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Phylogenomic reconstruction addressing the Peltigeralean backbone (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota). FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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2
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Ellis CJ, Asplund J, Benesperi R, Branquinho C, Di Nuzzo L, Hurtado P, Martínez I, Matos P, Nascimbene J, Pinho P, Prieto M, Rocha B, Rodríguez-Arribas C, Thüs H, Giordani P. Functional Traits in Lichen Ecology: A Review of Challenge and Opportunity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:766. [PMID: 33917569 PMCID: PMC8067525 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Community ecology has experienced a major transition, from a focus on patterns in taxonomic composition, to revealing the processes underlying community assembly through the analysis of species functional traits. The power of the functional trait approach is its generality, predictive capacity such as with respect to environmental change, and, through linkage of response and effect traits, the synthesis of community assembly with ecosystem function and services. Lichens are a potentially rich source of information about how traits govern community structure and function, thereby creating opportunity to better integrate lichens into 'mainstream' ecological studies, while lichen ecology and conservation can also benefit from using the trait approach as an investigative tool. This paper brings together a range of author perspectives to review the use of traits in lichenology, particularly with respect to European ecosystems from the Mediterranean to the Arctic-Alpine. It emphasizes the types of traits that lichenologists have used in their studies, both response and effect, the bundling of traits towards the evolution of life-history strategies, and the critical importance of scale (both spatial and temporal) in functional trait ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Asplund
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 5003 NO-1432 Ås, Norway;
| | - Renato Benesperi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via la Pira, 450121 Florence, Italy; (R.B.); (L.D.N.)
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.P.); (B.R.)
| | - Luca Di Nuzzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via la Pira, 450121 Florence, Italy; (R.B.); (L.D.N.)
| | - Pilar Hurtado
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain; (P.H.); (I.M.); marí (M.P.); (C.R.-A.)
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Darwin, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain; (P.H.); (I.M.); marí (M.P.); (C.R.-A.)
| | - Paula Matos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Juri Nascimbene
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Pedro Pinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.P.); (B.R.)
| | - María Prieto
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain; (P.H.); (I.M.); marí (M.P.); (C.R.-A.)
| | - Bernardo Rocha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, C2, Piso 5, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.B.); (P.P.); (B.R.)
| | - Clara Rodríguez-Arribas
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain; (P.H.); (I.M.); marí (M.P.); (C.R.-A.)
| | - Holger Thüs
- Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Paolo Giordani
- DIFAR, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano, 4, I-16148 Genova, Italy;
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Dal Forno M, Lawrey JD, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM, Schuettpelz E, Lücking R. Extensive photobiont sharing in a rapidly radiating cyanolichen clade. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:1755-1776. [PMID: 33080083 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have uncovered remarkable diversity in Dictyonema s.lat. basidiolichens, here recognized as subtribe Dictyonemateae. This group includes five genera and 148 species, but hundreds more await description. The photobionts of these lichens belong to Rhizonema, a recently resurrected cyanobacterial genus known by a single species. To further investigate photobiont diversity within Dictyonemateae, we generated 765 new cyanobacterial sequences from 635 specimens collected from 18 countries. The ITS barcoding locus supported the recognition of 200 mycobiont (fungal) species among these samples, but the photobiont diversity was comparatively low. Our analyses revealed three main divisions of Rhizonema, with two repeatedly recovered as monophyletic (proposed as new species), and the third mostly paraphyletic. The paraphyletic lineage corresponds to R. interruptum and partnered with mycobionts from all five genera in Dictyonemateae. There was no evidence of photobiont-mycobiont co-speciation, but one of the monophyletic lineages of Rhizonema appears to partner predominantly with one of the two major clades of Cora (mycobiont) with samples collected largely from the northern Andes. Molecular clock estimations indicate the Rhizonema species are much older than the fungal species in the Dictyonemateae, suggesting that these basidiolichens obtained their photobionts from older ascolichen lineages and the photobiont variation in extant lineages of Dictyonemateae is the result of multiple photobiont switches. These results support the hypothesis of lichens representing "fungal farmers," in which diverse mycobiont lineages associate with a substantially lower diversity of photobionts by sharing those photobionts best suited for the lichen symbiosis among multiple and often unrelated mycobiont lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Dal Forno
- Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James D Lawrey
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Eric Schuettpelz
- Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert Lücking
- Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Research Associate, Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA
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Košuthová A, Bergsten J, Westberg M, Wedin M. Species delimitation in the cyanolichen genus Rostania. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:115. [PMID: 32912146 PMCID: PMC7488055 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01681-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we investigate species limits in the cyanobacterial lichen genus Rostania (Collemataceae, Peltigerales, Lecanoromycetes). Four molecular markers (mtSSU rDNA, β-tubulin, MCM7, RPB2) were sequenced and analysed with two coalescent-based species delimitation methods: the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent model (GMYC) and a Bayesian species delimitation method (BPP) using a multispecies coalescence model (MSC), the latter with or without an a priori defined guide tree. Results Species delimitation analyses indicate the presence of eight strongly supported candidate species. Conclusive correlation between morphological/ecological characters and genetic delimitation could be found for six of these. Of the two additional candidate species, one is represented by a single sterile specimen and the other currently lacks morphological or ecological supporting evidence. Conclusions We conclude that Rostania includes a minimum of six species: R. ceranisca, R. multipunctata, R. occultata 1, R. occultata 2, R. occultata 3, and R. occultata 4,5,6. Three distinct Nostoc morphotypes occur in Rostania, and there is substantial correlation between these morphotypes and Rostania thallus morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alica Košuthová
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johannes Bergsten
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Westberg
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Wedin
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
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Spribille T, Fryday AM, Pérez-Ortega S, Svensson M, Tønsberg T, Ekman S, Holien H, Resl P, Schneider K, Stabentheiner E, Thüs H, Vondrák J, Sharman L. Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. LICHENOLOGIST (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 52:61-181. [PMID: 32788812 PMCID: PMC7398404 DOI: 10.1017/s0024282920000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are widely acknowledged to be a key component of high latitude ecosystems. However, the time investment needed for full inventories and the lack of taxonomic identification resources for crustose lichen and lichenicolous fungal diversity have hampered efforts to fully gauge the depth of species richness in these ecosystems. Using a combination of classical field inventory and extensive deployment of chemical and molecular analysis, we assessed the diversity of lichens and associated fungi in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska (USA), a mixed landscape of coastal boreal rainforest and early successional low elevation habitats deglaciated after the Little Ice Age. We collected nearly 5000 specimens and found a total of 947 taxa, including 831 taxa of lichen-forming and 96 taxa of lichenicolous fungi together with 20 taxa of saprotrophic fungi typically included in lichen studies. A total of 98 species (10.3% of those detected) could not be assigned to known species and of those, two genera and 27 species are described here as new to science: Atrophysma cyanomelanos gen. et sp. nov., Bacidina circumpulla, Biatora marmorea, Carneothele sphagnicola gen. et sp. nov., Cirrenalia lichenicola, Corticifraga nephromatis, Fuscidea muskeg, Fuscopannaria dillmaniae, Halecania athallina, Hydropunctaria alaskana, Lambiella aliphatica, Lecania hydrophobica, Lecanora viridipruinosa, Lecidea griseomarginata, L. streveleri, Miriquidica gyrizans, Niesslia peltigerae, Ochrolechia cooperi, Placynthium glaciale, Porpidia seakensis, Rhizocarpon haidense, Sagiolechia phaeospora, Sclerococcum fissurinae, Spilonema maritimum, Thelocarpon immersum, Toensbergia blastidiata and Xenonectriella nephromatis. An additional 71 'known unknown' species are cursorily described. Four new combinations are made: Lepra subvelata (G. K. Merr.) T. Sprib., Ochrolechia minuta (Degel.) T. Sprib., Steineropsis laceratula (Hue) T. Sprib. & Ekman and Toensbergia geminipara (Th. Fr.) T. Sprib. & Resl. Thirty-eight taxa are new to North America and 93 additional taxa new to Alaska. We use four to eight DNA loci to validate the placement of ten of the new species in the orders Baeomycetales, Ostropales, Lecanorales, Peltigerales, Pertusariales and the broader class Lecanoromycetes with maximum likelihood analyses. We present a total of 280 new fungal DNA sequences. The lichen inventory from Glacier Bay National Park represents the second largest number of lichens and associated fungi documented from an area of comparable size and the largest to date in North America. Coming from almost 60°N, these results again underline the potential for high lichen diversity in high latitude ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Spribille
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 2R3, Canada
