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Maio KA, Moubayidin L. 'Organ'ising Floral Organ Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1595. [PMID: 38931027 PMCID: PMC11207604 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Flowers are plant structures characteristic of the phylum Angiosperms composed of organs thought to have emerged from homologous structures to leaves in order to specialize in a distinctive function: reproduction. Symmetric shapes, colours, and scents all play important functional roles in flower biology. The evolution of flower symmetry and the morphology of individual flower parts (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels) has significantly contributed to the diversity of reproductive strategies across flowering plant species. This diversity facilitates attractiveness for pollination, protection of gametes, efficient fertilization, and seed production. Symmetry, the establishment of body axes, and fate determination are tightly linked. The complex genetic networks underlying the establishment of organ, tissue, and cellular identity, as well as the growth regulators acting across the body axes, are steadily being elucidated in the field. In this review, we summarise the wealth of research already at our fingertips to begin weaving together how separate processes involved in specifying organ identity within the flower may interact, providing a functional perspective on how identity determination and axial regulation may be coordinated to inform symmetrical floral organ structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laila Moubayidin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK;
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2
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Zhang P, Xie Y, Xie W, Li L, Zhang H, Duan X, Zhang R, Guo L. Roles of the APETALA3-3 ortholog in the petal identity specification and morphological differentiation in Delphinium anthriscifolium flowers. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae097. [PMID: 38855416 PMCID: PMC11161261 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The genus Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) with its unique and highly complex floral structure is an ideal system to address some key questions in terms of morphological and evolutionary studies in flowers. In D. anthriscifolium, for example, the original eight petal primordia differentiate into three types at maturity (i.e., two dorsal spurred, two lateral flat, and four ventral reduced petals). The mechanisms underlying their identity determination and morphological differentiation remain unclear. Here, through a comprehensive approach combining digital gene expression (DGE) profiles, in situ hybridization, and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), we explore the role of the APETALLATA3-3 (AP3-3) ortholog in D. anthriscifolium. Our findings reveal that the DeanAP3-3 not only functions as a traditionally known petal identity gene but also plays a critical role in petal morphological differentiation. The DeanAP3-3 gene is expressed in all the petal primordia before their morphological differentiation at earlier stages, but shows a gradient expression level difference along the dorsventral floral axis, with higher expression level in the dorsal spurred petals, intermediate level in the lateral flat petals and lower level in the ventral reduced petals. VIGS experiments revealed that flowers with strong phenotypic changes showed a complete transformation of all the three types of petals into non-spurred sepals. However, in the flowers with moderate phenotypic changes, the transformation of spurred petals into flat petals is associated with moderate silencing of the DeanAP3-3 gene, suggesting a significant impact of expression level on petal morphological differentiation. This research also shed some insights into the role of changes in gene expression levels on morphological differentiation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanru Xie
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjie Xie
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanghang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoshan Duan
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Liping Guo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China
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Lu J, Wang W, Fan C, Sun J, Yuan G, Guo Y, Yu X, Chang Y, Liu J, Wang C. Telo boxes within the AGAMOUS second intron recruit histone 3 lysine 27 methylation to increase petal number in rose (Rosa chinensis) in response to low temperatures. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1486-1499. [PMID: 38457289 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The petals of rose (Rosa sp.) flowers determine the ornamental and industrial worth of this species. The number of petals in roses was previously shown to be subject to fluctuations in ambient temperature. However, the mechanisms by which rose detects and responds to temperature changes are not entirely understood. In this study, we identified short interstitial telomere motifs (telo boxes) in the second intron of AGAMOUS (RcAG) from China rose (Rosa chinensis) that play an essential role in precise temperature perception. The second intron of RcAG harbors two telo boxes that recruit telomere repeat binding factors (RcTRBs), which interact with CURLY LEAF (RcCLF) to compose a repressor complex. We show that this complex suppresses RcAG expression when plants are subjected to low temperatures via depositing H3K27me3 marks (trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3) over the RcAG gene body. This regulatory mechanism explains the low-temperature-dependent decrease in RcAG transcript levels, leading to the production of more petals under these conditions. Our results underscore an interesting intron-mediated regulatory mechanism governing RcAG expression, enabling rose plants to perceive temperature cues and establish petal numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weinan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chunguo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guozhen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuhan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yufei Chang
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Changquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Zhang G, Ma H. Nuclear phylogenomics of angiosperms and insights into their relationships and evolution. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:546-578. [PMID: 38289011 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Angiosperms (flowering plants) are by far the most diverse land plant group with over 300,000 species. The sudden appearance of diverse angiosperms in the fossil record was referred to by Darwin as the "abominable mystery," hence contributing to the heightened interest in angiosperm evolution. Angiosperms display wide ranges of morphological, physiological, and ecological characters, some of which have probably influenced their species richness. The evolutionary analyses of these characteristics help to address questions of angiosperm diversification and require well resolved phylogeny. Following the great successes of phylogenetic analyses using plastid sequences, dozens to thousands of nuclear genes from next-generation sequencing have been used in angiosperm phylogenomic analyses, providing well resolved phylogenies and new insights into the evolution of angiosperms. In this review we focus on recent nuclear phylogenomic analyses of large angiosperm clades, orders, families, and subdivisions of some families and provide a summarized Nuclear Phylogenetic Tree of Angiosperm Families. The newly established nuclear phylogenetic relationships are highlighted and compared with previous phylogenetic results. The sequenced genomes of Amborella, Nymphaea, Chloranthus, Ceratophyllum, and species of monocots, Magnoliids, and basal eudicots, have facilitated the phylogenomics of relationships among five major angiosperms clades. All but one of the 64 angiosperm orders were included in nuclear phylogenomics with well resolved relationships except the placements of several orders. Most families have been included with robust and highly supported placements, especially for relationships within several large and important orders and families. Additionally, we examine the divergence time estimation and biogeographic analyses of angiosperm on the basis of the nuclear phylogenomic frameworks and discuss the differences compared with previous analyses. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of nuclear phylogenomic analyses on ancestral reconstruction of morphological, physiological, and ecological characters of angiosperm groups, limitations of current nuclear phylogenomic studies, and the taxa that require future attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
- Department of Biology, 510 Mueller Laboratory, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology, 510 Mueller Laboratory, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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López‐Martínez AM, Magallón S, von Balthazar M, Schönenberger J, Sauquet H, Chartier M. Angiosperm flowers reached their highest morphological diversity early in their evolutionary history. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1348-1360. [PMID: 38029781 PMCID: PMC10952840 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are the complex and highly diverse reproductive structures of angiosperms. Because of their role in sexual reproduction, the evolution of flowers is tightly linked to angiosperm speciation and diversification. Accordingly, the quantification of floral morphological diversity (disparity) among angiosperm subgroups and through time may give important insights into the evolutionary history of angiosperms as a whole. Based on a comprehensive dataset focusing on 30 characters describing floral structure across angiosperms, we used 1201 extant and 121 fossil flowers to measure floral disparity and explore patterns of floral evolution through time and across lineages. We found that angiosperms reached their highest floral disparity in the Early Cretaceous. However, decreasing disparity toward the present likely has not precluded the innovation of other complex traits at other morphological levels, which likely played a key role in the outstanding angiosperm species richness. Angiosperms occupy specific regions of the theoretical morphospace, indicating that only a portion of the possible floral trait combinations is observed in nature. The ANA grade, the magnoliids, and the early-eudicot grade occupy large areas of the morphospace (higher disparity), whereas nested groups occupy narrower regions (lower disparity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. López‐Martínez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito de Ciudad UniversitariaCoyoacánCiudad de México04510Mexico
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito de Ciudad UniversitariaCoyoacánCiudad de México04510Mexico
| | - Susana Magallón
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito de Ciudad UniversitariaCoyoacánCiudad de México04510Mexico
| | - Maria von Balthazar
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14ViennaA‐1030Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14ViennaA‐1030Austria
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW)Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain TrustSydneyNSW2000Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South Wales, Biological Sciences North (D26)SydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Marion Chartier
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14ViennaA‐1030Austria
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Remizowa MV, Sokoloff DD. Patterns of Carpel Structure, Development, and Evolution in Monocots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4138. [PMID: 38140465 PMCID: PMC10748379 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of heterochrony, or shifts in the relative timing of ontogenetic events, is important for understanding many aspects of plant evolution, including applied issues such as crop yield. In this paper, we review heterochronic shifts in the evolution of an important floral organ, the carpel. The carpels, being ovule-bearing organs, facilitate fertilisation, seed, and fruit formation. It is the carpel that provides the key character of flowering plants, angiospermy. In many angiosperms, a carpel has two zones: proximal ascidiate and distal plicate. When carpels are free (apocarpous gynoecium), the plicate zone has a ventral slit where carpel margins meet and fuse during ontogeny; the ascidiate zone is sac-like from inception and has no ventral slit. When carpels are united in a syncarpous gynoecium, a synascidiate zone has as many locules as carpels, whereas a symplicate zone is unilocular, at least early in ontogeny. In ontogeny, either the (syn)ascidiate or (sym)plicate zone is first to initiate. The two developmental patterns are called early and late peltation, respectively. In extreme cases, either the (sym)plicate or (syn)ascidiate zone is completely lacking. Here, we discuss the diversity of carpel structure and development in a well-defined clade of angiosperms, the monocotyledons. We conclude that the common ancestor of monocots had carpels with both zones and late peltation. This result was found irrespective of the use of the plastid or nuclear phylogeny. Early peltation generally correlates with ovules belonging to the (syn)ascidiate zone, whereas late peltation is found mostly in monocots with a fertile (sym)plicate zone.
