1
|
Ye J, Zhang J, Ding W. DNA methylation modulates epigenetic regulation in colorectal cancer diagnosis, prognosis and precision medicine. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:34-53. [PMID: 38464391 PMCID: PMC10918240 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifaceted disease influenced by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The clinical heterogeneity of CRC cannot be attributed exclusively to genetic diversity and environmental exposures, and epigenetic markers, especially DNA methylation, play a critical role as key molecular markers of cancer. This review compiles a comprehensive body of evidence underscoring the significant involvement of DNA methylation modifications in the pathogenesis of CRC. Moreover, this review explores the potential utility of DNA methylation in cancer diagnosis, prognostics, assessment of disease activity, and prediction of drug responses. Recognizing the impact of DNA methylation will enhance the ability to identify distinct CRC subtypes, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies and advancing precision medicine in the management of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian 223800, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weifeng Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Órdenes P, Carril Pardo C, Elizondo-Vega R, Oyarce K. Current Research on Molecular Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer in Stool Samples. BIOLOGY 2023; 13:15. [PMID: 38248446 PMCID: PMC10813333 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most diagnosed cancers worldwide, with a high incidence and mortality rate when diagnosed late. Currently, the methods used in healthcare to diagnose CRC are the fecal occult blood test, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy. However, the lack of sensitivity and specificity and low population adherence are driving the need to implement other technologies that can identify biomarkers that not only help with early CRC detection but allow for the selection of more personalized treatment options. In this regard, the implementation of omics technologies, which can screen large pools of biological molecules, coupled with molecular validation, stands out as a promising tool for the discovery of new biomarkers from biopsied tissues or body fluids. This review delves into the current state of the art in the identification of novel CRC biomarkers that can distinguish cancerous tissue, specifically from fecal samples, as this could be the least invasive approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Órdenes
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (P.Ó.); (C.C.P.)
| | - Claudio Carril Pardo
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (P.Ó.); (C.C.P.)
| | - Roberto Elizondo-Vega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
| | - Karina Oyarce
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (P.Ó.); (C.C.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mokhtari K, Peymani M, Rashidi M, Hushmandi K, Ghaedi K, Taheriazam A, Hashemi M. Colon cancer transcriptome. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 180-181:49-82. [PMID: 37059270 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last four decades, methodological innovations have continuously changed transcriptome profiling. It is now feasible to sequence and quantify the transcriptional outputs of individual cells or thousands of samples using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). These transcriptomes serve as a connection between cellular behaviors and their underlying molecular mechanisms, such as mutations. This relationship, in the context of cancer, provides a chance to unravel tumor complexity and heterogeneity and uncover novel biomarkers or treatment options. Since colon cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies, its prognosis and diagnosis seem to be critical. The transcriptome technology is developing for an earlier and more accurate diagnosis of cancer which can provide better protectivity and prognostic utility to medical teams and patients. A transcriptome is a whole set of expressed coding and non-coding RNAs in an individual or cell population. The cancer transcriptome includes RNA-based changes. The combined genome and transcriptome of a patient may provide a comprehensive picture of their cancer, and this information is beginning to affect treatment decision-making in real-time. A full assessment of the transcriptome of colon (colorectal) cancer has been assessed in this review paper based on risk factors such as age, obesity, gender, alcohol use, race, and also different stages of cancer, as well as non-coding RNAs like circRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and siRNAs. Similarly, they have been examined independently in the transcriptome study of colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khatere Mokhtari
- Department of Modern Biology, ACECR Institute of Higher Education (Isfahan Branch), Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 4815733971, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, 4815733971, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang X, Hou H, Jiang M, Zhang X. Aberrant circulating tumor DNA methylation and exosomal microRNA biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2743-2750. [PMID: 36583782 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) became the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death in 2020. However, the rates of early screening and early diagnosis for CRC remain unsatisfactory. Thus, it is essential to explore the initiating factors of CRC and strategies for its early diagnosis. Research progress in liquid biopsy has led to the finding that circulating tumor-derived DNA (ctDNA) and exosomes play vital roles in early detection of CRC. THE APPLICATIONS OF LIQUID BIOPSY FOR EARLY DETECTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER: Moreover, the increased understanding of epigenetics has highlighted the role of ctDNA methylation in CRC carcinogenesis, and the detection of aberrant ctDNA methylation markers is a feasible strategy for diagnosis of early-stage CRC. Among exosomal markers, microRNAs (miRNAs) are abundant and are the most researched. Upregulated or downregulated expression of exosome-derived miRNAs can indicate the occurrence of early-stage CRC. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE The current research progress on aberrant ctDNA methylation and tumor exosomal miRNA biomarkers in early detection of CRC is summarized in this review, and the advantages and shortcomings of the methods are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Zhang
- Precision Medicine Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Helei Hou
- Precision Medicine Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Precision Medicine Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Precision Medicine Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. .,Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fan X, Shi C, Wei M, Xiao Y, Wang X. External quality assessment for detection of methylated Syndecan 2 ( SDC2) in China. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:1570-1576. [PMID: 35942951 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Detection of Syndecan 2 (SDC2) methylation in stool DNA is a novel method for the auxiliary diagnosis of early colorectal cancer (CRC). Currently, this method has been widely applied; however, its accuracy and reliability have not been determined. The objective of this pioneering study was to evaluate the performance of clinical laboratories in China for their ability to detect SDC2 methylation from stool DNA. METHODS We generated a sample panel consisting of clinical and cell samples. The clinical samples were stool specimens from patients with or without CRC, including four positives (prepared by serial dilution from one stool specimen), one negative and one interferential sample. Two cell samples, with positive or negative methylated SDC2, were used as controls. The panel was distributed to 32 clinical laboratories for analysis of SDC2 methylation, and the results were compared and scored. RESULTS The sample panel was compatible with commercially available assays and it showed appropriate stability to be an external quality assessment material. There were four false results; one hospital laboratory and one commercial diagnostic laboratory had a false-positive and a false-negative result, respectively, and one commercial diagnostic laboratory had both a false-positive and false-negative result. Among the 32 participating laboratories, 29 (90.62%) obtained an acceptable or better performance score, while 3 (9.38%) laboratories required improvement. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the detection of SDC2 methylation from stool DNA was satisfactory in China. Additionally, the importance of external quality assessment was highlighted for monitoring the performance of clinical laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Fan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chunli Shi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yanqun Xiao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xueliang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Center for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Liu Y, Zhang D, Xiong X, Hao T, Zhong L, Zhao Y. Diagnostic accuracy of DNA-based SDC2 methylation test in colorectal cancer screening: a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:314. [PMID: 35754025 PMCID: PMC9235166 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing body of research suggests that methylated genes can be used as early diagnostic markers for cancer. Some studies on methylated Syndecan 2 (SDC2) have shown that it has a great diagnostic ability in colorectal cancer. This meta-analysis was aimed to estimate the diagnostic performance of methylated SDC2 as a potential novel biomarker to screen for the colorectal cancer. Methods Two independent researchers conducted a comprehensive literature search to identify all relevant studies on SDC2 methylation for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer from inception to March 1, 2021. By using STATA and Revman software, the data were analyzed using a Bivariate mixed model. The quality of each study was also evaluated. Results A total of 12 studies comprised of 1574 colorectal cancer patients and 1945 healthy people were included in our meta-analysis. Bivariate analysis showed a pooled sensitivity of 0.81 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74–0.86], specificity of 0.95 (95% CI 0.93–0.96), positive likelihood ratio of 15.29 (95% CI 10.83–21.60), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.21 (95% CI 0.15–0.27). The diagnostic odds ratio and the area under the summary ROC curve for diagnosing colorectal cancer were 74.42 (95% CI45.44–121.89) and 0.96 (95% CI 0.94–0.97), respectively. For adenomas, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.47 (95% CI 0.34–0.61) and 0.95 (95% CI 0.92–0.97), respectively. Conclusions Our analysis revealed that methylated SDC2 could be considered as a potential novel biomarker to screen for colorectal cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12876-022-02395-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Duohan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xiong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Tingting Hao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Lili Zhong
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.
