuron phenotype from human iPS cells and the transplantation to totally transected spinal cords in mice. Inflamm Regen 2015. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.35.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Iinuma
- Department of Orthopedics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tasuku Umehara
- Department of Orthopedics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nagisa Arimitsu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Misawa
- Department of Orthopedics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Takai
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naruyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujii
- Department of Orthopedics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Ueda
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sueshige Wakisaka
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chieko Hirotsu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Moroe Beppu
- Department of Orthopedics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noboru Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawaksaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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11
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Orbay H, Tobita M, Mizuno H. Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from adipose and other tissues: basic biological properties and clinical applications. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:461718. [PMID: 22666271 PMCID: PMC3361347 DOI: 10.1155/2012/461718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that were initially isolated from bone marrow. However, subsequent research has shown that other adult tissues also contain MSCs. MSCs originate from mesenchyme, which is embryonic tissue derived from the mesoderm. These cells actively proliferate, giving rise to new cells in some tissues, but remain quiescent in others. MSCs are capable of differentiating into multiple cell types including adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and cardiomyocytes. Isolation and induction of these cells could provide a new therapeutic tool for replacing damaged or lost adult tissues. However, the biological properties and use of stem cells in a clinical setting must be well established before significant clinical benefits are obtained. This paper summarizes data on the biological properties of MSCs and discusses current and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Orbay
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Morikuni Tobita
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Self Defense Force Hospital, Yokosuka 237-0071, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mizuno
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 1138421, Japan
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Niapour A, Karamali F, Nemati S, Taghipour Z, Mardani M, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Baharvand H. Cotransplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Progenitors and Schwann Cells in a Rat Spinal Cord Contusion Injury Model Elicits a Distinct Neurogenesis and Functional Recovery. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:827-43. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x593163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotransplantation of neural progenitors (NPs) with Schwann cells (SCs) might be a way to overcome low rate of neuronal differentiation of NPs following transplantation in spinal cord injury (SCI) and the improvement of locomotor recovery. In this study, we initially generated NPs from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and investigated their potential for neuronal differentiation and functional recovery when cocultured with SCs in vitro and cotransplanted in a rat acute model of contused SCI. Cocultivation results revealed that the presence of SCs provided a consistent status for hESC-NPs and recharged their neural differentiation toward a predominantly neuronal fate. Following transplantation, a significant functional recovery was observed in all engrafted groups (NPs, SCs, NPs + SCs) relative to the vehicle and control groups. We also observed that animals receiving cotransplants established a better state as assessed with the BBB functional test. Immunohistofluorescence evaluation 5 weeks after transplantation showed invigorated neuronal differentiation and limited proliferation in the cotransplanted group when compared to the individual hESC-NP-grafted group. These findings have demonstrated that the cotransplantation of SCs with hESC-NPs could offer a synergistic effect, promoting neuronal differentiation and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Niapour
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Ardebil University of Medical Science, Ardebil, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Karamali
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Nemati
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Taghipour
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mardani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Animal Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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López-González R, Velasco I. Therapeutic potential of motor neurons differentiated from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:1-10. [PMID: 22293229 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of motor neurons (MN) caused by disease or injury leads to paralysis and is fatal in some conditions. To date, there are no effective treatments for MN disorders; therefore, cell therapy is a promising strategy to replace lost MN. Embryonic stem (ES) cells isolated from the inner cell mass of mammalian blastocysts self-renew and are pluripotent because they differentiate into cell types of the three germinal layers. Reprogramming of adult cells to a state similar to ES cells, termed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, has been recently reported. It is well established that pluripotent cell types can give rise to specialized phenotypes, including neurons. Mouse, monkey and human MN can be differentiated from ES and iPS cells using procedures generally involving embryoid bodies formation and stimulation with retinoic acid and Sonic hedgehog. Differentiated MN express characteristic molecular markers such as Islet1, HB9 and Choline acetyltransferase, exhibit electrophysiological maturity and are able to form synaptic contacts similar to neuromuscular junctions in vitro. Furthermore, transplanted MN promote functional recovery in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases and MN injury. The potential clinical applications of stem cell-derived MN was enhanced after iPS cell derivation, which makes possible the generation of patient-specific pluripotent cells for autologous cell replacement therapies and may be used for drug development and disease modeling. This review summarizes MN differentiation protocols from ES and iPS cells in regard to neuronal differentiation efficiency, expression of MN markers and functional properties in vitro, as well as their therapeutic effects after grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo López-González