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Lu W, Han Z, Liu Q, Wang K, Liu Q, Song X. Development of Flowers Buds and Mixed Buds in the Dichasial Inflorescence of Geranium koreanum Kom. (Geraniaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3178. [PMID: 37765342 PMCID: PMC10534307 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Flower bud differentiation is of great significance for understanding plant evolution and ecological adaptability. The development of flower buds and mixed buds in the dichasial inflorescence of Geranium koreanum was described in this paper. The morphogenesis, surface structure, and organ morphology at different growth stages of G. koreanum buds were examined in detail using scanning electron microscope and stereo microscope. The development of mixed buds started from the flattened apical meristem. The stipule and leaf primordia arose first. Subsequently, the hemispherical meristem was divided into two hemispheres, forming a terminal bud and floral bud primordia, followed by lateral bud differentiation. The formation of the terminal and lateral buds of G. koreanum was sequential and their differentiation positions were also different. The floral bud primordia would develop into two flower units and four bracts. The primordia of a flower bud first formed the sepal primordia, then the stamen and petal primordia, and finally the pistil primordia. Compared to the stamen primordia, the growth of the petal primordia was slower. Finally, all organs, especially the petals and pistil, grew rapidly. When the pistil and petals exceeded the stamens and the petals changed color, the flower bud was ready to bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xuebin Song
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Gobo WV, Kunzmann L, Iannuzzi R, Dos Santos TB, da Conceição DM, Rodrigues do Nascimento D, da Silva Filho WF, Bachelier JB, Coiffard C. A new remarkable Early Cretaceous nelumbonaceous fossil bridges the gap between herbaceous aquatic and woody protealeans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8978. [PMID: 37268714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dating back to the late Early Cretaceous, the macrofossil record of the iconic lotus family (Nelumbonaceae) is one of the oldest of flowering plants and suggests that their unmistakable leaves and nutlets embedded in large pitted receptacular fruits evolved relatively little in the 100 million years since their first known appearance. Here we describe a new fossil from the late Barremian/Aptian Crato Formation flora (NE Brazil) with both vegetative and reproductive structures, Notocyamus hydrophobus gen. nov. et sp. nov., which is now the oldest and most complete fossil record of Nelumbonaceae. In addition, it displays a unique mosaic of ancestral and derived macro- and micromorphological traits that has never been documented before in this family. This new Brazilian fossil-species also provides a rare illustration of the potential morphological and anatomical transitions experienced by Nelumbonaceae prior to a long period of relative stasis. Its potential plesiomorphic and apomorphic features shared with Proteaceae and Platanaceae not only fill a major morphological gap within Proteales but also provide new support for their unexpected relationships first suggested by molecular phylogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Vieira Gobo
- Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Ave. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Lutz Kunzmann
- Abteilung Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie, Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse. 159, D-01109, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Roberto Iannuzzi
- Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Ave. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Thamiris Barbosa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rio Grande do Sul, Ave. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Domingas Maria da Conceição
- Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), St. Cel. Antônio Luíz 1161, Museu de Paleontologia Plácido Cidade Nuvens, Crato, Ceará, 63105-010, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rodrigues do Nascimento
- Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Campus do Pici - 912, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60440-554, Brazil
| | | | - Julien B Bachelier
- Structural and Functional Plant Diversity Group, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstrasse 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clément Coiffard
- Structural and Functional Plant Diversity Group, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstrasse 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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Kraehmer H, Bonsels-Klein K, Claßen-Bockhoff R. Rhizome architecture, development and vascularization in the water lily Nymphaea alba. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:851-866. [PMID: 36976535 PMCID: PMC10184447 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Water lilies are of particular interest with regard to the evolution of angiosperms. They live in an aquatic environment and have been regarded as links to the monocots by some authors. Vascular bundles are sometimes described as scattered or atactostelar as in monocots. However, this view needs to be clarified as the morphology and vascularization of Nymphaea rhizomes remain to be understood. METHODS The rhizome of Nymphaea alba was re-investigated morphologically and histologically. Developmental studies were conducted using scanning electron microscopy. Comprehensive histological analyses, including hand and microtome sections and a variety of specific staining procedures, were conducted to re-evaluate the composition of longitudinal and transverse tissue. KEY RESULTS The rhizome is covered by parenchymatous nodal cushions each bearing a leaf and several adventitious roots. Internodes are extremely short. The apex is flat and early overtopped by developing leaf primordia and cushions. The phyllotaxis is spiral and passes alternately through vegetative and reproductive phases. Flowers appear in the leaf spiral, and lack a subtending bract and a cushion below the peduncle. The reproductive phase includes two or three flowers which alternate with a single leaf. The rhizome is histologically subdivided into a central core, an aerenchymatic cortex, and a parenchymatic exocortex formed to a great extent by the nodal cushions. The core contains strands of vascular bundles united to a complex vascular plexus. Vascular elements continuously anastomose and change shape and direction. Provascular strands originating from leaf primordia merge with the outer core vascular tissue whereas the flower strands run into the centre of the core. Roots originating from the parenchymatous cushions show the characteristic actinostelic pattern, which changes into a collateral pattern inside the rhizome. Several root traces merge and form one strand leading to the central core. Early cell divisions below the apical meristem dislocate leaf, flower and root primordia and their provascular strands outwards. Consequently, fully developed vascular strands insert horizontally into the vascular plexus at advanced rhizome stages. CONCLUSIONS The absence of bracts and cushions below the flowers, the alternate leaf-flower sequence and the course of the peduncle strand suggest that the rhizome is sympodially instead of monopodially organized. The spiral phyllotaxis extends in this case over several shoot orders, masking the branching pattern. The vascular strands in the central plexus differ considerably from vascular bundles in monocots, confirming the unique vascularization in Nymphaea. Sclerenchymatic bundle sheaths are lacking, and vascular bundles continuously split and anastomose throughout the rhizome. Though vascular bundles in petioles and peduncles of N. alba show similarities with some Alismatales, the vascular system of N. alba in general has little in common with that of monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kornelia Bonsels-Klein
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzel-Weg 2, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Regine Claßen-Bockhoff
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzel-Weg 2, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Pessoa EM, Ribeiro AC, Christenhusz MJM, Coan AI, Jud NA. Is Santaniella a ranunculid? Reassessment of this enigmatic fossil angiosperm from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian, Crato Konservat-Lagerstätte, Brazil) provides a new interpretation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16163. [PMID: 37014186 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The Lower Cretaceous Crato Konservat-Lagerstätte (CKL) preserves a rich flora that includes early angiosperms from northern Gondwana. From this area, the recently described fossil genus Santaniella was interpreted as a ranunculid (presumably Ranunculaceae). However, based on our examination of an additional specimen and a new phylogenetic analysis, we offer an alternative interpretation. METHODS The new fossil was collected from an active quarry for paving stones in the state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil. We assessed support for alternative phylogenetic hypotheses using a combined analysis of morphological data and DNA sequence data using Bayesian inference. We used a consensus network to visualize the posterior distribution of trees, and we used RoguePlot to illustrate the support for alternative positions on a scaffold tree. RESULTS The new material includes a flower-like structure not present in the original material and also includes follicles preserved at early stages of development. The flower-like structure is a compact terminal cluster of elliptical sterile laminar organs surrounding internal filamentous structures that occur on flexuous axes. Phylogenetic analyses did not support the fossil placement among eudicots. Instead, Santaniella appears to belong in the magnoliid clade. CONCLUSIONS The presence of seeds in a marginal-linear placentation and enclosed in a follicle supports the fossil as an angiosperm. However, even though most characters are clearly recognizable, its combination of characters does not provide strong support for a close relationship to any extant order of flowering plants. Its position in the magnoliid clade is intriguing and, based on plicate carpels, it is definitely a mesangiosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edlley M Pessoa
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados de Plantas, Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Maarten J M Christenhusz
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Alessandra Ike Coan
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho," Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathan A Jud
- Department of Biology, William Jewell College, Liberty, Missouri, USA
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11
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Xue JY, Li Z, Hu SY, Kao SM, Zhao T, Wang JY, Wang Y, Chen M, Qiu Y, Fan HY, Liu Y, Shao ZQ, Van de Peer Y. The Saururus chinensis genome provides insights into the evolution of pollination strategies and herbaceousness in magnoliids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:1021-1034. [PMID: 36602036 PMCID: PMC7614262 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Saururus chinensis, an herbaceous magnoliid without perianth, represents a clade of early-diverging angiosperms that have gone through woodiness-herbaceousness transition and pollination obstacles: the characteristic white leaves underneath inflorescence during flowering time are considered a substitute for perianth to attract insect pollinators. Here, using the newly sequenced S. chinensis genome, we revisited the phylogenetic position of magnoliids within mesangiosperms, and recovered a sister relationship for magnoliids and Chloranthales. By considering differentially expressed genes, we identified candidate genes that are involved in the morphogenesis of the white leaves in S. chinensis. Among those genes, we verified - in a transgenic experiment with Arabidopsis - that increasing the expression of the "pseudo-etiolation in light" gene (ScPEL) can inhibit the biosynthesis of chlorophyll. ScPEL is thus likely responsible for the switches between green and white leaves, suggesting that changes in gene expression may underlie the evolution of pollination strategies. Despite being an herbaceous plant, S. chinensis still has vascular cambium and maintains the potential for secondary growth as a woody plant, because the necessary machinery, i.e., the entire gene set involved in lignin biosynthesis, is well preserved. However, similar expression levels of two key genes (CCR and CAD) between the stem and other tissues in the lignin biosynthesis pathway are possibly associated with the herbaceous nature of S. chinensis. In conclusion, the S. chinensis genome provides valuable insights into the adaptive evolution of pollination in Saururaceae and reveals a possible mechanism for the evolution of herbaceousness in magnoliids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Center for Plant Diversity and Systematics, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shuai-Ya Hu
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shu-Min Kao
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Center for Plant Diversity and Systematics, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Min Chen
- Center for Plant Diversity and Systematics, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yichun Qiu
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam Science Park, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hai-Yun Fan
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518004, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhu-Qing Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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12
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Shen Z, Ding X, Cheng J, Wu F, Yin H, Wang M. Phylogenetic studies of magnoliids: Advances and perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1100302. [PMID: 36726671 PMCID: PMC9885158 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Magnoliids are the largest flowering plant clades outside of the eudicots and monocots, which are distributed worldwide and have high economic, ornamental and ecological values. Eudicots, monocots and magnoliids are the three major clades of Mesangiospermae, and their phylogenetic relationship is one of the most interesting issues. In recent years, with the continuous accumulation of genomic information, the evolutionary status of magnoliids has become a hot spot in plant phylogenetic research. Although great efforts have been made to study the evolution of magnoliids using molecular data from several representative species such as nuclear genome, plastid genome, mitochondrial genome, and transcriptome, the results of current studies on the phylogenetic status of magnoliids are inconsistent. Here, we systematically describe the current understanding of the molecular research on magnoliid phylogeny and review the differences in the evolutionary state of magnoliids. Understanding the research approaches and limitations of magnoliid phylogeny can guide research strategies to further improve the study of the phylogenetic evolution of magnoliids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Shen
- National Innovation Alliance of Wintersweet, Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Ding
- National Innovation Alliance of Wintersweet, Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianming Cheng
- Scientific Research Department, Scientific Research Department, Henan Colorful Horticulture Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- Scientific Research Department, Scientific Research Department, Henan Colorful Horticulture Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hengfu Yin
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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13
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Scutt CP. Model Species to Investigate the Origin of Flowers. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:83-109. [PMID: 37540355 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The angiosperms, or flowering plants, arose at least 135 million years ago (Ma) and rapidly diversified to form over 300,000 species alive today. This group appears, however, to have separated from its closest living relatives, the extant gymnosperms, much earlier: over 300 Ma. Representatives of basally-diverging angiosperm lineages are of key importance to studies aimed at reconstructing the most recent common ancestor of living angiosperms, including its morphological, anatomical, eco-physiological and molecular aspects. Furthermore, evo-devo comparisons of angiosperms with living gymnosperms may help to determine how the many novel aspects of angiosperms, including those of the flower, first came about. This chapter reviews literature on the origin of angiosperms and focusses on basally-diverging angiosperms and gymnosperms that show advantages as potential experimental models, reviewing information and protocols for the use of these species in an evo-devo context. The final section suggests a means by which data from living and fossil groups could be integrated to better elucidate evolutionary events that took place on the long stem-lineage that apparently preceded the radiation of living angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Scutt
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon-1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France.