| | - Yinlong Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Massen M, Lommen K, Wouters KAD, Vandersmissen J, van Criekinge W, Herman JG, Melotte V, Schouten LJ, van Engeland M, Smits KM. Technical considerations in PCR-based assay design for diagnostic DNA methylation cancer biomarkers. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:56. [PMID: 35477541 PMCID: PMC9047347 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation biomarkers for early detection, risk stratification and treatment response in cancer have been of great interest over the past decades. Nevertheless, clinical implementation of these biomarkers is limited, as only < 1% of the identified biomarkers is translated into a clinical or commercial setting. Technical factors such as a suboptimal genomic location of the assay and inefficient primer or probe design have been emphasized as important pitfalls in biomarker research. Here, we use eleven diagnostic DNA methylation biomarkers for colorectal cancer (ALX4, APC, CDKN2A, MGMT, MLH1, NDRG4, SDC2, SFRP1, SFRP2, TFPI1 and VIM), previously described in a systematic literature search, to evaluate these pitfalls. Results To assess the genomic assay location, the optimal genomic locations according to TCGA data were extracted and compared to the genomic locations used in the published assays for all eleven biomarkers. In addition, all primers and probes were technically evaluated according to several criteria, based on literature and expert opinion. Both assay location and assay design quality varied widely among studies. Conclusions Large variation in both assay location and design hinders the development of future DNA methylation biomarkers as well as inter-study comparability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maartje Massen
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Lommen
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim A D Wouters
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim van Criekinge
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - James G Herman
- The Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA
| | - Veerle Melotte
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Schouten
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon van Engeland
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim M Smits
- Department of Pathology, GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Müller D, Győrffy B. DNA methylation-based diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188722. [PMID: 35307512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism regulating gene expression. Changes in DNA methylation were suggested to be useful biomarkers for diagnosis, and for the determination of prognosis and treatment response. Here, we provide an overview of methylation-based biomarkers in colorectal cancer. First, we start with the two methylation-based diagnostic biomarkers already approved for colorectal cancer, SEPT9 and the combination of NDRG4 and BMP3. Then, we provide a list-based overview of new biomarker candidates depending on the sample source including plasma, stool, urine, and surgically removed tumor tissues. The most often identified markers like SDC2, VIM, APC, MGMT, SFRP1, SFRP2, and NDRG4 have distinct functions previously linked to tumor progression. Although numerous studies have identified tumor-specific methylation changes, most of these alterations were observed in a single study only. The lack of validation in independent samples means low reproducibility and is a major limitation. The genome-wide determination of methylation status (methylome) can provide data to solve these issues. In the third section of the review, methylome studies focusing on different aspects related to CRC, including precancerous lesions, CRC-specific changes, molecular subtypes, aging, and chemotherapy response are summarized. Notably, techniques simultaneously analyzing a large set of regions can also uncover epigenetic regulation of genes which have not yet been associated with tumorigenesis previously. A remaining constraint of studies published to date is the low patient number utilized in these preventing the identification of clinically valuable biomarker candidates. Either future large-scale studies or the integration of already available methylome-level data will be necessary to uncover biomarkers sufficiently robust for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalma Müller
- Dept. of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cancer Biomarker Research Group, RCNS, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Dept. of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Cancer Biomarker Research Group, RCNS, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020852. [PMID: 35055034 PMCID: PMC8776048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Less than half of cases are diagnosed when the cancer is locally advanced. CRC is a heterogenous disease associated with a number of genetic or somatic mutations. Diagnostic markers are used for risk stratification and early detection, which might prolong overall survival. Nowadays, the widespread use of semi-invasive endoscopic methods and feacal blood tests characterised by suboptimal accuracy of diagnostic results has led to the detection of cases at later stages. New molecular noninvasive tests based on the detection of CRC alterations seem to be more sensitive and specific then the current methods. Therefore, research aiming at identifying molecular markers, such as DNA, RNA and proteins, would improve survival rates and contribute to the development of personalized medicine. The identification of “ideal” diagnostic biomarkers, having high sensitivity and specificity, being safe, cheap and easy to measure, remains a challenge. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in novel diagnostic biomarkers for tumor tissue, blood and stool samples in CRC patients.
Collapse
|
10
|
He S, Zhou C, Peng H, Lin M. Recent advances in fecal gene detection for colorectal cancer diagnosis. Biomark Med 2021; 15:1299-1308. [PMID: 34544268 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a gradual increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in recent years. Most patients lack obvious early symptoms, but are commonly in mid and advanced stages when the symptoms become evident, with rather high mortalities. Early diagnosis, treatment and recurrence monitoring are crucial to improving the recovery rate of CRC. Studies have shown that tumor-related genes can be detected in the feces of CRC patients. Owing to non-invasiveness, convenient sampling and continuous dynamic monitoring, fecal gene detection may be applicable to CRC screening, diagnosis, prognostic assessment and recurrence monitoring. Herein, we review the research advances in fecal gene detection for CRC diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu He
- Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou People's Hospital (Postgraduate training base of Dalian Medical University), Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou People's Hospital (Postgraduate training base of Dalian Medical University), Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailin Peng
- Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou People's Hospital (Postgraduate training base of Dalian Medical University), Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Lin
- Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou People's Hospital (Postgraduate training base of Dalian Medical University), Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jin H, Pang L, Li H, Xu M, Yan H, Li R. [Value of combined detection of ITGA4 and SFRP2 gene methylation in stool DNA in diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of colorectal tumors]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:891-897. [PMID: 34238742 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.06.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the value of quantitative detection of ITGA4 and SFRP2 gene methylation in stool DNA for the early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of colorectal tumors. OBJECTIVE Real-time PCR was used for quantitative assessment of ITGA4 and SFRP2 gene methylation levels in stool samples of 85 patients with colorectal cancer, 65 patients with colorectal adenoma and 40 healthy subjects. OBJECTIVE The 3 groups were comparable for age and gender composition. Methylated ITGA4 and SFRP2 promoters were detected in 48.2% and 62.4% of patients with colorectal cancer, respectively, with a combined positivity of 81.2%. ITGA4 and SFRP2 promoter methylation was detected in 23.1% and 43.1% of patients with colorectal adenoma, respectively, with a combined positivity of 69.2%. The positivity rates of ITGA4 and SFRP2 methylation were significantly higher in patients with colorectal cancer than in those with colorectal adenoma (P < 0.001; P= 0.001) and healthy subjects (P < 0.001; P < 0.001). In colorectal cancer group, ITGA4 and SFRP2 promoter methylation levels were correlated with postoperative tumor recurrence in colorectal cancer group, and the relapse-free survival rate was significantly lower in positive patients for ITGA4 and SFRP2 promoter methylation than in the negative patients (P=0.0002; P=0.007). Multivariate analysis with the COX proportional hazard regression model showed that methylation of ITGA4 and SFRP2 gene promoters (P=0.01) and the degree of tumor differentiation (P=0.03) were associated with the recurrence of colorectal cancer, and were independent risk factors for the recurrence of colorectal cancer. OBJECTIVE Combined detection of ITGA4 and SFRP2 gene methylation levels in stool DNA can improve the early diagnosis rate of colorectal tumor. ITGA4 and SFRP2 promoter methylation and the degree of tumor differentiation are independent risk factors for colorectal cancer recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - L Pang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - H Li
- Department of Quality Control, Affiliated Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - M Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - H Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - R Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gachabayov M, Lebovics E, Rojas A, Felsenreich DM, Latifi R, Bergamaschi R. Performance evaluation of stool DNA methylation tests in colorectal cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis 2021; 23:1030-1042. [PMID: 33410272 DOI: 10.1111/codi.15521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM There is not sufficient evidence about whether stool DNA methylation tests allow prioritizing patients to colonoscopy. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there will be a wait-list for rescheduling colonoscopies once the mitigation is lifted. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the accuracy of stool DNA methylation tests in detecting colorectal cancer. METHODS The PubMed, Cochrane Library and MEDLINE via Ovid were searched. Studies reporting the accuracy (Sackett phase 2 or 3) of stool DNA methylation tests to detect sporadic colorectal cancer were included. The DerSimonian-Laird method with random-effects model was utilized for meta-analysis. RESULTS Forty-six studies totaling 16 149 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of all single genes and combinations was 62.7% (57.7%, 67.4%) and 91% (89.5%, 92.2%), respectively. Combinations of genes provided higher sensitivity compared to single genes (80.8% [75.1%, 85.4%] vs. 57.8% [52.3%, 63.1%]) with no significant decrease in specificity (87.8% [84.1%, 90.7%] vs. 92.1% [90.4%, 93.5%]). The most accurate single gene was found to be SDC2 with a sensitivity of 83.1% (72.6%, 90.2%) and a specificity of 91.2% (88.6%, 93.2%). CONCLUSIONS Stool DNA methylation tests have high specificity (92%) with relatively lower sensitivity (81%). Combining genes increases sensitivity compared to single gene tests. The single most accurate gene is SDC2, which should be considered for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahir Gachabayov
- Section of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Edward Lebovics
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Aram Rojas
- Section of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Daniel M Felsenreich
- Section of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Rifat Latifi
- Section of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Roberto Bergamaschi
- Section of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Grady WM. Epigenetic alterations in the gastrointestinal tract: Current and emerging use for biomarkers of cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 151:425-468. [PMID: 34148620 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. One of the hallmarks of cancer and a fundamental trait of virtually all gastrointestinal cancers is genomic and epigenomic DNA alterations. Cancer cells acquire genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive the initiation and progression of the cancers by altering the molecular and cell biological process of the cells. These alterations, as well as other host and microenvironment factors, ultimately mediate the initiation and progression of cancers, including colorectal cancer. Epigenetic alterations, which include changes affecting DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin structure, and noncoding RNA expression, have emerged as a major class of molecular alteration in colon polyps and colorectal cancer. The classes of epigenetic alterations, their status in colorectal polyps and cancer, their effects on neoplasm biology, and their application to clinical care will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William M Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Grady WM, Yu M, Markowitz SD. Epigenetic Alterations in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Current and Emerging Use for Biomarkers of Cancer. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:690-709. [PMID: 33279516 PMCID: PMC7878343 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, pancreatic cancer, and esophageal cancer are leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. A fundamental trait of virtually all gastrointestinal cancers is genomic and epigenomic DNA alterations. Cancer cells acquire genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive the initiation and progression of the cancers by altering the molecular and cell biological processes of the cells. These alterations, as well as other host and microenvironment factors, ultimately mediate the clinical behavior of the precancers and cancers and can be used as biomarkers for cancer risk determination, early detection of cancer and precancer, determination of the prognosis of cancer and prediction of the response to therapy. Epigenetic alterations have emerged as one of most robust classes of biomarkers and are the basis for a growing number of clinical tests for cancer screening and surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William M. Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ming Yu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cao Y, Zhao G, Yuan M, Liu X, Ma Y, Cao Y, Miao B, Zhao S, Li D, Xiong S, Zheng M, Fei S. KCNQ5 and C9orf50 Methylation in Stool DNA for Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 10:621295. [PMID: 33585248 PMCID: PMC7878552 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.621295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant DNA methylation has emerged as a class of promising biomarkers for early colorectal cancer (CRC) detection, but the performance of methylated C9orf50 and methylated KCNQ5 in stool DNA has never been evaluated. Methods Methylation specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for methylated C9orf50 and methylated KCNQ5 were developed. The methylation levels of C9orf50 and KCNQ5 in 198 CRC patients, 20 advanced adenoma (AA) patients, 101 small polyp (SP) patients, and 141 no evidence of disease (NED) subjects were analyzed. Results The methylation levels of both KCNQ5 and C9orf50 genes were significantly higher in CRC and AA groups than those in SP and NED groups, but showed no significant difference among different stages of CRC. The sensitivities of methylated KCNQ5 and methylated C9orf50 for CRC detection were 77.3% (95% CI: 70.7–82.8%) and 85.9% (95% CI: 80.0–90.2%) with specificities of 91.5% (95% CI: 85.3–95.3%) and 95.0% (95% CI: 89.7–97.8%), respectively. When C9orf50 and methylated KCNQ5 were combined, the clinical performance for CRC detection was similar to that of methylated C9orf50 alone. Conclusions Stool DNA based methylated C9orf50 test has the potential to become an alternative approach for CRC screening and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guodong Zhao