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010Graz, Austria
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana59812, USA
| | - Alan M. Fryday
- Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan48824, USA
| | - Sergio Pérez-Ortega
- Real Jardín Botánico (CSIC), Departamento de Micología, Calle Claudio Moyano 1, E-28014Madrid, Spain
| | - Måns Svensson
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-75236Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tor Tønsberg
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen Allégt. 41, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Ekman
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-75236Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkon Holien
- Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, Box 2501, NO-7729Steinkjer, Norway
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491Trondheim, Norway
| | - Philipp Resl
- Faculty of Biology, Department I, Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzinger Straße 67, 80638München, Germany
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, UK
| | - Edith Stabentheiner
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Holger Thüs
- Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191Stuttgart, Germany
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, LondonSW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jan Vondrák
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lewis Sharman
- Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve, P.O. Box 140, Gustavus, Alaska99826, USA
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Sørensen MES, Wood AJ, Minter EJA, Lowe CD, Cameron DD, Brockhurst MA. Comparison of Independent Evolutionary Origins Reveals Both Convergence and Divergence in the Metabolic Mechanisms of Symbiosis. Curr Biol 2020; 30:328-334.e4. [PMID: 31902722 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Through the merger of previously independent lineages, symbiosis promotes the acquisition of new traits and exploitation of inaccessible ecological niches [1, 2], driving evolutionary innovation and important ecosystem functions [3-6]. The transient nature of establishment makes study of symbiotic origins difficult, but experimental comparison of independent origins could reveal the degree of convergence in the underpinning mechanisms [7, 8]. We compared the metabolic mechanisms of two independent origins of Paramecium bursaria-Chlorella photosymbiosis [9-11] using a reciprocal metabolomic pulse-chase method. This showed convergent patterns of nutrient exchange and utilization for host-derived nitrogen in the Chlorella genotypes [12, 13] and symbiont-derived carbon in the P. bursaria genotypes [14, 15]. Consistent with a convergent primary nutrient exchange, partner-switched host-symbiont pairings were functional. Direct competition of hosts containing native or recombined symbionts against isogenic symbiont-free hosts showed that the fitness benefits of symbiosis for hosts increased with irradiance but varied by genotype. Global metabolism varied more between the Chlorella than the P. bursaria genotypes and suggested divergent mechanisms of light management. Specifically, the algal symbiont genotypes either produced photo-protective carotenoid pigments at high irradiance or more chlorophyll, resulting in corresponding differences in photosynthetic efficiency and non-photochemical quenching among host-symbiont pairings. These data suggest that the multiple origins of P. bursaria-Chlorella symbiosis use a convergent nutrient exchange, whereas other photosynthetic traits linked to functioning of photosymbiosis have diverged. Although convergence enables partner switching among diverse strains, phenotypic mismatches resulting from divergence of secondary symbiotic traits could mediate host-symbiont specificity in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E S Sørensen
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - A Jamie Wood
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ewan J A Minter
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Chris D Lowe
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Michael A Brockhurst
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Jørgensen PM, Andersen HL, Elvebakk A. The genus Massalongia (lichenised ascomycetae) in the Southern Hemisphere. MycoKeys 2019; 60:125-140. [PMID: 31844414 PMCID: PMC6906167 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.60.37725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The species of Massalongia recorded and described from the Southern Hemisphere are revised and it is shown that only one is present; M. patagonica which is widespread, with populations in Australia and New Zealand that differ from the South American populations, but at present best regarded as part of the variation of that species. Records from this hemisphere of all other species placed in the genus are incorrect. The type species, M. carnosa, is restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. Two species, M. antarctica and M. novozelandica cannot be identified precisely due to lack of sufficient type material and with the types as the only collections known of these, but none belongs in Massalongia according to available data. Massalongia griseolobata (from Gough Isl.) is shown here to belong in the Pannariaceae and is part of the parmelielloid clade. M. intricata (from South Georgia) and M. olechiana (from South Shetland) have both recently been correctly transferred to the genus Steinera in the Arctomiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per M Jørgensen
