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B J, R R. A critical review on pharmacological properties of sulfated polysaccharides from marine macroalgae. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 344:122488. [PMID: 39218536 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The marine ecosystem contains an assorted range of organisms, among which macroalgae stands out marine resources as an invaluable reservoir of structurally diverse bioactive compounds. Marine macroalgae are considered as primary consumers have gained more attention for their bioactive components. Sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are complex polymers found in macroalgae that play a crucial role in their cell wall composition. This review consolidates high-tech methodologies employed in the extraction of macroalgal SPs, offering a valuable resource for researchers focuses in the pharmacological relevance of marine macromolecules. The pharmacological activities of SPs, focusing on their therapeutic action by encompassing diverse study models are summarized. Furthermore, in silico docking studies facilitates a comprehensive understanding of SPs interactions with their binding sites providing a valuable insight for future endeavors. The biological properties of algal SPs, along with a brief reference to mode of action based on different targets are presented. This review utilizes up-to-date research discoveries across various study models to elucidate the biological functions of SPs, focusing on their molecular-level mechanisms and offering insights for prospective investigations. Besides, the significance of SPs from seaweeds is highlighted, showcasing their potential beneficial applications in promoting human health. With promising biomedical prospects, this review explores the extensive uses and experimental evidence supporting the important roles of SPs in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegadeshwari B
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajaram R
- Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Rajamanickam R, Selvasembian R. Mechanistic insights into the potential application of Scenedesmus strains towards the elimination of antibiotics from wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 410:131289. [PMID: 39153695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Scenedesmus strains have been reported to have the potential to tolerate and bioremediate antibiotic pollutants through bioadsorption, bioaccumulation, and biodegradation mechanism from the wastewater medium. Hormesis effects have been observed in the Scenedesmus strains when exposed to different concentrations of antibiotic pollutants. Lower concentrations of antibiotic pollutants are known to trigger growth-stimulating effects by triggering adaptive responses such as increased metabolic activity and activating detoxifying mechanisms leading to the biotransformation pathway. The present review examines the existing body of information pertaining to biotransformation pathways tolerance, hormesis effects, and efficiency of Scenedesmus strains in removing various antibiotic pollutants. This review provides critical information on using Scenedesmus species to treat antibiotic-polluted wastewater by boosting growth and resilience tolerant doses and avoiding toxicity at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Rajamanickam
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India
| | - Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522240, India.
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3
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Mimura M, Ono S, Somashekar H, Nonomura KI. Impact of protein domains on the MEL2 granule, a cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complex maintaining faithful meiosis progression in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:2235-2250. [PMID: 39049570 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are membraneless structures composed of various RNAs and proteins that play important roles in post-transcriptional regulation. While RNP granules are known to regulate the meiotic entry in some organisms, little is known about their roles in plants. In this study, we observed the cytoplasmic granular structures of rice RNA-binding protein MEIOSIS ARRESTED AT LEPTOTENE2 (MEL2), which contributes to the control of meiotic entry timing, in leaf protoplasts and spore mother cells. We performed colocalization analysis with known cytoplasmic RNP factors, and domain deletion analysis to assess their impact on granule formation and meiosis progression. Conservation of MEL2 domains across plant species was also explored. Our results indicated that MEL2 granules colocalized with processing body and stress granule factors. The maintenance of granule properties modulated by LOTUS domain and the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) is essential for proper MEL2 function in meiosis progression. MEL2-like proteins widely found in plant kingdom conserved LOTUS domain followed by the IDR despite their diverse domain structures, suggesting the functional conservation of these domains among plant species. This study highlights the role of MEL2 granule dynamics and its impact on meiotic transition and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaki Mimura
- Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Gene Function & Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Seijiro Ono
- Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Gene Function & Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Harsha Somashekar
- Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Gene Function & Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
- Genetics Program, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nonomura
- Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Gene Function & Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
- Genetics Program, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
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4
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Segura-Morales FJ, Molina-Miras A, Cerón-García MC, Sánchez-Mirón A, Seoane S, Contreras-Gómez A, García-Camacho F. Unveiling potential of promising filamentous microalga Klebsormidium cf. nitens: Shear stress resilience and carotenoid-fatty acid dynamics in tubular photobioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 407:131147. [PMID: 39043276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of shear stress and different culture media on the growth of the filamentous microalga Klebsormidium cf. nitens were studied. The microalga's growth, carotenoids and fatty acids were further evaluated in a pump-driven tubular photobioreactor. The results show that this microalga had the ability to withstand high shear stress and the adaptability to grow in a culture medium that lacks certain trace elements. K. cf. nitens grew consistently in the tubular photobioreactor at different average light intensities although it did not grow well in a tall bubble column. The carotenoid analysis revealed that the xanthophyll cycle was activated to protect the cell photosynthetic system. The fatty acids increased with irradiance, with linoleic acid (C18:2n6) making up over 50 % of the total fatty acids. This study supports the potential of employing pump-driven tubular photobioreactors to produce the filamentous microalga K. cf nitens at the large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Segura-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - A Molina-Miras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - M C Cerón-García
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - A Sánchez-Mirón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - S Seoane
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Spain.
| | - A Contreras-Gómez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - F García-Camacho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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Bierenbroodspot MJ, Pröschold T, Fürst-Jansen JMR, de Vries S, Irisarri I, Darienko T, de Vries J. Phylogeny and evolution of streptophyte algae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 134:385-400. [PMID: 38832756 PMCID: PMC11341676 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcae091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The Streptophyta emerged about a billion years ago. Nowadays, this branch of the green lineage is most famous for one of its clades, the land plants (Embryophyta). Although Embryophyta make up the major share of species numbers in Streptophyta, there is a diversity of probably >5000 species of streptophyte algae that form a paraphyletic grade next to land plants. Here, we focus on the deep divergences that gave rise to the diversity of streptophytes, hence particularly on the streptophyte algae. Phylogenomic efforts have not only clarified the position of streptophyte algae relative to land plants, but recent efforts have also begun to unravel the relationships and major radiations within streptophyte algal diversity. We illustrate how new phylogenomic perspectives have changed our view on the evolutionary emergence of key traits, such as intricate signalling networks that are intertwined with multicellular growth and the chemodiverse hotbed from which they emerged. These traits are key for the biology of land plants but were bequeathed from their algal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike J Bierenbroodspot
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Pröschold
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestr. 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Janine M R Fürst-Jansen
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sophie de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Iker Irisarri
- Section of Phylogenomics, Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum of Nature, Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tatyana Darienko
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Culture Collection of Algae, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Nikolausberger Weg 18, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, Goldschmidstraße 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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Duenas MA, Craig RJ, Gallaher SD, Moseley JL, Merchant SS. Leaky ribosomal scanning enables tunable translation of bicistronic ORFs in green algae. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.24.605010. [PMID: 39091764 PMCID: PMC11291117 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.24.605010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technology have unveiled examples of nucleus-encoded polycistronic genes, once considered rare. Exclusively polycistronic transcripts are prevalent in green algae, although the mechanism by which multiple polypeptides are translated from a single transcript is unknown. Here, we used bioinformatic and in vivo mutational analyses to evaluate competing mechanistic models for polycistronic expression in green algae. High-confidence manually curated datasets of bicistronic loci from two divergent green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Auxenochlorella protothecoides, revealed 1) a preference for weak Kozak-like sequences for ORF 1 and 2) an underrepresentation of potential initiation codons before ORF 2, which are suitable conditions for leaky scanning to allow ORF 2 translation. We used mutational analysis in Auxenochlorella protothecoides to test the mechanism. In vivo manipulation of the ORF 1 Kozak-like sequence and start codon altered reporter expression at ORF 2, with a weaker Kozak-like sequence enhancing expression and a stronger one diminishing it. A synthetic bicistronic dual reporter demonstrated inversely adjustable activity of green fluorescent protein expressed from ORF 1 and luciferase from ORF 2, depending on the strength of the ORF 1 Kozak-like sequence. Our findings demonstrate that translation of multiple ORFs in green algal bicistronic transcripts is consistent with episodic leaky ribosome scanning of ORF 1 to allow translation at ORF 2. This work has implications for the potential functionality of upstream open reading frames found across eukaryotic genomes and for transgene expression in synthetic biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Duenas
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rory J. Craig
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sean D. Gallaher
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Moseley
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sabeeha S. Merchant
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA
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7
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Chachoui S, Amkraz N, Mimouni A, Boubaker H. Physico-chemical characterisation of irrigation basin waters and inventory study of their algal communities. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:508. [PMID: 38703265 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
To cope with the water shortage in Sous Massa region of Morocco, agricultural producers in the region have resorted to different types of water supply basins, known as "irrigation basins" but the phenomenon of eutrophication has hindered the continuity of agricultural productivity by altering the quality of the water used for irrigation on the one hand, and causing economic damage to agricultural producers due to the clogging of the water pumping network on the other. We began by characterising the physico-chemical quality of the water to determine the causes of its high nutrient content, then we determined the taxonomy of the algal species in the irrigation basins to which we had access. A qualitative study of the water in the irrigation basins in order to better explain the inventory obtained from the taxonomic identification of the algal biomass collected, which proved the existence of new species, not previously identified, characterising the freshwaters of the Moroccan region, is under the scope of this work. The species studied belong mainly to the following groups: green algae (11 genera of Chlorophyta and 7 genera of Charophyta), blue algae (7 genera of Cyanobacteria), brown algae (7 genera of Diatoms), and one genus of Euglenophyta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chachoui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Plant Protection LBMPV, Faculty of Sciences, University IBN ZOHR, Agadir, Morocco.