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DF, Mexico
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14
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López-González R, Camacho-Arroyo I, Velasco I. Progesterone and 17β-estradiol increase differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to motor neurons. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:930-9. [PMID: 21901819 DOI: 10.1002/iub.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the capacity to differentiate into endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal lineages. Motor neuron (MN) differentiation of mouse ES cells involves embryoid bodies formation with addition of Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid. In this work, using immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and quantitative RT-PCR, we investigated whether progesterone or 17β-estradiol have inductive effects on ES cell-derived MN, as it has been demonstrated that these hormones modify proliferation and neural differentiation of pluripotent cells. When 100 nM progesterone was added during differentiation, we found higher proportions of MN, compared to the control condition; coincubation of progesterone with the progesterone receptor (PR) antagonist RU-486 caused a decrease in the number of MN to a percentage even lower than controls. The addition of nanomolar concentrations of 17β-estradiol also significantly induced MN differentiation. This effect of estradiol was completely antagonized by addition of the general estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780. To identify the ER subtype mediating the increase on MN differentiation, we incubated estradiol with the ER-α antagonist MPP or with the ER-β blocker PHTPP. When we coincubated 17β-estradiol with MPP, we found a significant decrease in the percentage of MN. In contrast, the coincubation of 17β-estradiol with PHTPP had no effect on the induction of MN differentiation. All these effects on cell number were confirmed by significant changes in the expression of the MN markers Islet-1 and Choline acetyl transferase, assessed by real-time RT-PCR. Cell proliferation in embryoid bodies was significantly enhanced by progesterone treatment. No changes in apoptotic cell death were found in differentiating cells after progesterone or 17β-estradiol addition. Our findings indicate that progesterone and 17β-estradiol induce a higher proportion of MN derived from mouse ES cells through intracellular PR and ER, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of estradiol was mediated by specific activation of ER-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo López-González
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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Pan HC, Wu YT, Shen SC, Wang CC, Tsai MS, Cheng FC, Lin SZ, Chen CW, Liu CS, Su HL. Characterization of Axon Formation in the Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Motoneuron. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:493-502. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x536464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing neural cell must form a highly organized architecture to properly receive and transmit nerve signals. Neural formation from embryonic stem (ES) cells provides a novel system for studying axonogenesis, which are orchestrated by polarity-regulating molecules. Here the ES-derived motoneurons, identified by HB9 promoter-driven green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression, showed characteristics of motoneuron-specific gene expression. In the majority of motoneurons, one of the bilateral neurites developed into an axon that featured with axonal markers, including Tau 1, vesicle acetylcholine transporter, and synaptophysin. Interestingly, one third of the motoneurons developed bi-axonal processes but no multiple axonal GFP cell was found. The neuronal polarity-regulating proteins, including the phosphorylated AKT and ERK, were compartmentalized into both of the bilateral axonal tips. Importantly, this aberrant axon morphology was still present after the engraftment of GFP+ neurons into the spinal cord, suggesting that even a mature neural environment fails to provide a proper niche to guide normal axon formation. These findings underscore the necessity for evaluating the morphogenesis and functionality of neurons before the clinical trials using ES or somatic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chuan Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Cheng Shen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Wang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipai City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiun Tsai
- Department of Bioindustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chou Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-San Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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16
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A simple behavioral test for locomotor function after brain injury in mice. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:1412-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Lin S, Xu J, Hu S, Xu L, Zhang C, Wang Y, Gu Y. Combined application of neutrophin-3 gene and neural stem cells is ameliorative to delay of denervated skeletal muscular atrophy after tibial nerve transection in rats. Cell Transplant 2010; 20:381-90. [PMID: 20719088 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x524773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Examination of the therapeutic efficacy of neural stem cells (NSCs) has recently become the focus of much investigation. In this study we present an insight of the effects of combined application with neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and NSCs that derived from rat embryo spinal cord on delaying denervated skeletal muscular atrophy after tibial nerve was severed. NT-3 gene was amplified by PCR and subcloned into lentiviral vector pWPXL-MOD to construct a lentiviral expression vector pWPXL-MOD-NT-3. A positive clone expressing NT-3 (named NSCs-NT-3) was obtained and used for differentiation in vitro and transplantation. Sixty adult rats, whose tibial nerves were sectioned, were divided into two groups: one grafted with NSCs-NT-3 (experimental group, n = 30) and the other with NSCs transfected by pWPXL-MOD (control group, n = 30). The cell survival and differentiation, NT-3 gene expression, and effect of delaying denervated skeletal muscular atrophy were examined through immunohistostaining, RT-PCR, Western blot, electrophysiological analysis, and mean cross-sectional area (CSA) of gastrocnemius, respectively. The results show that the NT-3 gene, which is comprised of 777 bp, was cloned and significantly different expression were detected between NSCs and NSCs-NT-3 in vitro. Quantitative analysis of the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunopositive cells revealed a significant increase in experimental group compared to the control group 4 weeks after implantation (p < 0.01). Twelve weeks after transplantation, the ChAT immunopositive cells were detected near the engrafted region only in experimental group. Furthermore, the effect in delaying denervated skeletal muscular atrophy is indicated in the EMG examination and mean CSA of gastrocnemius. These findings suggest that the neural stem cells expressing NT-3 endogenously would be a better graft candidate for the delay of denervated skeletal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Predifferentiated embryonic stem cells promote functional recovery after spinal cord compressive injury. Brain Res 2010; 1349:115-28. [PMID: 20599835 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We tested the effects of mouse embryonic stem cells (mES) grafts in mice spinal cord injury (SCI). Young adult female C57/Bl6 mice were subjected to laminectomy at T9 and 1-minute compression of the spinal cord with a vascular clip. Four groups were analyzed: laminectomy (Sham), injured (SCI), vehicle (DMEM), and mES-treated (EST). mES pre-differentiated with retinoic acid were injected (8 x 10(5) cells/2 microl) into the lesion epicenter, 10 min after SCI. Basso mouse scale (BMS) and Global mobility test (GMT) were assessed weekly up to 8 weeks, when morphological analyses were performed. GMT analysis showed that EST animals moved faster (10.73+/-0.9076, +/-SEM) than SCI (5.581+/-0.2905) and DMEM (5.705+/-0.2848), but slower than Sham animals (15.80+/-0.3887, p<0.001). By BMS, EST animals reached the final phase of locomotor recovery (3.872+/-0.7112, p<0.01), while animals of the SCI and DMEM groups improved to an intermediate phase (2.037+/-0.3994 and 2.111+/-0.3889, respectively). White matter area and number of myelinated nerve fibers were greater in EST (46.80+/-1.24 and 279.4+/-16.33, respectively) than the SCI group (39.97+/-0.925 and 81.39+/-8.078, p<0.05, respectively). EST group also presented better G-ratio values when compared with SCI group (p<0.001). Immunohistochemical revealed the differentiation of transplanted cells into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells, indicating an integration of transplanted cells with host tissue. Ultrastructural analysis showed, in the EST group, better tissue preservation and more remyelination by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells than the other groups. Our results indicate that acute transplantation of predifferentiated mES into the injured spinal cord increased the spared white matter and number of nerve fibers, improving locomotor function.
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Kemp K, Mallam E, Scolding N, Wilkins A. Stem cells in genetic myelin disorders. Regen Med 2010; 5:425-39. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic myelin disorders are a range of diseases that manifest with severe neurological problems, often from infancy. It has been postulated for some time that stem cells might be an effective treatment for these disorders, primarily as agents to restore dysfunctional or lost myelin. Stem cells, however, may offer a wider range of therapeutic potential, for instance as vehicles to replace abnormal enzymes or genes, or to provide trophic support for residual CNS tissue. This article will review several of the more common genetic myelin disorders and currently available therapies, including bone marrow transplantation for adrenoleukodystrophy. Specific stem cell subtypes and their relevance to potential therapeutic use will be discussed and stem cell transplantation in animal model studies will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kemp
- MS & Stem Cell Laboratories, Burden Centre, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK
- Department of Neurology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth Mallam
- MS & Stem Cell Laboratories, Burden Centre, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK
- Department of Neurology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Neil Scolding
- MS & Stem Cell Laboratories, Burden Centre, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK
- Department of Neurology, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Rossi SL, Keirstead HS. Stem cells and spinal cord regeneration. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 20:552-62. [PMID: 19836942 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based transplantation strategies are inherently combination therapies, as they may mediate spinal cord repair via trophic or phenotypic mechanisms. The growth factor expression profile and phenotype of transplanted cells are determined by the transplant population as well as by the site into which they are transplanted. Identifying the key pathways involved in transplant survival and differentiation, as well as neuroprotection and regeneration of endogenous tissue, will enable manipulation of both the transplanted cells and the microenvironment to improve transplant efficiency. High purity populations derived from stem cells will serve to better delineate lineage-specific mechanisms of repair, while providing both neurotrophic and phenotypic benefits to the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn L Rossi
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, 2111 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4292, USA
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21