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of R&D, Suzhou VersaBio Technologies Co. Ltd., Kunshan, China
| | - Mufa Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, China.,Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bei Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Zhao
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Danning Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shangmin Xiong
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, China.,Department of R&D, Suzhou VersaBio Technologies Co. Ltd., Kunshan, China
| | - Minxue Zheng
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, China.,Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Fei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Laugsand EA, Brenne SS, Skorpen F. DNA methylation markers detected in blood, stool, urine, and tissue in colorectal cancer: a systematic review of paired samples. Int J Colorectal Dis 2021; 36:239-251. [PMID: 33030559 PMCID: PMC7801356 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-020-03757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Methylated cell-free DNA in liquid biopsies are promising non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC). Optimal markers would have high sensitivity and specificity for early detection of CRC and could be detected in more than one type of material from the patient. We systematically reviewed the literature on DNA methylation markers of colorectal cancer, detected in more than one type of material, regarding their potential as contributors to a panel for screening and follow-up of CRC. METHODS The databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase were systematically searched. Data extraction and review was performed by two authors independently. Agreement between methylation status in tissue and other materials (blood/stool/urine) was analyzed using the McNemar test and Cohen's kappa. RESULTS From the 51 included studies, we identified seven single markers with sensitivity ≥ 75% and specificity ≥ 90% for CRC. We also identified one promising plasma panel and two stool panels. The correspondence of methylation status was evaluated as very good for four markers, but only marginal for most of the other markers investigated (12 of 21). CONCLUSION The included studies reported only some of the variables and markers of interest and included few patients. Hence, a meta-analysis was not possible at this point. Larger, prospective studies must be designed to study the discordant detection of markers in tissue and liquid biopsies. When reporting their findings, such studies should use a standardized format.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eivor Alette Laugsand
- Department of Surgery, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital trust, N-7600, Levanger, Norway.
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Siv Sellæg Brenne
- Department of Surgery, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital trust, N-7600, Levanger, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frank Skorpen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Raut JR, Guan Z, Schrotz-King P, Brenner H. Fecal DNA methylation markers for detecting stages of colorectal cancer and its precursors: a systematic review. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:122. [PMID: 32778176 PMCID: PMC7418412 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation biomarkers in stool may have applications in early colorectal cancer (CRC) detection; however, their association with stages of CRC carcinogenesis or their performance in detecting various stages is unclear. We aimed to systematically review the evidence for DNA methylation markers in stool for risk stratification or detection of specific CRC stages, as well as precursors of CRC. Methods We conducted a systematic search in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge to identify relevant studies published until 14th January 2020. Two reviewers independently extracted data on study population characteristics, candidate genes, methylation measurement methods, odds ratios (ORs), overall and stage-specific sensitivities, specificities, areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve, and p-values for statistical significance for OR and for association of methylation levels with stage. Results Twenty-seven studies that reported stage-specific associations or performances of fecal DNA methylation markers for detecting colorectal neoplasms were identified. All studies used methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction for assessing methylation levels in the promoter or exon 1 regions of targeted genes. However, most studies were underpowered and limited by their case-control design. Furthermore, the stage-specific associations or sensitivities were validated for two markers (hypermethylation of GATA4 and VIM) only. Conclusion Methylation markers in stool may be useful for detection of CRC precursors or CRC staging, but promising candidate markers need to be validated in longitudinal studies on large screening populations, performing epigenome-wide analyses. Identification of stage-specific DNA methylation biomarkers in stool could boost current strategies towards early detection and enable different approaches to precision medicine for CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi R Raut
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhong Guan
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Schrotz-King
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jin S, Ye Q, Hong Y, Dai W, Zhang C, Liu W, Guo Y, Zhu D, Zhang Z, Chen S, Wang Y, Li D, Ma W, Yang Z, Li J, Zheng Z, Luan J, Wu X, Jiang F, Xu C, Ding C. A systematic evaluation of stool DNA preparation protocols for colorectal cancer screening via analysis of DNA methylation biomarkers. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 59:91-99. [PMID: 32673280 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening using stool samples is now in routine use where tumor DNA methylation analysis for leading markers such as NDRG4 and SDC2 is an integral part of the test. However, processing stool samples for reproducible and efficient extraction of human genomic DNA remains a bottleneck for further research into better biomarkers and assays. Methods We systematically evaluated several factors involved in the processing of stool samples and extraction of DNA. These factors include: stool processing (solid and homogenized samples), preparation of DNA from supernatant and pellets, and DNA extraction with column and magnetic beads-based methods. Furthermore, SDC2 and NDRG4 methylation levels were used to evaluate the clinical performance of the optimal protocol. Results The yield of total and human genomic DNA (hgDNA) was not reproducible when solid stool scraping is used, possibly due to sampling variations. More reproducible results were obtained from homogenized stool samples. Magnetic beads-based DNA extraction using the supernatant from the homogenized stool was chosen for further analysis due to better reproducibility, higher hgDNA yield, lower non-hgDNA background, and the potential for automation. With this protocol, a combination of SDC2 and NDRG4 methylation signals with a linear regression model achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 81.82 and 93.75%, respectively. Conclusions Through the systematic evaluation of different stool processing and DNA extraction methods, we established a reproducible protocol for analyzing tumor DNA methylation markers in stool samples for colorectal cancer screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Jin
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qian Ye
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yanping Hong
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Wenqing Dai
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Weihao Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Dewen Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhengzheng Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shiliang Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yourong Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Dandan Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Wen Ma
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhengquan Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jinlei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhihai Zheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ju Luan
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Innovation Biomedical Co., Ltd., Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Feizhao Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Chunming Ding
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu Y, Zhao G, Miao J, Li H, Ma Y, Liu X, Li S, Zhu Y, Xiong S, Zheng M, Fei S. Performance Comparison Between Plasma and Stool Methylated SEPT9 Tests for Detecting Colorectal Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:324. [PMID: 32373158 PMCID: PMC7176978 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common type of malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract worldwide. Plasma methylated SEPT9 test has been used clinically for CRC screening for several years, but the study about the performance comparison between plasma and stool has rarely been reported. In this study, 124 plasma samples, 100 stool samples, and 60 sets of plasma and paired stool samples were collected and tested by a methylated SEPT9 test in three PCR replicates. The results indicated methylated SEPT9 levels in stool samples were significant higher than those in plasma samples (p < 0.0001). When a plasma sample was called positive if 1 out of 3 PCR replicates was positive and a stool sample was called positive if 3 out of 3 PCR replicates were positive with a mean Cp value of less than 40.0, stool methylated SEPT9 test achieved similar sensitivity (83.3% vs 85.6%) and specificity (92.1% vs 90.1%) to those by plasma methylated SEPT9 test, and the overall concordance rate is 78.3%. However, stool methylated SEPT9 test showed 35.9 and 7.9% improvement in detecting advanced adenomas (AA) and stage I-II CRC in comparison to plasma methylated SEPT9 test. The AUC for plasma methylated SEPT9 and stool methylated SEPT9 in detecting CRC were 0.885 (95% CI: 0.832-0.938) and 0.935 (95% CI: 0.895-0.975), respectively. In conclusion, stool methylated SEPT9 test showed higher sensitivities for detection AA and early stage CRC compared with plasma methylated SEPT9 test, and stool methylated SEPT9 test may be a more suitable tool for early stage CRC screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guodong Zhao
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Suzhou VersaBio Technologies Co., Ltd., Kunshan, China
| | - Jin Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, China
| | - Shiming Li
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, China
| | - Shangmin Xiong
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, China
- Suzhou VersaBio Technologies Co., Ltd., Kunshan, China
| | - Minxue Zheng
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Fei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao G, Ma Y, Li H, Li S, Zhu Y, Liu X, Xiong S, Liu Y, Miao J, Fei S, Zheng M, Zhao X. A novel plasma based early colorectal cancer screening assay base on methylated SDC2 and SFRP2. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 503:84-89. [PMID: 31962098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylated SFRP2 was previously reported as a non-invasive biomarker for colorectal cancer (CRC) detection with a relatively low sensitivity for early stage CRC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a new plasma based CRC screening assay, SpecColon test, which tested methylated SFRP2 and SDC2 simultaneously in a single qPCR reaction, in detecting CRC and advanced adenomas (AA). METHOD One milliliter plasma of 122 CRC patients, 12 AA patients, 93 patients with benign polyps, and 91 normal individuals were collected from the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, and all samples were examined by SpecColon test. RESULTS The sensitivities for detecting AA and CRC by methylated SFRP2 alone were 50.0% (95% CI: 22.2-77.7%) and 63.1% (95% CI: 53.9-71.5%) with a specificity of 90.1% (95% CI: 81.6-95.1%). The sensitivities by methylated SDC2 alone were 33.3% (95% CI: 11.3-64.6%) and 56.6% (95% CI: 47.3-65.4%) with a specificity of 95.6% (95% CI: 88.5-98.6%). However, when methylated SFRP2 and methylated SDC2 were combined, the sensitivities for AA and CRC detection improved to 58.3% (95% CI: 28.6-83.5%) and 76.2% (95% CI: 67.5-83.3%) with a specificity of 87.9% (95% CI: 79.0-93.5%). The positive detection rates of benign polyp group and normal control group showed no significant difference (p > 0.01), whereas AA and CRC groups had significantly higher positive detection rates than normal individual group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The sensitivities for AA and early stage CRC by combined test of methylated SFRP2 and methylated SDC2, the so called SpecColon test, improved upon those by either biomarker alone without significant impact on the specificity. It has the potential to become a powerful, convenient and highly effective screening tool for early CRC screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China; Suzhou VersaBio Technologies Co. Ltd., Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Yong Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Shiming Li
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Shangmin Xiong
- Zhejiang University Kunshan Biotechnology Laboratory, Zhejiang University Kunshan Innovation Institute, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China; Suzhou VersaBio Technologies Co. Ltd., Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Jin Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Sujuan Fei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
| | - Minxue Zheng
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China.
| | - Xiangwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yu J, Xie Y, Li M, Zhou F, Zhong Z, Liu Y, Wang F, Qi J. Association between SFRP promoter hypermethylation and different types of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:3481-3492. [PMID: 31516566 PMCID: PMC6733008 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal methylation of secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs) has been observed in various human cancer types. The loss of SFRP gene expression induces the activation of the Wnt pathway and is a vital mechanism for tumorigenesis and development. The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the association between SFRP methylation and cancer risk. A meta-analysis was systematically conducted to assess the clinicopathological significance of SFRP methylation in cancer risk. The Cochrane Library, PubMed and Web of Science databases were comprehensively searched, and 83 publications with a total of 21,612 samples were selected for the meta-analysis. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the degree of associations between SFRP promoter methylation and cancer risk. Subgroup analysis, meta regression and sensitivity analysis were used to identify the potential sources of heterogeneity. SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP4 and SFRP5 hypermethylation was significantly associated with cancer risk, with ORs of 8.48 (95% CI, 6.26-11.49), 8.21 (95% CI, 6.20-10.88), 11.41 (95% CI, 6.42-20.30) and 6.34 (95% CI, 3.86-10.42), respectively. SFRP2 methylation was significantly associated with differentiation in colorectal cancer (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.02-4.56). The results of the present study demonstrated that SFRP methylation may contribute to carcinogenesis, especially in certain cancer types, including hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Mengying Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Fenfang Zhou
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyang Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Xingguo County People's Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 344000, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jian Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Han YD, Oh TJ, Chung TH, Jang HW, Kim YN, An S, Kim NK. Early detection of colorectal cancer based on presence of methylated syndecan-2 (SDC2) in stool DNA. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:51. [PMID: 30876480 PMCID: PMC6419806 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening can effectively reduce disease-related mortality by detecting CRC at earlier stages. We have previously demonstrated that the presence of SDC2 methylation in stool DNA is significantly associated with the occurrence of CRC regardless of clinical stage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of stool DNA-based SDC2 methylation test for CRC. METHODS Aberrant SDC2 methylation in stool-derived DNA was measured by linear target enrichment (LTE)-quantitative methylation-specific real-time PCR (qMSP). Duplicate reactions of meSDC2 LTE-qMSP test were performed for stool samples obtained from CRC patients representing all stages (0-IV) and asymptomatic individuals who were subsequently underwent colonoscopy examination. To determine the diagnostic value of test in CRC and control groups, sensitivity and specificity were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS Of 585 subjects who could be evaluated, 245 had CRC, 44 had various sizes of adenomatous polyps, and 245 had negative colonoscopy results. Stool DNA-based meSDC2 LTE-qMSP showed an overall sensitivity of 90.2% with AUC of 0.902 in detecting CRC (0-IV) not associated with tumor stage, location, sex, or age (P > 0.05), with a specificity of 90.2%. Sensitivity for detecting early stages (0-II) was 89.1% (114/128). This test also detected 66.7% (2/3) and 24.4% (10/41) of advanced and non-advanced adenomas, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study validated the capability of stool DNA based-SDC2 methylation test by LTE-qMSP for early detection of CRC patient with high specificity. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03146520 , Registered 10 May 2017, Retrospectively registered; however, control arm was prospectively registered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Dae Han
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Tae Jeong Oh
- Genomictree, Inc., 44-6 Techno 10-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34027, South Korea
| | - Tae-Ha Chung
- Department of Health Promotion, Severance check up, Health Promotion Center, Severance Hospital, 10 Tongil-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04527, South Korea
| | - Hui Won Jang
- Department of Health Promotion, Severance check up, Health Promotion Center, Severance Hospital, 10 Tongil-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04527, South Korea
| | - Youn Nam Kim
- Division of Clinical Data Management Research, Clinical Trials Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Sungwhan An
- Genomictree, Inc., 44-6 Techno 10-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34027, South Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu R, Su X, Long Y, Zhou D, Zhang X, Ye Z, Ma J, Tang T, Wang F, He C. A systematic review and quantitative assessment of methylation biomarkers in fecal DNA and colorectal cancer and its precursor, colorectal adenoma. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 779:45-57. [PMID: 31097151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) arises from accumulated genetic and epigenetic alterations, which provide the possibility to identify tumor-specific biomarkers by analyzing fecal DNA. Methylation status in human genes from tumor tissue is highlighted as promising biomarker in the early detection of CRC. A number of studies have documented altered methylation levels in DNA extracted from stool samples, but generated heterogeneous results. We performed a systematic review and quantitative assessment of existing studies to compare levels of DNA methylation in most frequently studied genes and their diagnostic value in CRC and its precursor, colorectal adenoma, with their counterparts in healthy subjects. Robust searches of the literature were performed in our study with explicit strategies and definite inclusion/exclusion criteria. Pooled data revealed that methylation levels of SFRP2, SFRP1, TFPI2, BMP3, NDRG4, SPG20, and BMP3 plus NDRG4 genes exceeded a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 80% for CRC detection. The DOR of the seven candidate biomarkers ranged from 19.80 to 334.33, indicating a good diagnostic power in discriminating cancer from normal tissues. The AUC range was from 0.88 to 0.95, indicating a good or very good discriminatory performance. When test results for BMP3 and NDRG4 were combined, the DOR of CRC detection was 98.36, which was higher than that for BMP3 and NDRG4 separately. As for adenoma detection, the DOR of methylated NDRG4 is higher than that for CRC (CRC vs. adenoma: 54.86 vs. 57.22). Both the sensitivity and specificity of NDRG4 for adenoma detection exceeded 70%. These findings demonstrate the eligibility and feasibility of DNA methylation as a minimally invasive biomarker in feces in the diagnosis of CRC and adenoma. The use of DNA from human stools has the potential to be readily applicable to detect aberrant DNA methylation levels among many subjects for CRC early screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Liu
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Su
- Department of Head and Neck, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, China
| | - Yakang Long
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dalei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zulu Ye
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiangjun Ma
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Caiyun He
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Elbere I, Silamikelis I, Ustinova M, Kalnina I, Zaharenko L, Peculis R, Konrade I, Ciuculete DM, Zhukovsky C, Gudra D, Radovica-Spalvina I, Fridmanis D, Pirags V, Schiöth HB, Klovins J. Significantly altered peripheral blood cell DNA methylation profile as a result of immediate effect of metformin use in healthy individuals. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:156. [PMID: 30545422 PMCID: PMC6293577 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin is a widely prescribed antihyperglycemic agent that has been also associated with multiple therapeutic effects in various diseases, including several types of malignancies. There is growing evidence regarding the contribution of the epigenetic mechanisms in reaching metformin's therapeutic goals; however, the effect of metformin on human cells in vivo is not comprehensively studied. The aim of our study was to examine metformin-induced alterations of DNA methylation profiles in white blood cells of healthy volunteers, employing a longitudinal study design. RESULTS Twelve healthy metformin-naïve individuals where enrolled in the study. Genome-wide DNA methylation pattern was estimated at baseline, 10 h and 7 days after the start of metformin administration. The whole-genome DNA methylation analysis in total revealed 125 differentially methylated CpGs, of which 11 CpGs and their associated genes with the most consistent changes in the DNA methylation profile were selected: POFUT2, CAMKK1, EML3, KIAA1614, UPF1, MUC4, LOC727982, SIX3, ADAM8, SNORD12B, VPS8, and several differentially methylated regions as novel potential epigenetic targets of metformin. The main functions of the majority of top-ranked differentially methylated loci and their representative cell signaling pathways were linked to the well-known metformin therapy targets: regulatory processes of energy homeostasis, inflammatory responses, tumorigenesis, and neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSIONS Here we demonstrate for the first time the immediate effect of short-term metformin administration at therapeutic doses on epigenetic regulation in human white blood cells. These findings suggest the DNA methylation process as one of the mechanisms involved in the action of metformin, thereby revealing novel targets and directions of the molecular mechanisms underlying the various beneficial effects of metformin. TRIAL REGISTRATION EU Clinical Trials Register, 2016-001092-74. Registered 23 March 2017, https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2016-001092-74/LV .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Elbere
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1 k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Ivars Silamikelis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1 k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Monta Ustinova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1 k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Ineta Kalnina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1 k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Linda Zaharenko