- Integrated Plant Production Unit, National Institute for Agronomic Research INRA, Regional Center, Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Nadiya Amkraz
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Plant Protection LBMPV, Faculty of Sciences, University IBN ZOHR, Agadir, Morocco
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ait Melloul, University IBN ZOHR, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Mimouni
- Integrated Plant Production Unit, National Institute for Agronomic Research INRA, Regional Center, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Hassan Boubaker
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Plant Protection LBMPV, Faculty of Sciences, University IBN ZOHR, Agadir, Morocco
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Oszoli I, Zachar I. Group-selection via aggregative propagule-formation enables cooperative multicellularity in an individual based, spatial model. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1012107. [PMID: 38713735 PMCID: PMC11101088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multicellularity is one of the major transitions in evolution that happened multiple times independently. During aggregative multicellularity, genetically potentially unrelated lineages cooperate to form transient multicellular groups. Unlike clonal multicellularity, aggregative multicellular organisms do not rely on kin selection instead other mechanisms maintain cooperation against cheater phenotypes that benefit from cooperators but do not contribute to groups. Spatiality with limited diffusion can facilitate group selection, as interactions among individuals are restricted to local neighbourhoods only. Selection for larger size (e.g. avoiding predation) may facilitate the emergence of aggregation, though it is unknown, whether and how much role such selection played during the evolution of aggregative multicellularity. We have investigated the effect of spatiality and the necessity of predation on the stability of aggregative multicellularity via individual-based modelling on the ecological timescale. We have examined whether aggregation facilitates the survival of cooperators in a temporally heterogeneous environment against cheaters, where only a subset of the population is allowed to periodically colonize a new, resource-rich habitat. Cooperators constitutively produce adhesive molecules to promote aggregation and propagule-formation while cheaters spare this expense to grow faster but cannot aggregate on their own, hence depending on cooperators for long-term survival. We have compared different population-level reproduction modes with and without individual selection (predation) to evaluate the different hypotheses. In a temporally homogeneous environment without propagule-based colonization, cheaters always win. Predation can benefit cooperators, but it is not enough to maintain the necessary cooperator amount in successive dispersals, either randomly or by fragmentation. Aggregation-based propagation however can ensure the adequate ratio of cooperators-to-cheaters in the propagule and is sufficient to do so even without predation. Spatiality combined with temporal heterogeneity helps cooperators via group selection, thus facilitating aggregative multicellularity. External stress selecting for larger size (e.g. predation) may facilitate aggregation, however, according to our results, it is neither necessary nor sufficient for aggregative multicellularity to be maintained when there is effective group-selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Oszoli
- Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Zachar
- Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
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Liao J, Wang S, Lin K, Huang Y, Chen X, Xin R, Guo Y, Xie E. Taxonomic identification and life cycle comparison of two populations of the monostromatic green algae Monostroma nitidum. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11424. [PMID: 38779531 PMCID: PMC11109503 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Monostroma nitidum, a monostromatic green algae (MGA) with high economic value, is distributed worldwide. Life cycle often serves as a fundamental criterion for taxonomic classification. Most researchers consider the life cycle of M. nitidum to involve dimorphic alternation of generations, although the possibility of a monomorphic asexual life cycle remains unclear. In this study, tufA and 18S rDNA sequences were employed as molecular markers, complemented by morphological analysis, to classify and identify MGA in two distinct habitats: Hailing Island reefs (YJ) and Naozhou Island reefs (ZJ). The results of tufA and 18S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that all samples from YJ and ZJ clustered to the same branch (M. nitidum clade) with high bootstrap support and genetic distances of less than 0.000 and 0.005, respectively. However, morphological observations indicated significant differences in the external morphology of the YJ and ZJ samples, although both initially exhibited a filament-blade form during early development. The life cycle of the ZJ samples exhibited typical dimorphic alternation of generations, whereas the YJ samples only produced biflagellate asexual gametes with negative phototaxis. Gametes of the YJ samples directly developed into new gametophytes without undergoing the sporophyte stage. Consequently, the YJ and ZJ samples were classified as monomorphic asexual and dimorphic sexual M. nitidum, respectively. These findings provide evidence supporting the monomorphic asexual life cycle of M. nitidum for the classification of MGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liao
- Fishery CollegeGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Sipan Wang
- Fishery CollegeGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Kun Lin
- Fishery CollegeGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | | | - Xinyi Chen
- Fishery CollegeGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Rong Xin
- Fishery CollegeGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Youyou Guo
- Fishery CollegeGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Enyi Xie
- Fishery CollegeGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangChina
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Zhang X, Zhang Z, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Li Q, Sun D. Salicylic acid enhances cell growth, fatty acid and astaxanthin production in heterotrophic Chromochloris zofingiensis without reactive oxygen species elevation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:1. [PMID: 38172878 PMCID: PMC10765886 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of lipid and astaxanthin accumulation in microalgae is often achieved through abiotic stress. However, this approach usually leads to oxidative stress, which results in relatively low growth rate. Phytohormones, as important small molecule signaling substances, not only affect the growth and metabolism of microalgae but also influence the intracellular reactive oxygen species level. This study aimed to screen phytohormones that could promote the fatty acids and astaxanthin yield of heterotrophic Chromochloris zofingiensis without causing oxidative damage, and further investigate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS In the present study, among all the selected phytohormones, the addition of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) could effectively promote cell growth along with the yield of total fatty acids (TFA) and astaxanthin in heterotrophic C. zofingiensis. Notably, the highest yields of TFA and astaxanthin were achieved at 100 μM SA, 43% and 97.2% higher compared with the control, respectively. Interestingly, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which are usually increased with elevated TFA content under abiotic stresses, were significantly decreased by SA treatment. Comparative transcriptome analysis unveiled significant alterations in overall carbon metabolism by SA. Specifically, the upregulation of fatty acid synthesis pathway, upregulation of β-carotene-4-ketolase (BKT) in carotenoid synthesis aligned with biochemical findings. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis highlighted ABC transporters and GTF2B-like transcription factor as potential key regulators. CONCLUSION This study found that salicylic acid can serve as an effective regulator to promote the celling growth and accumulation of fatty acids and astaxanthin in heterotrophic C. zofingiensis without ROS elevation, which provides a promising approach for heterotrophic production of TFA and astaxanthin without growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
- Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yanmei Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yushu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Qingyang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
| | - Dongzhe Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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11
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Li W, Lin YCJ, Chen YL, Zhou C, Li S, De Ridder N, Oliveira DM, Zhang L, Zhang B, Wang JP, Xu C, Fu X, Luo K, Wu AM, Demura T, Lu MZ, Zhou Y, Li L, Umezawa T, Boerjan W, Chiang VL. Woody plant cell walls: Fundamentals and utilization. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:112-140. [PMID: 38102833 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls in plants, particularly forest trees, are the major carbon sink of the terrestrial ecosystem. Chemical and biosynthetic features of plant cell walls were revealed early on, focusing mostly on herbaceous model species. Recent developments in genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, transgenesis, and associated analytical techniques are enabling novel insights into formation of woody cell walls. Here, we review multilevel regulation of cell wall biosynthesis in forest tree species. We highlight current approaches to engineering cell walls as potential feedstock for materials and energy and survey reported field tests of such engineered transgenic trees. We outline opportunities and challenges in future research to better understand cell type biogenesis for more efficient wood cell wall modification and utilization for biomaterials or for enhanced carbon capture and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | | | - Ying-Lan Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Chenguang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Nette De Ridder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dyoni M Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jack P Wang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Changzheng Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaokang Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Taku Demura
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Science of Forest Plants and Microorganisms, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent L Chiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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12
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Niklas KJ, Tiffney BH. Viridiplantae Body Plans Viewed Through the Lens of the Fossil Record and Molecular Biology. Integr Comp Biol 2023; 63:1316-1330. [PMID: 36316013 PMCID: PMC10755189 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A review of the fossil record coupled with insights gained from molecular and developmental biology reveal a series of body plan transformations that gave rise to the first land plants. Across diverse algal clades, including the green algae and their descendants, the plant body plan underwent a unicellular $\to $ colonial $\to $ simple multicellular → complex multicellular transformation series. The colonization of land involved increasing body size and associated cell specialization, including cells capable of hydraulic transport. The evolution of the life-cycle that characterizes all known land plant species involved a divergence in body plan phenotypes between the haploid and diploid generations, one adapted to facilitate sexual reproduction (a free-water dependent gametophyte) and another adapted to the dissemination of spores (a more water-independent sporophyte). The amplification of this phenotypic divergence, combined with indeterminate growth in body size, resulted in a desiccation-adapted branched sporophyte with a cuticularized epidermis, stomates, and vascular tissues. Throughout the evolution of the land plants, the body plans of the sporophyte generation involved "axiation," i.e., the acquisition of a cylindrical geometry and subsequent organographic specializations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Niklas
- The School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bruce H Tiffney
- Department of Earth Science and College of Creative Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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13
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Glass SE, McCourt RM, Gottschalk SD, Lewis LA, Karol KG. Chloroplast genome evolution and phylogeny of the early-diverging charophycean green algae with a focus on the Klebsormidiophyceae and Streptofilum. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:1133-1146. [PMID: 37548118 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The Klebsormidiophyceae are a class of green microalgae observed globally in both freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Morphology-based classification schemes of this class have been shown to be inadequate due to the simple morphology of these algae, the tendency of morphology to vary in culture versus field conditions, and rampant morphological homoplasy. Molecular studies revealing cryptic diversity have renewed interest in this group. We sequenced the complete chloroplast genomes of a broad series of taxa spanning the known taxonomic breadth of this class. We also sequenced the chloroplast genomes of three strains of Streptofilum, a recently discovered green algal lineage with close affinity to the Klebsormidiophyceae. Our results affirm the previously hypothesized polyphyly of the genus Klebsormidium as well as the polyphyly of the nominal species in this genus, K. flaccidum. Furthermore, plastome sequences strongly support the status of Streptofilum as a distinct, early-diverging lineage of charophytic algae sister to a clade comprising Klebsormidiophyceae plus Phragmoplastophyta. We also uncovered major structural alterations in the chloroplast genomes of species in Klebsormidium that have broad implications regarding the underlying mechanisms of chloroplast genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Glass
- Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard M McCourt
- Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen D Gottschalk
- Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Louise A Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kenneth G Karol
- Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA
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14
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Rieseberg TP, Dadras A, Bergschmidt LIN, Bierenbroodspot MJ, Fürst-Jansen JMR, Irisarri I, de Vries S, Darienko T, de Vries J. Divergent responses in desiccation experiments in two ecophysiologically different Zygnematophyceae. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14056. [PMID: 38148198 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Water scarcity can be considered a major stressor on land, with desiccation being its most extreme form. Land plants have found two different solutions to this challenge: avoidance and tolerance. The closest algal relatives to land plants, the Zygnematophyceae, use the latter, and how this is realized is of great interest for our understanding of the conquest of land. Here, we worked with two representatives of the Zygnematophyceae, Zygnema circumcarinatum SAG 698-1b and Mesotaenium endlicherianum SAG 12.97, who differ in habitats and drought resilience. We challenged both algal species with severe desiccation in a laboratory setup until photosynthesis ceased, followed by a recovery period. We assessed their morphological, photophysiological, and transcriptomic responses. Our data pinpoint global differential gene expression patterns that speak of conserved responses, from calcium-mediated signaling to the adjustment of plastid biology, cell envelopes, and amino acid pathways, between Zygnematophyceae and land plants despite their strong ecophysiological divergence. The main difference between the two species appears to rest in a readjustment of the photobiology of Zygnema, while Mesotaenium experiences stress beyond a tipping point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Rieseberg
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Armin Dadras
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Luisa I N Bergschmidt
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Maaike J Bierenbroodspot
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Janine M R Fürst-Jansen
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Iker Irisarri
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
- Section Phylogenomics, Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum of Nature, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophie de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tatyana Darienko
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen, Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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15
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Van de Poel B, de Vries J. Evolution of ethylene as an abiotic stress hormone in streptophytes. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 214:105456. [PMID: 37780400 PMCID: PMC10518463 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2023.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
All land plants modulate their growth and physiology through intricate signaling cascades. The majority of these are at least modulated-and often triggered-by phytohormones. Over the past decade, it has become apparent that some phytohormones have an evolutionary origin that runs deeper than plant terrestrialization-many emerged in the streptophyte algal progenitors of land plants. Ethylene is such a case. Here we synthesize the current knowledge on the evolution of the phytohormone ethylene and speculate about its deeply conserved role in adjusting stress responses of streptophytes for more than half a billion years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van de Poel
- Molecular Plant Hormone Physiology lab, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan de Vries
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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16
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Horinouchi Y, Togashi T. Unicellular and multicellular developmental variations in algal zygotes produce sporophytes. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230313. [PMID: 37848052 PMCID: PMC10581776 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of sporophytes, that is, diploid multicellular bodies in plants, facilitated plant diversification and the evolution of complexity. Although sporophytes may have evolved in an ancestral alga exhibiting a haplontic life cycle with a unicellular diploid and multicellular haploid (gametophyte) phase, the mechanism by which this novelty originated remains largely unknown. Ulotrichalean marine green algae (Ulvophyceae) are one of the few extant groups with haplontic-like life cycles. In this study, we show that zygotes of the ulotrichalean alga Monostroma angicava, which usually develop into unicellular cysts, exhibit a developmental variation producing multicellular reproductive sporophytes. Multicellular development likely occurred stochastically in individual zygotes, but its ratio responded plastically to growth conditions. Sporophytes showed identical morphological development to gametophytes, which should reflect the expression of the same genetic programme directing multicellular development. Considering that sporophytes were evolutionarily derived in Ulotrichales, this implies that sporophytes emerged by co-opting the gametophyte developmental programme to the diploid phase. This study suggests a possible mechanism of sporophyte formation in haplontic life cycles, contributing to the understanding of the evolutionary transition from unicellular to multicellular diploid body plans in green plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Horinouchi
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran 051-0013, Japan
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa 299-5502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Togashi
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa 299-5502, Japan
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17
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Broadwell ELM, Pickford RE, Perkins RG, Sgouridis F, Williamson CJ. Adaptation versus plastic responses to temperature, light, and nitrate availability in cultured snow algal strains. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad088. [PMID: 37553143 PMCID: PMC10481995 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Snow algal blooms are widespread, dominating low temperature, high light, and oligotrophic melting snowpacks. Here, we assessed the photophysiological and cellular stoichiometric responses of snow algal genera Chloromonas spp. and Microglena spp. in their vegetative life stage isolated from the Arctic and Antarctic to gradients in temperature (5 - 15°C), nitrate availability (1 - 10 µmol L-1), and light (50 and 500 µmol photons m-2 s-1). When grown under gradients in temperature, measured snow algal strains displayed Fv/Fm values increased by ∼115% and electron transport rates decreased by ∼50% at 5°C compared to 10 and 15°C, demonstrating how low temperatures can mimic high light impacts to photophysiology. When using carrying capacity as opposed to growth rate as a metric for determining the temperature optima, these snow algal strains can be defined as psychrophilic, with carrying capacities ∼90% higher at 5°C than warmer temperatures. All strains approached Redfield C:N stoichiometry when cultured under nutrient replete conditions regardless of temperature (5.7 ± 0.4 across all strains), whereas significant increases in C:N were apparent when strains were cultured under nitrate concentrations that reflected in situ conditions (17.8 ± 5.9). Intra-specific responses in photophysiology were apparent under high light with Chloromonas spp. more capable of acclimating to higher light intensities. These findings suggest that in situ conditions are not optimal for the studied snow algal strains, but they are able to dynamically adjust both their photochemistry and stoichiometry to acclimate to these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L M Broadwell
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E Pickford
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert G Perkins
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Fotis Sgouridis
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Williamson
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, United Kingdom
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18
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Gamalero E, Lingua G, Glick BR. Ethylene, ACC, and the Plant Growth-Promoting Enzyme ACC Deaminase. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1043. [PMID: 37626930 PMCID: PMC10452086 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Here, a brief summary of the biosynthesis of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) and ethylene in plants, as well as overviews of how ACC and ethylene act as signaling molecules in plants, is presented. Next, how the bacterial enzyme ACC deaminase cleaves plant-produced ACC and thereby decreases or prevents the ethylene or ACC modulation of plant gene expression is considered. A detailed model of ACC deaminase functioning, including the role of indoleacetic acid (IAA), is presented. Given that ACC is a signaling molecule under some circumstances, this suggests that ACC, which appears to have evolved prior to ethylene, may have been a major signaling molecule in primitive plants prior to the evolution of ethylene and ethylene signaling. Due to their involvement in stimulating ethylene production, the role of D-amino acids in plants is then considered. The enzyme D-cysteine desulfhydrase, which is structurally very similar to ACC deaminase, is briefly discussed and the possibility that ACC deaminase arose as a variant of D-cysteine desulfhydrase is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gamalero
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Guido Lingua
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Bernard R. Glick
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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19
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McCourt RM, Lewis LA, Strother PK, Delwiche CF, Wickett NJ, de Vries J, Bowman JL. Green land: Multiple perspectives on green algal evolution and the earliest land plants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16175. [PMID: 37247371 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Green plants, broadly defined as green algae and the land plants (together, Viridiplantae), constitute the primary eukaryotic lineage that successfully colonized Earth's emergent landscape. Members of various clades of green plants have independently made the transition from fully aquatic to subaerial habitats many times throughout Earth's history. The transition, from unicells or simple filaments to complex multicellular plant bodies with functionally differentiated tissues and organs, was accompanied by innovations built upon a genetic and phenotypic toolkit that have served aquatic green phototrophs successfully for at least a billion years. These innovations opened an enormous array of new, drier places to live on the planet and resulted in a huge diversity of land plants that have dominated terrestrial ecosystems over the past 500 million years. This review examines the greening of the land from several perspectives, from paleontology to phylogenomics, to water stress responses and the genetic toolkit shared by green algae and plants, to the genomic evolution of the sporophyte generation. We summarize advances on disparate fronts in elucidating this important event in the evolution of the biosphere and the lacunae in our understanding of it. We present the process not as a step-by-step advancement from primitive green cells to an inevitable success of embryophytes, but rather as a process of adaptations and exaptations that allowed multiple clades of green plants, with various combinations of morphological and physiological terrestrialized traits, to become diverse and successful inhabitants of the land habitats of Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M McCourt
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19118, USA
| | - Louise A Lewis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Paul K Strother
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College Weston Observatory, 381 Concord Road, Weston, MA, 02493, USA
| | - Charles F Delwiche
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Norman J Wickett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Jan de Vries
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Göttingen Goldschmidtstr. 1, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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20
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Airborne dimethyl sulfide (DMS) cues dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) increases in the intertidal green alga Ulva fenestrata. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4298. [PMID: 36922620 PMCID: PMC10017803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the use of airborne molecules as infochemicals is common in terrestrial plants, it has not been shown to occur in an ecologically relevant context in marine seaweeds. Like terrestrial plants, intertidal plants spend part of their lives emersed at low tide and release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air when they are grazed or physiologically stressed. We hypothesized seaweeds could use airborne VOCs as infochemicals and respond to them by upregulating a keystone defensive metabolite, dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). We conducted laboratory and field experiments in which Ulva fenestrata was exposed to airborne dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a volatile antiherbivore and antioxidant metabolite released when the seaweed is grazed or physiologically stressed. In the laboratory, U. fenestrata exposed to DMS had 43-48% higher DMSP concentrations, relative to controls, 6-9 days after exposure. In the field, U. fenestrata 1 m downwind of DMS emitters had 19% higher DMSP concentrations than upwind seaweeds after 11 days. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a marine plant using an airborne molecule released when damaged to elicit defensive responses. Our study suggests that the ability to detect airborne compounds has evolved multiple times or before the divergence of terrestrial plants and green algae.