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Hazama Y, S. Kurokawa M, Chiba S, Tadokoro M, Imai T, Kondo Y, Nakatsuji N, Suzuki T, Hashimoto T, Suzuki N. SDF1/CXCR4 contributes to neural regeneration in hemiplegic mice with a monkey ES-cell-derived neural graft. Inflamm Regen 2010. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.30.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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López-González R, Kunckles P, Velasco I. Transient Recovery in a Rat Model of Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis after Transplantation of Motor Neurons Derived from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2009; 18:1171-81. [DOI: 10.3727/096368909x12483162197123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells can be induced to differentiate into motor neurons (MN). Animal models resembling MN degeneration and paralysis observed in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have been previously reported. In this work, we aimed to investigate whether transplanted MN could prevent motor deterioration in transgenic rats expressing a mutant form of human superoxide dismutase 1 (hSOD1G93A) associated with inherited ALS. Mouse ES cells were differentiated to neurons that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the promoter of the MN-specific gene hb9, as well as molecular markers indicative of MN identity. Cells were grafted into the lumbar spinal cord of adult wild-type (WT) or hSOD1G93A rats at 10 weeks of age, when transgenic animals are presymptomatic. Grafted cells with MN phenotype can survive for at least 1 week in hSOD1G93A animals. To quantitatively evaluate motor performance of WT and transgenic rats, we carried out weekly rotarod tests starting when the animals were 14 weeks old. Sham and grafted WT animals showed no decline in their ability to sustain themselves on the rotating rod. In contrast, sham hSOD1G93A rats decreased in motor performance from week 16 onwards, reaching paralysis by week 19 of age. In grafted transgenic animals, there was a significant improvement in rotarod competence at weeks 16 and 17 when compared to sham hSOD1G93A. However, in the following weeks, transplanted hSOD1G93A rats showed motor deterioration and eventually exhibited paralysis by week 19. At end-stage, we found only a few endogenous MN in sham and grafted hSOD1G93A rats by cresyl violet staining; no choline acetyl transferase-positive nor GFP-positive MN were present in grafted transgenic subjects. In contrast, WT rats analyzed at the same age possessed grafted GFP-positive MN in their spinal cords. These results strongly suggest that the transgenic hSOD1G93A environment is detrimental to grafted MN in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo López-González
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Philip Kunckles
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México
| | - Iván Velasco
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F. 04510, México
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23
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Anjomshoa M, Karbalaie K, Mardani M, Razavi S, Tanhaei S, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Baharvand H. Generation of motor neurons by coculture of retinoic acid-pretreated embryonic stem cells with chicken notochords. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:259-67. [PMID: 18422402 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding neuroectoderm formation and its subsequent diversification to functional neural subtypes remains elusive. We have shown here for the first time that embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate into neurons and motor neurons (MNs) by using a coculture embryonic notochord model in vitro. Mouse ESCs were induced to form neural precursors via timed exposure to retinoic acid (RA) using the 4-/4+ RA protocol. These cells were then cocultured with alginate bead-encapsulated notochords isolated from Hamburger and Hamilton stage 6-10 chick embryos. The use of notochord alone was not able to induce neural differentiation from ESCs, and, therefore, notochord does not possess neural inducing activity. Hence, the most successful neuronal cells and MN differentiation was only observed following the coculture of RA-pretreated ESCs with notochord. This resulted in a significantly greater number of cells expressing microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2), HB9, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and MN-specific genes. While further characterization of these differentiated cells will be essential before transplantation studies commence, these data illustrate the effectiveness of embryonic notochord coculture in providing valuable molecular cues for directed differentiation of ESCs toward an MN lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Anjomshoa
- Department of Stem Cells, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR, Esfahan Campus, Esfahan, Iran
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24
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Hatami M, Mehrjardi NZ, Kiani S, Hemmesi K, Azizi H, Shahverdi A, Baharvand H. Human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor transplants in collagen scaffolds promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord. Cytotherapy 2009; 11:618-30. [DOI: 10.1080/14653240903005802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Husseini L, Schmandt T, Scheffler B, Schröder W, Seifert G, Brüstle O, Steinhäuser C. Functional Analysis of Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Glial Cells after Integration into Hippocampal Slice Cultures. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:1141-52. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Husseini
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanja Schmandt
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Björn Scheffler
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schröder
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Present address: Department of Pharmacology, Grünenthal GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerald Seifert
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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26
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Huang HJ, Gao QS, Tao BF, Jiang SW. Long-term culture of keratinocyte-like cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2008; 44:193-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-008-9092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Derive and conquer: sourcing and differentiating stem cells for therapeutic applications. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:131-42. [PMID: 18079756 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although great progress has been made in the isolation and culture of stem cells, the future of stem-cell-based therapies and their productive use in drug discovery and regenerative medicine depends on two key factors: finding reliable sources of multipotent and pluripotent cells and the ability to control their differentiation to generate desired derivatives. It is essential for clinical applications to establish reliable sources of pathogen-free human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and develop suitable differentiation techniques. Here, we address some of the problems associated with the sourcing of human ESCs and discuss the current status of stem-cell differentiation technology.