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1 k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Raitis Peculis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1 k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Ilze Konrade
- Riga East Clinical University Hospital, 2 Hipokrata Street, Riga, LV-1038, Latvia
| | - Diana Maria Ciuculete
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christina Zhukovsky
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dita Gudra
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1 k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Ilze Radovica-Spalvina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1 k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Davids Fridmanis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1 k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Valdis Pirags
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1 k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janis Klovins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1 k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Circulating Free Methylated Tumor DNA Markers for Sensitive Assessment of Tumor Burden and Early Response Monitoring in Patients Receiving Systemic Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis. Ann Surg 2018; 268:894-902. [DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
26
|
Mojtabanezhad Shariatpanahi A, Yassi M, Nouraie M, Sahebkar A, Varshoee Tabrizi F, Kerachian MA. The importance of stool DNA methylation in colorectal cancer diagnosis: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200735. [PMID: 30024936 PMCID: PMC6053185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of tumor-related methylated genes have been suggested to be of diagnostic and prognostic values for CRC when analyzed in patients' stool samples; however, reported sensitivities and specificities have been inconsistent and widely varied. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the detection accuracy of stool DNA methylation assay in CRC, early stages of CRC (advanced adenoma, non-advanced adenomas) and hyperplastic polyps, separately. We searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases until May 1, 2016. From 469 publications obtained in the initial literature search, 38 studies were included in the final analysis involving 4867 individuals. The true positive, false positive, true negative and false negative of a stool-based DNA methylation biomarker using all single-gene tests considering a certain gene; regardless of a specific gene were pooled and studied in different categories. The sensitivity of different genes in detecting different stages of CRC ranged from 0% to 100% and the specificities ranged from 73% to 100%. Our results elucidated that SFRP1 and SFRP2 methylation possessed promising accuracy for detection of not only CRC (DOR: 31.67; 95%CI, 12.31-81.49 and DOR: 35.36; 95%CI, 18.71-66.84, respectively) but also the early stages of cancer, adenoma (DOR: 19.72; 95%CI, 6.68-58.25 and DOR: 13.20; 95%CI, 6.01-28.00, respectively). Besides, NDRG4 could be also considered as a significant diagnostic marker gene in CRC (DOR: 24.37; 95%CI, 10.11-58.73) and VIM in adenoma (DOR: 15.21; 95%CI, 2.72-85.10). In conclusion, stool DNA hypermethylation assay based on the candidate genes SFRP1, SFRP2, NDRG4 and VIM could offer potential diagnostic value for CRC based on the findings of this meta-analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Yassi
- Cancer Genetics Research Unit, Reza Radiotherapy and Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nouraie
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Kerachian
- Cancer Genetics Research Unit, Reza Radiotherapy and Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- * E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wong CC, Li W, Chan B, Yu J. Epigenomic biomarkers for prognostication and diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 55:90-105. [PMID: 29665409 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Altered epigenetic regulation is central to many human diseases, including cancer. Over the past two decade, major advances have been made in our understanding of the role of epigenetic alterations in carcinogenesis, particularly for DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. Aberrant hypermethylation of DNA at CpG islands is a well-established phenomenon that mediates transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes, and it is an early event integral to gastrointestinal cancer development. As such, detection of aberrant DNA methylation is being developed as biomarkers for prognostic and diagnostic purposes in gastrointestinal cancers. Diverse tissue types are suitable for the analyses of methylated DNA, such as tumor tissues, blood, plasma, and stool, and some of these markers are already utilized in the clinical setting. Recent advances in the genome-wide epigenomic approaches are enabling the comprehensive mapping of the cancer methylome, thus providing new avenues for mining novel biomarkers for disease prognosis and diagnosis. Here, we review the current knowledge on DNA methylation biomarkers for the prognostication and non-invasive diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancers and highlight their clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chun Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Weilin Li
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Bertina Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oh TJ, Oh HI, Seo YY, Jeong D, Kim C, Kang HW, Han YD, Chung HC, Kim NK, An S. Feasibility of quantifying SDC2 methylation in stool DNA for early detection of colorectal cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:126. [PMID: 29225717 PMCID: PMC5715626 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is the most efficient strategy to reduce disease-related mortality. Frequent aberrant DNA methylation is known to occur in selected genes and early during CRC development, which has emerged as a new epigenetic biomarker for early detection of CRC. Previously, we reported that we identified that CpG sites of SDC2 were aberrantly methylated in tumor tissues of most CRC patients through comprehensive methylation analysis and demonstrated a high potential of quantification of SDC2 methylation in blood for early detection of colorectal cancer. In this study, we aim to investigate the feasibility of quantifying SDC2 methylation in stool DNA for the early detection of CRC. The objective of this study was to confirm a high frequency of SDC2 methylation in tumor tissues at various stages of CRC and investigate the feasibility of a quantitative test for SDC2 methylation in fecal DNA by highly sensitive and accurate real-time PCR for early detection of CRC. Methods Bisulfite-pyrosequencing assay was performed to measure the SDC2 methylation status in tissue samples. For methylation analysis in stool DNA, a highly sensitive and accurate method was applied which implements consecutive two rounds of PCR consisting of unidirectional linear target enrichment (LTE) of SDC2 and quantitative methylation-specific real time PCR (qMSP) for SDC2, named as meSDC2 LTE-qMSP assay. Its limit of detection was 0.1% methylation (corresponding to ~ 6 copies in total ~ 6200 genome copies). Results Positive SDC2 methylation was observed in 100% of primary tumors, 90.6% of adenomatous polyps, 94.1% of hyperplastic polyps, and 0% of normal tissues. SDC2 methylation level also significantly (P < 0.01) increased according to the severity of lesions. In stool DNA test for SDC2 methylation by LTE-qMSP comparing CRC patients with various stages (I to IV) (n = 50) and precancerous lesions (n = 21) with healthy subjects (n = 22), the overall sensitivity was 90.0% for detecting CRC and 33.3% for detecting small polyps, with a specificity of 90.9%. Conclusions Taken together, our result indicates that stool DNA-based SDC2 methylation test by LTE-qMSP is a potential noninvasive diagnostic tool for early detection of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jeong Oh
- Genomictree, Inc, 44-6 Techno 10-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34027 South Korea
| | - Hyun Il Oh
- Genomictree, Inc, 44-6 Techno 10-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34027 South Korea
| | - Yang Yei Seo
- Genomictree, Inc, 44-6 Techno 10-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34027 South Korea
| | - Dongjun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 23-20 Byeongmyeong-dong Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31151 South Korea
| | - Changjin Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 23-20 Byeongmyeong-dong Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do 31151 South Korea
| | - Hyoun Woo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, 27 Dongguk-ro Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10326 South Korea
| | - Yoon Dae Han
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Chung
- Yonsei Cancer Center Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722 South Korea
| | - Sungwhan An
- Genomictree, Inc, 44-6 Techno 10-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34027 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Analysis of DNA Methylation Status in Bodily Fluids for Early Detection of Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040735. [PMID: 28358330 PMCID: PMC5412321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations by promoter DNA hypermethylation and gene silencing in cancer have been reported over the past few decades. DNA hypermethylation has great potential to serve as a screening marker, a prognostic marker, and a therapeutic surveillance marker in cancer clinics. Some bodily fluids, such as stool or urine, were obtainable without any invasion to the body. Thus, such bodily fluids were suitable samples for high throughput cancer surveillance. Analyzing the methylation status of bodily fluids around the cancer tissue may, additionally, lead to the early detection of cancer, because several genes in cancer tissues are reported to be cancer-specifically hypermethylated. Recently, several studies that analyzed the methylation status of DNA in bodily fluids were conducted, and some of the results have potential for future development and further clinical use. In fact, a stool DNA test was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the screening of colorectal cancer. Another promising methylation marker has been identified in various bodily fluids for several cancers. We reviewed studies that analyzed DNA methylation in bodily fluids as a less-invasive cancer screening.
