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Sarathkumar E, Victor M, Menon JA, Jibin K, Padmini S, Jayasree RS. Nanotechnology in cardiac stem cell therapy: cell modulation, imaging and gene delivery. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34572-34588. [PMID: 35494731 PMCID: PMC9043027 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06404e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide arena of applications opened by nanotechnology is multidimensional. It is already been proven that its prominence can continuously influence human life. The role of stem cells in curing degenerative diseases is another major area of research. Cardiovascular diseases are one of the major causes of death globally. Nanotechnology-assisted stem cell therapy could be used to tackle the challenges faced in the management of cardiovascular diseases. In spite of the positive indications and proven potential of stem cells to differentiate into cardiomyocytes for cardiac repair and regeneration during myocardial infarction, this therapeutic approach still remains in its infancy due to several factors such as non-specificity of injected cells, insignificant survival rate, and low cell retention. Attempts to improve stem cell therapy using nanoparticles have shown some interest among researchers. This review focuses on the major hurdles associated with cardiac stem cell therapy and the role of nanoparticles to overcome the major challenges in this field, including cell modulation, imaging, tracking and gene delivery. This review summarizes the potential challenges present in cardiac stem cell therapy and the major role of nanotechnology to overcome these challenges including cell modulation, tracking and imaging of stem cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Elangovan Sarathkumar
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing Trivandrum India
| | - Marina Victor
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing Trivandrum India
| | | | - Kunnumpurathu Jibin
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing Trivandrum India
| | - Suresh Padmini
- Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences Kochi Kerala India
| | - Ramapurath S Jayasree
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Biomedical Technology Wing Trivandrum India
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Moonshi SS, Wu Y, Ta HT. Visualizing stem cells in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 14:e1760. [PMID: 34651465 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell (SC) therapies displayed encouraging efficacy and clinical outcome in various disorders. Despite this huge hype, clinical translation of SC therapy has been disheartening due to contradictory results from clinical trials. The ability to monitor migration and engraftment of cells in vivo represents an ideal strategy in cell therapy. Therefore, suitable imaging approach to track MSCs would allow understanding of migratory and homing efficiency, optimal route of delivery and engraftment of cells at targeted location. Hence, longitudinal tracking of SCs is crucial for the optimization of treatment parameters, leading to improved clinical outcome and translation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents a suitable imaging modality to observe cells non-invasively and repeatedly. Tracking is achieved when cells are incubated prior to implantation with appropriate contrast agents (CA) or tracers which can then be detected in an MRI scan. This review explores and emphasizes the importance of monitoring the distribution and fate of SCs post-implantation using current contrast agents, such as positive CAs including paramagnetic metals (gadolinium), negative contrast agents such as superparamagnetic iron oxides and 19 F containing tracers, specifically for the in vivo tracking of MSCs using MRI. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehzahdi Shebbrin Moonshi
- Queensland Microtechnology and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yuao Wu
- Queensland Microtechnology and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hang Thu Ta
- Queensland Microtechnology and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Mali A, Kaijzel EL, Lamb HJ, Cruz LJ. 19F-nanoparticles: Platform for in vivo delivery of fluorinated biomaterials for 19F-MRI. J Control Release 2021; 338:870-889. [PMID: 34492234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-19 (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features one of the most investigated and innovative techniques for quantitative and unambiguous cell tracking, providing information for both localization and number of cells. Because of the relative insensitivity of the MRI technique, a high number of magnetically equivalent fluorine atoms are required to gain detectable signals. However, an increased amount of 19F nuclei induces low solubility in aqueous solutions, making fluorine-based probes not suitable for in vivo imaging applications. In this context, nanoparticle-based platforms play a crucial role, since nanoparticles may carry a high payload of 19F-based contrast agents into the relevant cells or tissues, increase the imaging agents biocompatibility, and provide a highly versatile platform. In this review, we present an overview of the 19F-based nanoprobes for sensitive 19F-MRI, focusing on the main nanotechnologies employed to date, such as fluorine and theranostic nanovectors, including their design and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvja Mali
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eric L Kaijzel
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hildo J Lamb
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Luis J Cruz
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging (TNI) Group, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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4
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Ghanbarei S, Sattarahmady N, Zarghampoor F, Azarpira N, Hossein-Aghdaie M. Effects of labeling human mesenchymal stem cells with superparamagnetic zinc-nickel ferrite nanoparticles on cellular characteristics and adipogenesis/osteogenesis differentiation. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1659-1673. [PMID: 33934256 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An attractive cell source for stem cell-based therapy are WJ-MSCs. Hence, tracking WJ-MSCs using non-invasive imaging procedures (such as MRI) and contrast agents (Zn0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4, NFNPs) are required to evaluate cell distribution, migration, and differentiation. RESULTS Results showed that the bare and dextrin-coated NFNPs were internalized inside the WJ-MSCs and had no effect on the cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, karyotyping, and morphology of WJ-MSCs up to 125 µg/mL. Besides, treated WJ-MSCs were differentiated into osteo/adipocyte-like cells. The expression of RUNX 2, SPP 1 (P < 0.05), and OCN (P > 0.05) genes in the WJ-MSCs treated with dextrin-coated NFNPs was higher than the untreated WJ-MSCs; and the expression of CFD, LPL, and PPAR-γ genes was reduced in WJ-MSCs treated with both NFNPs in comparison with the untreated WJ-MSCs (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Overall, results showed that dextrin-coated NFNPs had no adverse effect on the cellular characteristics, proliferation, and differentiation of WJ-MSCs, and suggesting their potential clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solaleh Ghanbarei
- Department of Biology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.,Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Sattarahmady
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,The Nanobiology and Nanomedicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Zarghampoor
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Khalili St, Mohamad Rasoolalah Research Tower, 7th floor, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Khalili St, Mohamad Rasoolalah Research Tower, 7th floor, Shiraz, Iran.