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14
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Santos AA, Wang X. Pre-Carpels from the Middle Triassic of Spain. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11212833. [PMID: 36365286 PMCID: PMC9653701 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In stark contrast to the multitude of hypotheses on carpel evolution, there is little fossil evidence testing these hypotheses. The recent discovery of angiosperms from the Early Jurassic makes the search for precursors of angiosperm carpels in the Triassic more promising. Our light microscopic and SEM observations on Combina gen. nov., a cone-like organ from the Middle Triassic of Spain, indicate that its lateral unit includes an axillary anatropous ovule and a subtending bract, and the latter almost fully encloses the former. Such an observation not only favors one of the theoretical predictions but also makes some Mesozoic gymnosperms (especially conifers and Combina) comparable to some angiosperms. Combina gen. nov. appears to be an important chimeric fossil plant that may complete the evidence chain of the origin of carpels in geological history, partially narrowing the gap between angiosperms and gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artai A. Santos
- Departamento de Xeociencias Mariñas e Ordenaciόn do Territorio, Universidade de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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15
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Sbais PG, Machado NC, Valdemarin KS, Thadeo M, Mazine FF, Mourão KSM. The anatomy of the seed-coat includes diagnostic characters in the subtribe Eugeniinae (Myrteae, Myrtaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:981884. [PMID: 36275536 PMCID: PMC9580042 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.981884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The subtribe Eugeniinae comprises of two genera, Eugenia (ca. 1,100 species) and Myrcianthes (ca. 40 species). Eugenia is the largest genus of neotropical Myrtaceae and its latest classification proposes 11 sections. This study describes the seed anatomy of forty-one species of Eugeniinae in order to provide possible diagnostic characteristics. Following standard anatomical techniques, flower buds, flowers, and fruits were processed and analyzed using microtome sections and light microscopy. The phylogeny used the regions ITS, rpl16, psbA-trnH, trnL-rpl32, and trnQ-rps16, following recent studies in the group. Ancestral character reconstruction uncovered that: (1) the ancestral ovule in Eugeniinae was campylotropous (98.9% probability), bitegmic (98.5% probability), and unitegmic ovules arose on more than one lineage independently within Eugenia; (2) the pachychalazal seed-coat appeared with a 92% probability of being the ancestral type; (3) non-lignified seed-coat (24,5% probability) and aerenchymatous mesotesta (45.8% probability) are diagnostic characters in Myrcianthes pungens (aerenchymatous mesotesta present in the developing seed-coat) and in the species of E. sect. Pseudeugenia until the species of E. sect. Schizocalomyrtus and it is the type of seed-coat that predominates in most basal sections on the tree; (4) the partial sclerification (only in the exotesta-exotestal seed-coat) is mainly observed in species of E. sect. Excelsae, E. sect. Jossinia (group X), and E. sect. Racemosae (22.2% probability); (5) and in the species of the recent lineages of Eugenia, with a probability of 27.2%, predominate the exomesotestal or testal construction of the seed-coat [character observed in almost all species analyzed of E. sect. Jossinia (group Y) and E. sect. Umbellatae]. A dehiscent fruit is considered as a plesiomorphic state in Myrtaceae; the ancestor of this family had seeds with a completely sclerified testa, and the other testa types described for the current species with dehiscent and indehiscent fruits are simplified versions of this ancestral type. Perhaps, this means that the sclerified layers in the seed-coat have remained in whole or in part as a plesiomorphic condition for taxa with a capsule and bacca. Maintaining the plesiomorphic condition may have represented a selective advantage at some point in the evolutionary history of the family and its groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gonçalves Sbais
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Nayara Carreira Machado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Karinne Sampaio Valdemarin
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcela Thadeo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Maringá, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Fiorella Fernanda Mazine
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias para Sustentabilidade, Sorocaba, Brazil
| | - Káthia Socorro Mathias Mourão
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Maringá, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Maringá, Brazil
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16
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Chen DJ, Landis JB, Wang HX, Sun QH, Wang Q, Wang HF. Plastome structure, phylogenomic analyses and molecular dating of Arecaceae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:960588. [PMID: 36237503 PMCID: PMC9552784 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.960588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Arecaceae is a species-rich clade of Arecales, while also being regarded as a morphologically diverse angiosperm family with numerous species having significant economic, medicinal, and ornamental value. Although in-depth studies focused on the chloroplast structure of Arecaceae, as well as inferring phylogenetic relationships using gene fragments, have been reported in recent years, a comprehensive analysis of the chloroplast structure of Arecaceae is still needed. Here we perform a comprehensive analysis of the structural features of the chloroplast genome of Arecaceae, compare the variability of gene sequences, infer phylogenetic relationships, estimate species divergence times, and reconstruct ancestral morphological traits. In this study, 74 chloroplast genomes of Arecaceae were obtained, covering five subfamilies. The results show that all chloroplast genomes possess a typical tetrad structure ranging in size between 153,806-160,122 bp, with a total of 130-137 genes, including 76-82 protein-coding genes, 29-32 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Additionally, the total GC content was between 36.9-37.7%. Analysis of the SC/IR boundary indicated that the IR region underwent expansion or contraction. Phylogenetic relationships indicate that all five subfamilies in Arecaceae are monophyletic and that Ceroxyloideae and Arecoideae are sister groups (BS/PP = 100/1). The results of molecular dating indicate that the age of the crown group of Arecaceae is likely to be 96.60 [84.90-107.60] Ma, while the age of the stem group is 102.40 [93.44-111.17] Ma. Reconstruction of ancestral traits indicate that the ancestral characteristics of the family include monoecious plants, one seed, six stamens, and a smooth pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Juan Chen
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jacob B. Landis
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- BTI Computational Biology Center, Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Hong-Xin Wang
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Zhai Mingguo Academician Work Station, Sanya University, Sanya, China
| | - Qing-Hui Sun
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Hainan Shengda Modern Agriculture Development Co., Ltd., Qionghai, China
| | - Hua-Feng Wang
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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17
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Low SL, Wong SY. The diversification of thecae horns and their putative significance—a case study of Schismatoglottideae (Araceae). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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18
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Fei CH, Tang SS, Shang SH, Dai J, Wang XY, Wang S, Liu WQ, Wang XF. Conspecific pollen advantage mediated by the extragynoecial compitum and its potential to resist interspecific reproductive interference between two Sagittaria species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:956193. [PMID: 35937372 PMCID: PMC9354020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.956193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The extragynoecial compitum formed by the incomplete fusion of carpel margins, while allowing intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes in apocarpous angiosperms, may also increase the risk of reproductive interference caused by heterospecific pollen (HP) deposition. In Sagittaria, congeneric HP tubes grow via different paths and enter the ovules later than conspecific pollen (CP) tubes. However, it is unclear how the growth advantage of the CP tube helps ensure reproductive success when HP is deposited on the stigmas. We performed molecular characterization of interspecies-pollinated seeds to examine the consequences of interspecific pollen deposition between Sagittaria pygmaea and S. trifolia. We also conducted CP-HP (1:1) mixed pollination and delayed CP pollination treatments to explore the seed-siring abilities of CP and HP. Our results showed that although HP could trigger the development of fruits, the interspecies-pollinated seeds contained partially developed embryos and could not germinate. More than 70% of the embryos in these seeds were molecularly identified as hybrids of both species, suggesting that HP tubes could enter the ovules and fertilize the egg cells. Moreover, CP could sire more offspring (≥70%) after the CP-HP (1:1) mixed pollination treatment, even when HP reached the stigma 0.5-1 h earlier than CP (≥50%). Following adequate CP vs. HP (1:1) pollination on carpels on two sides of the apocarpous gynoecium, both species produced > 70% conspecific seeds, indicating that the CP tubes could occupy ovules that should be occupied by HP via the extragynoecial compitum. Our results reveal that in Sagittaria, pollen deposition from co-existing congeneric heterospecies leads to interspecific seed discounting. However, the CP advantage mediated by the extragynoecial compitum is an effective strategy to mitigate the effects of interspecific pollen deposition. This study improves our understanding of how apocarpous angiosperms with an extragynoecial compitum can maintain species stability and mitigate the negative reproductive interference effect from sympatrically distributed related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Hong Fei
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sha-Sha Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-He Shang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Dai
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Life Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei-Qi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Shoot Development in Members of an Ancient Aquatic Angiosperm Lineage, Ceratophyllaceae: A New Interpretation Facilitates Comparisons with Chloranthaceae. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14071288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceratophyllum is an ancient and phylogenetically isolated angiosperm lineage. Comparisons between Ceratophyllum and other angiosperms are hampered by uncertainty in inferring organ homologies in this genus of specialized aquatics. Interpretation of shoot morphology is especially problematic in Ceratophyllum. Each node has several leaf-like appendages interpreted as verticillate leaves, modified parts of one and the same leaf or parts of two leaves under decussate phyllotaxis. Vegetative branches are axillary, but reproductive units (interpreted as flowers or inflorescences) are commonly viewed as developing from collateral accessory buds. We studied shoot development in Ceratophyllum submersum, C. tanaiticum, and C. demersum using scanning electron microscopy to clarify shoot morphology and branching patterns. Our data support the idea that the phyllotaxis is essentially decussate with appendages of stipular origin resembling leaf blades. We conclude that a leaf axil of Ceratophyllum possesses a complex of two serial buds, the lower one producing a vegetative branch and the upper one developing a reproductive unit. The reproductive unit is congenitally displaced to the subsequent node, a phenomenon known as concaulescence. Either member of the serial bud complex may be absent. There is a theory based on a synthesis of molecular and morphological data that Chloranthaceae are the closest extant relatives of Ceratophyllum. Serial buds and concaulescence are known in Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae). Our new interpretation facilitates morphological comparisons between Hedyosmum and Ceratophyllum.