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28
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Maden M. Retinoic acid in the development, regeneration and maintenance of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8:755-65. [PMID: 17882253 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is involved in the induction of neural differentiation, motor axon outgrowth and neural patterning. Like other developmental molecules, RA continues to play a role after development has been completed. Elevated RA signalling in the adult triggers axon outgrowth and, consequently, nerve regeneration. RA is also involved in the maintenance of the differentiated state of adult neurons, and disruption of RA signalling in the adult leads to the degeneration of motor neurons (motor neuron disease), the development of Alzheimer's disease and, possibly, the development of Parkinson's disease. The data described here strongly suggest that RA could be used as a therapeutic molecule for the induction of axon regeneration and the treatment of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Maden
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, fourth floor New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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29
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Induction of corneal epithelial progenitors from bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells of rhesus monkeys in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-0304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Riess P, Molcanyi M, Bentz K, Maegele M, Simanski C, Carlitscheck C, Schneider A, Hescheler J, Bouillon B, Schäfer U, Neugebauer E. Embryonic stem cell transplantation after experimental traumatic brain injury dramatically improves neurological outcome, but may cause tumors. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:216-25. [PMID: 17263685 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of embryonic stem (ES) cells may provide cures for the damaged nervous system. Pre-differentiated ES or neuronal precursor cells have been investigated in various animal models of neurodegenerative diseases including traumatic brain injury (TBI). To our knowledge, no study has yet examined the effects of undifferentiated, murine ES cells on functional recovery and tumorigenity following implantation into injured rat brains. We evaluated the effect of transplantation of undifferentiated, murine embryonic cells on the recovery of motor function following lateral fluid percussion brain injury in Sprague-Dawley rats. At 3 days post-injury, animals received stereotactic injections of either embryonic stem cell suspension or injections of phosphate buffered saline without cells (control) into the injured cortex. Neurological motor function assessments were performed before injury, 72 h, 1, 3, and 6 weeks after transplantation using a Rotatrod and a Composite Neuroscore test. During this time period brain injured animals receiving ES cell transplantation showed a significant improvement in the Rotarod Test and in the Composite Neuroscore Test as compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-treated animals. At 1 week post-transplantation, ES cells were detectable in 100% of transplanted animals. At 7 weeks following transplantation, EScells were detectable in only one animal. Two of 10 xenotransplanted animals revealed tumor formation over the observation period. These findings provide evidence for therapeutic potency of embryonic stem cell transplantation after TBI in rat, but also raise serious safety concerns about the use of such cells in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Riess
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center, Ostmerheimerstrasse 200, 51109 Cologne, Germany
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Esmaeili F, Tiraihi T, Movahedin M, Mowla SJ. Selegiline Induces Neuronal Phenotype and Neurotrophins Expression in Embryonic Stem Cells. Rejuvenation Res 2006; 9:475-84. [PMID: 17105388 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2006.9.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiaging effect of selegiline was reported by several investigators; therefore, there is a growing interest in the potential use of stem cell therapy in aging. In this investigation, selegiline was used to induce neuronal differentiation in undifferentiated pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The results show that selegiline can induce neuronal phenotype associated with neurotrophic factor expression. Morphologic and immunohistochemical techniques were used to evaluate the differentiation of the CCE cells, Cresyl violet for the morphologic study, anti-synaptophysin and antityrosine hydroxylase antibodies for characterizing the neuronal phenotype of ESCs, and RT-PCR to study the neurotrophins. The results showed that selegiline can induce dose-dependent ESC differentiation into neurons. Moreover, selegiline can induce neurotrophin expression. This study suggests the potential use of combined selegiline and stem cell therapy to improve deficits in neurodegenerative diseases in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Esmaeili
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
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32
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Ulrich H, Majumder P. Neurotransmitter receptor expression and activity during neuronal differentiation of embryonal carcinoma and stem cells: from basic research towards clinical applications. Cell Prolif 2006; 39:281-300. [PMID: 16872363 PMCID: PMC6496783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells have served as models to understand basic aspects of neuronal differentiation and are promising candidates for regenerative medicine. Besides being well characterized regarding the capability of embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells to be precursors of different tissues, the molecular mechanisms controlling neuronal differentiation are hardly understood. Neuropeptide and neurotransmitter receptors are expressed at early stages of differentiation prior to synaptogenesis, triggering transient changes in calcium concentration and inducing neurone-specific gene expression. In vitro neuronal differentiation of embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells closely resembles early neuronal development in vivo. Murine P19 EC cells are a well-characterized model for in vitro differentiation, which upon treatment with retinoic acid differentiate into neurones. Expression and activity of various receptor proteins is regulated during their differentiation. Stimulation of kinin-B2, endothelin-B, muscarinic acetylcholine, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors results in transient increases of intracellular free calcium concentration [Ca(2+)](i) in P19 cells undergoing neuronal differentiation, whereas embryonal cells do not respond or show a smaller change in [Ca(2+)](i) than differentiating cells. Receptor inhibition, as studied with the example of the kinin-B2 receptor, aborts neuronal maturation of P19 cells, demonstrating the crucial importance of B2 receptors during the differentiation process. Future success in obtaining desired neuronal phenotypes from pluripotent cells in vitro may offer new therapeutic perspectives for curing genetic and acquired dysfunctions of the developing and adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077, São Paulo 05513-970, Brazil.