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Kiraga Ł, Kucharzewska P, Strzemecki D, Rygiel TP, Król M. Non-radioactive imaging strategies for in vivo immune cell tracking. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021; 8:385-403. [PMID: 36975764 PMCID: PMC10037928 DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In vivo tracking of administered cells chosen for specific disease treatment may be conducted by diagnostic imaging techniques preceded by cell labeling with special contrast agents. The most commonly used agents are those with radioactive properties, however their use in research is often impossible. This review paper focuses on the essential aspect of cell tracking with the exclusion of radioisotope tracers, therefore we compare application of different types of non-radioactive contrast agents (cell tracers), methods of cell labeling and application of various techniques for cell tracking, which are commonly used in preclinical or clinical studies. We discuss diagnostic imaging methods belonging to three groups: (1) Contrast-enhanced X-ray imaging, (2) Magnetic resonance imaging, and (3) Optical imaging. In addition, we present some interesting data from our own research on tracking immune cell with the use of discussed methods. Finally, we introduce an algorithm which may be useful for researchers planning leukocyte targeting studies, which may help to choose the appropriate cell type, contrast agent and diagnostic technique for particular disease study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kiraga
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
- Cellis AG, 80002 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Kucharzewska
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
- Cellis AG, 80002 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Tomasz P. Rygiel
- Cellis AG, 80002 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Król
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
- Cellis AG, 80002 Zurich, Switzerland
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Helfer BM, Bulte JW. Cell Surveillance Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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SİLİNDİR GÜNAY M. The Formulation of Methylene Blue Encapsulated, Tc-99m Labeled Multifunctional Liposomes for Sentinel Lymph Node Imaging and Therapy. Turk J Pharm Sci 2020; 17:381-387. [PMID: 32939133 PMCID: PMC7489354 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.86619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methylene blue (MB) is a commonly used dye that can be used for near-infrared (NIR) imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT) by producing reactive oxygen species after light exposure, inducing apoptosis. The limiting factor of MB is its poor penetration through cell membranes. Its decreased cellular uptake can be prevented by encapsulation in drug delivery systems such as liposomes. Additionally, the enhanced permeability and retention effect of tumors enables enhanced accumulation of nanocarriers at the target site. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nanosized, MB encapsulated, Tc-99m radiolabeled Lipoid S PC:PEG2000-PE:Chol: DTPA-PE and DPPC:PEG2000-PE:Chol:DTPA-PE liposomes were formulated to design multifunctional theranostic nanocarriers for: 1) NIR imaging, 2) gamma probe detection of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs), and 3) PDT, which can provide accurate imaging and therapy helping surgery with a single liposomal system. The characterization of liposomes was performed by measuring particle size, zeta potential, phospholipid content, and encapsulation efficiency. Additionally, the in vitro release profile of MB and physical stability were also evaluated over 6 months at determined time intervals by measuring the mean particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and phospholipid content of liposomes kept at room temperature (25°C) and 4°C. RESULTS Tc-99m radiolabeled, nanosized Lipoid S PC:PEG2000-PE:Chol:DTPA-PE and DPPC:PEG2000-PE:Chol:DTPA-PE liposomes showed suitable particle size (around 100 nm), zeta potential (-9 to -13 mV), encapsulation efficiency (around 10%), phospholipid efficiency (around 85-90%), and release profiles. Additionally, the liposomes found stable for 3 months especially when kept at 4°C. CONCLUSION MB encapsulated, Tc-99m radiolabeled, nanosized Lipoid S PC:PEG2000-PE:Chol:DTPA-PE and DPPC:PEG2000-PE:Chol:DTPA-PE liposomes were found to have potential for SLN imaging by gamma probe detection, NIR imaging, and PDT. In vitro and in vivo imaging and therapeutic efficiency should be definitely evaluated to enable a final decision and our studies on this research topic are continuing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine SİLİNDİR GÜNAY
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Radiopharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
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Šimečková P, Hubatka F, Kotouček J, Turánek Knötigová P, Mašek J, Slavík J, Kováč O, Neča J, Kulich P, Hrebík D, Stráská J, Pěnčíková K, Procházková J, Diviš P, Macaulay S, Mikulík R, Raška M, Machala M, Turánek J. Gadolinium labelled nanoliposomes as the platform for MRI theranostics: in vitro safety study in liver cells and macrophages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4780. [PMID: 32179785 PMCID: PMC7075985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60284-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents are extensively used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Liposomes are potential nanocarrier-based biocompatible platforms for development of new generations of MRI diagnostics. Liposomes with Gd-complexes (Gd-lip) co-encapsulated with thrombolytic agents can serve both for imaging and treatment of various pathological states including stroke. In this study, we evaluated nanosafety of Gd-lip containing PE-DTPA chelating Gd+3 prepared by lipid film hydration method. We detected no cytotoxicity of Gd-lip in human liver cells including cancer HepG2, progenitor (non-differentiated) HepaRG, and differentiated HepaRG cells. Furthermore, no potential side effects of Gd-lip were found using a complex system including general biomarkers of toxicity, such as induction of early response genes, oxidative, heat shock and endoplasmic reticulum stress, DNA damage responses, induction of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, and changes in sphingolipid metabolism in differentiated HepaRG. Moreover, Gd-lip did not show pro-inflammatory effects, as assessed in an assay based on activation of inflammasome NLRP3 in a model of human macrophages, and release of eicosanoids from HepaRG cells. In conclusion, this in vitro study indicates potential in vivo safety of Gd-lip with respect to hepatotoxicity and immunopathology caused by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Kotouček
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Josef Mašek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Slavík
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kováč
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Neča
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Hrebík
- Central European Institute of Technology CEITEC, Structural Virology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Stráská
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Pavel Diviš
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Robert Mikulík
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Neurology Department, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Raška
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Ardelean IL, Ficai D, Sonmez M, Oprea O, Nechifor G, Andronescu E, Ficai A, Titu MA. Hybrid Magnetic Nanostructures For Cancer Diagnosis And Therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:6-16. [PMID: 30411694 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666181109112655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second disease in the world from the point of view of mortality. The conventional routes of treatment were found to be not sufficient and thus alternative ways are imposed. The use of hybrid, magnetic nanostructures is a promising way for simultaneous targeted diagnosis and treatment of various types of cancer. For this reason, the development of core@shell structures was found to be an efficient way to develop stable, biocompatible, non-toxic carriers with shell-dependent internalization capacity in cancer cells. So, the multicomponent approach can be the most suitable way to assure the multifunctionality of these nanostructures to achieve the desired/necessary properties. The in vivo stability is mostly assured by the coating of the magnetic core with various polymers (including polyethylene glycol, silica etc.), while the targeting capacity is mostly assured by the decoration of these nanostructures with folic acid. Unfortunately, there are also some limitations related to the multilayered approach. For instance, the increasing of the thickness of layers leads to a decrease the magnetic properties, (hyperthermia and guiding ability in the magnetic field, for instance), the outer shell should contain the targeting molecules (as well as the agents helping the internalization into the cancer cells), etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana L Ardelean
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science; 1-7 Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Denisa Ficai
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science; 1-7 Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Sonmez
- Leather and Footwear Research Institute, Department of Rubber, 93 Ion Minulescu street, 031215, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Oprea
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science; 1-7 Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Nechifor
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science; 1-7 Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science; 1-7 Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Ficai
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science; 1-7 Polizu Str., 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail A Titu
- "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, Faculty of Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Management Departament, Sibiu, Romania
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Li H, Meade TJ. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Gd(III)-Based Contrast Agents: Challenges and Key Advances. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17025-17041. [PMID: 31593630 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In an era of personalized medicine, the clinical community has become increasingly focused on understanding diseases at the cellular and molecular levels. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful imaging modality for acquiring anatomical and functional information. However, it has limited applications in the field of molecular imaging due to its low sensitivity. To expand the capability of MRI to encompass molecular imaging applications, we introduced bioresponsive Gd(III)-based magnetic resonance contrast agents (GBCAs) in 1997. Since that time, many research groups across the globe have developed new examples of bioresponsive GBCAs. These contrast agents have shown great promise for visualizing several biochemical processes, such as gene expression, neuronal signaling, and hormone secretion. They are designed to be conditionally retained, or activated, in vivo in response to specific biochemical events of interest. As a result, an observed MR signal change can serve as a read-out for molecular events. A significant challenge for these probes is how to utilize them for noninvasive diagnostic and theranostic applications. This Perspective focuses on the design strategies that underlie bioresponsive probes, and describes the key advances made in recent years that are facilitating their application in vivo and ultimately in clinical translation. While the field of bioresponsive agents is embryonic, it is clear that many solutions to the experimental and clinical radiologic problems of today will be overcome by the probes of tomorrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, and Radiology Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Thomas J Meade
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, and Radiology Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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Liu X, Yang Z, Sun J, Ma T, Hua F, Shen Z. A brief review of cytotoxicity of nanoparticles on mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:3875-3892. [PMID: 31213807 PMCID: PMC6539172 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s205574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells have shown great promise for application in regenerative medicine owing to their particular therapeutic effects, such as significant self-renewability, low immunogenicity, and ability to differentiate into a variety of specialized cells. However, there remain certain complicated and unavoidable problems that limit their further development and application. One of the challenges is to noninvasively monitor the delivery and biodistribution of transplanted stem cells during treatment without relying on behavioral endpoints or tissue histology, and it is important to explore the potential mechanisms to clarify how stem cells work in vivo. To solve these problems, various nanoparticles (NPs) and their corresponding imaging methods have been developed recently and have made great progress. In this review, we mainly discuss NPs used to label stem cells and their toxic effects on the latter, the imaging techniques to detect such NPs, and the current existing challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziying Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Hua
