1
|
Kwak HJ, Kim J, Kim SY, Park S, Choi J, Kim SH. Moracin E and M isolated from Morus alba Linné induced the skeletal muscle cell proliferation via PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20570. [PMID: 37996535 PMCID: PMC10667267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Twigs of Morus alba have been used in traditional medicine to treat muscle-related symptoms such as aches, numbness, and stiffness. Despite its clinical use in traditional medicine, its active compounds and mode of action have not yet been investigated. Therefore, we aimed to isolate the compounds from the twigs of M. alba and deduce active compounds, key gene targets, and mechanism of action against sarcopenia using network pharmacology analysis. Using various isolation techniques and spectroscopic methods, 43 phytochemicals, including 3 new flavonoids, were isolated and performed network pharmacology analysis. According to the computational-assistant analysis, 28 compounds, 9 genes, and the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway were deduced as expected active compounds (EAC), key targets, and the main signaling pathway. To verify the predicted results, the cell proliferation activities of the EAC were evaluated. Especially, moracin E and M significantly increased by 130% (p < 0.001) and 57% (p < 0.05), respectively, which have more than 2- and 1.5-fold stronger effects compared to the control. Furthermore, both increased the expression level of proteins involved in the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway and myogenic proteins, including myogenin and MyoD. This study demonstrated that moracin E and M exhibit cell proliferative effects on skeletal muscle cells through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jae Kwak
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Seo-Young Kim
- Division of Practical Application, Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo, 58762, South Korea
| | - SeonJu Park
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Junjeong Choi
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Urbanek Krajnc A, Bakonyi T, Ando I, Kurucz E, Solymosi N, Pongrac P, Berčič RL. The Effect of Feeding with Central European Local Mulberry Genotypes on the Development and Health Status of Silkworms and Quality Parameters of Raw Silk. INSECTS 2022; 13:836. [PMID: 36135536 PMCID: PMC9506520 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm rearing activities ceased in the 1970's in several European countries. Attempts on the re-establishment of ecological and sustainable sericulture in Slovenia and Hungary are ongoing. The aim of the study was to assess the usability of locally adapted mulberry genotypes for sericulture and to estimate connections between leaf compound and silkworm performance parameters. A controlled feeding experiment of silkworms was performed to test the influence of leaves from selected trees on the growth of larvae, the health and microbiological status of larvae (e.g., gut bacterial microbiome, Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus infection), weight of cocoons and raw silk parameters. The Slovenian and Hungarian mulberry genotypes had significantly higher total protein contents, and lower total phenolic contents and differed significantly in some individual phenolics compared to the reference sericultural and fruit varieties. Significant differences were found in the contents of the macro- and microelements, namely S, Mn, Fe, and Sr. Based on correlative statistics and multivariate analysis, a combined positive influence of proteins, specific phenolics, and microelements on larval growth and silk thread parameters was predicted. The results of the study indicate that selected local Slovenian and Hungarian mulberry varieties are suitable for high-quality silk cocoon and raw silk production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Urbanek Krajnc
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia
| | - Tamas Bakonyi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Istvan Ando
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eva Kurucz
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paula Pongrac
- Department of Biology, Chair of Botany and Plant Physiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rebeka Lucijana Berčič
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Sericulture, Rebecca Luciana Bercic, Koroška c. 65, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park SY, Kwon O, Kim JY. Effect of Mori ramulus on the postprandial blood glucose levels and inflammatory responses of healthy subjects subjected to an oral high-fat/sucrose challenge: A double-blind, randomized, crossover clinical trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112552. [PMID: 34923339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood glucose is inadequately controlled in diabetes mellitus, causing various inflammation-related complications. This study aimed to investigate responses to an oral sucrose/lipid challenge in the context of glucose metabolism after consumption of Mori ramulus (MR) extract. In this study on healthy subjects, the optimal dose and safety of MR were confirmed in a preliminary pilot trial (n = 24), meanwhile, blood glucose, insulin, and inflammatory marker levels were detected via an oral sucrose/lipid tolerance test in the main trial (n = 36). In the main study, the blood glucose response was significantly decreased after 240 min in the MR group. Compared to the placebo group, the treatment group exhibited plasma insulin levels that were significantly increased at 120 min and decreased at 240 min. In conclusion, a single MR extract dose protects against inflammation induced by high-fat/sugar to maintain normal insulin secretion and thus helps to maintain postprandial blood glucose levels via an inflammatory mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea; Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Likhitwitayawuid K. Oxyresveratrol: Sources, Productions, Biological Activities, Pharmacokinetics, and Delivery Systems. Molecules 2021; 26:4212. [PMID: 34299485 PMCID: PMC8307110 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxyresveratrol has recently attracted much research attention due to its simple chemical structure and diverse therapeutic potentials. Previous reviews describe the chemistry and biological activities of this phytoalexin, but additional coverage and greater accessibility are still needed. The current review provides a more comprehensive summary, covering research from 1955 to the present year. Oxyresveratrol occurs in both gymnosperms and angiosperms. However, it has never been reported in plants in the subclass Sympetalae, and this point might be of both chemotaxonomic and biosynthetic importance. Oxyresveratrol can be easily obtained from plant materials by conventional methods, and several systems for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of oxyresveratrol contents in plant materials and plant products are available. Oxyresveratrol possesses diverse biological and pharmacological activities such as the inhibition of tyrosinase and melanogenesis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and protective effects against neurological disorders and digestive ailments. However, the unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties of oxyresveratrol, including low water solubility and poor oral availability and stability, have posed challenges to its development as a useful therapeutic agent. Recently, several delivery systems have emerged, with promising outcomes that may improve chances for the clinical study of oxyresveratrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kittisak Likhitwitayawuid
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Quantitative Comparison of the Marker Compounds in Different Medicinal Parts of Morus alba L. Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector with Chemometric Analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235592. [PMID: 33261214 PMCID: PMC7730820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that the therapeutic efficacy of Morus alba L. is determined by its biological compounds. We investigated the chemical differences in the medicinal parts of M. alba by analyzing a total of 57 samples (15 root barks, 11 twigs, 12 fruits, and 19 leaves). Twelve marker compounds, including seven flavonoids, two stilbenoids, two phenolic acids, and a coumarin, were quantitatively analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector and chemometric analyses (principal component and heatmap analysis). The results demonstrated that the levels and compositions of the marker compounds varied in each medicinal part. The leaves contained higher levels of six compounds, the root barks contained higher levels of four compounds, and the twigs contained higher levels of two compounds. The results of chemometric analysis showed clustering of the samples according to the medicinal part, with the marker compounds strongly associated with each part: mulberroside A, taxifolin, kuwanon G, and morusin for the root barks; 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and oxyresveratrol for the twigs and skimmin; chlorogenic acid, rutin, isoquercitrin, astragalin, and quercitrin for the leaves. Our approach plays a fundamental role in the quality evaluation and further understanding of biological actions of herbal medicines derived from various medicinal plant parts.