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Deshpande DM, Kim YS, Martinez T, Carmen J, Dike S, Shats I, Rubin LL, Drummond J, Krishnan C, Hoke A, Maragakis N, Shefner J, Rothstein JD, Kerr DA. Recovery from paralysis in adult rats using embryonic stem cells. Ann Neurol 2006; 60:32-44. [PMID: 16802299 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explored the potential of embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons to functionally replace those cells destroyed in paralyzed adult rats. METHODS We administered a phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate to overcome myelin-mediated repulsion and provided glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor within the sciatic nerve to attract transplanted embryonic stem cell-derived axons toward skeletal muscle targets. RESULTS We found that these strategies significantly increased the success of transplanted axons extending out of the spinal cord into ventral roots. Furthermore, transplant-derived axons reached muscle, formed neuromuscular junctions, were physiologically active, and mediated partial recovery from paralysis. INTERPRETATION We conclude that restoration of functional motor units by embryonic stem cells is possible and represents a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with paralysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the anatomical and functional replacement of a motor neuron circuit within the adult mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa M Deshpande
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-6965, USA
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Hamada M, Yoshikawa H, Ueda Y, Kurokawa MS, Watanabe K, Sakakibara M, Tadokoro M, Akashi K, Aoki H, Suzuki N. Introduction of the MASH1 gene into mouse embryonic stem cells leads to differentiation of motoneuron precursors lacking Nogo receptor expression that can be applicable for transplantation to spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 22:509-22. [PMID: 16497507 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ES cells transfected with the MASH1 gene yielded purified spinal motoneuron precursors expressing HB9 and Islet1. The cells lacked the expression of Nogo receptor that was of great advantage for axon growth after transplantation to an injured spinal cord. After transplantation, mice with the complete transection of spinal cord exhibited excellent improvement of the motor functions. Electrophysiological assessment confirmed the quantitative recovery of motor-evoked potential in the transplanted spinal cord. In the grafted spinal cord, gliosis was inhibited and Nogo receptor expression was scarcely detected. The transplanted cells labeled with GFP showed extensive outgrowth of axons positive for neurofilament middle chain, connected to each other and expressed Synaptophysin, Lim1/2 and Islet1. Thus, the in vivo differentiation into mature spinal motoneurons and the reconstitution of neuronal pathways were suggested. The grafted cell population was purified for neurons and was free from teratoma development. These therapeutic strategies may contribute to a potent treatment for spinal cord injury in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hamada
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
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Dolcetta D, Amadio S, Guerrini U, Givogri MI, Perani L, Galbiati F, Sironi L, Del Carro U, Roncarolo MG, Bongarzone E. Myelin deterioration in Twitcher mice: motor evoked potentials and magnetic resonance imaging as in vivo monitoring tools. J Neurosci Res 2005; 81:597-604. [PMID: 15948181 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) for monitoring disease progression within the CNS of the Twitcher mouse, the murine model for globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD). GLD is a lysosomal storage disorder, resulting from galactocerebrosidase deficiency, causing central and peripheral myelin impairment, leading to death, usually during early infancy. Neuroradiological, electrophysiological, and pathological parameters of myelin maturation were evaluated in Twitcher mice between postnatal days 20 and 45. Healthy controls showed a gradual-appearance MRI T2-weighted hypointensity of the corpus callosum (CC) starting at about P30 and ending at about P37, whereas MRI of age-matched Twitcher mice showed a complete loss of the CC-related MRI signal. MEPs allowed the functional assessment of myelin maturation within corticospinal motor pathways and showed a progressive deterioration of MEPs in Twitcher mice with increased central conduction time (CCT; 5.12 +/- 0.49 msec at P27 to 6.45 +/- 1.96 msec at P32), whereas physiological CCT shortening was found in healthy controls (3.01 +/- 0.81 msec at P27 to 2.5 +/- 0.27 msec at P32). These findings were not paralleled by traditional histological stainings. Optical observation of Bielchowsky and Luxol fast blue-PAS stainings showed mild axonal/myelin deterioration of the Twitcher brain within this time frame. Our results demonstrate that serial MRI and MEP readings are sensitive evaluation tools for in vivo monitoring of dysmyelination in Twitcher mice and underscore their potential use for longitudinal evaluation of the therapeutic impact of gene and cell therapies on these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dolcetta