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenya Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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Temme S, Baran P, Bouvain P, Grapentin C, Krämer W, Knebel B, Al-Hasani H, Moll JM, Floss D, Schrader J, Schubert R, Flögel U, Scheller J. Synthetic Cargo Internalization Receptor System for Nanoparticle Tracking of Individual Cell Populations by Fluorine Magnetic Resonance Imaging. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11178-11192. [PMID: 30372619 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Specific detection of target structures or cells lacking particular surface epitopes still poses a serious problem for all imaging modalities. Here, we demonstrate the capability of synthetic "cargo internalization receptors" (CIRs) for tracking of individual cell populations by 1H/19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To this end, a nanobody for green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to engineer cell-surface-expressed CIRs which undergo rapid internalization after GFP binding. For 19F MR visibility, the GFP carrier was equipped with "contrast cargo", in that GFP was coupled to perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions (PFCs). To explore the suitability of different uptake mechanisms for this approach, CIRs were constructed by combination of the GFP nanobody and three different cytoplasmic tails that contained individual internalization motifs for endocytosis of the contrast cargo (CIR1-3). Exposure of CIR+ cells to GFP-PFCs resulted in highly specific binding and internalization as confirmed by fluorescence microscopy as well as flow cytometry and enabled visualization by 1H/19F MRI. In particular, expression of CIR2/3 resulted in substantial incorporation of 19F cargo and readily enabled in vivo visualization of GFP-PFC recruitment to transplanted CIR+ cells by 1H/19F MRI in mice. Competition experiments with blood immune cells revealed that CIR+ cells are predominantly loaded with GFP-PFCs even in the presence of cells with strong phagocytotic capacity. Importantly, binding and internalization of GFP-PFCs did not result in the activation of signaling cascades and therefore does not alter cell physiology. Overall, this approach represents a versatile in vivo imaging platform for tracking of individual cell populations by making use of cell-type-specific CIR+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Temme
- Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Molecular Cardiology , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Paul Baran
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Pascal Bouvain
- Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Molecular Cardiology , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Christoph Grapentin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy , Albert Ludwig University Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Krämer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy , Albert Ludwig University Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
| | - Birgit Knebel
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center , Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center , Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Jens Mark Moll
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Doreen Floss
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Jürgen Schrader
- Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Molecular Cardiology , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Rolf Schubert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy , Albert Ludwig University Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany
| | - Ulrich Flögel
- Experimental Cardiovascular Imaging, Molecular Cardiology , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , 40225 Düsseldorf , Germany
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Grunert B, Saatz J, Hoffmann K, Appler F, Lubjuhn D, Jakubowski N, Resch-Genger U, Emmerling F, Briel A. Multifunctional Rare-Earth Element Nanocrystals for Cell Labeling and Multimodal Imaging. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3578-3587. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Saatz
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dominik Lubjuhn
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Jakubowski
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Resch-Genger
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Park J, Andrade B, Seo Y, Kim MJ, Zimmerman SC, Kong H. Engineering the Surface of Therapeutic "Living" Cells. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1664-1690. [PMID: 29336552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biological cells are complex living machines that have garnered significant attention for their potential to serve as a new generation of therapeutic and delivery agents. Because of their secretion, differentiation, and homing activities, therapeutic cells have tremendous potential to treat or even cure various diseases and injuries that have defied conventional therapeutic strategies. Therapeutic cells can be systemically or locally transplanted. In addition, with their ability to express receptors that bind specific tissue markers, cells are being studied as nano- or microsized drug carriers capable of targeted transport. Depending on the therapeutic targets, these cells may be clustered to promote intercellular adhesion. Despite some impressive results with preclinical studies, there remain several obstacles to their broader development, such as a limited ability to control their transport, engraftment, secretion and to track them in vivo. Additionally, creating a particular spatial organization of therapeutic cells remains difficult. Efforts have recently emerged to resolve these challenges by engineering cell surfaces with a myriad of bioactive molecules, nanoparticles, and microparticles that, in turn, improve the therapeutic efficacy of cells. This review article assesses the various technologies developed to engineer the cell surfaces. The review ends with future considerations that should be taken into account to further advance the quality of cell surface engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Myung-Joo Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul 110-749, Korea
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15
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Stem Cell Tracing Through MR Molecular Imaging. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:249-261. [PMID: 30603551 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy opens a new window in medicine to overcome several diseases that remain incurable. It appears such diseases as cardiovascular disorders, brain injury, multiple sclerosis, urinary system diseases, cartilage lesions and diabetes are curable with stem cell transplantation. However, some questions related to stem cell therapy have remained unanswered. Stem cell imaging allows approval of appropriated strategies such as selection of the type and dose of stem cell, and also mode of cell delivery before being tested in clinical trials. MRI as a non-invasive imaging modality provides proper conditions for this aim. So far, different contrast agents such as superparamagnetic or paramagnetic nanoparticles, ultrasmall superparamagnetic nanoparticles, fluorine, gadolinium and some types of reporter genes have been used for imaging of stem cells. The core subject of these studies is to investigate the survival and differentiation of stem cells, contrast agent's toxicity and long term following of transplanted cells. The promising results of in vivo and some clinical trial studies may raise hope for clinical stem cells imaging with MRI.
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16
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Mazza M, Lozano N, Vieira DB, Buggio M, Kielty C, Kostarelos K. Liposome-Indocyanine Green Nanoprobes for Optical Labeling and Tracking of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Post-Transplantation In Vivo. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28777501 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Direct labeling of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) prior to transplantation provides a means to track cells after administration and it is a powerful tool for the assessment of new cell-based therapies. Biocompatible nanoprobes consisting of liposome-indocyanine green hybrid vesicles (liposome-ICG) are used to safely label hMSC. Labeled hMSC recapitulating a 3D cellular environment is transplanted as spheroids subcutaneously and intracranially in athymic nude mice. Cells emit a strong NIR signal used for tracking post-transplantation with the IVIS imaging system up to 2 weeks (subcutaneous) and 1 week (intracranial). The transplanted stem cells are imaged in situ after engraftment deep in the brain up to 1 week in living animals using optical imaging techniques and without the need to genetically modify the cells. This method is proposed for efficient, nontoxic direct cell labeling for the preclinical assessment of cell-based therapies and the design of clinical trials, and potentially for localization of the cell engraftment after transplantation into patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosa Mazza
- Nanomedicine Lab; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Neus Lozano
- Nanomedicine Lab; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Debora Braga Vieira
- Nanomedicine Lab; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Maurizio Buggio
- Nanomedicine Lab; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Cay Kielty
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Lab; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
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17
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Mester A, Oltean-Péter B, Rodean I, Opincariu D, Stănescu A, Lázár E, Benedek I, Benedek I, Benedek I. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Myocardial Function Following Intracoronary and Intramyocardial Stem Cell Injection. JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/jim-2017-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy is a new therapeutic option that can be used in patients with cardiac diseases caused by myocardial injury. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a new noninvasive imaging method with an increasingly widespread indication. The aim of this review was to evaluate the role of cardiac MRI in patients with myocardial infarction undergoing stem cell therapy. We studied the role of MRI in the assessment of myocardial viability, stem cell tracking, assessment of cell survival rate, and monitoring of the long-term effects of stem cell therapy. Based on the current knowledge in this field, this noninvasive, in vivo cardiac imaging technique has a large indication in this group of patients and plays an important role in all stages of stem cell therapy, from the indication to the long-term follow-up of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Mester
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
- Center of Advanced Research in Multimodality Cardiac Imaging , Cardio Med Medical Center , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Balázs Oltean-Péter
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
- Center of Advanced Research in Multimodality Cardiac Imaging , Cardio Med Medical Center , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Ioana Rodean
- Center of Advanced Research in Multimodality Cardiac Imaging , Cardio Med Medical Center , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Diana Opincariu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
- Center of Advanced Research in Multimodality Cardiac Imaging , Cardio Med Medical Center , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Alexandra Stănescu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
- Center of Advanced Research in Multimodality Cardiac Imaging , Cardio Med Medical Center , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Erzsébet Lázár
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
- Clinic of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - István Benedek
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
- Clinic of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - Imre Benedek
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
- Center of Advanced Research in Multimodality Cardiac Imaging , Cardio Med Medical Center , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
| | - István Benedek
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
- Clinic of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit , Tîrgu Mureș , Romania
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18
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Advances in Monitoring Cell-Based Therapies with Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010198. [PMID: 28106829 PMCID: PMC5297829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are currently being developed for applications in both regenerative medicine and in oncology. Preclinical, translational, and clinical research on cell-based therapies will benefit tremendously from novel imaging approaches that enable the effective monitoring of the delivery, survival, migration, biodistribution, and integration of transplanted cells. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers several advantages over other imaging modalities for elucidating the fate of transplanted cells both preclinically and clinically. These advantages include the ability to image transplanted cells longitudinally at high spatial resolution without exposure to ionizing radiation, and the possibility to co-register anatomical structures with molecular processes and functional changes. However, since cellular MRI is still in its infancy, it currently faces a number of challenges, which provide avenues for future research and development. In this review, we describe the basic principle of cell-tracking with MRI; explain the different approaches currently used to monitor cell-based therapies; describe currently available MRI contrast generation mechanisms and strategies for monitoring transplanted cells; discuss some of the challenges in tracking transplanted cells; and suggest future research directions.