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20
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Sokoloff DD, El ES, Pechenyuk EV, Carrive L, Nadot S, Rudall PJ, Remizowa MV. Refined Interpretation of the Pistillate Flower in Ceratophyllum Sheds Fresh Light on Gynoecium Evolution in Angiosperms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:868352. [PMID: 35573671 PMCID: PMC9098228 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.868352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetic analyses have revealed a superclade of mesangiosperms with five extant lineages: monocots, eudicots, magnoliids, Ceratophyllum and Chloranthaceae. Both Ceratophyllum and Chloranthaceae are ancient lineages with a long fossil record; their precise placement within mesangiosperms is uncertain. Morphological studies have suggested that they form a clade together with some Cretaceous fossils, including Canrightia, Montsechia and Pseudoasterophyllites. Apart from Canrightia, members of this clade share unilocular gynoecia commonly interpreted as monomerous with ascidiate carpels. Alternatively, the gynoecium of Ceratophyllum has also been interpreted as syncarpous with a single fertile carpel (pseudomonomerous). We investigate patterns of morphological, anatomical and developmental variation in gynoecia of three Ceratophyllum species to explore the controversial interpretation of its gynoecium as either monomerous or pseudomonomerous. We use an angiosperm-wide morphological data set and contrasting tree topologies to estimate the ancestral gynoecium type in both Ceratophyllum and mesangiosperms. Gynoecia of all three Ceratophyllum species possess a small (sometimes vestigial) glandular appendage on the abaxial side and an occasionally bifurcating apex. The ovary is usually unilocular with two procambium strands, but sometimes bilocular and/or with three strands in C. demersum. None of the possible phylogenetic placements strongly suggest apocarpy in the stem lineage of Ceratophyllum. Rescoring Ceratophyllum as having two united carpels affects broader-scale reconstructions of the ancestral gynoecium in mesangiosperms. Our interpretation of the glandular appendage as a tepal or staminode homologue makes the Ceratophyllum ovary inferior, thus resembling (semi)inferior ovaries of most Chloranthaceae and potentially related fossils Canrightia and Zlatkocarpus. The entire structure of the flower of Ceratophyllum suggests strong reduction following a long and complex evolutionary history. The widely accepted notion that apocarpy is ancestral in mesangiosperms (and angiosperms) lacks robust support, regardless of which modes of carpel fusion are considered. Our study highlights the crucial importance of incorporating fossils into large-scale analyses to understand character evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D Sokoloff
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena S El
- Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Laetitia Carrive
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Nadot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Orsay, France
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21
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Zhang J, Stevens PF, Zhang W. Evolution and development of inflorescences and floral symmetry in Solanaceae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:746-767. [PMID: 35619567 PMCID: PMC9324824 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The inflorescences of Solanaceae are unique and complex, which has led to long-standing disputes over floral symmetry mainly due to different interpretations of the cyme-like inflorescence structure. The main disagreements have been over how the phyllomes associated with the flower were arranged relative to the inflorescence axis especially during early flower initiation. METHODS Here we investigated the evolution of inflorescences in Solanaceae by analyzing inflorescence structure in the context of phylogeny using ancestral state reconstruction (ASR) to determine the evolutionary transitions between loosely arranged and tightly clustered inflorescences and between monochasial-like and dichasial-like cymes. We also reconstructed two- and three-dimensional models for 12 solanaceous species that represent both inflorescence and phylogenetic diversity in the family. RESULTS Our results indicate that the most recent common ancestor of Solanaceae had a loosely arranged and monochasial-like cyme, while tightly clustered inflorescences and dichasial-like cymes were derived. Compared to the known process of scorpioid cyme evolution, Solanaceae achieved their scorpioid cyme-like inflorescences through a previously undescribed way. Along the pedicel, the two flower-preceding prophylls are not in the typical transverse position of dicotyledonous plants; they frequently have axillary buds, and the main inflorescence axis continues in a sympodial fashion. As a result, the plane of symmetry of the flower is 36° from the median, and the inflorescence axis and the two flower-preceding prophylls are symmetrically located along that plane. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the morphological evolution of solanaceous inflorescence structure helped clarify the floral symmetry of Solanaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Zhang
- Department of BiologyVirginia Commonwealth University1000 West Cary StreetRichmondVA23284USA
- Present address:
Department of Biological SciencesSt. John's University, 8000 Utopia ParkwayQueensNY11790USA
| | - Peter F. Stevens
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Missouri‐St. Louis1 University BoulevardSt. LouisMO63121USA
| | - Wenheng Zhang
- Department of BiologyVirginia Commonwealth University1000 West Cary StreetRichmondVA23284USA
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22
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Jiang R, Chen X, Liao X, Peng D, Han X, Zhu C, Wang P, Hufnagel DE, Wang L, Li K, Li C. A Chromosome-Level Genome of the Camphor Tree and the Underlying Genetic and Climatic Factors for Its Top-Geoherbalism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:827890. [PMID: 35592577 PMCID: PMC9112071 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.827890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Camphor tree [Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl], a species in the magnoliid family Lauraceae, is known for its rich volatile oils and is used as a medical cardiotonic and as a scent in many perfumed hygiene products. Here, we present a high-quality chromosome-scale genome of C. camphora with a scaffold N50 of 64.34 Mb and an assembled genome size of 755.41 Mb. Phylogenetic inference revealed that the magnoliids are a sister group to the clade of eudicots and monocots. Comparative genomic analyses identified two rounds of ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD). Tandem duplicated genes exhibited a higher evolutionary rate, a more recent evolutionary history and a more clustered distribution on chromosomes, contributing to the production of secondary metabolites, especially monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which are the principal essential oil components. Three-dimensional analyses of the volatile metabolites, gene expression and climate data of samples with the same genotype grown in different locations showed that low temperature and low precipitation during the cold season modulate the expression of genes in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathways, especially TPS genes, which facilitates the accumulation of volatile compounds. Our study lays a theoretical foundation for policy-making regarding the agroforestry applications of camphor tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihong Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Special Non-Timber Forest Crops, Guangxi Engineering and Technology Research Center for Woody Spices, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning, China
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xinlian Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuezhu Liao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changsan Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Special Non-Timber Forest Crops, Guangxi Engineering and Technology Research Center for Woody Spices, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - David E. Hufnagel
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Kaixiang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Cultivation and Utilization of Special Non-Timber Forest Crops, Guangxi Engineering and Technology Research Center for Woody Spices, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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23
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First evidence of ranunculids in Early Cretaceous tropics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5040. [PMID: 35322034 PMCID: PMC8943169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Early Cretaceous floras containing angiosperms were described from several geographic areas, nearly from the Arctic to the Antarctic, and are crucial to understand their evolution and radiation. However, most of these records come from northern mid-latitudes whereas those of lower paleolatitude areas, such as the Crato Fossil Lagerstätte in NE Brazil, are less studied. Here, we describe from this region of northern Gondwanan origin, two fossil-species of eudicots belonging to a new extinct genus Santaniella gen. nov. Together with several vegetative axes and leaves, anatomically well-preserved fruits with seeds and persistent perianth-like organs allowed us to reconstruct its potential affinities with ranunculids, and presumably Ranunculaceae. Previous records putatively assigned to Ranunculales are all from mid-latitudes, and their first unequivocal occurrence in a low-latitude area supports further the hypothesis of a widespread radiation of the earliest diverging eudicot lineage by this early age.