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
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Vadivelu S, Platik MM, Choi L, Lacy ML, Shah AR, Qu Y, Holekamp TF, Becker D, Gottlieb DI, Gidday JM, McDonald JW. Multi-germ layer lineage central nervous system repair: nerve and vascular cell generation by embryonic stem cells transplanted in the injured brain. J Neurosurg 2005; 103:124-35. [PMID: 16121983 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.103.1.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT To restore proper function to a damaged central nervous system (CNS) through transplantation, it is necessary to replace both neural and nonneural elements that arise from different germ layers in the embryo. Mounting evidence indicates the importance of signals related to vasculogenesis in governing neural proliferation and differentiation in early CNS development. Here, the authors examined whether embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived progenitors can selectively generate both neural and endothelial cells after transplantation in the damaged CNS. METHODS Injections of 20 nmol N-methyl-D-aspartate created a unilateral striatal injury in 7-day-old rats. One week postinjury, murine ESCs, neural-induced with retinoic acid, were transplanted into the injured striatum. Histological staining, laser confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy of grafted ESCs were performed 1 week posttransplantation. CONCLUSIONS Transplanted ESCs differentiated into neural cells, which segregated into multiple pools and formed neurons that conformed to host cytoarchitecture. The ESCs also generated endothelial cells, which integrated with host cells to form chimeric vasculature. The combination of ESC pluripotentiality and multiple germ layer differentiation provides a new conceptual framework for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Vadivelu
- Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury and the Restorative Treatment and Research Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
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Ren-Patterson RF, Kim DK, Zheng X, Sherrill S, Huang SJ, Tolliver T, Murphy DL. Serotonergic-like progenitor cells propagated from neural stem cells in vitro: survival with SERT protein expression following implantation into brains of mice lacking SERT. FASEB J 2005; 19:1537-9. [PMID: 15972295 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3657fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) obtained from the midbrain region of embryonic (E14) mice were initially cultured with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), Sonic hedgehog, and FGF-8 in a serum-free N-2 culture medium to foster differentiation into a serotonergic-like phenotype. During the initial differentiating phase, these progenitor cells expressed En1, Pax3, and Pax5 mRNA. Subsequently, a single serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] and tryptophan hydroxylase-positive clone was isolated, which gave rise to cells that developed serotonergic properties. Sixty percent of these progenitor cells expressed the serotonin transporter (SERT), as indicated by specific ligand binding of [125I]-RTI-55. To further evaluate SERT functionality, we showed that these progenitor cells possessed specific [3H]-5-HT uptake activity. Implantation of the serotonergic-like progenitors into the hippocampus of adult mice genetically lacking SERT was followed by migration of these cells into adjacent brain regions, and survival of the cells at 8 weeks was accompanied by a gradual increase in density of SERT protein expression, which was not found in vehicle-injected, control mice. These findings suggest that this serotonergic-like NSC model will be a useful contribution to the development of cell biotechnology in regard to the expression of missing genes such as SERT in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee F Ren-Patterson
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1264, USA.