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Rammohan N, Holbrook RJ, Rotz MW, MacRenaris KW, Preslar AT, Carney CE, Reichova V, Meade TJ. Gd(III)-Gold Nanoconjugates Provide Remarkable Cell Labeling for High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:153-160. [PMID: 27537821 PMCID: PMC5243168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In vivo cell tracking is vital for understanding migrating cell populations, particularly cancer and immune cells. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for long-term tracking of transplanted cells in live organisms requires cells to effectively internalize Gd(III) contrast agents (CAs). Clinical Gd(III)-based CAs require high dosing concentrations and extended incubation times for cellular internalization. To combat this, we have devised a series of Gd(III)-gold nanoconjugates (Gd@AuNPs) with varied chelate structure and nanoparticle-chelate linker length, with the goal of labeling and imaging breast cancer cells. These new Gd@AuNPs demonstrate significantly enhanced labeling compared to previous Gd(III)-gold-DNA nanoconstructs. Variations in Gd(III) loading, surface packing, and cell uptake were observed among four different Gd@AuNP formulations suggesting that linker length and surface charge play an important role in cell labeling. The best performing Gd@AuNPs afforded 23.6 ± 3.6 fmol of Gd(III) per cell at an incubation concentration of 27.5 μM-this efficiency of Gd(III) payload delivery (Gd(III)/cell normalized to dose) exceeds that of previous Gd(III)-Au conjugates and most other Gd(III)-nanoparticle formulations. Further, Gd@AuNPs were well-tolerated in vivo in terms of biodistribution and clearance, and supports future cell tracking applications in whole-animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew W. Rotz
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Keith W. MacRenaris
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Adam T. Preslar
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Christiane E. Carney
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Viktorie Reichova
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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20
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Iglesias-Rey R, Vieites-Prado A, Argibay B, Campos F, Bañobre-López M, Sobrino T, Rivas J, Castillo J. Magnetocaloric effect for inducing hypothermia as new therapeutic strategy for stroke: A physical approach. J Appl Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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21
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Rammohan N, MacRenaris KW, Moore LK, Parigi G, Mastarone DJ, Manus LM, Lilley LM, Preslar AT, Waters EA, Filicko A, Luchinat C, Ho D, Meade TJ. Nanodiamond-Gadolinium(III) Aggregates for Tracking Cancer Growth In Vivo at High Field. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7551-7564. [PMID: 27960515 PMCID: PMC5482002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to track labeled cancer cells in vivo would allow researchers to study their distribution, growth, and metastatic potential within the intact organism. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is invaluable for tracking cancer cells in vivo as it benefits from high spatial resolution and the absence of ionizing radiation. However, many MR contrast agents (CAs) required to label cells either do not significantly accumulate in cells or are not biologically compatible for translational studies. We have developed carbon-based nanodiamond-gadolinium(III) aggregates (NDG) for MR imaging that demonstrated remarkable properties for cell tracking in vivo. First, NDG had high relaxivity independent of field strength, a finding unprecedented for gadolinium(III) [Gd(III)]-nanoparticle conjugates. Second, NDG demonstrated a 300-fold increase in the cellular delivery of Gd(III) compared to that of clinical Gd(III) chelates without sacrificing biocompatibility. Further, we were able to monitor the tumor growth of NDG-labeled flank tumors by T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging for 26 days in vivo, longer than was reported for other MR CAs or nuclear agents. Finally, by utilizing quantitative maps of relaxation times, we were able to describe tumor morphology and heterogeneity (corroborated by histological analysis), which would not be possible with competing molecular imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Rammohan
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Keith W. MacRenaris
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Laura K. Moore
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Center for Magnetic Resonance (CERM/CIRMMP) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Daniel J. Mastarone
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lisa M. Manus
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Laura M. Lilley
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Adam T. Preslar
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily A. Waters
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Abigail Filicko
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Center for Magnetic Resonance (CERM/CIRMMP) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Dean Ho
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meade
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Radiology, and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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22
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Silva LHA, da Silva JR, Ferreira GA, Silva RC, Lima ECD, Azevedo RB, Oliveira DM. Labeling mesenchymal cells with DMSA-coated gold and iron oxide nanoparticles: assessment of biocompatibility and potential applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:59. [PMID: 27431051 PMCID: PMC4949766 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticles' unique features have been highly explored in cellular therapies. However, nanoparticles can be cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity can be overcome by coating the nanoparticles with an appropriated surface modification. Nanoparticle coating influences biocompatibility between nanoparticles and cells and may affect some cell properties. Here, we evaluated the biocompatibility of gold and maghemite nanoparticles functionalized with 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), Au-DMSA and γ-Fe2O3-DMSA respectively, with human mesenchymal stem cells. Also, we tested these nanoparticles as tracers for mesenchymal stem cells in vivo tracking by computed tomography and as agents for mesenchymal stem cells magnetic targeting. RESULTS Significant cell death was not observed in MTT, Trypan Blue and light microscopy analyses. However, ultra-structural alterations as swollen and degenerated mitochondria, high amounts of myelin figures and structures similar to apoptotic bodies were detected in some mesenchymal stem cells. Au-DMSA and γ-Fe2O3-DMSA labeling did not affect mesenchymal stem cells adipogenesis and osteogenesis differentiation, proliferation rates or lymphocyte suppression capability. The uptake measurements indicated that both inorganic nanoparticles were well uptaken by mesenchymal stem cells. However, Au-DMSA could not be detected in microtomograph after being incorporated by mesenchymal stem cells. γ-Fe2O3-DMSA labeled cells were magnetically responsive in vitro and after infused in vivo in an experimental model of lung silicosis. CONCLUSION In terms of biocompatibility, the use of γ-Fe2O3-DMSA and Au-DMSA as tracers for mesenchymal stem cells was assured. However, Au-DMSA shown to be not suitable for visualization and tracking of these cells in vivo by standard computed microtomography. Otherwise, γ-Fe2O3-DMSA shows to be a promising agent for mesenchymal stem cells magnetic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa H A Silva
- IB-Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Universidade de Brasília-UNB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro-Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910-970, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline R da Silva
- IB-Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Universidade de Brasília-UNB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro-Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910-970, Brazil
| | | | - Renata C Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emilia C D Lima
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goias, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Ricardo B Azevedo
- IB-Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Universidade de Brasília-UNB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro-Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910-970, Brazil
| | - Daniela M Oliveira
- IB-Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Universidade de Brasília-UNB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro-Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, CEP 70910-970, Brazil.
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23
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Haedicke IE, Li T, Zhu YLK, Martinez F, Hamilton AM, Murrell DH, Nofiele JT, Cheng HLM, Scholl TJ, Foster PJ, Zhang XA. An enzyme-activatable and cell-permeable Mn III-porphyrin as a highly efficient T1 MRI contrast agent for cell labeling. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4308-4317. [PMID: 30155077 PMCID: PMC6013825 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04252f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MnAMP, a cell-trappable pro-contrast agent gets enzymatically activated and accumulated intracellularly to provide a strong MRI signal for cell labeling.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a preferred technique for noninvasively monitoring the fate of implanted cells, such as stem cells and immune cells in vivo. Cellular MRI requires contrast agents (CAs) to label the cells of interest. Despite promising progress made in this emerging field, highly sensitive, stable and biocompatible T1 CAs with high cell permeability and specificity remains an unmet challenge. To address this need, a novel MnIII-porphyrin, MnAMP was designed and synthesized based on the modification of MnIIItetra(carboxy-porphyrin) (MnTCP), a small and highly stable non-Gd extracellular CA with good biocompatibility and high T1 relaxivity (r1 = 7.9 mM–1 s–1) at clinical field of 3 Tesla (T). Cell permeability was achieved by masking the polar carboxylates of MnTCP with acetoxymethyl-ester (AM) groups, which are susceptible to hydrolysis by intracellular esterases. The enzymatic cleavage of AM groups led to disaggregation of the hydrophobic MnAMP, releasing activated MnTCP with significant increase in T1 relaxivity. Cell uptake of MnAMP is highly efficient as tested on two non-phagocytic human cell lines with no side effects observed on cell viability. MRI of labeled cells exhibited significant contrast enhancement with a short T1 of 161 ms at 3 T, even though a relatively low concentration of MnAMP and short incubation time was applied for cell labeling. Overall, MnAMP is among the most efficient T1 cell labeling agents developed for cellular MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga E Haedicke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada . .,Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , ON M1C 1A4 , Canada
| | - Tan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , ON M1C 1A4 , Canada
| | - Yong Le K Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada . .,Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , ON M1C 1A4 , Canada
| | - Francisco Martinez
- Imaging Research Laboratories , Robarts Research Institute , 1151 Richmond St. N , London , ON N6A 5B7 , Canada . ; .,Department of Medical Biophysics , Western University , 1151 Richmond St. N , N6A 5C1 , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Amanda M Hamilton
- Imaging Research Laboratories , Robarts Research Institute , 1151 Richmond St. N , London , ON N6A 5B7 , Canada . ; .,Department of Medical Biophysics , Western University , 1151 Richmond St. N , N6A 5C1 , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Donna H Murrell
- Imaging Research Laboratories , Robarts Research Institute , 1151 Richmond St. N , London , ON N6A 5B7 , Canada . ; .,Department of Medical Biophysics , Western University , 1151 Richmond St. N , N6A 5C1 , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Joris T Nofiele
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine , The Research Institute , Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Hai-Ling M Cheng
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine , The Research Institute , Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5G 1X8.,Translational Biology & Engineering Program , Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G9.,The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G9.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G9 .
