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Burbano HA, Gutaker RM. Ancient DNA genomics and the renaissance of herbaria. Science 2023; 382:59-63. [PMID: 37797028 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbaria are undergoing a renaissance as valuable sources of genomic data for exploring plant evolution, ecology, and diversity. Ancient DNA retrieved from herbarium specimens can provide unprecedented glimpses into past plant communities, their interactions with biotic and abiotic factors, and the genetic changes that have occurred over time. Here, we highlight recent advances in the field of herbarium genomics and discuss the challenges and opportunities of combining data from modern and time-stamped historical specimens. We also describe how integrating herbarium genomics data with other data types can yield substantial insights into the evolutionary and ecological processes that shape plant communities. Herbarium genomic analysis is a tool for understanding plant life and informing conservation efforts in the face of dire environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán A Burbano
- Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rafal M Gutaker
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK
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2
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Jose J, Éva C, Bozsó Z, Hamow KÁ, Fekete Z, Fábián A, Bánfalvi Z, Sági L. Global transcriptome and targeted metabolite analyses of roots reveal different defence mechanisms against Ralstonia solanacearum infection in two resistant potato cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1065419. [PMID: 36733596 PMCID: PMC9889091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1065419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs), the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease in an unusually wide range of host plants, including potato (Solanum tuberosum), is one of the most destructive phytopathogens that seriously reduces crop yields worldwide. Identification of defence mechanisms underlying bacterial wilt resistance is a prerequisite for biotechnological approaches to resistance breeding. Resistance to Rs has been reported only in a few potato landraces and cultivars. Our in vitro inoculation bioassays confirmed that the cultivars 'Calalo Gaspar' (CG) and 'Cruza 148' (CR) are resistant to Rs infection. Comparative transcriptome analyses of CG and CR roots, as well as of the roots of an Rs-susceptible cultivar, 'Désirée' (DES), were carried out two days after Rs infection, in parallel with their respective noninfected controls. In CR and DES, the upregulation of chitin interactions and cell wall-related genes was detected. The phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism pathways were induced only in CR, as confirmed by high levels of lignification over the whole stele in CR roots six days after Rs infection. At the same time, Rs infection greatly increased the concentrations of chlorogenic acid and quercetin derivatives in CG roots as it was detected using ultra-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Characteristic increases in the expression of MAP kinase signalling pathway genes and in the concentrations of jasmonic, salicylic, abscisic and indoleacetic acid were measured in DES roots. These results indicate different Rs defence mechanisms in the two resistant potato cultivars and a different response to Rs infection in the susceptible cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeny Jose
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Csaba Éva
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bozsó
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kamirán Áron Hamow
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Fekete
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Attila Fábián
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Bánfalvi
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - László Sági
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
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Gavrilenko T, Chukhina I, Antonova O, Krylova E, Shipilina L, Oskina N, Kostina L. Comparative Analysis of the Genetic Diversity of Chilean Cultivated Potato Based on a Molecular Study of Authentic Herbarium Specimens and Present-Day Gene Bank Accessions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:174. [PMID: 36616303 PMCID: PMC9823414 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
At the end of the 1920s, Vavilov organized several potato-collecting missions in South and Central America. Vavilov and his colleagues, Juzepczuk and Bukasov, participated in these expeditions and worked on gathered material, designated two centers of potato varietal riches and diversity-the Peru-Bolivia high-mountain center and the southern coast of Chile. The WIR Herbarium holds authentic specimens of many taxa described by Russian taxonomists. Here, a set of 20 plastid DNA-specific markers was applied for 49 authentic herbarium specimens of Solanum tuberosum L. from the WIR Herbarium to analyze the genetic diversity of the landrace population collected by Juzepczuk in 1928 in southern-central Chile. Two plastid DNA types, T and A, and two chlorotypes were identified in herbarium specimens, with a clear predominance (96%) of chlorotype cpT_III. In addition, we analyzed 46 living Chilean accessions from the VIR field potato gene bank that were collected after the appearance of Phytophthora infestans in Chile. These living accessions were differentiated into four chlorotypes. Finding a D-type cytoplasm in living Chilean accessions that possess two new chlorotypes indicates a replacement of native cultivars and introgression from the wild Mexican species S. demissum that was actively used in breeding as a source of race-specific resistance to late blight.
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Selga C, Chrominski P, Carlson-Nilsson U, Andersson M, Chawade A, Ortiz R. Diversity and population structure of Nordic potato cultivars and breeding clones. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:350. [PMID: 35850617 PMCID: PMC9290215 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic diversity and population structure of breeding germplasm is central knowledge for crop improvement. To gain insight into the genetic potential of the germplasm used for potato breeding in a Nordic breeding program as well as all available accessions from the Nordic genebank (NordGen), 133 potato genotypes were genotyped using the Infinium Illumina 20 K SNP array. After SNP filtering, 11 610 polymorphic SNPs were included in the analysis. In addition, data from three important breeding traits - percent dry matter and uniformity of tuber shape and eye - were scored to measure the variation potato cultivars and breeding clones. RESULTS The genetic diversity among the genotypes was estimated using principal coordinate analysis based on the genetic distance between individuals, as well as by using the software STRUCTURE. Both methods suggest that the collected breeding material and the germplasm from the gene-bank are closely related, with a low degree of population structure between the groups. The phenotypic distribution among the genotypes revealed significant differences, especially between farmer's cultivars and released cultivars and breeding clones. The percent heterozygosity was similar between the groups, with a mean average of 58-60%. Overall, the breeding germplasm and the accessions from the Nordic genebank seems to be closely related with similar genetic background. CONCLUSION The genetic potential of available Nordic potato breeding germplasm is low, and for genetic hybridization purposes, genotypes from outside the Nordic region should be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catja Selga
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mariette Andersson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Aakash Chawade
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Rodomiro Ortiz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Alnarp, Sweden.
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Genetic Diversity Trends in the Cultivated Potato: A Spatiotemporal Overview. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040604. [PMID: 35453803 PMCID: PMC9026384 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Monitoring the change in genetic diversity over time and space in crop species is essential to facilitating further improvement. As the world’s most important tuber crop for human consumption, and an ideal candidate to help address global food security, the cultivated potato deserves in-depth study in this regard. In this overview, some aspects of spatiotemporal diversity assessment in the cultivated potato are examined with the aim of promoting appropriate strategies for breeding programs in line with challenges relating to sustainable crop production. Abstract We investigated the changes in genetic diversity over time and space of the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) for the period pre-1800 to 2021. A substantial panel of 1219 potato varieties, belonging to different spatiotemporal groups, was examined using a set of 35 microsatellite markers (SSR). Genotypic data covering a total of 407 alleles was analyzed using both self-organizing map (SOM) and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) de novo and a priori clustering methods, respectively. Data analysis based on different models of genetic structuring provided evidence of (1) at least two early lineages that have been maintained since their initial introduction from the Andes into Europe in the 16th century, followed by later ones coming from reintroduction events from the US in the mid-1800s; (2) a level of diversity that has gradually evolved throughout the studied time periods and areas, with the most modern variety groups encompassing most of the diversity found in earlier decades; (3) the emergence of new genetic groups within the current population due to increases in the use of germplasm enhancement practices using exotic germplasms. In addition, analysis revealed significant genetic differentiation both among and within the spatiotemporal groups of germplasm studied. Our results therefore highlight that no major genetic narrowing events have occurred within the cultivated potato over the past three centuries. On the contrary, the genetic base shows promising signs of improvement, thanks to extensive breeding work that is gaining momentum. This overview could be drawn on not only to understand better how past decisions have impacted the current genetic cultivated potato resources, but also to develop appropriate new strategies for breeding programs consistent with the socio-economic and sustainability challenges faced by agrifood systems.