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Doss MX, Koehler CI, Gissel C, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A. Embryonic stem cells: a promising tool for cell replacement therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2005; 8:465-73. [PMID: 15601575 PMCID: PMC6740107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are revolutionizing the field of developmental biology as a potential tool to understand the molecular mechanisms occurring during the process of differentiation from the embryonic stage to the adult phenotype. ES cells harvested from the inner cell mass (ICM) of the early embryo can proliferate indefinitely in vitro while retaining the ability to differentiate into all somatic cells. Emerging results from mice models with ES cells are promising and raising tremendous hope among the scientific community for the ES-cell based cell replacement therapy (CRT) of various severe diseases. ES cells could potentially revolutionize medicine by providing an unlimited renewable source of cells capable of replacing or repairing tissues that have been damaged in almost all degenerative diseases such as diabetes, myocardial infarction and Parkinson's disease. This review updates the progress of ES cell research in CRT, discusses about the problems encountered in the practical utility of ES cells in CRT and evaluates how far this approach is successful experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Xavier Doss
- University of Cologne, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, Robert-Koch Strasse 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Schindehütte J, Fukumitsu H, Collombat P, Griesel G, Brink C, Baier PC, Capecchi MR, Mansouri A. In Vivo and In Vitro Tissue-Specific Expression of Green Fluorescent Protein Using the Cre-Lox System in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2005; 23:10-5. [PMID: 15625119 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ES) are pluripotent and may therefore serve as a source for the generation of specific cell types required for future therapies based on cell replacement. The isolation of defined cell populations from a certain lineage or tissue is a prerequisite for the analysis of the potential of such ES-derived cells in animal transplantation studies. Here, using the Cre/loxP system, we report the generation of murine ES cells conditionally expressing the hrGFP gene at the cell surface. Such ES cells can be differentiated in vitro into neurons displaying GFP activity in neurites. Transgenic mice derived from these ES cells permit the targeting of GFP-expression to specific tissues and provide material from the three germ layers suitable for molecular and biochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schindehütte
- Georg-August University of Göttingen, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Göttingen, Germany
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Ikeda R, Kurokawa MS, Chiba S, Yoshikawa H, Hashimoto T, Tadokoro M, Suzuki N. Transplantation of motoneurons derived from MASH1-transfected mouse ES cells reconstitutes neural networks and improves motor function in hemiplegic mice. Exp Neurol 2004; 189:280-92. [PMID: 15380479 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells were transfected with a MASH1 expression vector and G418-resistant cells were selected. The MASH1-transfected cells became neuron-like appearance and expressed betaIIItubulin and panNCAM. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and galactocerebroside (GalC)-expressing cells were rarely detected. Half of the neural cells differentiated into the Islet1+ motoneuron lineage. Thus, we obtained motoneuron lineage-enriched neuronal cells by transfection of ES cells with MASH1. A hemiplegic model of mice was developed by cryogenic injury of the motor cortex, and motoneuron lineage-enriched neuronal cells were transplanted underneath the injured motor cortex neighboring the periventricular region. The motor function of the recipients was assessed by a beam walking and rotarod tests, whereby the results gradually improved, but little improvement was observed in vehicle injected control mice. We found that the grafted cells not only remained close to the implantation site, but also exhibited substantial migration, penetrating into the damaged lesion in a directed manner up to the cortical region. Grafted neuronal cells that had migrated into the cortex were elongated axon-positive for neurofilament middle chain (NFM). Synaptophysin immunostaining showed a positive staining pattern around the graft, suggesting that the transplanted neurons interacted with the recipient neurons to form a neural network. Our study suggests that the motoneuron lineage can be induced from ES cells, and grafted cells adapt to the host environment and can reconstitute a neural network to improve motor function of a paralyzed limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Ikeda
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
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Lindvall O, Kokaia Z, Martinez-Serrano A. Stem cell therapy for human neurodegenerative disorders-how to make it work. Nat Med 2004; 10 Suppl:S42-50. [PMID: 15272269 DOI: 10.1038/nm1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress shows that neurons suitable for transplantation can be generated from stem cells in culture, and that the adult brain produces new neurons from its own stem cells in response to injury. These findings raise hope for the development of stem cell therapies in human neurodegenerative disorders. Before clinical trials are initiated, we need to know much more about how to control stem cell proliferation and differentiation into specific phenotypes, induce their integration into existing neural and synaptic circuits, and optimize functional recovery in animal models closely resembling the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindvall
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Cell Therapy, Section of Restorative Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, University Hospital, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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Abstract
Embryonic stem cells have huge potential in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as they hold the capacity to produce every type of cell and tissue in the body. In theory, the treatment of human disease could be revolutionized by the ability to generate any cell, tissue, or even organ, 'on demand' in the laboratory. This work reviews the history of murine and human ES cell lines, including practical and ethical aspects of ES cell isolation from pre-implantation embryos, maintenance of undifferentiated ES cell lines in the cell culture environment, and differentiation of ES cells in vitro and in vivo into mature somatic cell types. Finally, we discuss advances towards the clinical application of ES cell technology, and some of the obstacles which must be overcome before large scale clinical trials can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Rippon
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Investigative Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Hamada M, Yoshikawa H, Kurokawa MS, Chiba S, Masuda C, Takada E, Watanabe K, Sakakibara M, Akashi K, Aoki H, Suzuki N. Transplantation of neural progenitors derived from embryonic stem cells brings about functional and electrophysiological recoveries of mice with spinal cord injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.2492/jsir.24.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tanaka N. Japanese Society for Regenerative Medicine: Introduction. Cell Transplant 2003; 12:455. [PMID: 28853930 DOI: 10.3727/000000003108746975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgery Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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