| | - Timothy J Scholl
- Imaging Research Laboratories , Robarts Research Institute , 1151 Richmond St. N , London , ON N6A 5B7 , Canada . ; .,Department of Medical Biophysics , Western University , 1151 Richmond St. N , N6A 5C1 , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Imaging Research Laboratories , Robarts Research Institute , 1151 Richmond St. N , London , ON N6A 5B7 , Canada . ; .,Department of Medical Biophysics , Western University , 1151 Richmond St. N , N6A 5C1 , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Xiao-An Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3H6 , Canada . .,Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , ON M1C 1A4 , Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , ON M1C 1A4 , Canada
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24
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Stem Cell Imaging: Tools to Improve Cell Delivery and Viability. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9240652. [PMID: 26880997 PMCID: PMC4736428 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9240652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy (SCT) has shown very promising preclinical results in a variety of regenerative medicine applications. Nevertheless, the complete utility of this technology remains unrealized. Imaging is a potent tool used in multiple stages of SCT and this review describes the role that imaging plays in cell harvest, cell purification, and cell implantation, as well as a discussion of how imaging can be used to assess outcome in SCT. We close with some perspective on potential growth in the field.
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25
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Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probes Based on Ln3+ Complexes. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Gunay MS, Ozer AY, Chalon S. Drug Delivery Systems for Imaging and Therapy of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:376-91. [PMID: 26714584 PMCID: PMC4876593 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151230124904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a variety of therapeutic approaches are available for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, challenges limit effective therapy. Among these challenges are delivery of drugs through the blood brain barier to the target brain tissue and the side effects observed during long term administration of antiparkinsonian drugs. The use of drug delivery systems such as liposomes, niosomes, micelles, nanoparticles, nanocapsules, gold nanoparticles, microspheres, microcapsules, nanobubbles, microbubbles and dendrimers is being investigated for diagnosis and therapy. METHODS This review focuses on formulation, development and advantages of nanosized drug delivery systems which can penetrate the central nervous system for the therapy and/or diagnosis of PD, and highlights future nanotechnological approaches. RESULTS It is esential to deliver a sufficient amount of either therapeutic or radiocontrast agents to the brain in order to provide the best possible efficacy or imaging without undesired degradation of the agent. Current treatments focus on motor symptoms, but these treatments generally do not deal with modifying the course of Parkinson's disease. Beyond pharmacological therapy, the identification of abnormal proteins such as α -synuclein, parkin or leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine protein kinase 2 could represent promising alternative targets for molecular imaging and therapy of Parkinson's disease. CONCLUSION Nanotechnology and nanosized drug delivery systems are being investigated intensely and could have potential effect for Parkinson's disease. The improvement of drug delivery systems could dramatically enhance the effectiveness of Parkinson's Disease therapy and reduce its side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Yekta Ozer
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
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Nanoparticles-Assisted Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:1384658. [PMID: 26839552 PMCID: PMC4709699 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1384658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has attracted increasing attention as a promising treatment strategy for cardiac repair in ischemic heart disease. Nanoparticles (NPs), with their superior physical and chemical properties, have been widely utilized to assist stem cell therapy. With the help of NPs, stem cells can be genetically engineered for enhanced paracrine profile. To further understand the fate and behaviors of stem cells in ischemic myocardium, imaging NPs can label stem cells and be tracked in vivo under multiple modalities. Besides that, NPs can also be used to enhance stem cell retention in myocardium. These facts have raised efforts on the development of more intelligent and multifunctional NPs for cellular application. Herein, an overview of the applications of NPs-assisted stem cell therapy is given. Key issues and future prospects are also critically addressed.
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Nicholls FJ, Rotz MW, Ghuman H, MacRenaris KW, Meade TJ, Modo M. DNA-gadolinium-gold nanoparticles for in vivo T1 MR imaging of transplanted human neural stem cells. Biomaterials 2015; 77:291-306. [PMID: 26615367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The unambiguous imaging of transplanted cells remains a major challenge to understand their biological function and therapeutic efficacy. In vivo imaging of implanted cells is reliant on tagging these to differentiate them from host tissue, such as the brain. We here characterize a gold nanoparticle conjugate that is functionalized with modified deoxythymidine oligonucleotides bearing Gd(III) chelates and a red fluorescent Cy3 moiety to visualize in vivo transplanted human neural stem cells. This DNA-Gd@Au nanoparticle (DNA-Gd@AuNP) exhibits an improved T1 relaxivity and excellent cell uptake. No significant effects of cell uptake have been found on essential cell functions. Although T1 relaxivity is attenuated within cells, it is sufficiently preserved to afford the in vivo detection of transplanted cells using an optimized voxel size. In vivo MR images were corroborated by a post-mortem histological verification of DNA-Gd@AuNPs in transplanted cells. With 70% of cells being correctly identified using the DNA-Gd-AuNPs indicates an overall reliable detection. Less than 1% of cells were false positive for DNA-Gd@AuNPs, but a significant number of 30% false negatives reveals a dramatic underestimation of transplanted cells using this approach. DNA-Gd@AuNPs therefore offer new opportunities to visualize transplanted cells unequivocally using T1 contrast and use cellular MRI as a tool to derive biologically relevant information that allows us to understand how the survival and location of implanted cells determines therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca J Nicholls
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Matthew W Rotz
- Departments of Chemistry, Neurobiology and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Harmanvir Ghuman
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Keith W MacRenaris
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Quantitative Bio-elemental Imaging Centre, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Thomas J Meade
- Departments of Chemistry, Neurobiology and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Michel Modo
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Guenoun J, Doeswijk GN, Krestin GP, Bernsen MR. Compartmentalization of Gd liposomes: the quenching effect explained. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 11:106-14. [PMID: 26463264 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cationic liposomes carrying high [Gd] can be used as efficient cell-labeling agents. In a compartmentalized state, Gd can cause signal loss (relaxivity quenching). The contributions of liposomal [Gd], size and compartmentalization state to relaxivity quenching were assessed. The dependency of signal intensity (SI) on intraliposomal [Gd] was assessed comparing three different [Gd] (0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 M Gd) in both small (80 nm) and large (120 nm) cationic liposomes. In addition, five compartmentalization states were compared: free Gd, intact Gd liposomes, ruptured Gd liposomes, Gd liposomes in intact cells and Gd liposomes in ruptured cells (simulating cell death). Gd also causes R2 effects, which is often overlooked. Therefore, both R1 and R2 relaxation rates of a dilution range were measured by T1 and T2 mapping on a 7 T clinical scanner. Less is more. As the unidirectional water efflux rate (outbound across the liposome membrane, κle) is proportional to the surface:volume ratio, smaller liposomes yielded a consistently higher R1 than larger liposomes. For equal voxel [Gd] less concentrated liposomes (0.3 M Gd) yielded higher R1/R2 ratio because of the higher extraliposomal water fraction (vl ). Gd exhibits a dualistic behavior: from hypointensity to hyperintensity to hypointensity, with decreasing [Gd]. Regarding compartmentalization, fewer membrane barriers means a higher R1 /R2 ratio. Gd liposomes exhibit a versatile contrast behavior, dependent on the compartmentalization state, liposomal size, intraliposomal [Gd] and liposome number. Both R1 and R2 effects contribute to this. The versatility allows one to tailor the optimal liposomal formulation to desired goals in cell labeling and tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Guenoun
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela N Doeswijk
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel P Krestin
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R Bernsen
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Duinhouwer LE, van Rossum BJM, van Tiel ST, van der Werf RM, Doeswijk GN, Haeck JC, Rombouts EWJC, ter Borg MND, Kotek G, Braakman E, Cornelissen JJ, Bernsen MR. Magnetic Resonance Detection of CD34+ Cells from Umbilical Cord Blood Using a 19F Label. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138572. [PMID: 26394043 PMCID: PMC4578896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired homing and delayed recovery upon hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) derived from umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a major problem. Tracking transplanted cells in vivo will be helpful to detect impaired homing at an early stage and allows early interventions to improve engraftment and outcome after transplantation. In this study, we show sufficient intracellular labeling of UCB-derived CD34+ cells, with 19F-containing PLGA nanoparticles which were detectable with both flow cytometry and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). In addition, labeled CD34+ cells maintain their capacity to proliferate and differentiate, which is pivotal for successful engraftment after transplantation in vivo. These results set the stage for in vivo tracking experiments, through which the homing efficiency of transplanted cells can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia E. Duinhouwer
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Sandra T. van Tiel
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon M. van der Werf
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela N. Doeswijk
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost C. Haeck
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gyula Kotek
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Braakman
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan J. Cornelissen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R. Bernsen