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang X, Rong X, Chen Y, Su L. Methylation-mediated loss of SFRP2 enhances invasiveness of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:155-162. [PMID: 29320940 DOI: 10.1177/0960327117693071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The malignancy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) largely results from its invasive manner. Secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs) have been recently found to suppress the invasiveness of some cancers. On the other hand, the methylation of SFRPs increases protein degradation to reduce the activity of SFRPs, resulting in increased tumor cell invasion and cancer metastasis. However, the role of SFRPs in the invasion of NSCLC has not been reported. Here we analyzed the regulation of SFRPs in NSCLC cells and its effects on cell invasion. We found that SFRP2 mRNA was significantly decreased and methylation of SFRP2 gene was significantly increased in NSCLC tissue, compared to the paired adjacent nontumor tissue. Moreover, SFRP2 expression was significantly decreased in NSCLC cell lines. In NSCLC cell lines, the SFRP2 expression would be restored by the demethylation of SFRP2 gene with 5'-aza-deoxycytidine in NSCLC cell lines, at the levels of both mRNA and protein. Thus, the cell invasion would be suppressed. Furthermore, the demethylation of SFRP2 gene appeared to inhibit Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 1 (ZEB1) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), two key factors that enhance NSCLC cell invasion. Thus, SFRP2 may inhibit NSCLC invasion by suppressing ZEB1 and MMP9, while its methylation promotes NSCLC invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- 1 Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, Ji'nan, China
| | - X Rong
- 1 Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, Ji'nan, China
| | - Y Chen
- 2 Department of Internal medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Ji'nan, Ji'nan Clinical School of Taishan Medical College, Ji'nan, China
| | - L Su
- 3 Department of Respiratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Ji'nan, Ji'nan Clinical School of Taishan Medical College, Ji'nan, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vincent KM, Postovit LM. A pan-cancer analysis of secreted Frizzled-related proteins: re-examining their proposed tumour suppressive function. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42719. [PMID: 28218291 PMCID: PMC5316967 DOI: 10.1038/srep42719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs), containing five family members (SFRPs 1-5) are putative extracellular Wnt inhibitors. Given their abilities to inhibit Wnt signalling, as well as the loss of SFRP1 in many cancers, this family is generally considered to be tumour suppressive. In this study we analyzed gene expression, promoter methylation and survival data from over 8000 tumour and normal samples from 29 cancers in order to map the context-specific associations of SFRPs 1-5 with patient survival, gene silencing and gene expression signatures. We show that only SFRP1 associates consistently with tumour suppressive functions, and that SFRP2 and SFRP4 typically associate with a poor prognosis concomitant with the expression of genes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, our results indicate that while SFRP1 is lost in cancer cells via the process of DNA methylation, SFRP2 and 4 are likely derived from the tumour stroma, and thus tend to increase in tumours as compared to normal tissues. This in-depth analysis highlights the need to study each SFRP as a separate entity and suggests that SFRP2 and SFRP4 should be approached as complex matricellular proteins with functions that extend far beyond their putative Wnt antagonistic ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista Marie Vincent
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 114th St and 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 114th St and 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Naini MA, Mokarram P, Kavousipour S, Zare N, Atapour A, Zarin1 MH, Mehrabani G, Borji M. Sensitive and Noninvasive Detection of Aberrant SFRP2 and MGMT-B Methylation in Iranian Patients with Colon Polyps. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:2185-93. [PMID: 27221916 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.4.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) is influenced by the patient genetic background and environmental factors. Based on prior understanding, these are classified in two major pathways of genetic instability. Microsatellite instability (MSI) and CPG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) are categorized as features of the hypermethylated prototype, and chromosomal instability (CIN) is known to be indicative of the non-hypermethylated category. Secreted frizzled related protein 2 (SFRP2), APC1A in WNT signaling pathway and the DNA repair gene, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), are frequently hypermethylated in colorectal cancer. Detection of methylated DNA as a biomarker by easy and inexpensive methods might improve the quality of life of patients with CRC via early detection of cancer or a precancerous condition. AIM To evaluate the rate of SFRP2 and MGMT hypermethylation in both polyp tissue and serum of patients in south Iran as compared with matched control normal population corresponding samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methylation-specific PCR was used to detect hypermethylation in DNA extracted from 48 polypoid tissue samples and 25 healthy individuals. RESULTS Of total polyp samples, 89.5% had at least one promoter gene hypermethylation. The most frequent methylated locus was SFRP2 followed by MGMT-B (81.2 and 66.6 percent respectively). Serologic detection of hypermethylation was 95% sensitive as compared with polyp tissue. No hypermethylation was detected in normal tissue and serum and its detection in patients with polyps, especially of serrated type, was specific. CONCLUSIONS Serologic investigation for detection of MGMT-B, SFRP2 hypermethylation could facilitate prioritization of high risk patients for colonoscopic polyp detection and excision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Alizade Naini
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran E-mail :
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Two pathogenic pathways are involved in the development of adenoma to CRC. The first pathway involvesAPC/β-catenin characterized by chromosomal instability resulting in the accumulation of mutations. The second pathway is characterized by lesions inDNA mismatch repair genes. Aberrant DNA methylation in selected gene promoters has emerged as a new epigenetic pathway in CRC development. CRC screening is the most efficient strategy to reduce death. Specific DNA methylation events occur in multistep carcinogenesis. Epigenetic gene silencing is a causative factor of CRC development. DNA methylations have been extensively examined in stool from CRC and precursor lesions. Many methylated genes have been described in CRC and adenoma, although no definite DNA methylation biomarkers panel has been established. Multiple DNA methylation biomarkers, including secreted frizzled-related protein 2, secreted frizzled-related protein 1, tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2, vimentin, and methylguanine DNA methyltransferase, have been further investigated, and observations have revealed that DNA methylation biomarkers exhibit with high sensitivity and specificity. These markers may also be used to diagnose CRC and adenoma in early stages. Real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is sensitive, scalable, specific, reliable, time saving, and cost effective. Stool exfoliated markers provide advantages, including sensitivity and specificity. A stool qPCR methylation test may also be an enhanced tool for CRC and adenoma screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Jun Chen
- Research & Development, Allonger LLC, Columbia 21045, MD, USA.,Mei Chen Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Qingdao 266012, China
| | - Ai-Qin Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qing-Qi Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Williams CD, Grady WM, Zullig LL. Use of NCCN Guidelines, Other Guidelines, and Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer Screening. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2016; 14:1479-1485. [PMID: 27799515 PMCID: PMC5117951 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2016.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a common cancer and significant public health burden. CRC-related mortality is declining, partly due to the early detection of CRC through robust screening. NCCN has established the NCCN Guidelines for CRC Screening to help healthcare providers make appropriate screening recommendations according to the patient's risk of developing CRC. This review describes the evolution of CRC screening guidelines for average-risk individuals, discusses the role of NCCN Guidelines for CRC Screening in cancer prevention, and comments on the current and emerging use of biomarkers for CRC screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina D. Williams
- Cooperative Studies Program Epidemiology Center-Durham, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William M. Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Leah L. Zullig
- Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bagci B, Sari M, Karadayi K, Turan M, Ozdemir O, Bagci G. KRAS, BRAF oncogene mutations and tissue specific promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor SFRP2, DAPK1, MGMT, HIC1 and p16 genes in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Biomark 2016; 17:133-43. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binnur Bagci
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
- Advanced Technology Research Center (CÜTAM), Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Musa Sari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Kursat Karadayi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Turan
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ozturk Ozdemir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, On Sekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Bagci
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rasmussen SL, Krarup HB, Sunesen KG, Pedersen IS, Madsen PH, Thorlacius-Ussing O. Hypermethylated DNA as a biomarker for colorectal cancer: a systematic review. Colorectal Dis 2016; 18:549-61. [PMID: 26998585 DOI: 10.1111/codi.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Improved methods for early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) are essential for increasing survival. Hypermethylated DNA in blood or stool has been proposed as a biomarker for CRC. Biochemical methods have improved in recent years, and several hypermethylated genes that are sensitive and specific for CRC have been proposed. Articles describing the use of hypermethylated promoter regions in blood or stool as biomarkers for CRC were systematically reviewed. METHOD A systematic literature search was performed using the Medline, Web of Science and Embase databases. Studies were included if they analysed hypermethylated genes from stool or blood samples in correlation with CRC. Studies in languages other than English and those based on animal models or cell lines were excluded. RESULTS The literature search yielded 74 articles, including 43 addressing blood samples and 31 addressing stool samples. In blood samples, hypermethylated ALX4, FBN2, HLTF, P16, TMEFF1 and VIM were associated with poor prognosis, hypermethylated APC, NEUROG1, RASSF1A, RASSF2A, SDC2, SEPT9, TAC1 and THBD were detected in early stage CRC and hypermethylated P16 and TFPI2 were associated with CRC recurrence. In stool samples, hypermethylated BMP3, PHACTR3, SFRP2, SPG20, TFPI2 and TMEFF2 were associated with early stage CRC. CONCLUSION Hypermethylation of the promoters of specific genes measured in blood or stool samples could be used as a CRC biomarker and provide prognostic information. The majority of studies, however, include only a few patients with poorly defined control groups. Further studies are therefore needed before hypermethylated DNA can be widely applied as a clinical biomarker for CRC detection and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Rasmussen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - H B Krarup
- Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - K G Sunesen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - I S Pedersen
- Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - P H Madsen
- Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - O Thorlacius-Ussing