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Ruthes AC, Dahlin P. The Impact of Management Strategies on the Development and Status of Potato Cyst Nematode Populations in Switzerland: An Overview from 1958 to Present. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1096-1104. [PMID: 34689584 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0800-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida are some of the most successful and highly specialized plant parasitic nematodes and among the most regulated quarantine pests globally. In Switzerland, they have been monitored by annual surveys since their first detection in Swiss soil in 1958. The dataset created was reviewed to produce an overview of the development and actual status of potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) in Switzerland. Positive fields represent 0.2% of all the samples analyzed, and their distribution is limited to central-west and western Switzerland, suggesting that new introduction of PCNs and the spread of the initial introduced PCN populations did not occur. In this way, the integrated management used in Switzerland appears to be effective. However, the increasing availability of potato varieties with resistance to G. rostochiensis and the limited availability of varieties with resistance to G. pallida, together with other biotic and abiotic factors, have promoted changes in the dominance of either species. Consequently, an extended monitoring program is of interest to Swiss farmers, to avoid favoring virulent traits that could be present in Swiss Globodera populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caroline Ruthes
- Agroscope, Research Division Plant Protection, Phytopathology and Zoology in Fruit and Vegetable Production, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Paul Dahlin
- Agroscope, Research Division Plant Protection, Phytopathology and Zoology in Fruit and Vegetable Production, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Assessment of Genetic Diversity and Relatedness in an Andean Potato Collection from Argentina by High-Density Genotyping. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Native potatoes are the most diverse among cultivated potato species and thus constitute a valuable source for identifying genes for potato improvement. Nevertheless, high-density mapping, needed to reveal allelic diversity, has not been performed for native Argentinian potatoes. We present a study of the genetic variability and population structure of 96 Andigena potatoes from Northwestern Argentina performed using a subset of 5035 SNPs with no missing data and full reproducibility. These high-density markers are distributed across the genome and present a good coverage of genomic regions. A Bayesian approach revealed the presence of: (I) a major group comprised of most of the Andean accessions; (II) a smaller group containing the out-group cv. Spunta and the sequenced genotype DM; and (III) a third group containing colored flesh potatoes. This grouping was also consistent when maximum likelihood trees were constructed and further confirmed by a principal coordinate analysis. A group of 19 accessions stored as Andean varieties clustered consistently with group Tuberosum accessions. This was in agreement with previous studies and we hypothesize that they may be reintroductions of European-bred long day-adapted potatoes. The present study constitutes a valuable source for allele mining of genes of interest and thus provides a tool for association mapping studies.
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Zsögön A, Peres LEP, Xiao Y, Yan J, Fernie AR. Enhancing crop diversity for food security in the face of climate uncertainty. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:402-414. [PMID: 34882870 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Global agriculture is dominated by a handful of species that currently supply a huge proportion of our food and feed. It additionally faces the massive challenge of providing food for 10 billion people by 2050, despite increasing environmental deterioration. One way to better plan production in the face of current and continuing climate change is to better understand how our domestication of these crops included their adaptation to environments that were highly distinct from those of their centre of origin. There are many prominent examples of this, including the development of temperate Zea mays (maize) and the alteration of day-length requirements in Solanum tuberosum (potato). Despite the pre-eminence of some 15 crops, more than 50 000 species are edible, with 7000 of these considered semi-cultivated. Opportunities afforded by next-generation sequencing technologies alongside other methods, including metabolomics and high-throughput phenotyping, are starting to contribute to a better characterization of a handful of these species. Moreover, the first examples of de novo domestication have appeared, whereby key target genes are modified in a wild species in order to confer predictable traits of agronomic value. Here, we review the scale of the challenge, drawing extensively on the characterization of past agriculture to suggest informed strategies upon which the breeding of future climate-resilient crops can be based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Yingjie Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianbing Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Wolters PJ, Wouters D, Kromhout EJ, Huigen DJ, Visser RGF, Vleeshouwers VGAA. Qualitative and Quantitative Resistance against Early Blight Introgressed in Potato. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090892. [PMID: 34571769 PMCID: PMC8471710 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Early blight is a disease of potato caused by the Alternaria fungus (notably A. solani). Fungicides that are commonly used to protect potato against the disease are losing their effectiveness and an alternative control method is desired. In this research, we identified several relatives of potato from Central and South America that have a high natural resistance against early blight. Although these plants belong to other species, it was possible to cross them with cultivated potato. The resistance was inherited in offspring plants, but, interestingly, the different species seem to contain distinct types of resistance. More detailed studies will help increase our knowledge of the mechanism(s) that cause resistance. Highly resistant offspring plants can be used to develop new potato varieties with a natural resistance to early blight. Abstract Early blight is a disease of potato that is caused by Alternaria species, notably A. solani. The disease is usually controlled with fungicides. However, A. solani is developing resistance against fungicides, and potato cultivars with genetic resistance to early blight are currently not available. Here, we identify two wild potato species, which are both crossable with cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum), that show promising resistance against early blight disease. The cross between resistant S. berthaultii and a susceptible diploid S. tuberosum gave rise to a population in which resistance was inherited quantitatively. S. commersonii subsp. malmeanum was also crossed with diploid S. tuberosum, despite a differing endosperm balance number. This cross resulted in triploid progeny in which resistance was inherited dominantly. This is somewhat surprising, as resistance against necrotrophic plant pathogens is usually a quantitative trait or inherited recessively according to the inverse-gene-for-gene model. Hybrids with high levels of resistance to early blight are present among progeny from S. berthaultii as well as S. commersonii subsp. malmeanum, which is an important step towards the development of a cultivar with natural resistance to early blight.
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Gasparini K, Moreira JDR, Peres LEP, Zsögön A. De novo domestication of wild species to create crops with increased resilience and nutritional value. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 60:102006. [PMID: 33556879 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Creating crops with resistance to drought, soil salinity and insect damage, that simultaneously have higher nutritional quality, is challenging to conventional breeding due to the complex and diffuse genetic basis of those traits. Recent advances in gene editing technology, such as base editors and prime-editing, coupled with a deeper understanding of the genetic basis of domestication delivered by the analysis of crop 'pangenomes', open the exciting prospect of creating novel crops via manipulation of domestication-related genes in wild species. A de novo domestication platform may allow rapid and precise conversion of crop wild relatives into crops, while retaining many of the valuable resilience and nutritional traits left behind during domestication and breeding. Using the Solanaceae family as case in point, we discuss how such a knowledge-driven pipeline could be exploited to contribute to food security over the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Gasparini
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira Peres
- Laboratory of Plant Developmental Genetics, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil.