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Ngen EJ, Wang L, Kato Y, Krishnamachary B, Zhu W, Gandhi N, Smith B, Armour M, Wong J, Gabrielson K, Artemov D. Imaging transplanted stem cells in real time using an MRI dual-contrast method. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13628. [PMID: 26330231 PMCID: PMC4556978 DOI: 10.1038/srep13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies are currently being investigated for the repair of brain injuries. Although exogenous stem cell labelling with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) prior to transplantation provides a means to noninvasively monitor stem cell transplantation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), monitoring cell death is still a challenge. Here, we investigate the feasibility of using an MRI dual-contrast technique to detect cell delivery, cell migration and cell death after stem cell transplantation. Human mesenchymal stem cells were dual labelled with SPIONs and gadolinium-based chelates (GdDTPA). The viability, proliferation rate, and differentiation potential of the labelled cells were then evaluated. The feasibility of this MRI technique to distinguish between live and dead cells was next evaluated using MRI phantoms, and in vivo using both immune-competent and immune-deficient mice, following the induction of brain injury in the mice. All results were validated with bioluminescence imaging. In live cells, a negative (T2/T2*) MRI contrast predominates, and is used to track cell delivery and cell migration. Upon cell death, a diffused positive (T1) MRI contrast is generated in the vicinity of the dead cells, and serves as an imaging marker for cell death. Ultimately, this technique could be used to manage stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel J Ngen
- The In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Lee Wang
- The In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Yoshinori Kato
- The In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Balaji Krishnamachary
- The In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Wenlian Zhu
- The In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Nishant Gandhi
- The Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287, USA
| | - Barbara Smith
- The Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Michael Armour
- The Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287, USA
| | - John Wong
- The Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21287, USA
| | - Kathleen Gabrielson
- The Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
| | - Dmitri Artemov
- The In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205, USA
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32
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Bernsen MR, Guenoun J, van Tiel ST, Krestin GP. Nanoparticles and clinically applicable cell tracking. Br J Radiol 2015; 88:20150375. [PMID: 26248872 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo cell tracking has emerged as a much sought after tool for design and monitoring of cell-based treatment strategies. Various techniques are available for pre-clinical animal studies, from which much has been learned and still can be learned. However, there is also a need for clinically translatable techniques. Central to in vivo cell imaging is labelling of cells with agents that can give rise to signals in vivo, that can be detected and measured non-invasively. The current imaging technology of choice for clinical translation is MRI in combination with labelling of cells with magnetic agents. The main challenge encountered during the cell labelling procedure is to efficiently incorporate the label into the cell, such that the labelled cells can be imaged at high sensitivity for prolonged periods of time, without the labelling process affecting the functionality of the cells. In this respect, nanoparticles offer attractive features since their structure and chemical properties can be modified to facilitate cellular incorporation and because they can carry a high payload of the relevant label into cells. While these technologies have already been applied in clinical trials and have increased the understanding of cell-based therapy mechanism, many challenges are still faced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique R Bernsen
- 1 Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,2 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jamal Guenoun
- 1 Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Harrison VSR, Carney CE, MacRenaris KW, Waters EA, Meade TJ. Multimeric Near IR-MR Contrast Agent for Multimodal In Vivo Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9108-16. [PMID: 26083313 PMCID: PMC4512902 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple imaging modalities are often required for in vivo imaging applications that require both high probe sensitivity and excellent spatial and temporal resolution. In particular, MR and optical imaging are an attractive combination that can be used to determine both molecular and anatomical information. Herein, we describe the synthesis and in vivo testing of two multimeric NIR-MR contrast agents that contain three Gd(III) chelates and an IR-783 dye moiety. One agent contains a PEG linker and the other a short alkyl linker. These agents label cells with extraordinary efficacy and can be detected in vivo using both imaging modalities. Biodistribution of the PEGylated agent shows observable fluorescence in xenograft MCF7 tumors and renal clearance by MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S R Harrison
- †Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Christiane E Carney
- †Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Keith W MacRenaris
- †Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Emily A Waters
- ‡Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Thomas J Meade
- †Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences, Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States.,‡Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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34
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Srivastava AK, Kadayakkara DK, Bar-Shir A, Gilad AA, McMahon MT, Bulte JWM. Advances in using MRI probes and sensors for in vivo cell tracking as applied to regenerative medicine. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:323-36. [PMID: 26035841 PMCID: PMC4381332 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.018499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of molecular and cellular imaging allows molecules and cells to be visualized in vivo non-invasively. It has uses not only as a research tool but in clinical settings as well, for example in monitoring cell-based regenerative therapies, in which cells are transplanted to replace degenerating or damaged tissues, or to restore a physiological function. The success of such cell-based therapies depends on several critical issues, including the route and accuracy of cell transplantation, the fate of cells after transplantation, and the interaction of engrafted cells with the host microenvironment. To assess these issues, it is necessary to monitor transplanted cells non-invasively in real-time. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a tool uniquely suited to this task, given its ability to image deep inside tissue with high temporal resolution and sensitivity. Extraordinary efforts have recently been made to improve cellular MRI as applied to regenerative medicine, by developing more advanced contrast agents for use as probes and sensors. These advances enable the non-invasive monitoring of cell fate and, more recently, that of the different cellular functions of living cells, such as their enzymatic activity and gene expression, as well as their time point of cell death. We present here a review of recent advancements in the development of these probes and sensors, and of their functioning, applications and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Srivastava
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Deepak K Kadayakkara
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Amnon Bar-Shir
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Assaf A Gilad
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael T McMahon
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Shuai H, Shi C, Lan J, Chen D, Luo X. Double labelling of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells with Gd-DTPA and PKH26 and the influence on biological characteristics of hUCMSCs. Int J Exp Pathol 2015; 96:63-72. [PMID: 25649907 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether double labelling of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) with gadolinium-diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) and PKH26 influences their biological characteristics. A tissue adherence technique was used to separate and purify the hUCMSCs and flow cytometry was performed to detect the surface markers expressed on them. Gd-DTPA and PKH26 were used to label the stem cells and MRI and fluorescence microscopy were used to detect the double-labelled hUCMSCs. A MTT assay was used to delineate the growth curve. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy were used to demonstrate the ultrastructural features of the hUCMSCs. Flow cytometry showed that hUCMSCs highly expressed CD29, CD90, CD44 and CD105. No expression of CD31, CD34 and CD45 was detected. Very low expression of HLA-DR and CD40 was detected. Atomic force microscopy showed these cells were long, spindle shaped, and the cytoplasm and nucleus had clear boundaries. After double labelling, TEM showed Gd particles aggregated in the cytoplasm in a cluster pattern. The proliferation activity, cell cycle, apoptosis and differentiation of the stem cells were not influenced by double labelling. Thus a tissue adherence technique is helpful to separate and purify hUCMSCs effectively; and Gd-DTPA and PKH26 are promising tracers in the investigation of migration and distribution of hUCMSCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Shuai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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36
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Abstract
Stem cell based-therapies are novel therapeutic strategies that hold key for developing new treatments for diseases conditions with very few or no cures. Although there has been an increase in the number of clinical trials involving stem cell-based therapies in the last few years, the long-term risks and benefits of these therapies are still unknown. Detailed in vivo studies are needed to monitor the fate of transplanted cells, including their distribution, differentiation, and longevity over time. Advancements in non-invasive cellular imaging techniques to track engrafted cells in real-time present a powerful tool for determining the efficacy of stem cell-based therapies. In this review, we describe the latest approaches to stem cell labeling and tracking using different imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Srivastava
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 217 Traylor Building, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205-1832, USA
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37
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Geng K, Yang ZX, Huang D, Yi M, Jia Y, Yan G, Cheng X, Wu R. Tracking of mesenchymal stem cells labeled with gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid by 7T magnetic resonance imaging in a model of cerebral ischemia. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:954-60. [PMID: 25352164 PMCID: PMC4262487 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in the development of stem cell and gene therapy requires repeatable and non-invasive techniques to monitor the survival and integration of stem cells in vivo with a high temporal and spatial resolution. The purpose of the present study was to examine the feasibility of using the standard contrast agent gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) to label rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for stem cell tracking. MSCs, obtained from the bilateral femora of rats, were cultured and propagated. The non-liposomal lipid transfection reagent effectene was then used to induce the intracellular uptake of Gd-DTPA. Electron microscopy was used to detect the distribution of Gd-DTPA particles in the MSCs. The labeling efficiency of the Gd-DTPA particles in the MSCs was determined using spectrophotometry, and MTT and trypan blue exclusion assays were used to evaluate the viability and proliferation of the labeled MSCs. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to observe the labeled cells in vitro and in the rat brain. Gd-DTPA particles were detected inside the MSCs using transmission electron microscopy and a high labeling efficiency was observed. No difference was observed in cell viability or proliferation between the labeled and unlabeled MSCs (P>0.05). In the in vitro T1-weighted MRI and in the rat brain, a high signal intensity was observed in the labeled MSCs. The T1-weighted imaging of the labeled cells revealed a significantly higher signal intensity compared with that of the unlabeled cells (P<0.05) and the T1 values were significantly lower. The function of the labeled MSCs demonstrated no change following Gd-DTPA labeling, with no evident adverse effect on cell viability or proliferation. Therefore, a change in MR signal intensity was detected in vitro and in vivo, suggesting Gd-DTPA can be used to label MSCs for MRI tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Geng