Collapse
|
6
|
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids from 12 species of Korean mulberry leaves. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:1789-1796. [PMID: 29666531 PMCID: PMC5897299 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The total flavonoids in leaves of 12 varieties of Korean mulberry (Morus alba L.) were determined. Seventeen flavonoids were isolated and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–DAD–QTOF/MS). To determine the flavonoid contents, HPLC analysis was performed on these 17 flavonoids. The total flavonoid contents of the 12 varieties of mulberry leaves ranged from 748.5 to 1297.9 mg, with the highest obtained from the Cheong Su variety (1297.9 ± 112.0 mg). Among the 17 flavonoids analyzed, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) and quercetin 3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) had highest contents in the Cheong Su variety. Furthermore, the Dae Dang Sang variety gave the highest quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) content among the mulberry leaves investigated, at 425.5 ± 45.9 mg. Major flavonols from Dae Dang Sang were detected by UPLC–DAD–QTOF/MS. A total of 17 flavonoid compound peaks were identified in the analysis time range of 5–40 min, all of which were kaempferol and quercetin glycosides. Seven of the 17 compounds identified in mulberry leaves were unknown.
Collapse
|
7
|
Skin depigmenting action of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) droppings in zebrafish. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:245-253. [PMID: 29356892 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The excrement of silkworms (Bombyx mori L.), referred to here as silkworm droppings (SDs), is used as a traditional drug in eastern medicine to treat skin diseases such as urticaria and atopy. However, the depigmentation effects of SDs have not previously been evaluated. We focused on the depigmentation effect of a methanol extract of SDs and isolated components of the extract using a zebrafish model system. (+)-Dehydrovomifoliol (M-1), (6R,7E,9R)-9-hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3-one (M-2), (3S,5R,8R)-3,5-dihydroxymegastigma-6,7-dien-9-one (M-3), roseoside (M-4), and citroside A (M-5) were isolated from only SDs extract (SDE), and chemical structures were identified through spectroscopic methods. Toxicity of SDE was evaluated by assessing its effect on the viability of human fibroblast cells and the hatching rate of zebrafish embryos. In addition, the depigmentation ability of SDE and isolated constituents was evaluated using a zebrafish model. Binary threshold, histograms, and the size of the black spots on the dorsal region of zebrafish larvae were analyzed using image analysis tools. Finally, SDE is a non-toxic material and has a dose-dependent depigmentation effect in zebrafish larvae. Moreover, various doses of compounds isolated from SDE, namely, M-1 to M-5, had a depigmentation effect. In particular, M-5 inhibited melanin synthesis in melanocytes stimulated by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Together, our results suggest that SDs can be used for depigmentation purposes in health and/or cosmetic applications.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahn E, Lee J, Jeon YH, Choi SW, Kim E. Anti-diabetic effects of mulberry ( Morus alba L.) branches and oxyresveratrol in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1693-1702. [PMID: 30263707 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite with accumulating evidences on the anti-diabetic effects of mulberry branch (MB), the major active component for the activity has not been known. Oral administration of MB ethanol (EtOH) extracts [0.5 or 1 g/kg body weight (BW)] once a day for 22 days to streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse significantly reduced fasting blood and plasma glucose level in a dose dependent manner compared to those of the diabetic control. Administration of oxyresveratrol [ORT, 0.6 g/kg BW], a major compound of MB EtOH extracts, to diabetic ICR mouse also significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose level. Further, ORT increased hepatic glucose transporter 2 transcription and glycogen content. Plasma insulin concentration and intestinal disaccharidase activity were not different between diabetic control and ORT groups. This suggests that ORT reduced plasma glucose by stimulating hepatic glucose uptake and glycogen storage. MB EtOH extracts and ORT could be potential adjunct therapies for diabetes management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunyeong Ahn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38430 Korea
| | - Jimin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38430 Korea
| | - Young-Hee Jeon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38430 Korea
| | - Sang-Won Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38430 Korea
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38430 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Amézqueta S, Torres J. Advances in the analysis of iminocyclitols: Methods, sources and bioavailability. Talanta 2016; 151:157-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
Park SY, Jin BR, Lee YR, Kim YJ, Park JB, Jeon YH, Choi SW, Kwon O. Postprandial hypoglycemic effects of mulberry twig and root bark in vivo and in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4163/jnh.2016.49.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Yeon Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Bo Ra Jin
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yu Rim Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - You Jin Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jeong Bin Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Young Hee Jeon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyungsan 38430, Korea
| | - Sang Won Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyungsan 38430, Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| |
Collapse
|