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Abstract
Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science, which provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound hypothesis-driven scientific discipline.In a first part, we underline that plant taxonomy is one of the earliest scientific disciplines that emerged thousands of years ago, even before the important contributions of the Greeks and Romans (e.g., Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides). In the fifteenth-sixteenth centuries, plant taxonomy benefited from the Great Navigations, the invention of the printing press, the creation of botanic gardens, and the use of the drying technique to preserve plant specimens. In parallel with the growing body of morpho-anatomical data, subsequent major steps in the history of plant taxonomy include the emergence of the concept of natural classification , the adoption of the binomial naming system (with the major role of Linnaeus) and other universal rules for the naming of plants, the formulation of the principle of subordination of characters, and the advent of the evolutionary thought. More recently, the cladistic theory (initiated by Hennig) and the rapid advances in DNA technologies allowed to infer phylogenies and to propose true natural, genealogy-based classifications.In a second part, we put the emphasis on the challenges that plant taxonomy faces nowadays. The still very incomplete taxonomic knowledge of the worldwide flora (the so-called taxonomic impediment) is seriously hampering conservation efforts that are especially crucial as biodiversity has entered its sixth extinction crisis. It appears mainly due to insufficient funding, lack of taxonomic expertise, and lack of communication and coordination. We then review recent initiatives to overcome these limitations and to anticipate how taxonomy should and could evolve. In particular, the use of molecular data has been era-splitting for taxonomy and may allow an accelerated pace of species discovery. We examine both strengths and limitations of such techniques in comparison to morphology-based investigations, we give broad recommendations on the use of molecular tools for plant taxonomy, and we highlight the need for an integrative taxonomy based on evidence from multiple sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germinal Rouhan
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - Myriam Gaudeul
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, Paris, France
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Duan Y, Duan S, Xu J, Zheng J, Hu J, Li X, Li B, Li G, Jin L. Late Blight Resistance Evaluation and Genome-Wide Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Wild and Cultivated Potato Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:710468. [PMID: 34659284 PMCID: PMC8514749 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.710468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is the most devastating disease in potato-producing regions of the world. Cultivation of resistant varieties is the most effective and environmentally friendly way to control potato late blight disease, and identification of germplasms with late blight resistance and clarification their genetic relationship would promote the development of the resistant varieties. In this study, a diverse population of 189 genotypes with potential late blight resistance, consisting of 20 wild species and cultivated Solanum tuberosum Andigenum group and Chilotanum group, was screened for the presence of late blight resistance by performing challenge inoculation with four Phytophthora infestans isolates including one 13_A2 isolate, CN152. Ten elite resources with broad-spectrum resistance and 127 with isolate-specific resistance against P. infestans were identified. To improve the available gene pool for future potato breeding programs, the population was genotyped using 30 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers covering the entire potato genome. A total of 173 alleles were detected with an average of 5.77 alleles per locus. Structure analysis discriminated the 189 potato genotypes into five populations based on taxonomic classification and genetic origin with some deviations. There was no obvious clustering by country of origin, ploidy level, EBN (endosperm balance number) value, or nuclear clade. Analysis of molecular variance showed 10.08% genetic variation existed among populations. The genetic differentiation (Fst) ranged from 0.0937 to 0.1764, and the nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.2269 across populations with the range from 0.1942 to 0.2489. Further genotyping of 20K SNP array confirmed the classification of SSRs and could uncover the genetic relationships of Solanum germplasms. Our results indicate that there exits abundant genetic variation in wild and cultivated potato germplasms, while the cultivated S. tuberosum Chilotanum group has lower genetic diversity. The phenotypic and genetic information obtained in this study provide a useful guide for hybrid combination and resistance introgression from wild gene pool into cultivated species for cultivar improvement, as well as for germplasm conservation efforts and resistance gene mining.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liping Jin
- *Correspondence: Guangcun Li, , Liping Jin,
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Ercolano MR, Di Donato A, Sanseverino W, Barbella M, De Natale A, Frusciante L. Complex migration history is revealed by genetic diversity of tomato samples collected in Italy during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:100. [PMID: 32637128 PMCID: PMC7327043 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Native to South America, the tomato is now grown almost worldwide. During its domestication and improvement, important selection signatures were fixed in certain agronomic and adaption traits. Such traits include fruit morphology, which became a major target for selection over the centuries. However, little is known about precisely when some mutations arose and how they spread through the germplasm. For instance, elongated fruit variants, originating both via mutations in SUN and OVATE genes, may have arisen prior to domestication or during tomato cultivation in Europe. To gain insights into the tomato admixture and selection pattern, the genome of two tomato herbarium specimens conserved in the Herbarium Porticense (PORUN) was sequenced. Comparison of the DNA of herbarium samples collected in Italy between 1750 and 1890 with that of living tomato accessions yielded insights into the history of tomato loci selection. Interestingly, the genotype of the more recent sample (LEO90), classified in 1890 as the oblungum variety, shows several private variants in loci implicated in fruit shape determination, also present also in wild tomato samples. In addition, LEO90, sampled in the nineteenth century, is genetically more distant from cultivated varieties than the SET17 genotype, collected in the eighteenth century, suggesting that elongated tomato varieties may originate from a cross between a landrace and a wild ancestor. Findings from our study have major implications for the understanding of tomato migration patterns and for the conservation of allelic diversity and loci recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Ercolano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
| | - A. Di Donato
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
| | | | - M. Barbella
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
| | - A. De Natale
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Società dei Naturalisti, Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - L. Frusciante
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy
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Weaver WN, Ng J, Laport RG. LeafMachine: Using machine learning to automate leaf trait extraction from digitized herbarium specimens. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 8:e11367. [PMID: 32626609 PMCID: PMC7328653 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Obtaining phenotypic data from herbarium specimens can provide important insights into plant evolution and ecology but requires significant manual effort and time. Here, we present LeafMachine, an application designed to autonomously measure leaves from digitized herbarium specimens or leaf images using an ensemble of machine learning algorithms. METHODS AND RESULTS We trained LeafMachine on 2685 randomly sampled specimens from 138 herbaria and evaluated its performance on specimens spanning 20 diverse families and varying widely in resolution, quality, and layout. LeafMachine successfully extracted at least one leaf measurement from 82.0% and 60.8% of high- and low-resolution images, respectively. Of the unmeasured specimens, only 0.9% and 2.1% of high- and low-resolution images, respectively, were visually judged to have measurable leaves. CONCLUSIONS This flexible autonomous tool has the potential to vastly increase available trait information from herbarium specimens, and inform a multitude of evolutionary and ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N. Weaver
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColorado80309USA
- Present address:
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan48109USA
| | - Julienne Ng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColorado80309USA
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15
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Kistler L, Bieker VC, Martin MD, Pedersen MW, Ramos Madrigal J, Wales N. Ancient Plant Genomics in Archaeology, Herbaria, and the Environment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:605-629. [PMID: 32119793 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ancient DNA revolution of the past 35 years has driven an explosion in the breadth, nuance, and diversity of questions that are approachable using ancient biomolecules, and plant research has been a constant, indispensable facet of these developments. Using archaeological, paleontological, and herbarium plant tissues, researchers have probed plant domestication and dispersal, plant evolution and ecology, paleoenvironmental composition and dynamics, and other topics across related disciplines. Here, we review the development of the ancient DNA discipline and the role of plant research in its progress and refinement. We summarize our understanding of long-term plant DNA preservation and the characteristics of degraded DNA. In addition, we discuss challenges in ancient DNA recovery and analysis and the laboratory and bioinformatic strategies used to mitigate them. Finally, we review recent applications of ancient plant genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Kistler