- The Chinese People's Liberation Army 59 Hospital, Yunnan, Kaiyuan, Yunnan 661699, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Xian Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Dexiao Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Meizi Yi
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Yanlong Jia
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Gen Yan
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Cheng
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
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Lu X, Xia R, Zhang B, Gao F. MRI tracking stem cells transplantation for coronary heart disease. Pak J Med Sci 2014; 30:899-903. [PMID: 25097541 PMCID: PMC4121722 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.304.4936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Stem cell transplantation has become a new treatment option for cardiovascular disease because the stem cells are able to migrate to damaged cardiac tissue, repair the myocardial infarction area and ultimately reduce the role of the infarct-related mortality. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a new robust non-invasive imaging technique that can detect anatomical information and myocardial dysfunction, study the mechanism of stem cells therapy with superb spatial/temporal resolution, relatively safe contrast material and lack of radiation. This review describes the advantages and disadvantages of cardiac MRI applied in stem cells transplantation and discusses how to translate this technique into clinical therapy. Sources of Data/Study Selection: Data from cross-sectional and prospective studies published between the years 2001-2013 on the topic were included. Data searches included both human and animal studies. Data Extraction: The data was extracted from online resources of statistic reports, Pub med, THE MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Medical and Radiological journals. Conclusion: MRI is an appealing technique for cell trafficking depicting engraftment, differentiation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lu
- Xi Lu, Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Ke Yuan Road 4, Gao Xin District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Xia
- Rui Xia, Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Ke Yuan Road 4, Gao Xin District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Bing Zhang, Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Ke Yuan Road 4, Gao Xin District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fabao Gao
- Fabao Gao, Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.1, Ke Yuan Road 4, Gao Xin District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
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Hossain MA, Chowdhury T, Bagul A. Imaging modalities for the in vivo surveillance of mesenchymal stromal cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 9:1217-24. [PMID: 24917526 DOI: 10.1002/term.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells exist as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and have the capacity to differentiate into multiple tissue types when subjected to appropriate culture conditions. This property of MSCs creates therapeutic opportunities in regenerative medicine for the treatment of damage to neural, cardiac and musculoskeletal tissues or acute kidney injury. The prerequisite for successful cell therapy is delivery of cells to the target tissue. Assessment of therapeutic outcomes utilize traditional methods to examine cell function of MSC populations involving routine biochemical or histological analysis for cell proliferation, protein synthesis and gene expression. However, these methods do not provide sufficient spatial and temporal information. In vivo surveillance of MSC migration to the site of interest can be performed through a variety of imaging modalities such as the use of radiolabelling, fluc protein expression bioluminescence imaging and paramagnetic nanoparticle magnetic resonance imaging. This review will outline the current methods of in vivo surveillance of exogenously administered MSCs in regenerative medicine while addressing potential technological developments. Furthermore, nanoparticles and microparticles for cellular labelling have shown that migration of MSCs can be spatially and temporally monitored. In vivo surveillance therefore permits time-stratified assessment in animal models without disruption of the target organ. In vivo tracking of MSCs is non-invasive, repeatable and non-toxic. Despite the excitement that nanoparticles for tracking MSCs offer, delivery methods are difficult because of the challenges with imaging three-dimensional systems. The current advances and growth in MSC research, is likely to provide a wealth of evidence overcoming these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina Chowdhury
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Atul Bagul
- Department of Renal Transplantation, St Georges Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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Galderisi U, Giordano A. The gap between the physiological and therapeutic roles of mesenchymal stem cells. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:1100-26. [PMID: 24866817 DOI: 10.1002/med.21322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several investigators have cultivated marrow stromal cells and have identified a population of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These cells expand extensively in vitro and exhibit multilineage differentiation potential. The lack of MSC-specific markers impedes identification of MSC functions. Further in vivo studies of these cells may elucidate the nature of MSCs. Although the nature of MSCs remains unclear, nonclonal stromal cultures are used as a source of putative MSCs for therapeutic purposes. Preclinical studies and clinical trials assumed that transplanted MSCs exert their effects through their differentiation properties or through the release of molecules that restore tissue functions and modulate immune cells. These studies reported contradictory results and failed to meet expectations. Thus, it is important to note that current protocols for MSC therapy are primarily based on the use of in vitro expanded nonclonal MSCs. Clearly defining the physiological features of in situ MSCs and the in vitro and in vivo properties of nonclonal cultures of stromal cells, which are often misidentified as pure stem cell cultures, may explain the reported failures of MSC therapy. This review will address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Galderisi
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Genkök Stem Cell Centre, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Figueiredo S, Cutrin JC, Rizzitelli S, De Luca E, Moreira JN, Geraldes CFGC, Aime S, Terreno E. MRI tracking of macrophages labeled with glucan particles entrapping a water insoluble paramagnetic Gd-based agent. Mol Imaging Biol 2014. [PMID: 23179092 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-012-0603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study is aimed at demonstrating the in vivo potential of Gd(III)-loaded glucan particles (Gd-GPs) as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-positive agents for labeling and tracking phagocytic cells. PROCEDURE GPs were obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisae and loaded with the water-insoluble complex Gd-DOTAMA(C18)2. The uptake kinetics of Gd-GPs by murine macrophages was studied in vitro and the internalization mechanism was assessed by competition assays. The in vivo performance of Gd-GPs was tested at 7.05 T on a mouse model of acute liver inflammation. RESULTS The minimum number of Gd-GPs-labeled J774.A1 macrophages detected in vitro by MRI was ca. 300 cells/μl of agar, which is the lowest number ever reported for cells labeled with a positive T1 agent. Intravenous injection of macrophages labeled with Gd-GPs in a mouse model of liver inflammation enabled the MRI visualization of the cellular infiltration in the diseased area. CONCLUSIONS Gd-GPs represent a promising platform for tracking macrophages by MRI as a T1 alternative to the golden standard T2-based iron oxide particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Figueiredo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences and Molecular and Preclinical Imaging Centers, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Managh AJ, Edwards SL, Bushell A, Wood KJ, Geissler EK, Hutchinson JA, Hutchinson RW, Reid HJ, Sharp BL. Single Cell Tracking of Gadolinium Labeled CD4+ T Cells by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10627-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4022715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Managh
- Centre
for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Sheldon L. Edwards
- Nuffield
Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3
9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Bushell
- Nuffield
Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3
9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn J. Wood
- Nuffield
Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3
9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Edward K. Geissler
- Division
of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, 93053, Germany
| | - James A. Hutchinson
- Division
of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, 93053, Germany
| | - Robert W. Hutchinson
- Electro Scientific Industries, 8 Avro Court, Ermine Business Park, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, PE29 6XS, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J. Reid
- Centre
for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Barry L. Sharp
- Centre
for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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Lacerda S, Bonnet CS, Pallier A, Villette S, Foucher F, Westall F, Buron F, Suzenet F, Pichon C, Petoud S, Tóth É. Lanthanide-based, near-infrared luminescent and magnetic lipoparticles: monitoring particle integrity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2662-2666. [PMID: 23554181 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lacerda
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex, France
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Li L, Jiang W, Luo K, Song H, Lan F, Wu Y, Gu Z. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents for non-invasive stem cell labeling and tracking. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:595-615. [PMID: 23946825 PMCID: PMC3741608 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise for the treatment of multiple human diseases and disorders. Tracking and monitoring of stem cells in vivo after transplantation can supply important information for determining the efficacy of stem cell therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) combined with contrast agents is believed to be the most effective and safest non-invasive technique for stem cell tracking in living bodies. Commercial superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in the aid of transfection agents (TAs) have been applied to labeling stem cells. However, owing to the potential toxicity of TAs, more attentions have been paid to develop novel SPIONs with specific surface coating or functional moieties which facilitate effective cell internalization in the absence of TAs. This review aims to summarize the recent progress in the design and preparation of SPIONs as cellular MRI probes, to discuss their applications and current problems facing in stem cell labeling and tracking, and to offer perspectives and solutions for the future development of SPIONs in this field.