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21
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Frangedakis E, Marron AO, Waller M, Neubauer A, Tse SW, Yue Y, Ruaud S, Waser L, Sakakibara K, Szövényi P. What can hornworts teach us? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1108027. [PMID: 36968370 PMCID: PMC10030945 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1108027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The hornworts are a small group of land plants, consisting of only 11 families and approximately 220 species. Despite their small size as a group, their phylogenetic position and unique biology are of great importance. Hornworts, together with mosses and liverworts, form the monophyletic group of bryophytes that is sister to all other land plants (Tracheophytes). It is only recently that hornworts became amenable to experimental investigation with the establishment of Anthoceros agrestis as a model system. In this perspective, we summarize the recent advances in the development of A. agrestis as an experimental system and compare it with other plant model systems. We also discuss how A. agrestis can help to further research in comparative developmental studies across land plants and to solve key questions of plant biology associated with the colonization of the terrestrial environment. Finally, we explore the significance of A. agrestis in crop improvement and synthetic biology applications in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan O. Marron
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Waller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Neubauer
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sze Wai Tse
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuling Yue
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Ruaud
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Waser
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Rieseberg TP, Dadras A, Fürst-Jansen JMR, Dhabalia Ashok A, Darienko T, de Vries S, Irisarri I, de Vries J. Crossroads in the evolution of plant specialized metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:37-58. [PMID: 35292191 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The monophyletic group of embryophytes (land plants) stands out among photosynthetic eukaryotes: they are the sole constituents of the macroscopic flora on land. In their entirety, embryophytes account for the majority of the biomass on land and constitute an astounding biodiversity. What allowed for the massive radiation of this particular lineage? One of the defining features of all land plants is the production of an array of specialized metabolites. The compounds that the specialized metabolic pathways of embryophytes produce have diverse functions, ranging from superabundant structural polymers and compounds that ward off abiotic and biotic challenges, to signaling molecules whose abundance is measured at the nanomolar scale. These specialized metabolites govern the growth, development, and physiology of land plants-including their response to the environment. Hence, specialized metabolites define the biology of land plants as we know it. And they were likely a foundation for their success. It is thus intriguing to find that the closest algal relatives of land plants, freshwater organisms from the grade of streptophyte algae, possess homologs for key enzymes of specialized metabolic pathways known from land plants. Indeed, some studies suggest that signature metabolites emerging from these pathways can be found in streptophyte algae. Here we synthesize the current understanding of which routes of the specialized metabolism of embryophytes can be traced to a time before plants had conquered land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Rieseberg
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Armin Dadras
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Janine M R Fürst-Jansen
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Amra Dhabalia Ashok
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tatyana Darienko
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sophie de Vries
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Iker Irisarri
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtsr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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Zygnematophycean algae: Possible models for cellular and evolutionary biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:59-68. [PMID: 35430142 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant terrestrialization was a critical event for our planet. For the study of plant evolution, charophytes have received a great deal of attention because of their phylogenetic position. Among charophytes, the class Zygnematophyceae is the closest lineage to land plants. During sexual reproduction, they show isogamous conjugation by immotile gametes, which is characteristic of zygnematophycean algae. Here, we introduce the genera Mougeotia, Penium, and Closterium, which are representative model organisms of Zygnematophyceae in terms of chloroplast photorelocation movement, the cell wall, and sexual reproduction, respectively.
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Microalgae as a Source of Valuable Phenolic Compounds and Carotenoids. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248852. [PMID: 36557985 PMCID: PMC9783697 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms that are widely used in the industry as cell factories to produce valuable substances, such as fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), sterols (sitosterol), recombinant therapeutic proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, phenolic compounds (gallic acid, quercetin), and pigments (β-carotene, astaxanthin, lutein). Phenolic compounds and carotenoids, including those extracted from microalgae, possess beneficial bioactivities such as antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities, and direct health-promoting effects, which may alleviate oxidative stress and age-related diseases, including cardiovascular diseases or diabetes. The production of valuable microalgal metabolites can be modified by using abiotic stressors, such as light, salinity, nutrient availability, and xenobiotics (for instance, phytohormones).
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25
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Wang L, Zhang S, Fang J, Jin X, Mamut R, Li P. The Chloroplast Genome of the Lichen Photobiont Trebouxiophyceae sp. DW1 and Its Phylogenetic Implications. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101840. [PMID: 36292725 PMCID: PMC9601494 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic associations of algae and fungi. The genetic mechanism of the symbiosis of lichens and the influence of symbiosis on the size and composition of the genomes of symbiotic algae have always been intriguing scientific questions explored by lichenologists. However, there were limited data on lichen genomes. Therefore, we isolated and purified a lichen symbiotic alga to obtain a single strain (Trebouxiophyceae sp. DW1), and then obtained its chloroplast genome information by next-generation sequencing (NGS). The chloroplast genome is 129,447 bp in length, and the GC content is 35.2%. Repetitive sequences with the length of 30–35 bp account for 1.27% of the total chloroplast genome. The simple sequence repeats are all mononucleotide repeats. Codon usage analysis showed that the genome tended to use codon ending in A/U. By comparing the length of different regions of Trebouxiophyceae genomes, we found that the changes in the length of exons, introns, and intergenic sequences affect the size of genomes. Trebouxiophyceae had an unstable chloroplast genome structure, with IRs repeatedly losing during evolution. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Trebouxiophyceae is paraphyletic, and Trebouxiophyceae sp. DW1 is sister to the clade of Koliella longiseta and Pabia signiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumchi 830046, China
| | - Shenglu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinjin Fang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumchi 830046, China
| | - Xinjie Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Reyim Mamut
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumchi 830046, China
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (P.L.)
| | - Pan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (P.L.)