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA;
| | - Vanessa C Bieker
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; ,
| | - Michael D Martin
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; ,
| | - Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Jazmín Ramos Madrigal
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Nathan Wales
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO1 7EP, United Kingdom;
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16
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Fuentes S, Jones RAC, Matsuoka H, Ohshima K, Kreuze J, Gibbs AJ. Potato virus Y; the Andean connection. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez037. [PMID: 31559020 PMCID: PMC6755682 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) causes disease in potatoes and other solanaceous crops. The appearance of its necrogenic strains in the 1980s made it the most economically important virus of potatoes. We report the isolation and genomic sequences of 32 Peruvian isolates of PVY which, together with 428 published PVY genomic sequences, gave an alignment of 460 sequences. Of these 190 (41%) were non-recombinant, and 162 of these provided a dated phylogeny, that corresponds well with the likely history of PVY, and show that PVY originated in South America which is where potatoes were first domesticated. The most basal divergences of the PVY population produced the N and C: O phylogroups; the origin of the N phylogroup is clearly Andean, but that of the O and C phylogroups is unknown, although they may have been first to establish in European crops. The current PVY population originated around 156 CE. PVY was probably first taken from South America to Europe in the 16th century in tubers. Most of the present PVY diversity emerged in the second half of the 19th century, after the Phytophthora infestans epidemics of the mid-19th century destroyed the European crop and stimulated potato breeding. Imported breeding lines were shared, and there was no quarantine. The early O population was joined later by N phylogroup isolates and their recombinants generated the R1 and R2 populations of damaging necrogenic strains. Our dating study has confirmed that human activity has dominated the phylodynamics of PVY for the last two millennia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segundo Fuentes
- Crop and System Sciences Division, International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Roger A C Jones
- Crop and System Sciences Division, International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru
- Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA
| | - Hiroki Matsuoka
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kazusato Ohshima
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jan Kreuze
- Crop and System Sciences Division, International Potato Center (CIP), Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru
| | - Adrian J Gibbs
- Laboratory of Plant Virology, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1-banchi, Honjo-machi, Saga, Japan
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17
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Gutaker RM, Weiß CL, Ellis D, Anglin NL, Knapp S, Luis Fernández-Alonso J, Prat S, Burbano HA. The origins and adaptation of European potatoes reconstructed from historical genomes. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1093-1101. [PMID: 31235927 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Potato, one of the most important staple crops, originates from the highlands of the equatorial Andes. There, potatoes propagate vegetatively via tubers under short days, constant throughout the year. After their introduction to Europe in the sixteenth century, potatoes adapted to a shorter growing season and to tuber formation under long days. Here, we traced the demographic and adaptive history of potato introduction to Europe. To this end, we sequenced 88 individuals that comprise landraces, modern cultivars and historical herbarium samples, including specimens collected by Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle. Our findings show that European potatoes collected during the period 1650-1750 were closely related to Andean landraces. After their introduction to Europe, potatoes admixed with Chilean genotypes. We identified candidate genes putatively involved in long-day pre-adaptation, and showed that the 1650-1750 European individuals were not long-day adapted through previously described allelic variants of the CYCLING DOF FACTOR1 gene. Such allelic variants were detected in Europe during the nineteenth century. Our study highlights the power of combining contemporary and historical genomes to understand the complex evolutionary history of crop adaptation to new environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal M Gutaker
- Research Group for Ancient Genomics and Evolution, Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Clemens L Weiß
- Research Group for Ancient Genomics and Evolution, Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Sandra Knapp
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Salomé Prat
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hernán A Burbano
- Research Group for Ancient Genomics and Evolution, Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany.
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18
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Søe MJ, Nejsum P, Seersholm FV, Fredensborg BL, Habraken R, Haase K, Hald MM, Simonsen R, Højlund F, Blanke L, Merkyte I, Willerslev E, Kapel CMO. Ancient DNA from latrines in Northern Europe and the Middle East (500 BC-1700 AD) reveals past parasites and diet. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195481. [PMID: 29694397 PMCID: PMC5918799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-resolution insight into parasitic infections and diet of past populations in Northern Europe and the Middle East (500 BC- 1700 AD) was obtained by pre-concentration of parasite eggs from ancient latrines and deposits followed by shotgun sequencing of DNA. Complementary profiling of parasite, vertebrate and plant DNA proved highly informative in the study of ancient health, human-animal interactions as well as animal and plant dietary components. Most prominent were finding of soil-borne parasites transmitted directly between humans, but also meat-borne parasites that require consumption of raw or undercooked fish and pork. The detection of parasites for which sheep, horse, dog, pig, and rodents serves as definitive hosts are clear markers of domestic and synanthropic animals living in closer proximity of the respective sites. Finally, the reconstruction of full mitochondrial parasite genomes from whipworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and roundworm species (Trichuris trichiura and Trichuris muris) and estimates of haplotype frequencies elucidates the genetic diversity and provides insights into epidemiology and parasite biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jensen Søe
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- * E-mail: (MJS); (CMOK)
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Frederik Valeur Seersholm
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Brian Lund Fredensborg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ruben Habraken
- BioArchaeological Research Bureau, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Kirstine Haase
- Odense Bys Museer, Odense, Denmark
- Centre for Urban Network Evolutions, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Højbjerg, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Hald
- Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Louise Blanke
- Department of Archaeology, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Inga Merkyte
- The Saxo Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Moliin Outzen Kapel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail: (MJS); (CMOK)
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Penn MG, Cafferty S, Carine M. Mapping the history of botanical collectors: spatial patterns, diversity, and uniqueness through time. SYST BIODIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2017.1355854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Cafferty
- (formerly) Plants Division, Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, UK
| | - Mark Carine
- Plants Division, Life Science Department, Natural History Museum, London, UK
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20
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Payacan C, Moncada X, Rojas G, Clarke A, Chung KF, Allaby R, Seelenfreund D, Seelenfreund A. Phylogeography of herbarium specimens of asexually propagated paper mulberry [Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. (Moraceae)] reveals genetic diversity across the Pacific. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:387-404. [PMID: 28633358 PMCID: PMC5591419 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Paper mulberry or Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. (Moraceae) is a dioecious species native to continental South-east Asia and East Asia, including Taiwan, that was introduced to the Pacific by pre-historic voyagers and transported intentionally and propagated asexually across the full range of Austronesian expansion from Taiwan to East Polynesia. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the dispersal of paper mulberry into Oceania through the genetic analysis of herbaria samples which represent a more complete coverage of the historical geographical range of the species in the Pacific before later introductions and local extinctions occurred. METHODS DNA from 47 herbarium specimens of B. papyrifera collected from 1882 to 2006 from different islands of the Pacific was obtained under ancient DNA protocols. Genetic characterization was based on the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITS-1 sequence, a sex marker, the chloroplast ndhF-rpl32 intergenic spacer and a set of ten microsatellites developed for B. papyrifera. KEY RESULTS Microsatellites allowed detection of 15 genotypes in Near and Remote Oceanian samples, in spite of the vegetative propagation of B. papyrifera in the Pacific. These genotypes are structured in two groups separating West and East Polynesia, and place Pitcairn in a pivotal position. We also detected the presence of male plants that carry the Polynesian chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) haplotype, in contrast to findings in contemporary B. papyrifera populations where only female plants bear the Polynesian cpDNA haplotype. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, genetic diversity was detected among paper mulberry accessions from Remote Oceania. A clear separation between West and East Polynesia was found that may be indicative of pulses during its dispersal history. The pattern linking the genotypes within Remote Oceania reflects the importance of central Polynesia as a dispersal hub, in agreement with archaeological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Payacan