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Khurana A, Chapelin F, Beck G, Lenkov OD, Donig J, Nejadnik H, Messing S, Derugin N, Chan RCF, Gaur A, Sennino B, McDonald DM, Kempen PJ, Tikhomirov GA, Rao J, Daldrup-Link HE. Iron administration before stem cell harvest enables MR imaging tracking after transplantation. Radiology 2013; 269:186-97. [PMID: 23850832 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13130858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether intravenous ferumoxytol can be used to effectively label mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vivo and can be used for tracking of stem cell transplants. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee. Sprague-Dawley rats (6-8 weeks old) were injected with ferumoxytol 48 hours prior to extraction of MSCs from bone marrow. Ferumoxytol uptake by these MSCs was evaluated with fluorescence, confocal, and electron microscopy and compared with results of traditional ex vivo-labeling procedures. The in vivo-labeled cells were subsequently transplanted in osteochondral defects of 14 knees of seven athymic rats and were evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging up to 4 weeks after transplantation. T2 relaxation times of in vivo-labeled MSC transplants and unlabeled control transplants were compared by using t tests. MR data were correlated with histopathologic results. RESULTS In vivo-labeled MSCs demonstrated significantly higher ferumoxytol uptake compared with ex vivo-labeled cells. With electron microscopy, iron oxide nanoparticles were localized in secondary lysosomes. In vivo-labeled cells demonstrated significant T2 shortening effects in vitro and in vivo when they were compared with unlabeled control cells (T2 in vivo, 15.4 vs 24.4 msec; P < .05) and could be tracked in osteochondral defects for 4 weeks. Histologic examination confirmed the presence of iron in labeled transplants and defect remodeling. CONCLUSION Intravenous ferumoxytol can be used to effectively label MSCs in vivo and can be used for tracking of stem cell transplants with MR imaging. This method eliminates risks of contamination and biologic alteration of MSCs associated with ex vivo-labeling procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Khurana
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Rd, Room 1665, Stanford, CA 94305-5654; Department of Communication and Statistics and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif; Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
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Design of a modular protein-based MRI contrast agent for targeted application. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65346. [PMID: 23762349 PMCID: PMC3675113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a non-radioactive alternative for the non-invasive detection of tumours. Low molecular weight MRI contrast agents currently in clinical use suffer either from a lack of specificity for tumour tissue or from low relaxivity and thus low contrast amplification. In this study, we present the newly designed two domain fusion protein Zarvin, which is able to bind to therapeutic IgG antibodies suitable for targeting, while facilitating contrast enhancement through high affinity binding sites for Gd3+. We show that the Zarvin fold is stable under serum conditions, specifically targets a cancer cell-line when bound to the Cetuximab IgG, and allows for imaging with high relaxivity, a property that would be advantageous for the detection of small tumours and metastases at 1.5 or 3 T.
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47
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Avti PK, Caparelli ED, Sitharaman B. Cytotoxicity, cytocompatibility, cell-labeling efficiency, and in vitro cellular magnetic resonance imaging of gadolinium-catalyzed single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:3580-91. [PMID: 23686792 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell tracking by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an emerging technique that typically requires the use of MRI contrast agents (CAs). A MRI CA for cellular imaging should label cells efficiently at potentially safe concentrations, have high relaxivity, and not affect the cellular machinery. In this article, we report the cytotoxicity, cytocompatibility, and cell labeling efficiency in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts of novel, single-walled carbon nanotubes synthesized using gadolinium nanoparticles as catalysts (Gd-SWCNTs). Cells incubated with the Gd-SWCNT showed a dose- (50-100 µg/mL nanotube concentration) and time- (12-48 h) dependent decrease in viability. 30% cell death was observed for cells incubated with Gd-SWCNTs at the maximum dose of 100 µg/mL for 48 h. Cells incubated with the Gd-SWCNTs at concentrations between 1-10 μg/mL for 48 h showed no change in viability or proliferation compared to untreated controls. Additionally, at these potentially safe concentrations, up to 48 h, the cells showed no phosphatidyl serine externalization (pre-apoptotic condition), caspase-3 activity (point of no return for apoptosis), genetic damage, or changes in their division cycle. Localization of Gd-SWCNTs within the cells was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman microscopy, and these results show 100% cell labeling efficiency. Elemental analysis also indicates significant uptake of Gd-SWCNTs by the cells (10(8) -10(9) Gd(3+) ions per cell). Finally, T1 -weighted MRI at 3 T of Gd-SWCNT-labelled cells show up to a four-fold increase in MR signal intensities as compared to untreated cells. These results indicate that Gd-SWCNTs label cells efficiently at potentially safe concentrations, and enhance MRI contrast without any structural damage to the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K Avti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rm #115, Bioengineering Building, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5281
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 18:111-30. [PMID: 23299306 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835daf68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Guenoun J, Ruggiero A, Doeswijk G, Janssens RC, Koning GA, Kotek G, Krestin GP, Bernsen MR. In vivoquantitative assessment of cell viability of gadolinium or iron-labeled cells using MRI and bioluminescence imaging. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2012; 8:165-74. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Guenoun
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Ruggiero
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gabriela Doeswijk
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Roel C. Janssens
- Department of Genetics; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gerben A. Koning
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgical Oncology, Section Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gyula Kotek
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel P. Krestin
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
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Promising strategies for Gd-based responsive magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 17:158-66. [PMID: 23141598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful imaging modality that is often coupled with paramagnetic contrast agents based on gadolinium to enhance sensitivity and image quality. Responsive contrast agents are key to furthering the diagnostic potential of MRI, both to provide anatomical information and to discern biochemical activity. Recent design of responsive gadolinium-based T₁ agents has made interesting progress, with the development of novel complexes which sense their chemical environment through changes in the coordination of water molecules, the molecular tumbling time or the number of metal centres. Particular promising design strategies include the use of multimeric systems, and the development of dual imaging probes.
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