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26
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Wu TY, Hoh KL, Boonyaves K, Krishnamoorthi S, Urano D. Diversification of heat shock transcription factors expanded thermal stress responses during early plant evolution. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3557-3576. [PMID: 35849348 PMCID: PMC9516188 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The copy numbers of many plant transcription factor (TF) genes substantially increased during terrestrialization. This allowed TFs to acquire new specificities and thus create gene regulatory networks (GRNs) with new biological functions to help plants adapt to terrestrial environments. Through characterizing heat shock factor (HSF) genes MpHSFA1 and MpHSFB1 in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, we explored how heat-responsive GRNs widened their functions in M. polymorpha and Arabidopsis thaliana. An interspecies comparison of heat-induced transcriptomes and the evolutionary rates of HSFs demonstrated the emergence and subsequent rapid evolution of HSFB prior to terrestrialization. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of M. polymorpha HSF-null mutants revealed that MpHSFA1 controls canonical heat responses such as thermotolerance and metabolic changes. MpHSFB1 also plays essential roles in heat responses, as well as regulating developmental processes including meristem branching and antheridiophore formation. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements revealed development- and stress-related TFs that function directly or indirectly downstream of HSFB. Male gametophytes of M. polymorpha showed higher levels of thermotolerance than female gametophytes, which could be explained by different expression levels of MpHSFA1U and MpHSFA1V on sex chromosome. We propose that the diversification of HSFs is linked to the expansion of HS responses, which enabled coordinated multicellular reactions in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ying Wu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
| | - Kar Ling Hoh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Kulaporn Boonyaves
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
| | | | - Daisuke Urano
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117558, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore
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27
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Cheng A, Lim WY, Lim PE, Yang Amri A, Poong SW, Song SL, Ilham Z. Marine Autotroph-Herbivore Synergies: Unravelling the Roles of Macroalgae in Marine Ecosystem Dynamics. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081209. [PMID: 36009834 PMCID: PMC9405220 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Invasive species are a leading hazard to marine ecosystems worldwide, coupled with climate change. Tackling the emerging biodiversity threat to maintain the ecological balance of the largest biome in the world has now become a pivotal part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Marine herbivores are generally regarded as biological agents that restrict invasive species, and their efficiency depends on their dietary habits, especially the autotrophs they eat. Many researchers have found contradicting findings on the effects of nutritional attributes and novelty of autotrophs on herbivore eating behaviour. In light of the scattered literature on the mechanistic basis of autotroph-herbivore interactions, we provide a comprehensive review to fill knowledge gaps about synergies based on macroalgae, an important group of photosynthetic organisms in the marine biome that interact strongly with generalist herbivores. We also analyse macroalgal defence measures against herbivores, underlining unique features and potential roles in maintaining marine ecosystems. The nutritional qualities, shape, and novelty of autotrophs can alter herbivore feeding behaviour. Future research should explore aspects that can alter marine autotroph-herbivore interactions to resolve inconsistent results of specific features and the uniqueness of the organisms involved. Abstract Species invasion is a leading threat to marine ecosystems worldwide, being deemed as one of the ultimate jeopardies for biodiversity along with climate change. Tackling the emerging biodiversity threat to maintain the ecological balance of the largest biome in the world has now become a pivotal part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Marine herbivores are often considered as biological agents that control the spread of invasive species, and their effectiveness depends largely on factors that influence their feeding preferences, including the specific attributes of their food–the autotrophs. While the marine autotroph-herbivore interactions have been substantially discussed globally, many studies have reported contradictory findings on the effects of nutritional attributes and novelty of autotrophs on herbivore feeding behaviour. In view of the scattered literature on the mechanistic basis of autotroph-herbivore interactions, we generate a comprehensive review to furnish insights into critical knowledge gaps about the synergies based largely on the characteristics of macroalgae; an important group of photosynthetic organisms in the marine biome that interact strongly with generalist herbivores. We also discuss the key defence strategies of these macroalgae against the herbivores, highlighting their unique attributes and plausible roles in keeping the marine ecosystems intact. Overall, the feeding behaviour of herbivores can be affected by the nutritional attributes, morphology, and novelty of the autotrophs. We recommend that future research should carefully consider different factors that can potentially affect the dynamics of the marine autotroph-herbivore interactions to resolve the inconsistent results of specific attributes and novelty of the organisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acga Cheng
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Wai Yin Lim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Phaik-Eem Lim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Affendi Yang Amri
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sze-Wan Poong
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sze-Looi Song
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.-L.S.); (Z.I.); Tel.: +60-37967-4014 (Z.I.)
| | - Zul Ilham
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Correspondence: (S.-L.S.); (Z.I.); Tel.: +60-37967-4014 (Z.I.)
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Uncovering New Diversity of Photosynthetic Microorganisms from the Mediterranean Region. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081571. [PMID: 36013989 PMCID: PMC9416340 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the large and morphologically diverse phylum of Chlorophyta, new taxa are discovered every year and their phylogenetic relationships are reconstructed by the incorporation of molecular phylogenetic methods into traditional taxonomy. Herein, we aim to contribute to the photosynthetic microorganisms’ diversity knowledge in the Mediterranean area, a relatively unexplored ecoregion with high diversity. Based on a polyphasic approach, 18 Chlorophyta isolates were investigated and characterized. Morphological characteristics and ultrastructure, the phylogeny based on 18S rRNA gene (small subunit ribosomal RNA), 18S–28S internal transcribed spacer (ITS region), and the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit region (rbcL gene), support establishing four new genera (Nomia, Ava, Akraea, Lilaea) and five new species (Spongiosarcinopsis limneus, N. picochloropsia, Av. limnothalassea, Ak. chliaropsychia, and L. pamvotia) belonging to orders Sphaeropleales, Chlorellales, and Chlamydomonadales. For some of them, this is the first report of their occurrence in specific aquatic environments.
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29
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Permann C, Becker B, Holzinger A. Temperature- and light stress adaptations in Zygnematophyceae: The challenges of a semi-terrestrial lifestyle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:945394. [PMID: 35928713 PMCID: PMC9343959 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.945394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Streptophyte green algae comprise the origin of land plants and therefore life on earth as we know it today. While terrestrialization opened new habitats, leaving the aquatic environment brought additional abiotic stresses. More-drastic temperature shifts and high light levels are major abiotic stresses in semi-terrestrial habitats, in addition to desiccation, which has been reviewed elsewhere. Zygnematophyceae, a species-rich class of streptophyte green algae, is considered a sister-group to embryophytes. They have developed a variety of avoidance and adaptation mechanisms to protect against temperature extremes and high radiation in the form of photosynthetically active and ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation occurring on land. Recently, knowledge of transcriptomic and metabolomic changes as consequences of these stresses has become available. Land-plant stress-signaling pathways producing homologs of key enzymes have been described in Zygnematophyceae. An efficient adaptation strategy is their mat-like growth habit, which provides self-shading and protects lower layers from harmful radiation. Additionally, Zygnematophyceae possess phenolic compounds with UV-screening ability. Resting stages such as vegetative pre-akinetes tolerate freezing to a much higher extent than do young cells. Sexual reproduction occurs by conjugation without the formation of flagellated male gametes, which can be seen as an advantage in water-deficient habitats. The resulting zygospores possess a multilayer cell wall, contributing to their resistance to terrestrial conditions. Especially in the context of global change, understanding temperature and light tolerance is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Permann
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Burkhard Becker
- Department of Biology, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Bachy C, Wittmers F, Muschiol J, Hamilton M, Henrissat B, Worden AZ. The Land-Sea Connection: Insights Into the Plant Lineage from a Green Algal Perspective. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:585-616. [PMID: 35259927 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-071921-100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The colonization of land by plants generated opportunities for the rise of new heterotrophic life forms, including humankind. A unique event underpinned this massive change to earth ecosystems-the advent of eukaryotic green algae. Today, an abundant marine green algal group, the prasinophytes, alongside prasinodermophytes and nonmarine chlorophyte algae, is facilitating insights into plant developments. Genome-level data allow identification of conserved proteins and protein families with extensive modifications, losses, or gains and expansion patterns that connect to niche specialization and diversification. Here, we contextualize attributes according to Viridiplantae evolutionary relationships, starting with orthologous protein families, and then focusing on key elements with marked differentiation, resulting in patchy distributions across green algae and plants. We place attention on peptidoglycan biosynthesis, important for plastid division and walls; phytochrome photosensors that are master regulators in plants; and carbohydrate-active enzymes, essential to all manner of carbohydratebiotransformations. Together with advances in algal model systems, these areas are ripe for discovering molecular roles and innovations within and across plant and algal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bachy
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Wittmers
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Muschiol
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Hamilton
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS UMR 7257, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Z Worden
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Marine Biological Laboratories, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
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New Insights into Evolution of the ABC Transporter Family in Mesostigma viride, a Unicellular Charophyte Algae. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:1646-1660. [PMID: 35723370 PMCID: PMC9164057 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play an important role in driving the exchange of multiple molecules across cell membranes. The plant ABC transporter family is among the largest protein families, and recent progress has advanced our understanding of ABC classification. However, the ancestral form and deep origin of plant ABCs remain elusive. In this study, we identified 59 ABC transporters in Mesostigma viride, a unicellular charophyte algae that represents the earliest diverging lineage of streptophytes, and 1034 ABCs in genomes representing a broad taxonomic sampling from distantly related plant evolutionary lineages, including chlorophytes, charophytes, bryophytes, lycophytes, gymnosperms, basal angiosperms, monocots, and eudicots. We classified the plant ABC transporters by comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of each subfamily. Our analysis revealed the ancestral type of ABC proteins as well as duplication and gene loss during plant evolution, contributing to our understanding of the functional conservation and diversity of this family. In summary, this study provides new insight into the origin and evolution of plant ABC transporters.