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Moncada
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Gloria Rojas
- Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew Clarke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Kuo-Fang Chung
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan and
| | - Robin Allaby
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Daniela Seelenfreund
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Seelenfreund
- Escuela de Antropología, Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Ristaino JB, Pfister DH. “What a Painfully Interesting Subject”: Charles Darwin's Studies of Potato Late Blight. Bioscience 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biw114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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Jansky S, Fajardo D. Amylose content decreases during tuber development in potato. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:4560-4564. [PMID: 26931799 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potato starch is composed primarily of amylopectin and amylose in an approximately 3:1 ratio. Amylose is considered to be nutritionally desirable in North American and European markets, so there is interest in finding strategies to increase the amylose content of potato starch. There is also interest in marketing 'baby' potatoes, which are harvested when they are physiologically immature. This study was carried out to determine weekly changes in amylose content in potato tubers of 11 North American cultivars during the growing season. The trial was repeated across 3 years. RESULTS We determined that amylose content is highest early and it decreases in a linear fashion as the growing season progresses. Mean amylose content across cultivars and years declined from 30.0% in late June to 26.8% in late August. The rate of decrease varied across years, with slopes of linear regression plots ranging from -0.17 in 2012 to -0.74 in 2011. Amylose content in tuber starch varied among cultivars, with the highest levels observed in Ranger Russet (30.7%) and White Pearl (31.6%); it was lowest in Kennebec (25.7%) and Langlade (25.6%). CONCLUSIONS This study adds to a growing body of literature on the nutritional value of immature potato tubers. In addition to having higher levels of some phytonutrients, as reported in other studies, immature tubers have a higher proportion of amylose in the starch. This is nutritionally desirable in affluent regions where high fiber content is more important than calories from carbohydrates. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Jansky
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Horticulture, USDA-ARS, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Diego Fajardo
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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23
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Choi J, Lee H, Shipunov A. All that is gold does not glitter? Age, taxonomy, and ancient plant DNA quality. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1087. [PMID: 26244108 PMCID: PMC4517958 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 600 herbarium samples from four distantly related groups of flowering plants were used for DNA extraction and subsequent measurements of DNA purity and concentration. We did not find any significant relation between DNA purity and the age of the sample. However, DNA yields were different between plant groups studied. We believe that there there should be no reservations about “old” samples if the goal is to extract more DNA of better purity. We argue that the older herbarium samples are the mine for the future DNA studies, and have the value not less than the “fresh” specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinHee Choi
- Department of Biology, Minot State University , Minot, ND , USA
| | - HyeJi Lee
- Department of Biology, Minot State University , Minot, ND , USA
| | - Alexey Shipunov
- Department of Biology, Minot State University , Minot, ND , USA
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24
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Sanetomo R, Gebhardt C. Cytoplasmic genome types of European potatoes and their effects on complex agronomic traits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:162. [PMID: 26112802 PMCID: PMC4480903 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various wild species germplasm has been used in European potato breeding since the first introduction of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to Europe. As the plant cytoplasmic genome including chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes is transmitted only through the maternal parent, cytoplasmic markers are useful tools in breeding programs to determine cytoplasmic genome types and to trace maternal ancestors. The potato cytoplasmic genome can be distinguished into six distinct types (M, P, A, W, T, and D). Male sterility was found in genotypes with S. demissum-derived D-type cytoplasm and S. stoloniferum-derived W/γ-type cytoplasm. These wild species were frequently used to incorporate superior pathogen resistance genes. As a result, the percentage of these two types is increasing unintentionally in the European germplasm pool. Other than cytoplasmic male sterility, little is known about effects of the cytoplasmic genome on complex agronomic traits in potato. RESULT The cytoplasm types of 1,217 European potato cultivars and breeding clones were determined with type specific DNA markers. Most frequent were T- (59.4 %), D- (27.4 %), and W- (12.2 %) type cytoplasm, while A- (0.7 %) and M-type cytoplasm (0.3 %) was rare and P-type cytoplasm was absent. When comparing varieties with breeding clones, the former showed a relatively higher frequency of T-type and lower frequency of D- and W-type cytoplasm. Correlation analysis of cytoplasm types and agronomic data showed that W/γ-type cytoplasm was correlated with increased tuber starch content and later plant maturity. Correlation with quantitative resistance to late blight was observed for D-type and M-type cytoplasm. Both cytoplasm types had a positive effect on resistance. CONCLUSION This study revealed and quantified the cytoplasmic diversity in the European potato germplasm pool. Knowledge of cytoplasm type is important for maintaining genetic diversity and managing the male sterility problem in breeding programs. This is the first comprehensive study to show correlations of distinct cytoplasmic genomes with complex agronomic traits in potato. Correlations particularly with tuber starch content and resistance to late blight provided new knowledge on cytoplasmic effects on these important traits, which can be exploited for genetic improvement of potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Sanetomo
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Potato Germplasm Enhancement Laboratory, West 2-11, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Christiane Gebhardt
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany.
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Xu C, Dong W, Shi S, Cheng T, Li C, Liu Y, Wu P, Wu H, Gao P, Zhou S. Accelerating plant DNA barcode reference library construction using herbarium specimens: improved experimental techniques. Mol Ecol Resour 2015; 15:1366-74. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Wenpan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Shuo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- College of Life Science; Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Changhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yanlei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Hongkun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
| | - Shiliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany; Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100093 China
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Zedane L, Hong-Wa C, Murienne J, Jeziorski C, Baldwin BG, Besnard G. Museomics illuminate the history of an extinct, paleoendemic plant lineage (Hesperelaea, Oleaceae) known from an 1875 collection from Guadalupe Island, Mexico. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loubab Zedane
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174; EDB (Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Cynthia Hong-Wa
- Missouri Botanical Garden; PO Box 299 St. Louis MO 63166-0299 USA
| | - Jérôme Murienne
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174; EDB (Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Céline Jeziorski
- INRA; UAR1209; département de Génétique Animale; INRA Auzeville 31326; Castanet-Tolosan France
- GeT-PlaGe; Genotoul; INRA Auzeville 31326; Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Bruce G. Baldwin
- Jepson Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720-2465 USA
| | - Guillaume Besnard
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174; EDB (Laboratoire Evolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
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27
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Thynne E, McDonald MC, Solomon PS. Phytopathogen emergence in the genomics era. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:246-255. [PMID: 25682011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogens are a global threat to plant agriculture and biodiversity. The genomics era has lead to an exponential rise in comparative gene and genome studies of both economically significant and insignificant microorganisms. In this review we highlight some recent comparisons and discuss how they identify shared genes or genomic regions associated with host virulence. The two major mechanisms of rapid genome adaptation - horizontal gene transfer and hybridisation - are reviewed and we consider how intra-specific pan-genome sequences encode alternative host specificity. We also discuss the power that access to expansive gene databases provides in aiding the study of phytopathogen emergence. These databases can rapidly enable the identification of an unknown pathogen and its origin, as well as genomic adaptations required for emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Thynne
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Megan C McDonald
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia.