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24
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Shivaprakash KN, Bawa KS. The Evolution of Placentation in Flowering Plants: A Possible Role for Kin Selection. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.784077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Placentation refers to the mode of ovule attachment on the wall of the ovary. In multiovulate ovaries, placentation influences interactions among developing seeds with varying degrees of kinships. Placentation is a taxonomically informative character in flowering plants, yet little has been written about the origin and evolutionary trends of various placentation types in flowering plants since Puri’s and Stebbins’ work, over six decades and almost four decades ago, respectively. More recently, some authors have written about the evolution of placentation in certain groups, but an overall perspective for angiosperms is lacking. For 421 families of angiosperms, we collected data on placentation types and ovule number, and analyzed the data in the phylogenetic context using recent comprehensive phylogeny of angiosperms to test the hypotheses on the evolution of various placentation types and their association with ovule number. The distribution of placentation types across flowering plants suggests that axile placentation, followed by parietal and basal placentation, occurs more frequently than laminar and free central placentation that are very rare. Our results are more consistent with evolutionary trends proposed by Puri than by Stebbins and suggest that marginal placentation is the ancestral and most primitive placentation type, while axile is the most advanced. Placentation types show strong association with ovule number. Finally, our results on ovule number and placentation types indicate that most angiosperms may fall into two categories: one with one or few ovule(s) and basal placentation, and another with many ovules and parietal and axile placentation. Kin selection within ovaries may play a role in explaining the observed patterns. Overall, our results provide new insights into the evolution of placentation, particularly into the drivers underlying the diversification of various placentation types.
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25
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Käfer J, Bewick A, Andres-Robin A, Lapetoule G, Harkess A, Caïus J, Fogliani B, Gâteblé G, Ralph P, dePamphilis CW, Picard F, Scutt C, Marais GAB, Leebens-Mack J. A derived ZW chromosome system in Amborella trichopoda, representing the sister lineage to all other extant flowering plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1636-1642. [PMID: 34342006 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis and evolution of sex determination in dioecious plants is emerging as an active area of research with exciting advances in genome sequencing and analysis technologies. As the sole species within the sister lineage to all other extant flowering plants, Amborella trichopoda is an important model for understanding the evolution and development of flowers. Plants typically produce only male or female flowers, but sex determination mechanisms are unknown for the species. Sequence data derived from plants of natural origin and an F1 mapping population were used to identify sex-linked genes and the nonrecombining region. Amborella trichopoda has a ZW sex determination system. Analysis of genes in a 4 Mb nonrecombining sex-determination region reveals recent divergence of Z and W gametologs, and few Z- and W-specific genes. The sex chromosomes of A. trichopoda evolved less than 16.5 Myr ago, long after the divergence of the extant angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Käfer
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Adam Bewick
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7271, USA
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Amélie Andres-Robin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des plantes, UMR 5667, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Lyon, F-69364, France
| | - Garance Lapetoule
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Alex Harkess
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - José Caïus
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Plateforme transcriptOmique de l'IPS2 (POPS), Université de Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91190, France
| | - Bruno Fogliani
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, Païta, 98890, New Caledonia
- Institute of Exact and Applied Sciences (ISEA), Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, BP R4, Nouméa Cedex, 98851, New Caledonia
| | - Gildas Gâteblé
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, Païta, 98890, New Caledonia
| | - Paula Ralph
- Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Claude W dePamphilis
- Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Franck Picard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Charlie Scutt
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des plantes, UMR 5667, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, Lyon, F-69364, France
| | - Gabriel A B Marais
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
- LEAF- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1349-017, Portugal
| | - James Leebens-Mack
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7271, USA
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26
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Koblova SD, Rudall PJ, Sokoloff DD, Stevenson DW, Remizowa MV. Flower and Spikelet Construction in Rapateaceae (Poales). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:813915. [PMID: 35154210 PMCID: PMC8829430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.813915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The family Rapateaceae represents an early-divergent lineage of Poales with biotically pollinated showy flowers. We investigate developmental morphology and anatomy in all three subfamilies and five tribes of Rapateaceae to distinguish between contrasting hypotheses on spikelet morphology and to address questions on the presence of nectaries and gynoecium structure. We support an interpretation of the partial inflorescence (commonly termed spikelet), as a uniaxial system composed of a terminal flower and numerous empty phyllomes. A terminal flower in an inflorescence unit is an autapomorphic feature of Rapateaceae. The gynoecium consists of synascidiate, symplicate, and usually asymplicate zones, with gynoecium formation encompassing congenital and often also postgenital fusions between carpels. Species of Rapateaceae differ in the relative lengths of the gynoecial zones, the presence or absence of postgenital fusion between the carpels and placentation in the ascidiate or plicate carpel zones. In contrast with previous reports, septal nectaries are lacking in all species. The bird-pollinated tribe Schoenocephalieae is characterized by congenital syncarpy; it displays an unusual type of gynoecial (non-septal) nectary represented by a secretory epidermis at the gynoecium base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia D. Koblova
- Department of Higher Plants, Faculty of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Paula J. Rudall
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry D. Sokoloff
- Department of Higher Plants, Faculty of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Margarita V. Remizowa
- Department of Higher Plants, Faculty of Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Gonçalves B. Case not closed: the mystery of the origin of the carpel. EvoDevo 2021; 12:14. [PMID: 34911578 PMCID: PMC8672599 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-021-00184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The carpel is a fascinating structure that plays a critical role in flowering plant reproduction and contributed greatly to the evolutionary success and diversification of flowering plants. The remarkable feature of the carpel is that it is a closed structure that envelopes the ovules and after fertilization develops into the fruit which protects, helps disperse, and supports seed development into a new plant. Nearly all plant-based foods are either derived from a flowering plant or are a direct product of the carpel. Given its importance it's no surprise that plant and evolutionary biologists have been trying to explain the origin of the carpel for a long time. Before carpel evolution seeds were produced on open leaf-like structures that are exposed to the environment. When the carpel evolved in the stem lineage of flowering plants, seeds became protected within its closed structure. The evolutionary transition from that open precursor to the closed carpel remains one of the greatest mysteries of plant evolution. In recent years, we have begun to complete a picture of what the first carpels might have looked like. On the other hand, there are still many gaps in our understanding of what the precursor of the carpel looked like and what changes to its developmental mechanisms allowed for this evolutionary transition. This review aims to present an overview of existing theories of carpel evolution with a particular emphasis on those that account for the structures that preceded the carpel and/or present testable developmental hypotheses. In the second part insights from the development and evolution of diverse plant organs are gathered to build a developmental hypothesis for the evolutionary transition from a hypothesized laminar open structure to the closed structure of the carpel.
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28
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D’Apice G, Moschin S, Araniti F, Nigris S, Di Marzo M, Muto A, Banfi C, Bruno L, Colombo L, Baldan B. The role of pollination in controlling Ginkgo biloba ovule development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2353-2368. [PMID: 34558676 PMCID: PMC9292720 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Generally, in gymnosperms, pollination and fertilization events are temporally separated and the developmental processes leading the switch from ovule integument into seed coat are still unknown. The single ovule integument of Ginkgo biloba acquires the typical characteristics of the seed coat long before the fertilization event. In this study, we investigated whether pollination triggers the transformation of the ovule integument into the seed coat. Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses performed on ovules just prior and after pollination lead to the identification of changes occurring in Ginkgo ovules during this specific time. A morphological atlas describing the developmental stages of ovule development is presented. The metabolic pathways involved in the lignin biosynthesis and in the production of fatty acids are activated upon pollination, suggesting that the ovule integument starts its differentiation into a seed coat before the fertilization. Omics analyses allowed an accurate description of the main changes that occur in Ginkgo ovules during the pollination time frame, suggesting the crucial role of the pollen arrival on the progression of ovule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta D’Apice
- Botanical GardenUniversity of PadovaPadua25123Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadua35121Italy
| | - Silvia Moschin
- Botanical GardenUniversity of PadovaPadua25123Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadua35121Italy
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MilanoMilan20133Italy
| | - Sebastiano Nigris
- Botanical GardenUniversity of PadovaPadua25123Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadua35121Italy
| | | | - Antonella Muto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST)University of CalabriaArcavacata of RendeCS87036Italy
| | - Camilla Banfi
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of MilanoMilan20133Italy
| | - Leonardo Bruno
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (DiBEST)University of CalabriaArcavacata of RendeCS87036Italy
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of MilanoMilan20133Italy
| | - Barbara Baldan
- Botanical GardenUniversity of PadovaPadua25123Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadua35121Italy
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29
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Åstrand J, Knight C, Robson J, Talle B, Wilson ZA. Evolution and diversity of the angiosperm anther: trends in function and development. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:307-319. [PMID: 34173886 PMCID: PMC8566645 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Anther development and dehiscence is considered from an evolutionary perspective to identify drivers for differentiation, functional conservation and to identify key questions for future male reproduction research. Development of viable pollen and its timely release from the anther are essential for fertilisation of angiosperm flowers. The formation and subsequent dehiscence of the anther are under tight regulatory control, and these processes are remarkably conserved throughout the diverse families of the angiosperm clade. Anther development is a complex process, which requires timely formation and communication between the multiple somatic anther cell layers (the epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum) and the developing pollen. These layers go through regulated development and selective degeneration to facilitate the formation and ultimate release of the pollen grains. Insight into the evolution and divergence of anther development and dehiscence, especially between monocots and dicots, is driving greater understanding of the male reproductive process and increased, resilient crop yields. This review focuses on anther structure from an evolutionary perspective by highlighting their diversity across plant species. We summarise new findings that illustrate the complexities of anther development and evaluate how they challenge established models of anther form and function, and how they may help to deliver future sustainable crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Åstrand
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - Christopher Knight