- Dept. of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, Allégt. 41, N-5017, Bergen, Norway University Museum of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Heidi L Andersen
- Dept. of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, Allégt. 41, N-5017, Bergen, Norway University Museum of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - Arve Elvebakk
- Tromsø University Museum, University of Tromsø - the Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 5060 Langnes, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway University of Tromsø - the Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
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8
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Kitaura MJ, Costa PC, Scur MC, Lorenz A.P. Genetic and morphological variations of the lichenized fungus Steinera intricata (Arctomiaceae, Lecanoromycetes) from southern South America to Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sanders WB, de Los Ríos A. The cellular cortex in Collemataceae (lichenized Ascomycota) participates in thallus growth and morphogenesis via parenchymatous cell divisions. Mycologia 2019; 111:206-216. [PMID: 30888911 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1566810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
According to a widely held view, fungi do not produce parenchymatous tissues. Following up on recent transmission electron microscopy (TEM) evidence that challenged this paradigm in several lichens, we employed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the orientation of new anticlinal walls in the single-layered fungal cortex of six species of Collemataceae, a family of gelatinous cyanolichens with diverse surface morphologies. Examination of thallus surfaces in four species of Leptogium (L. austromericanum, L. burnetiae, L. chloromelum, L. marginellum) and two species of Scytinium (S. gelatinosum, S. lichenoides) revealed that recently formed septa adjoin to preceding septa in parenchymatous division. These cortical divisions were evident in the formation and development of thallus wrinkles, folds, isidia, and lobules in the six morphologically distinct taxa. Tomentum, by contrast, arose as filamentous outgrowths of the cortical cells. We conclude that the monostromatic cellular cortex in Collemataceae participates in surface growth and morphogenesis by means of parenchymatous cell divisions, in a remarkable parallel to plant meristems. Cortical cell divisions do not appear to drive morphogenesis, however, as very similar morphologies are achieved in the closely related genus Collema, which lacks a cortex altogether. These results provide evidence that parenchymatous cell division can indeed play a role in morphogenesis of fungal structures and show that SEM is a useful tool for distinguishing the orientation of anticlinal divisions in the cortex of gelatinous lichens.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Sanders
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Florida Gulf Coast University , Fort Myers , Florida 33965
| | - Asunción de Los Ríos
- b Departamento de Bioquímica y Ecología Microbiana , Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) , C/Serrano 115-dpdo, E-28006 , Madrid , Spain
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Ekanayaka AH, Ariyawansa HA, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, Daranagama DA, Phillips AJL, Hongsanan S, Jayasiri SC, Zhao Q. DISCOMYCETES: the apothecial representatives of the phylum Ascomycota. FUNGAL DIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-017-0389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Muggia L, Fleischhacker A, Kopun T, Grube M. Extremotolerant fungi from alpine rock lichens and their phylogenetic relationships. FUNGAL DIVERS 2015; 76:119-142. [PMID: 26877720 PMCID: PMC4739527 DOI: 10.1007/s13225-015-0343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungi other than the lichen mycobiont frequently co-occur within lichen thalli and on the same rock in harsh environments. In these situations dark-pigmented mycelial structures are commonly observed on lichen thalli, where they persist under the same stressful conditions as their hosts. Here we used a comprehensive sampling of lichen-associated fungi from an alpine habitat to assess their phylogenetic relationships with fungi previously known from other niches. The multilocus phylogenetic analyses suggest that most of the 248 isolates belong to the Chaetothyriomycetes and Dothideomycetes, while a minor fraction represents Sordariomycetes and Leotiomycetes. As many lichens also were infected by phenotypically distinct lichenicolous fungi of diverse lineages, it remains difficult to assess whether the culture isolates represent these fungi or are from additional cryptic, extremotolerant fungi within the thalli. Some of these strains represent yet undescribed lineages within Chaethothyriomycetes and Dothideomycetes, whereas other strains belong to genera of fungi, that are known as lichen colonizers, plant and human pathogens, rock-inhabiting fungi, parasites and saprotrophs. The symbiotic structures of the lichen thalli appear to be a shared habitat of phylogenetically diverse stress-tolerant fungi, which potentially benefit from the lichen niche in otherwise hostile habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Muggia
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria ; Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Valerio 12/2, 34128 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Theodora Kopun
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Grube