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28
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Besnard G, Bertrand JAM, Delahaie B, Bourgeois YXC, Lhuillier E, Thébaud C. Valuing museum specimens: high-throughput DNA sequencing on historical collections of New Guinea crowned pigeons (Goura). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Besnard
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Joris A. M. Bertrand
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
- Institute of Oceanography; National Taiwan University; n°1, sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Daan District Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Boris Delahaie
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - Yann X. C. Bourgeois
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
- Zoological Institute; Department of Evolutionary Biology; University of Basel; Vesalgasse 1 4051 Basel Switzerland
| | - Emeline Lhuillier
- INRA; GeT-PlaGe; UAR 1209 Département de Génétique Animale; INRA Auzeville; 31326 Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Christophe Thébaud
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA; UMR5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique); Université Paul Sabatier; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
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Machida-Hirano R. Diversity of potato genetic resources. BREEDING SCIENCE 2015; 65:26-40. [PMID: 25931978 PMCID: PMC4374561 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.65.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A considerable number of highly diverse species exist in genus Solanum. Because they can adapt to a broad range of habitats, potato wild relatives are promising sources of desirable agricultural traits. Potato taxonomy is quite complex because of introgression, interspecific hybridization, auto- and allopolyploidy, sexual compatibility among many species, a mixture of sexual and asexual reproduction, possible recent species divergence, phenotypic plasticity, and the consequent high morphological similarity among species. Recent researchers using molecular tools have contributed to the identification of genes controlling several types of resistance as well as to the revision of taxonomical relationships among potato species. Historically, primitive forms of cultivated potato and its wild relatives have been used in breeding programs and there is still an enormous and unimaginable potential for discovering desirable characteristics, particularly in wild species Different methods have been developed to incorporate useful alleles from these wild species into the improved cultivars. Potato germplasm comprising of useful alleles for different breeding objectives is preserved in various gene banks worldwide. These materials, with their invaluable information, are accessible for research and breeding purposes. Precise identification of species base on the new taxonomy is essential for effective use of the germplasm collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Machida-Hirano
- Gene Research Center, University of Tsukuba,
1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-3572,
Japan
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Besnard G, Christin PA, Malé PJG, Lhuillier E, Lauzeral C, Coissac E, Vorontsova MS. From museums to genomics: old herbarium specimens shed light on a C3 to C4 transition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6711-21. [PMID: 25258360 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Collections of specimens held by natural history museums are invaluable material for biodiversity inventory and evolutionary studies, with specimens accumulated over 300 years readily available for sampling. Unfortunately, most museum specimens yield low-quality DNA. Recent advances in sequencing technologies, so called next-generation sequencing, are revolutionizing phylogenetic investigations at a deep level. Here, the Illumina technology (HiSeq) was used on herbarium specimens of Sartidia (subfamily Aristidoideae, Poaceae), a small African-Malagasy grass lineage (six species) characteristic of wooded savannas, which is the C3 sister group of Stipagrostis, an important C4 genus from Africa and SW Asia. Complete chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal sequences were assembled for two Sartidia species, one of which (S. perrieri) is only known from a single specimen collected in Madagascar 100 years ago. Partial sequences of a few single-copy genes encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases (ppc) and malic enzymes (nadpme) were also assembled. Based on these data, the phylogenetic position of Malagasy Sartidia in the subfamily Aristidoideae was investigated and the biogeographical history of this genus was analysed with full species sampling. The evolutionary history of two genes for C4 photosynthesis (ppc-aL1b and nadpme-IV) in the group was also investigated. The gene encoding the C4 phosphoenolpyruvate caroxylase of Stipagrostis is absent from S. dewinteri suggesting that it is not essential in C3 members of the group, which might have favoured its recruitment into a new metabolic pathway. Altogether, the inclusion of historical museum specimens in phylogenomic analyses of biodiversity opens new avenues for evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Besnard
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA, UMR5174, EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Pierre-Jean G Malé
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA, UMR5174, EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Emeline Lhuillier
- GeT-PlaGe, Campus INRA-Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; INRA, UAR 1209 Département de Génétique Animale, INRA Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christine Lauzeral
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA, UMR5174, EDB (Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Coissac
- Laboratoire d'écologie Alpine (LECA), UMR5553, CNRS/Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, Université de Savoie, F-38041 Grenoble, France
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Tiwari JK, Chandel P, Singh BP, Bhardwaj V. Analysis of plastome and chondriome genome types in potato somatic hybrids from Solanum tuberosum × Solanum etuberosum. Genome 2014; 57:29-35. [PMID: 24564213 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2013-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasm types of the potato somatic hybrids from Solanum tuberosum × Solanum etuberosum were analysed using chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) organelle genomes-specific markers. Of the 29 markers (15 cpDNA and 14 mtDNA) amplified in the 26 genotypes, 5 cpDNA (H3, NTCP4, NTCP8, NTCP9, and ALC1/ALC3) and 13 mtDNA markers showed polymorphism. The cluster analysis based on the mtDNA markers detected higher diversity compared with the cpDNA markers. Presence of new mtDNA fragments of the markers, namely, T11-2, Nsm1, pumD, Nsm3, and Nsm4, were observed, while monomorphic loci revealed highly conserved genomic regions in the somatic hybrids. The study revealed that the somatic hybrids had diverse cytoplasm types consisting predominantly of T-, W-, and C-, with a few A- and S-type cp genomes; and α-, β-, and γ-type mt genomes. Somatic hybridization has unique potential to widen the cytoplasm types of the cultivated gene pools from wild species through introgression by breeding methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagesh K Tiwari
- Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla-171 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Taxonomy is the science that explores, describes, names, and classifies all organisms. In this introductory chapter, we highlight the major historical steps in the elaboration of this science that provides baseline data for all fields of biology and plays a vital role for society but is also an independent, complex, and sound hypothesis-driven scientific discipline.In a first part, we underline that plant taxonomy is one of the earliest scientific disciplines that emerged thousands of years ago, even before the important contributions of Greeks and Romans (e.g., Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, and Dioscorides). In the fifteenth to sixteenth centuries, plant taxonomy benefited from the Great Navigations, the invention of the printing press, the creation of botanic gardens, and the use of the drying technique to preserve plant specimens. In parallel with the growing body of morpho-anatomical data, subsequent major steps in the history of plant taxonomy include the emergence of the concept of natural classification, the adoption of the binomial naming system (with the major role of Linnaeus) and other universal rules for the naming of plants, the formulation of the principle of subordination of characters, and the advent of the evolutionary thought. More recently, the cladistic theory (initiated by Hennig) and the rapid advances in DNA technologies allowed to infer phylogenies and to propose true natural, genealogy-based classifications.In a second part, we put the emphasis on the challenges that plant taxonomy faces nowadays. The still very incomplete taxonomic knowledge of the worldwide flora (the so-called taxonomic impediment) is seriously hampering conservation efforts that are especially crucial as biodiversity enters its sixth extinction crisis. It appears mainly due to insufficient funding, lack of taxonomic expertise, and lack of communication and coordination. We then review recent initiatives to overcome these limitations and to anticipate how taxonomy should and could evolve. In particular, the use of molecular data has been era-splitting for taxonomy and may allow an accelerated pace of species discovery. We examine both strengths and limitations of such techniques in comparison to morphology-based investigations, we give broad recommendations on the use of molecular tools for plant taxonomy, and we highlight the need for an integrative taxonomy based on evidence from multiple sources.
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Culley TM. Why vouchers matter in botanical research. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2013; 1:apps1300076. [PMID: 25202501 PMCID: PMC4103463 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1300076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
What is a voucher and why is it important in research? As a preserved specimen of an identified taxon deposited in a permanent and accessible storage facility, the voucher serves as the supporting material for published studies of the taxon and ensures that the science is repeatable. Vouchers are crucial in authenticating the taxonomy of an organism, as a tool for identifying localities of the taxon, and for additional taxonomic, genetic, ecological, and/or environmental research.
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Ferrucho RL, Ceresini PC, Ramirez-Escobar UM, McDonald BA, Cubeta MA, García-Domínguez C. The population genetic structure of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3PT from potato in the Colombian Andes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 103:862-869. [PMID: 23464900 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-12-0278-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The soilborne fungus Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 3 (AG-3PT) is a globally important potato pathogen. However, little is known about the population genetic processes affecting field populations of R. solani AG-3PT, especially in the South American Colombian Andes, which is near the center of diversity of the two most common groups of cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum and S. phureja. We analyzed the genetic structure of 15 populations of R. solani AG-3PT infecting potato in Colombia using 11 simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In total, 288 different multilocus genotypes were identified among 349 fungal isolates. Clonal fractions within field populations were 7 to 33%. RST statistics indicated a very low level of population differentiation overall, consistent with high contemporary gene flow, though moderate differentiation was found for the most distant southern populations. Genotype flow was also detected, with the most common genotype found widely distributed among field populations. All populations showed evidence of a mixed reproductive mode, including both asexual and sexual reproduction, but two populations displayed evidence of inbreeding.