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - Jordan Robson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - Behzad Talle
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - Zoe A. Wilson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
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30
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Pessoa EM, Ribeiro AC, Jud NA. A eudicot leaf from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian, Araripe Basin) Crato Konservat-Lagerstätte. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2055-2065. [PMID: 34647319 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The Crato Konservat-Lagerstätte in Brazil preserves an exceptionally rich assemblage of plant macrofossils from the Early Cretaceous (late Aptian), including rare early angiosperm fossils related to Nymphaeales, monocots, and magnoliids, and a variety of angiosperms of uncertain affinities. Macrofossils of eudicot angiosperms have not been described previously, despite the presence of tricolpate pollen. We describe a fossil leaf with morphology characteristic of eudicot angiosperms. METHODS The fossil was collected from a quarry in the Lower Cretaceous (late Aptian) Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil in the state of Ceará. We compared the leaf architecture with that of ferns, gymnosperms, and similar living and fossil angiosperms. RESULTS The leaf of Baderadea pinnatissecta gen. et sp. nov. is simple and petiolate, with leaf architecture similar to that of some herbaceous Ranunculales. The blade is 5 cm long and the margin is untoothed and twice pinnately lobed with narrow lobes (pinnatisect). The primary vein framework is pinnate and there are multiple orders of reticulate venation. CONCLUSIONS The combination of characters preserved in the fossil supports the interpretation that B. pinnatissecta was an herbaceous eudicot similar to some members of Ranunculales and distinguished from other lobate Aptian angiosperms by leaf shape, presence of multiple orders of reticulate venation, and the absence of glandular teeth. The presence of eudicots in the flora of the Crato was already supported by pollen; the discovery of macrofossils like these provides additional information about their morphology and ecological role in low-latitude Early Cretaceous plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edlley M Pessoa
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados de Plantas, Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Nathan A Jud
- Department of Biology, William Jewell College, Liberty, MO, 64068, USA
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31
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Zhao YH, Zhang XM, Li DZ. Development of the petaloid bracts of a paleoherb species, Saururus chinensis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255679. [PMID: 34473732 PMCID: PMC8412408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Saururus chinensis is a core member of Saururaceae, an ancient, perianthless (lacking petals or sepals) family of the magnoliids in the Mesangiospermae, which is important for understanding the origin and evolution of early flowers due to its unusual floral composition and petaloid bracts. To compare their transcriptomes, RNA-seq abundance analysis identified 43,463 genes that were found to be differentially expressed in S. chinensis bracts. Of these, 5,797 showed significant differential expression, of which 1,770 were up-regulated and 4,027 down-regulated in green compared to white bracts. The expression profiles were also compared using cDNA microarrays, which identified 166 additional differentially expressed genes. Subsequently, qRT-PCR was used to verify and extend the cDNA microarray results, showing that the A and B class MADS-box genes were up-regulated in the white bracts. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on putative S. chinensis A and B-class of MADS-box genes to infer evolutionary relationships within the A and B-class of MADS-box gene family. In addition, nature selection and protein interactions of B class MADS-box proteins were inferred that B-class genes free from evolutionary pressures. The results indicate that petaloid bracts display anatomical and gene expression features normally associated with petals, as found in petaloid bracts of other species, and support an evolutionarily conserved developmental program for petaloid bracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-He Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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32
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Zhao T, Zwaenepoel A, Xue JY, Kao SM, Li Z, Schranz ME, Van de Peer Y. Whole-genome microsynteny-based phylogeny of angiosperms. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3498. [PMID: 34108452 PMCID: PMC8190143 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant genomes vary greatly in size, organization, and architecture. Such structural differences may be highly relevant for inference of genome evolution dynamics and phylogeny. Indeed, microsynteny-the conservation of local gene content and order-is recognized as a valuable source of phylogenetic information, but its use for the inference of large phylogenies has been limited. Here, by combining synteny network analysis, matrix representation, and maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference, we provide a way to reconstruct phylogenies based on microsynteny information. Both simulations and use of empirical data sets show our method to be accurate, consistent, and widely applicable. As an example, we focus on the analysis of a large-scale whole-genome data set for angiosperms, including more than 120 available high-quality genomes, representing more than 50 different plant families and 30 orders. Our 'microsynteny-based' tree is largely congruent with phylogenies proposed based on more traditional sequence alignment-based methods and current phylogenetic classifications but differs for some long-contested and controversial relationships. For instance, our synteny-based tree finds Vitales as early diverging eudicots, Saxifragales within superasterids, and magnoliids as sister to monocots. We discuss how synteny-based phylogenetic inference can complement traditional methods and could provide additional insights into some long-standing controversial phylogenetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Arthur Zwaenepoel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jia-Yu Xue
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Min Kao
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Shen C, Li G, Dreni L, Zhang D. Molecular Control of Carpel Development in the Grass Family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:635500. [PMID: 33664762 PMCID: PMC7921308 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.635500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carpel is the ovule-bearing female reproductive organ of flowering plants and is required to ensure its protection, an efficient fertilization, and the development of diversified types of fruits, thereby it is a vital element of most food crops. The origin and morphological changes of the carpel are key to the evolution and adaption of angiosperms. Progresses have been made in elucidating the developmental mechanisms of carpel establishment in the model eudicot plant Arabidopsis thaliana, while little and fragmentary information is known in grasses, a family that includes many important crops such as rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). Here, we highlight recent advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying potential pathways of carpel development in grasses, including carpel identity determination, morphogenesis, and floral meristem determinacy. The known role of transcription factors, hormones, and miRNAs during grass carpel formation is summarized and compared with the extensively studied eudicot model plant Arabidopsis. The genetic and molecular aspects of carpel development that are conserved or diverged between grasses and eudicots are therefore discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Shen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Gang Li
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Ludovico Dreni
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
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Schönenberger J, von Balthazar M, López Martínez A, Albert B, Prieu C, Magallón S, Sauquet H. Phylogenetic analysis of fossil flowers using an angiosperm-wide data set: proof-of-concept and challenges ahead. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1433-1448. [PMID: 33026116 PMCID: PMC7702048 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Significant paleobotanical discoveries in recent decades have considerably improved our understanding of the early evolution of angiosperms and their flowers. However, our ability to test the systematic placement of fossil flowers on the basis of phylogenetic analyses has remained limited, mainly due to the lack of an adequate, angiosperm-wide morphological data set for extant taxa. Earlier attempts to place fossil flowers phylogenetically were, therefore, forced to make prior qualitative assessments of the potential systematic position of fossils and to restrict phylogenetic analyses to selected angiosperm subgroups. METHODS We conduct angiosperm-wide molecular backbone analyses of 10 fossil flower taxa selected from the Cretaceous record. Our analyses make use of a floral trait data set built within the framework of the eFLOWER initiative. We provide an updated version of this data set containing data for 28 floral and two pollen traits for 792 extant species representing 372 angiosperm families. RESULTS We find that some fossils are placed congruently with earlier hypotheses while others are found in positions that had not been suggested previously. A few take up equivocal positions, including the stem branches of large clades. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an objective approach to test for the phylogenetic position of fossil flowers across angiosperms. Such analyses may provide a complementary tool for paleobotanical studies, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of fossil phylogenetic relationships in angiosperms. Ongoing work focused on extending the sampling of extant taxa and the number of floral traits will further improve the applicability and accuracy of our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14ViennaA‐1030Austria
| | - Maria von Balthazar
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14ViennaA‐1030Austria
| | - Andrea López Martínez
- Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCircuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, CoyoacánMéxico City04510Mexico
| | - Béatrice Albert
- Ecologie Systématique EvolutionUniv. Paris‐SudCNRSAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayOrsay91400France
| | - Charlotte Prieu
- Ecologie Systématique EvolutionUniv. Paris‐SudCNRSAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayOrsay91400France
| | - Susana Magallón
- Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCircuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, CoyoacánMéxico City04510Mexico
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- Ecologie Systématique EvolutionUniv. Paris‐SudCNRSAgroParisTechUniversité Paris‐SaclayOrsay91400France
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW)Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain TrustSydneyNSW2000Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research CentreSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
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35
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Coiro M, Martínez LCA, Upchurch GR, Doyle JA. Evidence for an extinct lineage of angiosperms from the Early Cretaceous of Patagonia and implications for the early radiation of flowering plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:344-360. [PMID: 32400897 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The pinnately lobed Aptian leaf fossil Mesodescolea plicata was originally described as a cycad, but new evidence from cuticle structure suggests that it is an angiosperm. Here we document the morphology and cuticle anatomy of Mesodescolea and explore its significance for early angiosperm evolution. We observed macrofossils and cuticles of Mesodescolea with light, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy, and used phylogenetic methods to test its relationships among extant angiosperms. Mesodescolea has chloranthoid teeth and tertiary veins forming elongate areoles. Its cuticular morphology and ultrastructure reject cycadalean affinities, whereas its guard cell shape and stomatal ledges are angiospermous. It shares variable stomatal complexes and epidermal oil cells with angiosperm leaves from the lower Potomac Group. Phylogenetic analyses and hypothesis testing support its placement within the basal ANITA grade, most likely in Austrobaileyales, but it diverges markedly in leaf form and venation. Although many Early Cretaceous angiosperms fall within the morphological range of extant taxa, Mesodescolea reveals unexpected early morphological and ecophysiological trends. Its similarity to other Early Cretaceous lobate leaves, many identified previously as eudicots but in some cases pre-dating the appearance of tricolpate pollen, may indicate that Mesodescolea is part of a larger extinct lineage of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Coiro
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Leandro C A Martínez
- Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (ANCEFN - CONICET), Labardén 200, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Garland R Upchurch
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - James A Doyle
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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36
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Sokoloff DD, Remizowa MV, El ES, Rudall PJ, Bateman RM. Supposed Jurassic angiosperms lack pentamery, an important angiosperm-specific feature. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:420-426. [PMID: 31418869 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D Sokoloff
- Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Margarita V Remizowa
- Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
| | - Elena S El
- Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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Lv Q, Qiu J, Liu J, Li Z, Zhang W, Wang Q, Fang J, Pan J, Chen Z, Cheng W, Barker MS, Huang X, Wei X, Cheng K. The Chimonanthus salicifolius genome provides insight into magnoliid evolution and flavonoid biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1910-1923. [PMID: 32524692 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chimonanthus salicifolius, a member of the Calycanthaceae of magnoliids, is one of the most famous medicinal plants in Eastern China. Here, we report a chromosome-level genome assembly of C. salicifolius, comprising 820.1 Mb of genomic sequence with a contig N50 of 2.3 Mb and containing 36 651 annotated protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that magnoliids were sister to the eudicots. Two rounds of ancient whole-genome duplication were inferred in the C. salicifolious genome. One is shared by Calycanthaceae after its divergence with Lauraceae, and the other is in the ancestry of Magnoliales and Laurales. Notably, long genes with > 20 kb in length were much more prevalent in the magnoliid genomes compared with other angiosperms, which could be caused by the length expansion of introns inserted by transposon elements. Homologous genes within the flavonoid pathway for C. salicifolius were identified, and correlation of the gene expression and the contents of flavonoid metabolites revealed potential critical genes involved in flavonoids biosynthesis. This study not only provides an additional whole-genome sequence from the magnoliids, but also opens the door to functional genomic research and molecular breeding of C. salicifolius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qundan Lv
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, China
| | - Junjie Pan
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, China
| | - Zhengdao Chen
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, China
| | - Wenliang Cheng
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, China
| | - Michael S Barker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Xuehui Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kejun Cheng
- Chemical Biology Center, Lishui Institute of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, China
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38
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Phillips HR, Landis JB, Specht CD. Revisiting floral fusion: the evolution and molecular basis of a developmental innovation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3390-3404. [PMID: 32152629 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the evolution of the angiosperm flower, developmental innovations have enabled the modification or elaboration of novel floral organs enabling subsequent diversification and expansion into new niches, for example the formation of novel pollinator relationships. One such developmental innovation is the fusion of various floral organs to form complex structures. Multiple types of floral fusion exist; each type may be the result of different developmental processes and is likely to have evolved multiple times independently across the angiosperm tree of life. The development of fused organs is thought to be mediated by the NAM/CUC3 subfamily of NAC transcription factors, which mediate boundary formation during meristematic development. The goal of this review is to (i) introduce the development of fused floral organs as a key 'developmental innovation', facilitated by a change in the expression of NAM/CUC3 transcription factors; (ii) provide a comprehensive overview of floral fusion phenotypes amongst the angiosperms, defining well-known fusion phenotypes and applying them to a systematic context; and (iii) summarize the current molecular knowledge of this phenomenon, highlighting the evolution of the NAM/CUC3 subfamily of transcription factors implicated in the development of fused organs. The need for a network-based analysis of fusion is discussed, and a gene regulatory network responsible for directing fusion is proposed to guide future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Phillips
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Jacob B Landis
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
| | - Chelsea D Specht
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, USA
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39
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El ES, Remizowa MV, Sokoloff DD. Developmental Flower and Rhizome Morphology in Nuphar (Nymphaeales): An Interplay of Chaos and Stability. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:303. [PMID: 32509775 PMCID: PMC7248231 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
European species of Nuphar are amongthe most accessible members of the basal angiosperm grade, but detailed studies using scanning electron microscopy are lacking. We provide such data and discuss them in the evolutionary context. Dorsiventral monopodial rhizomes of Nuphar bear foliage leaves and non-axillary reproductive units (RUs) arranged in a Fibonacci spiral. The direction of the phyllotaxis spiral is established in seedlings apparently environmentally and maintained through all rhizome branching events. The RUs can be located on dorsal, ventral or lateral side of the rhizome. There is no seasonality in timing of their initiation. The RUs usually form pairs in positions N and N + 2 along the ontogenetic spiral. New rhizomes appear on lateral sides of the mother rhizome. A lateral rhizome is subtended by a foliage leaf (N) and is accompanied by a RU in the position N + 2. We hypothesize a two-step process of regulation of RU/branch initiation, with the second step possibly involving environmental factors such as gravitropism. Each RU has a short stalk, 1-2 scale-like phyllomes and a long-pedicellate flower. We support a theory that the flower is lateral to the RU axis. The five sepals initiate successively and form two whorls as 3 + 2. The sepal arrangement is not 'intermediate' between whorled and spiral. Mechanisms of phyllotaxis establishment differ between flowers and lateral rhizomes. Petal, stamen and carpel numbers are not precisely fixed. Petals are smaller than sepals and form a whorl. They appear first in the sectors of the outer whorl sepals. The stamen arrangement is whorled to chaotic. The merism of the androecium tends to be the same as in the corolla. Flowers with odd numbers of stamen orthostichies are found. These are interpreted as having a non-integer merism of the androecium (e.g., 14.5). Carpels form a whorl in N. lutea and normally alternate with inner whorl stamens. Sterile second whorl carpel(s) are found in some flowers of N. pumila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S. El
- Department of Higher Plants, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita V. Remizowa
- Department of Higher Plants, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnologies, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry D. Sokoloff
- Department of Higher Plants, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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40
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Naghiloo S. Patterns of Symmetry Expression in Angiosperms: Developmental and Evolutionary Lability. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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41
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Kitazawa MS, Fujimoto K. Perianth Phyllotaxis Is Polymorphic in the Basal Eudicot Anemone and Eranthis Species. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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42
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43
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Yang L, Su D, Chang X, Foster CS, Sun L, Huang CH, Zhou X, Zeng L, Ma H, Zhong B. Phylogenomic Insights into Deep Phylogeny of Angiosperms Based on Broad Nuclear Gene Sampling. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100027. [PMID: 33367231 PMCID: PMC7747974 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms (flowering plants) are the most diverse and species-rich group of plants. The vast majority (∼99.95%) of angiosperms form a clade called Mesangiospermae, which is subdivided into five major groups: eudicots, monocots, magnoliids, Chloranthales, and Ceratophyllales. The relationships among these Mesangiospermae groups have been the subject of long debate. In this study, we assembled a phylogenomic dataset of 1594 genes from 151 angiosperm taxa, including representatives of all five lineages, to investigate the phylogeny of major angiosperm lineages under both coalescent- and concatenation-based methods. We dissected the phylogenetic signal and found that more than half of the genes lack phylogenetic information for the backbone of angiosperm phylogeny. We further removed the genes with weak phylogenetic signal and showed that eudicots, Ceratophyllales, and Chloranthales form a clade, with magnoliids and monocots being the next successive sister lineages. Similar frequencies of gene tree conflict are suggestive of incomplete lineage sorting along the backbone of the angiosperm phylogeny. Our analyses suggest that a fully bifurcating species tree may not be the best way to represent the early radiation of angiosperms. Meanwhile, we inferred that the crown-group angiosperms originated approximately between 255.1 and 222.2 million years ago, and Mesangiospermae diversified into the five extant groups in a short time span (∼27 million years) at the Early to Late Jurassic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyan Su
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Charles S.P. Foster
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Linhua Sun
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chien-Hsun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Zeng
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Bojian Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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44
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Yang Y, Sun P, Lv L, Wang D, Ru D, Li Y, Ma T, Zhang L, Shen X, Meng F, Jiao B, Shan L, Liu M, Wang Q, Qin Z, Xi Z, Wang X, Davis CC, Liu J. Prickly waterlily and rigid hornwort genomes shed light on early angiosperm evolution. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:215-222. [PMID: 32094642 PMCID: PMC8075997 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms represent one of the most spectacular terrestrial radiations on the planet1, but their early diversification and phylogenetic relationships remain uncertain2-5. A key reason for this impasse is the paucity of complete genomes representing early-diverging angiosperms. Here, we present high-quality, chromosomal-level genome assemblies of two aquatic species-prickly waterlily (Euryale ferox; Nymphaeales) and the rigid hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum; Ceratophyllales)-and expand the genomic representation for key sectors of the angiosperm tree of life. We identify multiple independent polyploidization events in each of the five major clades (that is, Nymphaeales, magnoliids, monocots, Ceratophyllales and eudicots). Furthermore, our phylogenomic analyses, which spanned multiple datasets and diverse methods, confirm that Amborella and Nymphaeales are successively sister to all other angiosperms. Furthermore, these genomes help to elucidate relationships among the major subclades within Mesangiospermae, which contain about 350,000 species. In particular, the species-poor lineage Ceratophyllales is supported as sister to eudicots, and monocots and magnoliids are placed as successively sister to Ceratophyllales and eudicots. Finally, our analyses indicate that incomplete lineage sorting may account for the incongruent phylogenetic placement of magnoliids between nuclear and plastid genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengchuan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Leke Lv
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Donglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dafu Ru
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingxing Shen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fanbo Meng
- School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Beibei Jiao
- School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Lanxing Shan
- School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Man Liu
- School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiji Qin
- School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhenxiang Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiyin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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45
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Becker A. A molecular update on the origin of the carpel. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:15-22. [PMID: 31622798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Carpels, the female reproductive organs of flowering plants, are of major economic importance since much of our food is ultimately derived from carpel tissue and they are a defining innovation for flowering plants. Amazingly, little is known about the origin and conservation of the developmental program of the carpel besides the knowledge generated by utilizing Arabidopsis thaliana. However, in the past few years advances in ancestral state reconstruction, developmental genetics, and phylogenetic analyses led to advances in the field of flower evodevo. Here, I summarize recent work on ancestral state reconstructions of carpels, and the functions of the major components of the genetic networks governing carpel development described for Arabidopsis. Then, I point out how the stepwise addition of genes during land plant evolution has generated the A. thaliana carpel's developmental toolkit. By merging these observations, I propose a basic version of the ancestral angiosperm carpel developmental network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Becker
- Justus-Liebig-University, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Botany, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392 Gießen, Germany.