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Schumacher I, Menghini D, Ovinnikov S, Hauenstein M, Fankhauser N, Zipfel C, Hörtensteiner S, Aubry S. Evolution of chlorophyll degradation is associated with plant transition to land. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1473-1488. [PMID: 34931727 PMCID: PMC9306834 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll, the central pigment of photosynthesis, is highly photo‐active and degraded enzymatically during leaf senescence. Merging comparative genomics and metabolomics, we evaluate the extent to which the chlorophyll detoxification pathway has evolved in Viridiplantae. We argue that cytosolic detoxification of phyllobilins in particular was a critical process to the green lineage’s transition to land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Schumacher
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Damian Menghini
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Serguei Ovinnikov
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Mareike Hauenstein
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Fankhauser
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Aubry
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
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33
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Lee WK, Ho CL. Ecological and evolutionary diversification of sulphated polysaccharides in diverse photosynthetic lineages: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118764. [PMID: 34893214 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sulphated polysaccharides (SPs) are carbohydrate macromolecules with sulphate esters that are found among marine algae, seagrasses, mangroves and some terrestrial plants. The sulphate concentration in the ocean (28 mM) since ancient time could have driven the production of SPs in marine algae. SPs have a gelatinous property that can protect marine algae against desiccation and salinity stress. Agar and carrageenan are red algal SPs that are widely used as gelling agents in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The information on the SPs from freshwater and land plants are limited. In this review, we reviewed the taxonomic distribution and composition of SPs in different photosynthetic lineages, and explored the association of SP production in these diversified photosynthetic organisms with evolution history and environmental stresses. We also reviewed the genes/proteins involved in SP biosynthesis. Insights into SP biosynthetic machinery may shed light on the evolution that accompanied adaptation to life on earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kang Lee
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM-Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Codon Genomics Sdn Bhd, No. 26, Jalan Dutamas 7, Taman Dutamas Balakong, 43200, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chai-Ling Ho
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM-Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Kawai J, Kanazawa M, Suzuki R, Kikuchi N, Hayakawa Y, Sekimoto H. Highly efficient transformation of the model zygnematophycean alga Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale complex by square-pulse electroporation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:569-578. [PMID: 34605030 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The zygnematophycean algae occupy an important phylogenetic position as the closest living relatives of land plants. Reverse genetics is quite useful for dissecting the functions of genes. However, this strategy requires genetic transformation, and there are only a few reports of successful transformation in zygnematophycean algae. Here, we established a simple and highly efficient transformation technique for the unicellular zygnematophycean alga Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale complex using a square electric pulse-generating electroporator without the need for cell wall removal. Using this method, the transformation efficiency increased > 100-fold compared with our previous study using particle bombardment. We also succeeded in performing CRISPR/Cas9-based gene knockout using this new method. Our method requires only small amounts of labor, time and incubator space. Moreover, our technique could also be utilized to transform other charophycean algae with available genome information by optimizing the electric pulse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kawai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Manaki Kanazawa
- Division of Material and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Rie Suzuki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Nanako Kikuchi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Sekimoto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
- Division of Material and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
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35
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Marine viruses and climate change: Virioplankton, the carbon cycle, and our future ocean. Adv Virus Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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36
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Ghassemi N, Poulhazan A, Deligey F, Mentink-Vigier F, Marcotte I, Wang T. Solid-State NMR Investigations of Extracellular Matrixes and Cell Walls of Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Plants. Chem Rev 2021; 122:10036-10086. [PMID: 34878762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrixes (ECMs), such as the cell walls and biofilms, are important for supporting cell integrity and function and regulating intercellular communication. These biomaterials are also of significant interest to the production of biofuels and the development of antimicrobial treatment. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) and magic-angle spinning-dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS-DNP) are uniquely powerful for understanding the conformational structure, dynamical characteristics, and supramolecular assemblies of carbohydrates and other biomolecules in ECMs. This review highlights the recent high-resolution investigations of intact ECMs and native cells in many organisms spanning across plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae. We spotlight the structural principles identified in ECMs, discuss the current technical limitation and underexplored biochemical topics, and point out the promising opportunities enabled by the recent advances of the rapidly evolving ssNMR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Ghassemi
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Alexandre Poulhazan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Fabien Deligey
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | - Isabelle Marcotte
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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Drira M, Hentati F, Babich O, Sukhikh S, Larina V, Sharifian S, Homai A, Fendri I, Lemos MFL, Félix C, Félix R, Abdelkafi S, Michaud P. Bioactive Carbohydrate Polymers-Between Myth and Reality. Molecules 2021; 26:7068. [PMID: 34885655 PMCID: PMC8659292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are complex macromolecules long regarded as energetic storage resources or as components of plant and fungal cell walls. They have also been described as plant mucilages or microbial exopolysaccharides. The development of glycosciences has led to a partial and difficult deciphering of their other biological functions in living organisms. The objectives of glycobiochemistry and glycobiology are currently to correlate some structural features of polysaccharides with some biological responses in the producing organisms or in another one. In this context, the literature focusing on bioactive polysaccharides has increased exponentially during the last two decades, being sometimes very optimistic for some new applications of bioactive polysaccharides, notably in the medical field. Therefore, this review aims to examine bioactive polysaccharide, taking a critical look of the different biological activities reported by authors and the reality of the market. It focuses also on the chemical, biochemical, enzymatic, and physical modifications of these biopolymers to optimize their potential as bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Drira
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies des Plantes Appliquées à l’Amélioration des Cultures, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (M.D.); (I.F.)
| | - Faiez Hentati
- INRAE, URAFPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Olga Babich
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.L.)
| | - Stanislas Sukhikh
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.L.)
| | - Viktoria Larina
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.L.)
| | - Sana Sharifian
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 74576, Iran; (S.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Ahmad Homai
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 74576, Iran; (S.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Imen Fendri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies des Plantes Appliquées à l’Amélioration des Cultures, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (M.D.); (I.F.)
| | - Marco F. L. Lemos
- MARE–Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (M.F.L.L.); (C.F.); (R.F.)
| | - Carina Félix
- MARE–Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (M.F.L.L.); (C.F.); (R.F.)
| | - Rafael Félix
- MARE–Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (M.F.L.L.); (C.F.); (R.F.)
| | - Slim Abdelkafi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe de Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia;
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Abstract
There can be no doubt that early land plant evolution transformed the planet but, until recently, how and when this was achieved was unclear. Coincidence in the first appearance of land plant fossils and formative shifts in atmospheric oxygen and CO2 are an artefact of the paucity of earlier terrestrial rocks. Disentangling the timing of land plant bodyplan assembly and its impact on global biogeochemical cycles has been precluded by uncertainty concerning the relationships of bryophytes to one another and to the tracheophytes, as well as the timescale over which these events unfolded. New genome and transcriptome sequencing projects, combined with the application of sophisticated phylogenomic modelling methods, have yielded increasing support for the Setaphyta clade of liverworts and mosses, within monophyletic bryophytes. We consider the evolution of anatomy, genes, genomes and of development within this phylogenetic context, concluding that many vascular plant (tracheophytes) novelties were already present in a comparatively complex last common ancestor of living land plants (embryophytes). Molecular clock analyses indicate that embryophytes emerged in a mid-Cambrian to early Ordovician interval, compatible with hypotheses on their role as geoengineers, precipitating early Palaeozoic glaciations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C J Donoghue
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - C Jill Harrison
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Jordi Paps
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Harald Schneider
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK; Center of Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
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Wassie T, Niu K, Xie C, Wang H, Xin W. Extraction Techniques, Biological Activities and Health Benefits of Marine Algae Enteromorpha prolifera Polysaccharide. Front Nutr 2021; 8:747928. [PMID: 34692752 PMCID: PMC8529069 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.747928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the use of marine algae as functional food additives for improving human health. Enteromorpha (Ulva) prolifera (E. prolifera) is a seaweed green alga (Chlorophyta) that contains many bioactive compounds, of which polysaccharide is the main component. With the advancement of technology in the methods of extraction and analysis, recent studies in in vitro and animals model showed that polysaccharides derived from E. prolifera exert various biological activities, such as gut microbiota modulation, immunomodulation, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and hypolipidemic. Research evidence has shown that methods of extraction and molecular modification, such as degradation, carboxymethylation, and sulfonation could alter the biological activities of polysaccharides. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the different extraction techniques, structural-activity relationship, and health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from E. prolifera, and suggested future research avenues. This review helps to advance the extraction techniques and promote the application of marine algae polysaccharides as functional food and therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teketay Wassie