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Hosaka K, Sanetomo R. Development of a rapid identification method for potato cytoplasm and its use for evaluating Japanese collections. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2012; 125:1237-51. [PMID: 22696007 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-1909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasm of potatoes, characterized by the presence of T-type chloroplast DNA and β-type mitochondrial DNA, is sensitive to nuclear chromosomal genes that contribute to various types of male sterility. Past breeding efforts with various potato varieties have resulted in several different cytoplasms other than T/β. Varieties with Solanum stoloniferum-derived cytoplasm (W/γ) show complete male sterility, while those with S. demissum-derived cytoplasm (W/α) produce abundant, but non-functional pollen. Thus, identification of cytoplasmic types is important for designing efficient mating combinations. To date, only T-type chloroplast DNA can be accurately identified by a PCR marker. Here, we report a rapid identification technique by multiplex PCR, followed by restriction digestion with BamHI in one reaction tube, and propose a new nomenclature for potato cytoplasm types (T, D, P, A, M, and W). Using this new technique, our collections of 748 genotypes, including 84 Japanese named varieties, 378 breeding lines and 26 landraces, and 260 foreign varieties and breeding lines, were grouped into cytoplasm types: T (73.9 %), D (17.4 %), P (4.5 %), A (1.5 %), M (0.3 %), and W (2.4 %). The utility of this marker system for breeding is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Hosaka
- NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Shinsei, Memuro, Hokkaido, 082-0081, Japan.
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Generic phylogeny and historical biogeography of Alismataceae, inferred from multiple DNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 63:407-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The blossoming of plant archaeogenetics. Ann Anat 2012; 194:146-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sanetomo R, Hosaka K. A maternally inherited DNA marker, descended from Solanum demissum (2n = 6x = 72) to S. tuberosum (2n = 4x = 48). BREEDING SCIENCE 2011; 61:426-34. [PMID: 23136481 PMCID: PMC3406774 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.61.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A Mexican hexaploid wild potato species, Solanum demissum (dms), was only used as a female in previous breeding programs. The resulting clones with dms cytoplasm produced abundant, but non-functional pollen. A 170 bp DNA fragment, named Band 1, was originally detected in the F(1) hybrid between dms and S. tuberosum. In this study, the sequenced region was extended to 1,032 bp; nevertheless, it did not show any homology to known sequences. This extended region harboring Band 1 was, without introns, all transcribed to mRNA and was maternally inherited from dms to S. tuberosum through backcrosses. Three dms accessions, 168 accessions of 38 cultivated and closely related wild species, and 158 varieties and breeding lines were surveyed, which demonstrated that Band 1 was specific to dms and varieties and breeding lines with dms cytoplasm. Thus, Band 1 is a useful marker to distinguish dms cytoplasm, which enables us to design efficient mating combinations in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Sanetomo
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Shinsei, Memuro, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosaka
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Shinsei, Memuro, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
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39
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Luis G, Rubio C, González-Weller D, Gutiérrez AJ, Revert C, Hardisson A. Comparative study of the mineral composition of several varieties of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) from different countries cultivated in Canary Islands (Spain). Int J Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Cárdenas M, Grajales A, Sierra R, Rojas A, González-Almario A, Vargas A, Marín M, Fermín G, Lagos LE, Grünwald NJ, Bernal A, Salazar C, Restrepo S. Genetic diversity of Phytophthora infestans in the Northern Andean region. BMC Genet 2011; 12:23. [PMID: 21303555 PMCID: PMC3046917 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-12-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, the causal agent of potato late blight, is responsible for tremendous crop losses worldwide. Countries in the northern part of the Andes dedicate a large proportion of the highlands to the production of potato, and more recently, solanaceous fruits such as cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum), all of which are hosts of this oomycete. In the Andean region, P. infestans populations have been well characterized in Ecuador and Peru, but are poorly understood in Colombia and Venezuela. To understand the P. infestans population structure in the Northern part of the Andes, four nuclear regions (ITS, Ras, β-tubulin and Avr3a) and one mitochondrial (Cox1) region were analyzed in isolates of P. infestans sampled from different hosts in Colombia and Venezuela. RESULTS Low genetic diversity was found within this sample of P. infestans isolates from crops within several regions of Colombia and Venezuela, revealing the presence of clonal populations of the pathogen in this region. We detected low frequency heterozygotes, and their distribution patterns might be a consequence of a high migration rate among populations with poor effective gene flow. Consistent genetic differentiation exists among isolates from different regions. CONCLUSIONS The results here suggest that in the Northern Andean region P. infestans is a clonal population with some within-clone variation. P. infestans populations in Venezuela reflect historic isolation that is being reinforced by a recent self-sufficiency of potato seeds. In summary, the P. infestans population is mainly shaped by migration and probably by the appearance of variants of key effectors such as Avr3a.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo Fermín
- Universidad de Los Andes, La Hechicera, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Luz E Lagos
- Universidad de Nariño, Pasto, Nariño, Colombia
| | | | | | - Camilo Salazar
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Apartado 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
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Draffehn AM, Meller S, Li L, Gebhardt C. Natural diversity of potato (Solanum tuberosum) invertases. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:271. [PMID: 21143910 PMCID: PMC3012049 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invertases are ubiquitous enzymes that irreversibly cleave sucrose into fructose and glucose. Plant invertases play important roles in carbohydrate metabolism, plant development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. In potato (Solanum tuberosum), invertases are involved in 'cold-induced sweetening' of tubers, an adaptive response to cold stress, which negatively affects the quality of potato chips and French fries. Linkage and association studies have identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for tuber sugar content and chip quality that colocalize with three independent potato invertase loci, which together encode five invertase genes. The role of natural allelic variation of these genes in controlling the variation of tuber sugar content in different genotypes is unknown. RESULTS For functional studies on natural variants of five potato invertase genes we cloned and sequenced 193 full-length cDNAs from six heterozygous individuals (three tetraploid and three diploid). Eleven, thirteen, ten, twelve and nine different cDNA alleles were obtained for the genes Pain-1, InvGE, InvGF, InvCD141 and InvCD111, respectively. Allelic cDNA sequences differed from each other by 4 to 9%, and most were genotype specific. Additional variation was identified by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis in an association-mapping population of 219 tetraploid individuals. Haplotype modeling revealed two to three major haplotypes besides a larger number of minor frequency haplotypes. cDNA alleles associated with chip quality, tuber starch content and starch yield were identified. CONCLUSIONS Very high natural allelic variation was uncovered in a set of five potato invertase genes. This variability is a consequence of the cultivated potato's reproductive biology. Some of the structural variation found might underlie functional variation that influences important agronomic traits such as tuber sugar content. The associations found between specific invertase alleles and chip quality, tuber starch content and starch yield will facilitate the selection of superior potato genotypes in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M Draffehn
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Li Li
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Christiane Gebhardt
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
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Spooner DM, Gavrilenko T, Jansky SH, Ovchinnikova A, Krylova E, Knapp S, Simon R. Ecogeography of ploidy variation in cultivated potato (Solanum sect. Petota). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:2049-60. [PMID: 21616851 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The taxonomy of cultivated potatoes has been highly controversial, with estimates of species numbers ranging from 3 to 17. Ploidy level has been one of the most important taxonomic characters to recognize cultivated potato species, containing diploid (2n = 2x = 24), triploid (2n = 3x = 36), tetraploid (2n = 4x = 48), and pentaploid (2n = 5x = 60) cultivars. We tested the environmental associations of different ploidy levels in cultivated potato species that traditionally have been recognized as Linnaean taxa to see whether, in combination with prior morphological, molecular, and crossing data, some of the ploidy variants can be recognized as distinct taxa. • METHODS We summarize 2780 chromosome counts of landrace cultivated potatoes, provide georeferences to 2048 of them, and analyze these data for 20 environmental variables at 10-min resolution using the randomForest algorithm to explore associations with taxa and ploidy variants. • KEY RESULTS Except for the S. tuberosum Chilotanum Group and extreme northern and southern range extensions of the Andigenum Group, it is impossible to find distinct habitats for the ploidy variants of the S. tuberosum Andigenum Group. • CONCLUSIONS Our distributional and ecological data, in combination with prior results from morphology, microsatellites, and crossing data, provide yet additional data to support a major reclassification of cultivated potato species. A rational, stable, and universally accepted taxonomy of this major crop plant will greatly aid all users of wild and cultivated potatoes from breeders to gene bank managers to ecologists and evolutionary biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Spooner