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46
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Bateman RM. Hunting the Snark: the flawed search for mythical Jurassic angiosperms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:22-35. [PMID: 31538196 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several recent palaeobotanical studies claim to have found and described pre-Cretaceous angiosperm macrofossils. With rare exceptions, these papers fail to define a flower, do not acknowledge that fossils require character-based rather than group-based classification, do not explicitly state which morphological features would unambiguously identify a fossil as angiospermous, ignore the modern conceptual framework of phylogeny reconstruction, and infer features in the fossils in question that are interpreted differently by (or even invisible to) other researchers. This unfortunate situation is compounded by the relevant fossils being highly disarticulated two-dimensional compression-impressions lacking anatomical preservation. Given current evidence, all supposed pre-Cretaceous angiosperms are assignable to other major clades among the gymnosperms sensu lato. By any workable morphological definition, flowers are not confined to, and therefore cannot delimit, the angiosperm clade. More precisely defined character states that are potentially diagnostic of angiosperms must by definition originate on the phylogenetic branch that immediately precedes the angiosperm crown group. Although the most reliable candidates for diagnostic characters (triploid endosperm reflecting double fertilization, closed carpel, bitegmic ovule, and phloem companion cells) are rarely preserved and/or difficult to detect unambiguously, similar characters have occasionally been preserved in high-quality permineralized non-angiosperm fossils. The angiosperm radiation documented by Early Cretaceous fossils involves only lineages closely similar to extant taxonomic families, lacks obvious morphological gaps, and (as agreed by both the fossil record and molecular phylogenies) was relatively rapid-all features that suggest a primary radiation. It is unlikely that ancestors of the crown group common ancestor would have fulfilled a character-based definition of (and thereby required expansion of the concept of) an angiosperm; they would instead form a new element of the non-angiosperm members of the 'anthophyte' grade, competing with Caytonia to be viewed as morphologically determined sister group for angiosperms. Conclusions drawn from molecular phylogenetics should not be allowed to routinely constrain palaeobotanical inferences; reciprocal illumination between different categories of data offers greater explanatory power than immediately resorting to Grand Syntheses. The Jurassic angiosperm-essentially a product of molecular phylogenetics-may have become the holy grail of palaeobotany but it appears equally mythical.
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Ma J, Deng S, Jia Z, Sang Z, Zhu Z, Zhou C, Ma L, Chen F. Conservation and divergence of ancestral AGAMOUS/SEEDSTICK subfamily genes from the basal angiosperm Magnolia wufengensis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:90-107. [PMID: 31553477 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
AGAMOUS/SEEDSTICK (AG/STK) subfamily genes play crucial roles in the reproductive development of plants. However, most of our current knowledge of AG/STK subfamily genes is restricted to core eudicots and grasses, and the knowledge of ancestral exon-intron structures, expression patterns, protein-protein interaction patterns and functions of AG/STK subfamily genes remains unclear. To determine these, we isolated AG/STK subfamily genes (MawuAG1, MawuAG2 and MawuSTK) from a woody basal angiosperm Magnolia wufengensis (Magnoliaceae). MawuSTK arose from the gene duplication event occurring before the diversification of extant angiosperms, and MawuAG1 and MawuAG2 may result from a gene duplication event occurring before the divergence of Magnoliaceae and Lauraceae. Gene duplication led to apparent diversification in their expression and interaction patterns. It revealed that expression in both stamens and carpels likely represents the ancestral expression profiles of AG lineage genes, and expression of STK-like genes in stamens may have been lost soon after the appearance of the STK lineage. Moreover, AG/STK subfamily proteins may have immediately established interactions with the SEPALLATA (SEP) subfamily proteins following the emergence of the SEP subfamily; however, their interactions with the APETALA1/FRUITFULL subfamily proteins or themselves differ from those found in monocots and basal and core eudicots. MawuAG1 plays highly conserved roles in the determinacy of stamen, carpel and ovule identity, while gene duplication contributed to the functional diversification of MawuAG2 and MawuSTK. In addition, we investigated the evolutionary history of exon-intron structural changes of the AG/STK subfamily, and a novel splice-acceptor mode (GUU-AU) and the convergent evolution of N-terminal extension in the euAG and PLE subclades were revealed for the first time. These results further advance our understanding of ancestral AG/STK subfamily genes in terms of phylogeny, exon-intron structures, expression and interaction patterns, and functions, and provide strong evidence for the significance of gene duplication in the expansion and evolution of the AG/STK subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shixin Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zhongkui Jia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Ziyang Sang
- Forestry Bureau of Wufeng County, Yichang, 443002, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Zhonglong Zhu
- Wufeng Bo Ling Magnolia Wufengensis Technology Development Co., Ltd, Yichang, 443002, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU)/Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Lvyi Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Faju Chen
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU)/Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, PR China
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Cui YM, Wang W, Ferguson DK, Yang J, Wang YF. Fossil evidence reveals how plants responded to cooling during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:402. [PMID: 31519148 PMCID: PMC6743113 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, an obvious global cooling occurred, which resulted in dramatic changes in terrestrial ecosystems and the evolutionary trends of numerous organisms. However, how plant lineages responded to the cooling has remained unknown until now. Between ca. 70-60 Ma Mesocyparis McIver & Basinger (Cupressaceae), an extinct conifer genus, was distributed from eastern Asia to western North America and provides an excellent opportunity to solve this riddle. RESULTS Here we report a new species, Mesocyparis sinica from the early Paleocene of Jiayin, Heilongjiang, northeastern China. By integrating lines of evidence from phylogeny and comparative morphology of Mesocyparis, we found that during ca.70-60 Ma, the size of seed cone of Mesocyparis more than doubled, probably driven by the cooling during the K-Pg transition, which might be an effective adaptation for seed dispersal by animals. More importantly, we discovered that the northern limit of this genus, as well as those of two other arboreal taxa Metasequoia Miki ex Hu et Cheng (gymnosperm) and Nordenskioldia Heer (angiosperm), migrated ca.4-5° southward in paleolatitude during this time interval. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the cooling during the K-Pg transition may have been responsible for the increase in size of the seed cone of Mesocyparis and have driven the migration of plants southwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008 China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - David K. Ferguson
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yu-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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Ishikawa SA, Zhukova A, Iwasaki W, Gascuel O. A Fast Likelihood Method to Reconstruct and Visualize Ancestral Scenarios. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:2069-2085. [PMID: 31127303 PMCID: PMC6735705 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconstruction of ancestral scenarios is widely used to study the evolution of characters along phylogenetic trees. One commonly uses the marginal posterior probabilities of the character states, or the joint reconstruction of the most likely scenario. However, marginal reconstructions provide users with state probabilities, which are difficult to interpret and visualize, whereas joint reconstructions select a unique state for every tree node and thus do not reflect the uncertainty of inferences. We propose a simple and fast approach, which is in between these two extremes. We use decision-theory concepts (namely, the Brier score) to associate each node in the tree to a set of likely states. A unique state is predicted in tree regions with low uncertainty, whereas several states are predicted in uncertain regions, typically around the tree root. To visualize the results, we cluster the neighboring nodes associated with the same states and use graph visualization tools. The method is implemented in the PastML program and web server. The results on simulated data demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the approach. PastML was applied to the phylogeography of Dengue serotype 2 (DENV2), and the evolution of drug resistances in a large HIV data set. These analyses took a few minutes and provided convincing results. PastML retrieved the main transmission routes of human DENV2 and showed the uncertainty of the human-sylvatic DENV2 geographic origin. With HIV, the results show that resistance mutations mostly emerge independently under treatment pressure, but resistance clusters are found, corresponding to transmissions among untreated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohta A Ishikawa
- Unité Bioinformatique Evolutive, Institut Pasteur, C3BI USR 3756 IP & CNRS, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anna Zhukova
- Unité Bioinformatique Evolutive, Institut Pasteur, C3BI USR 3756 IP & CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Wataru Iwasaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Olivier Gascuel
- Unité Bioinformatique Evolutive, Institut Pasteur, C3BI USR 3756 IP & CNRS, Paris, France
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Aliscioni SS, Gotelli M, Torretta JP. Gynoecium with carpel dimorphism in Tricomaria usillo, comparison with other genera of the Carolus clade (Malpighiaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1133-1144. [PMID: 30953173 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the gynoecium morphology and anatomy of Tricomaria usillo in young and mature flowers from diverse populations in order to analyze the differentiation of structure and function of the parts of the carpel. We also aimed to find the potential pollinators and associate the morphology of the gynoecium with its role. We compare the characteristics of the gynoecium of T. usillo and discuss the carpel dimorphism with other genera within the Carolus clade in relation with their pollination syndromes. Carpels were processed according to classic techniques for scanning electron microscopy and bright field microscopy. We conducted field observation in different populations of T. usillo and captured the insects that were identified to specific level. The gynoecium of T. usillo shows inter-population and intra-individual variability. Some have three well-developed carpels, while most of them present two posterior carpels with differentiated styles and stigmas and the anterior one with a shorter style with or without stigma. The ovary has three locules with one ovule each. A compitum is formed and all ovules may be fecundated. However, fruits have generally one seed that develops in the anterior locule. Centris brethesi is the potential pollinator. The gynoecium of T. usillo reflects part of the variation in the carpel dimorphism that probably arose in the branch of the Carolus clade, and evolved in diverse ways in the lineages of this group. Tricomaria usillo seems to represent a recent transition towards reaching a stable form of carpel dimorphism and definitive division of labors of the carpels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Silvina Aliscioni
- Instituto de Botánica Darwinion (IBODA), Casilla de Correo 22, B1642HYD, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marina Gotelli
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Torretta
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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