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Kaimin Niu
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunyan Xie
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Haihua Wang
- Qingdao Seawin Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Wu Xin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
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Franková L, Fry SC. Hemicellulose-remodelling transglycanase activities from charophytes: towards the evolution of the land-plant cell wall. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:7-28. [PMID: 34547150 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transglycanases remodel cell-wall polymers, having a critical impact on many physiological processes. Unlike xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity, widely studied in land plants, very little is known about charophyte wall-modifying enzymes - information that would promote our understanding of the 'primordial' wall, revealing how the wall matrix is remodelled in the closest living algal relatives of land plants, and what changed during terrestrialisation. We conducted various in-vitro assays for wall-remodelling transglycosylases, monitoring either (a) polysaccharide-to-[3 H]oligosaccharide transglycosylation or (b) non-radioactive oligosaccharide-to-oligosaccharide transglycosylation. We screened a wide collection of enzyme extracts from charophytes (and early-diverging land plants for comparison) and discovered several homo- and hetero-transglycanase activities. In contrast to most land plants, charophytes possess high trans-β-1,4-mannanase activity, suggesting that land plants' algal ancestors prioritised mannan remodelling. Trans-β-1,4-xylanase activity was also found, most abundantly in Chara, Nitella and Klebsormidium. Exo-acting transglycosidase activities (trans-β-1,4-xylosidase and trans-β-1,4-mannosidase) were also detected. In addition, charophytes exhibited homo- and hetero-trans-β-glucanase activities (XET, mixed-linkage glucan [MLG]:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase and cellulose:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase) despite the paucity or lack of land-plant-like xyloglucan and MLG as potential donor substrates in their cell walls. However, trans-α-xylosidase activity (which remodels xyloglucan in angiosperms) was absent in charophytes and early-diverging land plants. Transglycanase action was also found in situ, acting on endogenous algal polysaccharides as donor substrates and fluorescent xyloglucan oligosaccharides as acceptor substrates. We conclude that trans-β-mannanase and trans-β-xylanase activities are present and thus may play key roles in charophyte walls (most of which possess little or no xyloglucan and MLG, but often contain abundant β-mannans and β-xylans), comparable to the roles of XET in xyloglucan-rich land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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Artur MAS, Kajala K. Convergent evolution of gene regulatory networks underlying plant adaptations to dry environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3211-3222. [PMID: 34196969 PMCID: PMC8518057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants transitioned from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle during their evolution. On land, fluctuations on water availability in the environment became one of the major problems they encountered. The appearance of morpho-physiological adaptations to cope with and tolerate water loss from the cells was undeniably useful to survive on dry land. Some of these adaptations, such as carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), desiccation tolerance (DT) and root impermeabilization, appeared in multiple plant lineages. Despite being crucial for evolution on land, it has been unclear how these adaptations convergently evolved in the various plant lineages. Recent advances on whole genome and transcriptome sequencing are revealing that co-option of genes and gene regulatory networks (GRNs) is a common feature underlying the convergent evolution of these adaptations. In this review, we address how the study of CCMs and DT has provided insight into convergent evolution of GRNs underlying plant adaptation to dry environments, and how these insights could be applied to currently emerging understanding of evolution of root impermeabilization through different barrier cell types. We discuss examples of co-option, conservation and innovation of genes and GRNs at the cell, tissue and organ levels revealed by recent phylogenomic (comparative genomic) and comparative transcriptomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A. S. Artur
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kaisa Kajala
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Mazière C, Agogué H, Cravo-Laureau C, Cagnon C, Lanneluc I, Sablé S, Fruitier-Arnaudin I, Dupuy C, Duran R. New insights in bacterial and eukaryotic diversity of microbial mats inhabiting exploited and abandoned salterns at the Ré Island (France). Microbiol Res 2021; 252:126854. [PMID: 34454310 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the effect of human practices on microbial mats organisation, the study aimed to investigate the biodiversity within microbial mats from exploited and abandoned salterns. Despite several attempts, archaeal 16S rRNA gene fragment sequences were not obtained, indicating that microbial mats were probably dominated by Bacteria with very low abundance of Archaea (< 1%). Thus, the study compared the bacterial and meiofaunal diversity of microbial mats from abandoned and exploited salterns. The higher salinity (101 ± 3.7 psu vs. 51.1 ± 0.7 psu; Welch t-test p < 0.05) of the exploited site maintained lower bacterial diversity in comparison to the abandoned site where the salinity gradient was no longer maintained. However, the microbial mats exhibited similar bacterial class composition while the eukaryotic diversity was significantly higher in the exploited saltern. The abandoned saltern was dominated by sulfate-reducing bacteria and Nematoda, while the exploited saltern was characterized by the presence of halophilic bacteria belonging to Marinobacter, Salinivibrio and Rhodohalobacter genera, and the larger abundance of Hypotrichia (ciliates). Such bacterial and eukaryotic diversity difference might be explained by human actions for salt recovery in exploited salterns such as scraping the surface of microbial mat and increasing salinity renewing the microbial mat each year. Such action decreases the bacterial diversity changing the food web structure that favour the presence of a larger diversity of eukaryotic organisms. Our study provides new insights on microbial mat communities inhabiting salterns, especially the consequences of abandoning saltern exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Mazière
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France; UMR 7266 LIENSs (Littoral Environnement et Sociétés), CNRS - La Rochelle Université - 2, Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, LA ROCHELLE, France
| | - Hélène Agogué
- UMR 7266 LIENSs (Littoral Environnement et Sociétés), CNRS - La Rochelle Université - 2, Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, LA ROCHELLE, France
| | | | - Christine Cagnon
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France
| | - Isabelle Lanneluc
- UMR 7266 LIENSs (Littoral Environnement et Sociétés), CNRS - La Rochelle Université - 2, Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, LA ROCHELLE, France
| | - Sophie Sablé
- UMR 7266 LIENSs (Littoral Environnement et Sociétés), CNRS - La Rochelle Université - 2, Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, LA ROCHELLE, France
| | - Ingrid Fruitier-Arnaudin
- UMR 7266 LIENSs (Littoral Environnement et Sociétés), CNRS - La Rochelle Université - 2, Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, LA ROCHELLE, France
| | - Christine Dupuy
- UMR 7266 LIENSs (Littoral Environnement et Sociétés), CNRS - La Rochelle Université - 2, Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, LA ROCHELLE, France
| | - Robert Duran
- Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Pau, France.
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Li S, Tan H, Liu B, Zhu H, Hu Z, Liu G. Watanabeales ord. nov. and twelve novel species of Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:1167-1186. [PMID: 33713360 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Trebouxiophyceae include Chlorellales, Prasiolales, Trebouxiales, Microthamniales, and numerous members for which taxonomic locations have not been determined. The Watanabea clade is a group in the Trebouxiophyceae of Chlorella-like taxa, which are predominantly solitary and terrestrial. With the increase in descriptions of new species within the Watanabea clade in recent years, it is necessary to define the boundary and taxonomic status of the clade. In this study, nineteen strains of terrestrial algae collected from China were investigated based on molecular and morphological data, involving phylogenetic analyses, light and electron microscopy, and ITS-2 secondary structures. These 19 strains were described as five known species and 12 novel ones. Based on the consistent topological structures of the phylogenetic analyses for three taxonomic levels (the core Chorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae based on 18S sequences, Watanabeales and Symbiochloris based on 18S, 5.8S, ITS2 and rbcL gene sequences) and common morphological characteristics, especially the key phenotypic feature of unequally sized autospores, the Watanabea clade was defined as a new order, Watanabeales ord. nov., with one family, Watanabeaceae fam. nov. The boundary of Watanabeales was delineated and included the genera Chloroidium, Calidiella, Jaagichlorella, Kalinella, Massjukichlorella, Mysteriochloris, Polulichloris, Phyllosiphon, Watanabea, and Viridiella. Symbiochloris did not belong to Watanabeales according to the phylogenetic analyses and the reproduction by equal-sized autospores, aplanospores, or zoospores. The Watanabeales were separated into four groups during the phylogenetic analyses, but no regular differences in habitats or morphology could be used as the morphological basis to split Watanabeales into the four groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyin Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Haochen Tan
- Xiashan Reservoir Administration, Weifang, 261325, China
| | - Benwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Huan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhengyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Guoxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Daras G, Templalexis D, Avgeri F, Tsitsekian D, Karamanou K, Rigas S. Updating Insights into the Catalytic Domain Properties of Plant Cellulose synthase ( CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like ( Csl) Proteins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144335. [PMID: 34299608 PMCID: PMC8306620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The wall is the last frontier of a plant cell involved in modulating growth, development and defense against biotic stresses. Cellulose and additional polysaccharides of plant cell walls are the most abundant biopolymers on earth, having increased in economic value and thereby attracted significant interest in biotechnology. Cellulose biosynthesis constitutes a highly complicated process relying on the formation of cellulose synthase complexes. Cellulose synthase (CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes encode enzymes that synthesize cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides. Arabidopsis and rice are invaluable genetic models and reliable representatives of land plants to comprehend cell wall synthesis. During the past two decades, enormous research progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis and construction of the plant cell wall. A plethora of cesa and csl mutants have been characterized, providing functional insights into individual protein isoforms. Recent structural studies have uncovered the mode of CesA assembly and the dynamics of cellulose production. Genetics and structural biology have generated new knowledge and have accelerated the pace of discovery in this field, ultimately opening perspectives towards cellulose synthesis manipulation. This review provides an overview of the major breakthroughs gathering previous and recent genetic and structural advancements, focusing on the function of CesA and Csl catalytic domain in plants.