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Miadlikowska J, Kauff F, Högnabba F, Oliver JC, Molnár K, Fraker E, Gaya E, Hafellner J, Hofstetter V, Gueidan C, Otálora MAG, Hodkinson B, Kukwa M, Lücking R, Björk C, Sipman HJM, Burgaz AR, Thell A, Passo A, Myllys L, Goward T, Fernández-Brime S, Hestmark G, Lendemer J, Lumbsch HT, Schmull M, Schoch CL, Sérusiaux E, Maddison DR, Arnold AE, Lutzoni F, Stenroos S. A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 79:132-68. [PMID: 24747130 PMCID: PMC4185256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized Fungi, and one of the most species-rich classes in the kingdom. Here we provide a multigene phylogenetic synthesis (using three ribosomal RNA-coding and two protein-coding genes) of the Lecanoromycetes based on 642 newly generated and 3329 publicly available sequences representing 1139 taxa, 317 genera, 66 families, 17 orders and five subclasses (four currently recognized: Acarosporomycetidae, Lecanoromycetidae, Ostropomycetidae, Umbilicariomycetidae; and one provisionarily recognized, 'Candelariomycetidae'). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses on four multigene datasets assembled using a cumulative supermatrix approach with a progressively higher number of species and missing data (5-gene, 5+4-gene, 5+4+3-gene and 5+4+3+2-gene datasets) show that the current classification includes non-monophyletic taxa at various ranks, which need to be recircumscribed and require revisionary treatments based on denser taxon sampling and more loci. Two newly circumscribed orders (Arctomiales and Hymeneliales in the Ostropomycetidae) and three families (Ramboldiaceae and Psilolechiaceae in the Lecanorales, and Strangosporaceae in the Lecanoromycetes inc. sed.) are introduced. The potential resurrection of the families Eigleraceae and Lopadiaceae is considered here to alleviate phylogenetic and classification disparities. An overview of the photobionts associated with the main fungal lineages in the Lecanoromycetes based on available published records is provided. A revised schematic classification at the family level in the phylogenetic context of widely accepted and newly revealed relationships across Lecanoromycetes is included. The cumulative addition of taxa with an increasing amount of missing data (i.e., a cumulative supermatrix approach, starting with taxa for which sequences were available for all five targeted genes and ending with the addition of taxa for which only two genes have been sequenced) revealed relatively stable relationships for many families and orders. However, the increasing number of taxa without the addition of more loci also resulted in an expected substantial loss of phylogenetic resolving power and support (especially for deep phylogenetic relationships), potentially including the misplacements of several taxa. Future phylogenetic analyses should include additional single copy protein-coding markers in order to improve the tree of the Lecanoromycetes. As part of this study, a new module ("Hypha") of the freely available Mesquite software was developed to compare and display the internodal support values derived from this cumulative supermatrix approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Kauff
- FB Biologie, Molecular Phylogenetics, 13/276, TU Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Filip Högnabba
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeffrey C Oliver
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 358 ESC, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Katalin Molnár
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA
| | - Emily Fraker
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA
| | - Ester Gaya
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA
| | - Josef Hafellner
- Institut für Botanik, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Holteigasse 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Cécile Gueidan
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA
| | | | | | - Martin Kukwa
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert Lücking
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Curtis Björk
- UBC Herbarium, Beaty Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Harrie J M Sipman
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Königin-Luise-Strasse 6-8, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Rosa Burgaz
- Departamento de Biologı́a Vegetal I, Facultad de CC. Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Arne Thell
- Botanical Museum, Lund University, Box 117, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alfredo Passo
- BioLiq Laboratorio de Bioindicadores y Liquenología, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, INIBIOMA, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, 8400RN, Argentina
| | - Leena Myllys
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Trevor Goward
- UBC Herbarium, Beaty Museum, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Samantha Fernández-Brime
- Department of Plant Biology (Botany Unit), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geir Hestmark
- CEES, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PB 1066 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - James Lendemer
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA
| | - H Thorsten Lumbsch
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Michaela Schmull
- Harvard University Herbaria, Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Conrad L Schoch
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 45 Center Drive, MSC 6510, Bethesda, MD 20892-6510, USA