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Luo X, Wei B, Chen A, Zhao H, Huang K, Chen J. Methylation-mediated loss of SFRP2 enhances melanoma cell invasion via Wnt signaling. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:1502-1509. [PMID: 27186276 PMCID: PMC4859635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an essential role in the initiation and progression of melanoma tumors. The Secreted Frizzled Related Proteins (SFRPs) are a family of proteins that suppress Wnt signaling. The methylation of SFRPs reduces their activity, and hence augments Wnt signaling. However, whether the methylation of SFRP2, a member of SFRPs, may be involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma is not known. Here we investigated the expression levels of SFRP2 in melanoma specimens. We found that SFRP2 mRNA wassignificantly decreased and methylation of SFRP2 gene was significantly increased in malignant melanoma tumors ascompared to the paired adjacent non-tumor tissue. Moreover, SFRP2 expression was significantly decreased in the malignant melanoma celllines, HTB63, A2058 and A375, but not in the non-transformed melanocyte cell line, Hermes 3A. The demethylation of SFRP2 gene by 5'-aza-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dCyd) in melanoma cell lines restored SFRP2 expression, at both mRNA and protein levels, and suppressed cell invasion. Furthermore, the demethylation of SFRP2 geneappeared to inhibit nuclear retention of a key Wnt signaling factor, β-catenin, in melanoma cell lines. Together, these data suggest that SFRP2may function as a melanoma invasion suppressor byinterfering with Wnt signaling, and the methylation of SFRP2 gene may promote pathogenesis of melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoji Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Aijun Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Hengguang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhai RL, Xu F, Zhang P, Zhang WL, Wang H, Wang JL, Cai KL, Long YP, Lu XM, Tao KX, Wang GB. The Diagnostic Performance of Stool DNA Testing for Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2129. [PMID: 26844449 PMCID: PMC4748866 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis was designed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of stool DNA testing for colorectal cancer (CRC) and compare the performance between single-gene and multiple-gene tests.MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE databases were searched using keywords colorectal cancers, stool/fecal, sensitivity, specificity, DNA, and screening. Sensitivity analysis, quality assessments, and performance bias were performed for the included studies.Fifty-three studies were included in the analysis with a total sample size of 7524 patients. The studies were heterogeneous with regard to the genes being analyzed for fecal genetic biomarkers of CRC, as well as the laboratory methods being used for each assay. The sensitivity of the different assays ranged from 2% to 100% and the specificity ranged from 81% to 100%. The meta-analysis found that the pooled sensitivities for single- and multigene assays were 48.0% and 77.8%, respectively, while the pooled specificities were 97.0% and 92.7%. Receiver operator curves and diagnostic odds ratios showed no significant difference between both tests with regard to sensitivity or specificity.This meta-analysis revealed that using assays that evaluated multiple genes compared with single-gene assays did not increase the sensitivity or specificity of stool DNA testing in detecting CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Lin Zhai
- From the Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xue M, Lai SC, Xu ZP, Wang LJ. Noninvasive DNA methylation biomarkers in colorectal cancer: A systematic review. J Dig Dis 2015; 16:699-712. [PMID: 26565661 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the current evidence on the biomarkers associated with DNA methylation in the screening and diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS A literature search was conducted on the databases of PubMed and Web of Science to identify articles published from 1 January 2000 to 6 June 2015 with language striction. Stuides focusing on the association between noninvasive biomarkers indicating DNA methylation and CRC were included. RESULTS Altogether 74 studies were finally included in the study. Varied genetic markers in the feces and blood samples were hypermethylated in patients with CRC than in the healthy controls. Some of them could even be detected at the early stage of the tumors. The sensitivity of the genetic markers was superior to that of fecal occult blood test and carcinoembryonic antigen. Multitarget DNA assays using a combination of different methylated genes could improve the diagnostic sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Genetic markers might be minimally invasive, economical and accurate for the screening and surveillance of CRC. Large multicenter studies evaluating these biomarkers systematically and prospectively not only in CRC but also in other types of cancers are needed in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University
| | - San Chuan Lai
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University.,Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhi Peng Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University
| | - Liang Jing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xiao Q, Yang Y, Zhang X, An Q. Enhanced Wnt signaling by methylation-mediated loss of SFRP2 promotes osteosarcoma cell invasion. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6315-21. [PMID: 26628297 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is essential for the initiation and progression of osteosarcoma (OS) tumors and is suppressed by the secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs). The methylation-induced protein degradation reduces the activity of SFRPs and subsequently increases the activity of Wnt signaling. However, whether the methylation of SFRP2, a member of SFRPs, may be involved in the pathogenesis of OS is not known. Here, we investigated the expression levels of SFRP2 in OS specimens. We found that SFRP2 mRNA was significantly decreased and methylation of SFRP2 gene was significantly increased in malignant OS tumors as compared to the paired adjacent non-tumor tissue. Moreover, SFRP2 expression was significantly decreased in the malignant OS cell lines, SAOS2, MG63, and U2OS, but not in the primary osteoblast cells. The demethylation of SFRP2 gene by 5'-aza-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dCyd) in OS cell lines restored SFRP2 expression, at both mRNA and protein levels, and suppressed cell invasion. Furthermore, the demethylation of SFRP2 gene appeared to inhibit nuclear retention of a key Wnt signaling factor, β-catenin, in OS cell lines. Together, these data suggest that SFRP2 may function as an OS invasion suppressor by interfering with Wnt signaling, and the methylation of SFRP2 gene may promote pathogenesis of OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xiao
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, 2 Renmin Road, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121001, China.
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, 2 Renmin Road, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Xuepu Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, 2 Renmin Road, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Qing An
- Department of Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, 2 Renmin Road, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kalmár A, Péterfia B, Hollósi P, Galamb O, Spisák S, Wichmann B, Bodor A, Tóth K, Patai ÁV, Valcz G, Nagy ZB, Kubák V, Tulassay Z, Kovalszky I, Molnár B. DNA hypermethylation and decreased mRNA expression of MAL, PRIMA1, PTGDR and SFRP1 in colorectal adenoma and cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:736. [PMID: 26482433 PMCID: PMC4612409 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) development is accompanied by changes in expression for several genes; but the details of the underlying regulatory procesess remain unknown. Our aims were to assess the role of epigenetic processes in tumour formation and to identify characteristic DNA methylation and miRNA alterations in the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Methods Whole genome expression profiling was performed on colonic biopsy samples (49 healthy normal, 49 colorectal adenoma (AD), 49 CRC); on laser capture microdissected (LCM) epithelial and stromal cells from 6 CRC-normal adjacent tissue (NAT) samples pairs, and on demethylated human CRC cell lines using HGU133 Plus 2.0 microarrays (Affymetrix). Methylation status of genes with gradually altering expression along the AD-CRC sequence was further analysed on 10–10 macrodissected and 5–5 LCM samples from healthy colon, from adenoma and from CRC biopsy samples using bisulfite-sequencing PCR (BS-PCR) followed by pyrosequencing. In silico miRNA prediction for the selected genes was performed with miRWALK algorithm, miRNA expression was analysed on 3 CRC-NAT sample pairs and 3 adenoma tissue samples using the Human Panel I + II (Exiqon). SFRP1 immunohistochemistry experiments were performed. Results A set of transcripts (18 genes including MAL, SFRP1, SULT1A1, PRIMA1, PTGDR) showed decreasing expression (p < 0.01) in the biopsy samples along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Three of those (COL1A2, SFRP2, SOCS3) showed hypermethylation and THBS2 showed hypomethylation both in AD and in CRC samples compared to NAT, while BCL2, PRIMA1 and PTGDR showed hypermethylation only in the CRC group. miR-21 was found to be significantly (p < 0.01) upregulated in adenoma and tumour samples compared to the healthy colonic tissue controls and could explain the altered expression of genes for which DNA methylation changes do not appear to play role (e.g. BCL2, MAL, PTGS2). Demethylation treatment could upregulate gene expression of genes that were found to be hypermethylated in human CRC tissue samples. Decreasing protein levels of SFRP1 was also observed along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Conclusion Hypermethylation of the selected markers (MAL, PRIMA1, PTGDR and SFRP1) can result in reduced gene expression and may contribute to the formation of colorectal cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1687-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kalmár
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Bálint Péterfia
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Hollósi
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Tumour Progression Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Orsolya Galamb
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Spisák
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Barnabás Wichmann
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András Bodor
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kinga Tóth
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Árpád V Patai
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Valcz
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - Vivien Kubák
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Tulassay
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Béla Molnár
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xue M, Wang LJ. Value of DNA methylation markers in colorectal cancer screening. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4626-4635. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i29.4626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. Recognizing CRC at an early stage by population-based screening is crucial in the prevention and treatment of CRC. Numerous candidate genes, which play important roles in the development and progression of CRC, have been found to be hyper-methylated in the promoter regions in recent studies. The promoter fragments of those hyper-methylated genes in tumor tissues have also been detected in the blood and fecal specimens, with higher sensitivity and specificity than traditional markers in the screening of CRC, including carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) and fecal occult blood test. Here, we will discuss what we have already known about the DNA methylation markers for CRC screening and the potential research direction in the future.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. One of the fundamental processes driving the initiation and progression of CRC is the accumulation of a variety of genetic and epigenetic changes in colonic epithelial cells. Over the past decade, major advances have been made in our understanding of cancer epigenetics, particularly regarding aberrant DNA methylation, microRNA (miRNA) and noncoding RNA deregulation, and alterations in histone modification states. Assessment of the colon cancer "epigenome" has revealed that virtually all CRCs have aberrantly methylated genes and altered miRNA expression. The average CRC methylome has hundreds to thousands of abnormally methylated genes and dozens of altered miRNAs. As with gene mutations in the cancer genome, a subset of these epigenetic alterations, called driver events, are presumed to have a functional role in CRC. In addition, the advances in our understanding of epigenetic alterations in CRC have led to these alterations being developed as clinical biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications. Progress in this field suggests that these epigenetic alterations will be commonly used in the near future to direct the prevention and treatment of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinaga Okugawa
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75246-2017, USA
| | - William M. Grady
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ajay Goel
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bisulfite-Based DNA Methylation Analysis from Recent and Archived Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin Embedded Colorectal Tissue Samples. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:1149-56. [PMID: 25991403 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to test the applicability of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples for gene specific DNA methylation analysis after using two commercially available DNA isolation kits. Genomic DNA was isolated from 5 colorectal adenocarcinomas and 5 normal adjacent tissues from "recent", collected within 6 months, and "archived", collected more than 5 years ago, FFPE tissues using either High Pure FFPET DNA Isolation kit or QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue kit. DNA methylation analysis of MAL, SFRP1 and SFRP2 genes, known to be hypermethylated in CRC, was performed using methylation-sensitive high resolution melting (MS-HRM) analysis and sequencing. QIAamp (Q) method resulted in slightly higher recovery in archived (HP: 1.22 ± 3.18 μg DNA; Q: 3.00 ± 4.04 μg DNA) and significantly (p < 0.05) higher recovery in recent samples compared to High Pure method (HP) (HP: 4.10 ± 2.91 μg DNA; Q: 11.51 ± 7.50 μg DNA). Both OD260/280 and OD260/230 ratios were lower, but still high in the High Pure isolated archived and recent samples compared to those isolated with QIAamp. Identical DNA methylation patterns were detected for all 3 genes tested by MS-HRM with both isolation kits in the recent group. However, despite of higher DNA recovery in QIAamp slightly more reproducible methylation results were obtained from High Pure isolated archived samples. Sequencing confirmed DNA hypermethylation in CRCs. In conclusion, reproducible DNA methylation patterns were obtained from recent samples using both isolation kits. However, long term storage may affect the reliability of the results leading to moderate differences between the efficiency of isolation kits.