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1590 USA
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Rodríguez F, Ghislain M, Clausen AM, Jansky SH, Spooner DM. Hybrid origins of cultivated potatoes. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2010; 121:1187-1198. [PMID: 20734187 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Solanum section Petota is taxonomically difficult, partly because of interspecific hybridization at both the diploid and polyploid levels. The taxonomy of cultivated potatoes is particularly controversial. Using DNA sequence data of the waxy gene, we here infer relationships among the four species of cultivated potatoes accepted in the latest taxonomic treatment (S. ajanhuiri, S. curtilobum, S. juzepczukii and S. tuberosum, the latter divided into the Andigenum and Chilotanum Cultivar Groups). The data support prior ideas of hybrid origins of S. ajanhuiri from the S. tuberosum Andigenum Group (2x = S. stenotomum) × S. megistacrolobum; S. juzepczukii from the S. tuberosum Andigenum Group (2x = S. stenotomum) × S. acaule; and S. curtilobum from the S. tuberosum Andigenum Group (4x = S. tuberosum subsp. andigenum) × S. juzepczukii. For the tetraploid cultivar-groups of S. tuberosum, hybrid origins are suggested entirely within much more closely related species, except for two of three examined accessions of the S. tuberosum Chilotanum Group that appear to have hybridized with the wild species S. maglia. Hybrid origins of the crop/weed species S. sucrense are more difficult to support and S. vernei is not supported as a wild species progenitor of the S. tuberosum Andigenum Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor Rodríguez
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1590, USA
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Hosaka K, Sanetomo R. Comparative differentiation in mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA among cultivated potatoes and closely related wild species. Genes Genet Syst 2010; 84:371-8. [PMID: 20154424 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.84.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 476 accessions of seven cultivated and 32 wild potato species previously characterized by nuclear DNA (nDNA) and chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) marker analyses were employed to the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker analysis. Fourteen simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with mononucleotide repeat regions were developed from the potato mtDNA, although their variability was extremely low. Six mtDNA markers including three developed SSR markers disclosed 40 banding patterns that discriminated 63 different mtDNAs. For the same set of samples, 72 ctDNA banding patterns discriminated 129 different ctDNAs. Consequently, 164 haplotypes were distinguished. The correlation between ctDNA and mtDNA differentiation was positive (r = 0.226), but poor when compared with that between ctDNA and nDNA (r = 0.415), which likely lowered the utility of mtDNA polymorphisms in evaluating relationships among these species. Nevertheless, a finding of a unique mtDNA type in all T-type ctDNA holders (S. tuberosum and S. tarijense) strongly supports S. tarijense functioned as a maternal ancestor of potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Hosaka
- Food Resources Education and Research Center, Kobe University, 1348 Uzurano, Kasai, Hyogo 675-2103, Japan.
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Naciri Y, Cavat F, Jeanmonod D. Silene patula (Siphonomorpha, Caryophyllaceae) in North Africa: A test of colonisation routes using chloroplast markers. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 54:922-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Spooner DM. DNA barcoding will frequently fail in complicated groups: An example in wild potatoes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2009; 96:1177-89. [PMID: 21628268 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0800246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
DNA barcoding ("barcoding") has been proposed as a rapid and practical molecular method to identify species via diagnostic variation in short orthologous DNA sequences from one or a few universal genomic regions. It seeks to address in a rapid and simple way the "taxonomic impediment" of a greater need for taxonomic identifications than can be supplied by taxonomists. Using a complicated plant group, Solanum sect. Petota (wild potatoes), I tested barcoding with the most variable and frequently suggested plant barcoding regions: the internal nontranscribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) and the plastid markers trnH-psbA intergenic spacer and matK. These DNA regions fail to provide species-specific markers in sect. Petota because the ITS has too much intraspecific variation and the plastid markers lack sufficient polymorphism. The complications seen in wild potatoes are common in many plant groups, but they have not been assessed with barcoding. Barcoding is a retroactive procedure that relies on well-defined species to function, is based solely on a limited number of DNA sequences that are often inappropriate at the species level, has been poorly tested with geographically well-dispersed replicate samples from difficult taxonomic groups, and discounts substantial practical and theoretical problems in defining species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Spooner
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1590 USA
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Ghislain M, Núñez J, Herrera MDR, Spooner DM. The single Andigenum origin of Neo-Tuberosum potato materials is not supported by microsatellite and plastid marker analyses. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2009; 118:963-969. [PMID: 19132333 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Neo-Tuberosum refers to cultivated potato adapted to long-day tuberization and a syndrome of related morphological and physiological traits, developed by intercrossing and selection of short-day adapted potatoes of the Solanum tuberosum Andigenum Group, native from the Andes of western Venezuela to northern Argentina. This re-creation of the modern potato helped support the theory of an Andigenum Group origin of potato in temperate regions and the possibility to access the largely untapped diversity of the Andigenum Group germplasm by base broadening breeding. This Neo-Tuberosum derived theory, the re-creation of the modern potato from Andigenum germplasm, has been universally accepted for almost 40 years, and has had tremendous impact in planning some breeding programs and supporting phylogenetic conclusions in cultivated potato. We show, with microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) and plastid DNA marker data, that Neo-Tuberosum germplasm is closely related to Chilotanum Group landraces from lowland south-central Chile rather than to Andigenum Group germplasm. We interpret this quite unexpected result to be caused by strong rapid selection against the original Andigenum clones after unintended hybridization with Chilotanum Group germplasm. In addition, we show that Neo-Tuberosum and Andigenum Group germplasm did not serve to broaden the overall genetic diversity of advanced potato varieties, but rather that Neo-Tuberosum lines and lines not using this germplasm are statistically identical with regard to genetic diversity as assessed by SSRs. These results question the long-standing Neo-Tuberosum derived theory and have implications in breeding programs and phylogenetic reconstructions of potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ghislain
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, International Potato Center (CIP), P.O. Box 1558, Lima, 12, Peru.
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Dobson G, Shepherd T, Verrall SR, Conner S, McNicol JW, Ramsay G, Shepherd LVT, Davies HV, Stewart D. Phytochemical diversity in tubers of potato cultivars and landraces using a GC-MS metabolomics approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10280-91. [PMID: 18937493 DOI: 10.1021/jf801370b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical diversity with respect to a range of polar (including amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols) and nonpolar (including fatty acids, alkanols, and sterols) metabolites was examined within tubers from a total of 29 genetically diverse potato cultivars and Chilean landraces using a metabolomics approach by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. From principal component analysis of the polar and nonpolar metabolite data there was insufficient variation to differentiate the majority of cultivars and landraces. Analysis of all polar metabolite profiles revealed separation of two cultivars (Glenna and Morag) from the other cultivars and landraces and a separate cluster of one landrace line, largely due to higher levels of sugars. Pentland Javelin was distinct in containing high levels of many amino acids. The two Solanum tuberosum group phureja cultivars (Inca Sun and Mayan Gold) were not particularly similar and were not separated from the S. tuberosum group tuberosum cultivars. Analysis of the nonpolar metabolite data revealed partial separation of two landrace lines and, on the basis of some minor fatty acids, Mayan Gold was distinct. The differences in metabolite profiles are considered in terms of the taxonomy and breeding history of the cultivars and possible influences from other factors such as developmental stage of the tuber. With a view to exploring biosynthetic links between metabolites, a pairwise correlation analysis was performed on all metabolites. The significance of high correlations between many amino acids and between several nonpolar metabolites is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Dobson
- SCRI, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, U.K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Knapp
- Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
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