| | - Emmanuël Sérusiaux
- Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B22, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - David R Maddison
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, 3021 Agriculture and Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR 97331-7303, USA
| | - A Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1140 E. South Campus Drive, Forbes 303, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - François Lutzoni
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA
| | - Soili Stenroos
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Lumbsch HT, Parnmen S, Kraichak E, Papong KB, Lücking R. High frequency of character transformations is phylogenetically structured within the lichenized fungal family Graphidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales). SYST BIODIVERS 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2014.905506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Magain N, Sérusiaux E. Do photobiont switch and cephalodia emancipation act as evolutionary drivers in the lichen symbiosis? A case study in the Pannariaceae (Peltigerales). PLoS One 2014; 9:e89876. [PMID: 24587091 PMCID: PMC3933699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichen symbioses in the Pannariaceae associate an ascomycete and either cyanobacteria alone (usually Nostoc; bipartite thalli) or green algae and cyanobacteria (cyanobacteria being located in dedicated structures called cephalodia; tripartite thalli) as photosynthetic partners (photobionts). In bipartite thalli, cyanobacteria can either be restricted to a well-delimited layer within the thallus ('pannarioid' thalli) or spread over the thallus that becomes gelatinous when wet ('collematoid' thalli). We studied the collematoid genera Kroswia and Physma and an undescribed tripartite species along with representatives of the pannarioid genera Fuscopannaria, Pannaria and Parmeliella. Molecular inferences from 4 loci for the fungus and 1 locus for the photobiont and statistical analyses within a phylogenetic framework support the following: (a) several switches from pannarioid to collematoid thalli occured and are correlated with photobiont switches; the collematoid genus Kroswia is nested within the pannarioid genus Fuscopannaria and the collematoid genus Physma is sister to the pannarioid Parmeliella mariana group; (b) Nostoc associated with collematoid thalli in the Pannariaceae are related to that of the Collemataceae (which contains only collematoid thalli), and never associated with pannarioid thalli; Nostoc associated with pannarioid thalli also associate in other families with similar morphology; (c) ancestors of several lineages in the Pannariaceae developed tripartite thalli, bipartite thalli probably resulting from cephalodia emancipation from tripartite thalli which eventually evolved and diverged, as suggested by the same Nostoc present in the collematoid genus Physma and in the cephalodia of a closely related tripartite species; Photobiont switches and cephalodia emancipation followed by divergence are thus suspected to act as evolutionary drivers in the family Pannariaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Magain
- Evolution and Conservation Biology Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuël Sérusiaux
- Evolution and Conservation Biology Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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16
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Otálora MA, Aragón G, Martínez I, Wedin M. Cardinal characters on a slippery slope – A re-evaluation of phylogeny, character evolution, and evolutionary rates in the jelly lichens (Collemataceae s. str). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 68:185-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Many black meristematic fungi persist on rock surfaces-hostile and exposed habitats where high doses of radiation and periods of desiccation alternate with rain and temperature extremes. To cope with these extremes, rock-inhabiting black fungi show phenotypic plasticity and produce melanin as cell wall pigments. The rather slow growth rate seems to be an additional prerequisite to oligotrophic conditions. At least some of these fungi can undergo facultative, lichen-like associations with photoautotrophs. Certain genera presenting different lifestyles are phylogenetic related among the superclass Dothideomyceta. In this paper, we focus on the genus Lichenothelia, which includes border-line lichens, that is, associations of melanised fungi with algae without forming proper lichen thalli. We provide a first phylogenetic hypothesis to show that Lichenothelia belongs to the superclass Dothideomyceta. Further, culture experiments revealed the presence of co-occurring fungi in Lichenothelia thalli. These fungi are related to plant pathogenic fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) and to other rock-inhabiting lineages (Teratosphaeriaceae). The Lichenothelia thallus-forming fungi represent therefore consortia of different black fungal strains. Our results suggest a common link between rock-inhabiting meristematic and lichen-forming lifestyles of ascomycetous fungi.
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Expanded taxon sampling disentangles evolutionary relationships and reveals a new family in Peltigerales (Lecanoromycetidae, Ascomycota). FUNGAL DIVERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-012-0206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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