Collapse
|
45
|
Kok-Sin T, Mokhtar NM, Ali Hassan NZ, Sagap I, Mohamed Rose I, Harun R, Jamal R. Identification of diagnostic markers in colorectal cancer via integrative epigenomics and genomics data. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:22-32. [PMID: 25997610 PMCID: PMC4484611 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from genetic mutations, epigenetic alteration is a common phenomenon that contributes to neoplastic transformation in colorectal cancer. Transcriptional silencing of tumor-suppressor genes without changes in the DNA sequence is explained by the existence of promoter hypermethylation. To test this hypothesis, we integrated the epigenome and transcriptome data from a similar set of colorectal tissue samples. Methylation profiling was performed using the Illumina InfiniumHumanMethylation27 BeadChip on 55 paired cancer and adjacent normal epithelial cells. Fifteen of the 55 paired tissues were used for gene expression profiling using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Gene 1.0 ST array. Validation was carried out on 150 colorectal tissues using the methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) technique. PCA and supervised hierarchical clustering in the two microarray datasets showed good separation between cancer and normal samples. Significant genes from the two analyses were obtained based on a ≥2-fold change and a false discovery rate (FDR) p-value of <0.05. We identified 1,081 differentially hypermethylated CpG sites and 36 hypomethylated CpG sites. We also found 709 upregulated and 699 downregulated genes from the gene expression profiling. A comparison of the two datasets revealed 32 overlapping genes with 27 being hypermethylated with downregulated expression and 4 hypermethylated with upregulated expression. One gene was found to be hypomethylated and downregulated. The most enriched molecular pathway identified was cell adhesion molecules that involved 4 overlapped genes, JAM2, NCAM1, ITGA8 and CNTN1. In the present study, we successfully identified a group of genes that showed methylation and gene expression changes in well-defined colorectal cancer tissues with high purity. The integrated analysis gives additional insight regarding the regulation of colorectal cancer-associated genes and their underlying mechanisms that contribute to colorectal carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teow Kok-Sin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norfilza Mohd Mokhtar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Zarina Ali Hassan
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Sagap
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Isa Mohamed Rose
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roslan Harun
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vatandoost N, Ghanbari J, Mojaver M, Avan A, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Nedaeinia R, Salehi R. Early detection of colorectal cancer: from conventional methods to novel biomarkers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:341-51. [PMID: 25687380 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major health problems worldwide and is often diagnosed at late stage. There is growing body of evidence in early detection of this disease with novel screening modalities to reduce compliance and increase specificity of available methods. The aim of current review is to give an overview on currently available screening methods (e.g., fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy), with their own merits and disadvantages, and new genetic/epigenetic/protein markers, as novel screening modalities. RESULT There are several serum and fecal biomarkers that can predict CRC and polyps. Overall sensitivities for detection by fecal DNA markers ranged from 53 to 87%, while a panel of serum protein markers provides a sensitivity/specificity up to 85% for CRC. In particular, DNA methylation markers (e.g., SEPT9, SFRP2, and ALX4), circulating microRNAs (e.g., microRNA21), SNPs in microRNAs binding site (e.g., rs4596 located within a target region of the predicted miR-518a-5p and miR-527), protein markers (e.g., carcinoembryonic antigen, N-methyltransferase), or microsatellites instability in tumors with deficient mismatch repair of some genes are among the most interesting and promising biomarkers. CONCLUSION Increasing evidence supports the use of combined fecal and serum biomarkers with sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy screening in order to maximize the benefits and reduce the number of false-positive tests and patients undergoing invasive methods, which in turn could overcome the limitations of the current screening methods for early detection of CRC and adenomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasimeh Vatandoost
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jahanafrooz Ghanbari
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Mojaver
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Nedaeinia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rasoul Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ng JMK, Yu J. Promoter hypermethylation of tumour suppressor genes as potential biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2472-96. [PMID: 25622259 PMCID: PMC4346847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. It results from the accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic changes leading to the transformation of colon epithelial cells into invasive adenocarcinomas. In CRC, epigenetic changes, in particular promoter CpG island methylation, occur more frequently than genetic mutations. Hypermethylation contributes to carcinogenesis by inducing transcriptional silencing or downregulation of tumour suppressor genes and currently, over 600 candidate hypermethylated genes have been identified. Over the past decade, a deeper understanding of epigenetics coupled with technological advances have hinted at the potential of translating benchtop research into biomarkers for clinical use. DNA methylation represents one of the largest bodies of literature in epigenetics, and hence has the highest potential for minimally invasive biomarker development. Most progress has been made in the development of diagnostic markers and there are currently two, one stool-based and one blood-based, biomarkers that are commercially available for diagnostics. Prognostic and predictive methylation markers are still at their infantile stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mun-Kar Ng
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kalmár A, Péterfia B, Wichmann B, Patai ÁV, Barták BK, Nagy ZB, Furi I, Tulassay Z, Molnár B. Comparison of Automated and Manual DNA Isolation Methods for DNA Methylation Analysis of Biopsy, Fresh Frozen, and Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Colorectal Cancer Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:642-51. [PMID: 25576093 DOI: 10.1177/2211068214565903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Automated DNA isolation can decrease hands-on time in routine pathology. Our aim was to apply automated DNA isolation and perform DNA methylation analyses. DNA isolation was performed manually from fresh frozen (CRC = 10, normal = 10) specimens and colonic biopsies (CRC = 10, healthy = 10) with QIAamp DNA Mini Kit and from FFPE blocks (CRC = 10, normal = 10) with QIAamp DNA FFPET Kit. Automated DNA isolation was performed with MagNA Pure DNA and Viral NA SV kit on MagNA Pure 96 system. DNA methylation of MAL, SFRP1, and SFRP2 were analyzed with methylation-specific high-resolution melting analysis. Yield of automatically isolated samples was equal in fresh frozens and significantly lower compared to manually isolated biopsy and FFPE samples. OD260/280 of fresh frozen and biopsy samples were similar after both isolations, automated isolation resulted in lower purity in FFPE samples. Both protocols resulted in similar OD260/230 from fresh frozens, automated isolation method was superior in biopsies and manual protocol in FFPE samples. DNA methylation of biopsies, fresh frozen samples were highly similar after both methods, results of automatically and manually isolated FFPE samples were different. Automated DNA isolation from fresh frozen samples can be suitable for high-throughput laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kalmár
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Péterfia
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barnabás Wichmann
- Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Árpád V Patai
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara K Barták
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia B Nagy
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Furi
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Tulassay
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Molnár
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary Molecular Medicine Research Unit, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mansour H. Cell-free nucleic acids as noninvasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer detection. Front Genet 2014; 5:182. [PMID: 25221563 PMCID: PMC4145725 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free nucleic acids (CFNA) have been reported by several authors in blood, stool, and urine of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). These genetic biomarkers can be an indication of neoplastic colorectal epithelial cells, and can thus potentially be used as noninvasive tests for the detection of the disease in CRC patients and monitor their staging, without the need to use heavier and invasive tools. In a number of test-trials, these genetic tests have shown the advantage of non-invasiveness, making them well accepted by most of the patients, without major side effects. They have also shown a promising sensitivity and specificity in the detection of malignant and premalignant neoplasms. Moreover, costs for performing such tests are very low. Several studies reported and confirmed the proof of the principle for these genetic tests for screening, diagnosis, and prognosis; the main challenge of translating this approach from research to clinical laboratory is the validation from large and long-term randomized trials to prove sustainable high sensitivity and specificity. In this paper, we present a review on the noninvasive genetics biomarkers for CRC detection described in the literature and the challenges that can be encountered for validation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Mansour
- Biosciences Core Laboratories, Research Department, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Shah R, Jones E, Vidart V, Kuppen PJK, Conti JA, Francis NK. Biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer and polyps: systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1712-28. [PMID: 25004920 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in early detection of colorectal cancer as current screening modalities lack compliance and specificity. This study systematically reviewed the literature to identify biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer and polyps. Literature searches were conducted for relevant papers since 2007. Human studies reporting on early detection of colorectal cancer and polyps using biomarkers were included. Methodologic quality was evaluated, and sensitivity, specificity, and the positive predictive value (PPV) were reported. The search strategy identified 3,348 abstracts. A total of 44 papers, examining 67 different tumor markers, were included. Overall sensitivities for colorectal cancer detection by fecal DNA markers ranged from 53% to 87%. Combining fecal DNA markers increased the sensitivity of colorectal cancer and adenoma detection. Canine scent detection had a sensitivity of detecting colorectal cancer of 99% and specificity of 97%. The PPV of immunochemical fecal occult blood test (iFOBT) is 1.26%, compared with 0.31% for the current screening method of guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT). A panel of serum protein biomarkers provides a sensitivity and specificity above 85% for all stages of colorectal cancer, and a PPV of 0.72%. Combinations of fecal and serum biomarkers produce higher sensitivities, specificities, and PPVs for early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomas. Further research is required to validate these biomarkers in a well-structured population-based study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Shah
- Yeovil District Hospital NHS Trust, Yeovil, United Kingdom.
| | - Emma Jones
- University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John A Conti
- Portsmouth Hospital NHS Trust, Portsmouth, United Kingdom. University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nader K Francis
- Yeovil District Hospital NHS Trust, Yeovil, United Kingdom. University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|