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Saber AA, Gontcharov AA, Nikulin AY, Nikulin VY, Rayan WA, Cantonati M. Integrative Taxonomic, Ecological and Genotyping Study of Charophyte Populations from the Egyptian Western-Desert Oases and Sinai Peninsula. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061157. [PMID: 34200166 PMCID: PMC8226818 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Present-day information available on the charophyte macroalgae in Egypt, including their phylogenetic affinities, remains largely incomplete. In this study, nine charophyte populations were collected from different aquatic biotopes across the Egyptian Western-Desert Oases and Sinai Peninsula. All populations were investigated using an integrative polyphasic approach including phylogenetic analyses inferred from the chloroplast-encoded gene (rbcL) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) regions, in parallel with morphotaxonomic assignment, ultrastructure of the oospore walls, and autecology. The specimens identified belonged to the genera Chara, Nitella, and Tolypella, with predominance of the first genus to which five species were assigned though they presented some interesting aberrant taxonomic features: C. aspera, C. contraria, C. globata, C. tomentosa, and C. vulgaris. Based on our integrative study, the globally rare species C. globata was reported for the second time for the whole African continent. The genus Nitella was only represented by N. flagellifera, and based on the available literature, it is a new record for North Africa. Noteworthy, an interesting Tolypella sp., morphologically very similar to T. glomerata, was collected and characterized and finally designated with the working name 'Tolypella sp. PBA-1704 from a desert, freshwater wetland', mainly based on its concatenated rbcL+ITS1 phylogenetic position. This study not only improved our understanding on the diversity, biogeography and autecological preferences of charophytes in Egypt, but it also broadened our knowledge on this vulnerable algal group in North Africa, emphasizing the need of more in-depth research work in the future, particularly in the less-impacted desert habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A. Saber
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia Square, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.A.S.); (W.A.R.)
| | - Andrey A. Gontcharov
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, 100-Letia Vladivostoka Prospect, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.A.G.); (A.Y.N.); (V.Y.N.)
| | - Arthur Yu. Nikulin
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, 100-Letia Vladivostoka Prospect, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.A.G.); (A.Y.N.); (V.Y.N.)
| | - Vyacheslav Yu. Nikulin
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 159, 100-Letia Vladivostoka Prospect, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.A.G.); (A.Y.N.); (V.Y.N.)
| | - Walaa A. Rayan
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia Square, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (A.A.S.); (W.A.R.)
| | - Marco Cantonati
- MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Limnology & Phycology Section, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, I-38123 Trento, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0461-270342
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Stewart A, Rioux D, Boyer F, Gielly L, Pompanon F, Saillard A, Thuiller W, Valay JG, Maréchal E, Coissac E. Altitudinal Zonation of Green Algae Biodiversity in the French Alps. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:679428. [PMID: 34163510 PMCID: PMC8215661 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.679428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mountain environments are marked by an altitudinal zonation of habitat types. They are home to a multitude of terrestrial green algae, who have to cope with abiotic conditions specific to high elevation, e.g., high UV irradiance, alternating desiccation, rain and snow precipitations, extreme diurnal variations in temperature and chronic scarceness of nutrients. Even though photosynthetic green algae are primary producers colonizing open areas and potential markers of climate change, their overall biodiversity in the Alps has been poorly studied so far, in particular in soil, where algae have been shown to be key components of microbial communities. Here, we investigated whether the spatial distribution of green algae followed the altitudinal zonation of the Alps, based on the assumption that algae settle in their preferred habitats under the pressure of parameters correlated with elevation. We did so by focusing on selected representative elevational gradients at distant locations in the French Alps, where soil samples were collected at different depths. Soil was considered as either a potential natural habitat or temporary reservoir of algae. We showed that algal DNA represented a relatively low proportion of the overall eukaryotic diversity as measured by a universal Eukaryote marker. We designed two novel green algae metabarcoding markers to amplify the Chlorophyta phylum and its Chlorophyceae class, respectively. Using our newly developed markers, we showed that elevation was a strong correlate of species and genus level distribution. Altitudinal zonation was thus determined for about fifty species, with proposed accessions in reference databases. In particular, Planophila laetevirens and Bracteococcus ruber related species as well as the snow alga Sanguina genus were only found in soil starting at 2,000 m above sea level. Analysis of environmental and bioclimatic factors highlighted the importance of pH and nitrogen/carbon ratios in the vertical distribution in soil. Capacity to grow heterotrophically may determine the Trebouxiophyceae over Chlorophyceae ratio. The intensity of freezing events (freezing degree days), proved also determinant in Chlorophyceae distribution. Guidelines are discussed for future, more robust and precise analyses of environmental algal DNA in mountain ecosystems and address green algae species distribution and dynamics in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Stewart
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CEA, CNRS, INRAE, IRIG, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Jardin du Lautaret, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Rioux
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Fréderic Boyer
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Ludovic Gielly
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - François Pompanon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Amélie Saillard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Eric Maréchal
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CEA, CNRS, INRAE, IRIG, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Coissac
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
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Resende DI, Ferreira M, Magalhães C, Sousa Lobo J, Sousa E, Almeida IF. Trends in the use of marine ingredients in anti-aging cosmetics. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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48
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Salama YF, Al-Hashim MH, Grammer MG, Gahlan HA, Al-Asmar H, Abd El-Gaied IM. Palaeoecology and facies analysis of benthic communities in mid-Cretaceous successions in the Sinai platform, Egypt. JOURNAL OF AFRICAN EARTH SCIENCES 2021; 175:104091. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.104091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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49
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Chaudhary K, Geeta R, Panjabi P. Origin and diversification of ECERIFERUM1 (CER1) and ECERIFERUM3 (CER3) genes in land plants and phylogenetic evidence that the ancestral CER1/3 gene resulted from the fusion of pre-existing domains. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 159:107101. [PMID: 33592235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ECERIFERUM1 (CER1) and ECERIFERUM3 (CER3) are key genes in synthesis of alkanes, a major component of cuticular waxes in land plants. The genes share extensive similarity, including the N-terminal (ERG3/FAH) and C-terminal (WAX2) domains. This study, traces the origin, evolutionary history, phylogenetic relationships and variation in copy number of the two genes within and beyond the Viridiplantae (green plants). Protein homologs of both CER1 and CER3 were identified across most Embryophyta (land plants), a single homolog (CER1/3) in charophytes and prasinophytes, and none in the other green, red or brown algae. Ancestral state reconstructions in 100 sequenced Archaeplastida using presence/absence of CER1/3 family genes revealed that the CER1/3 gene probably originated in the common ancestor of Viridiplantae. Phylogenetic analysis of CER1 and CER3 protein sequences from 146 plant species strongly suggests that the two genes originated by duplication of CER1/3 in the ancestral embryophyte. The evolution of CER1 and CER3 genes involved differential divergence of the two domains. Outside Embryophyta, CER1/3 similar sequences identified in diatoms and a cryptophyte, were the closest relatives of the CER1/3 family proteins. Proteins harbouring WAX2-wxAR (WAX2 associated region) similar regions were identified in proteins of bacteria, Archaea, cryptophytes, dinoflagellates and Stramenopiles. The independent existence of both ERG3/FAH and WAX2-wxAR domains in diverse lineages strongly points to the origin of CER1/3 gene in green plants by the fusion of pre-existing domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Chaudhary
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - R Geeta
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Priya Panjabi
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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Schoenrock KM, McHugh TA, Krueger-Hadfield SA. Revisiting the 'bank of microscopic forms' in macroalgal-dominated ecosystems. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:14-29. [PMID: 33135166 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical ecological models, such as succession and facilitation, were defined in terrestrial habitats, and subsequently applied to marine and freshwater habitats in intertidal and then subtidal realms. One such model is the soil seed bank, defined as all viable seeds (or fruits) found near the soil surface that facilitate community restoration/recovery. "Banks of microscopic forms" have been hypothesized in aquatic habitats and recent work from aquaculture has highlighted dormancy in algal life cycle stages. To reinvigorate the discussions about these algal banks, we discuss differences in life cycles, dispersal, and summarize research on banks of macroalgal stages in aquatic ecosystems that may be easier to explore with modern advances in molecular technology. With focus on seminal work in global kelp forest ecosystems, we present a pilot study in northern California as proof of concept that Nereocystis luetkeana and Alaria marginata stages can be detected within kelp forests in the biofilm of rocks and bedrock using targeted primers long after zoospore release. Considering the increased interest in algae as an economic resource, [blue] carbon sink, and as ecosystem engineers, the potential for "banking" macroalgal forms could be a mechanism of resilience and recovery in aquatic populations that have complex life cycles and environmental cues for reproduction. Molecular barcoding is becoming an important tool for identifying banks of macroalgal forms in marine communities. Understanding banks of macroalgal stages, especially in deforested habitats with intense disturbance and grazer pressure, will allow researchers and marine resource managers to facilitate this natural process in recovery of the aquatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Schoenrock
- Department of Zoology, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Rd., Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Tristin Anoush McHugh
- Long Marine Laboratory, Reef Check Foundation, 115 McAllister Road, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA
| | - Stacy A Krueger-Hadfield
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Campbell Hall, Room 464, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
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