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Xu X, Qian X, Gao C, Pang Y, Zhou H, Zhu L, Wang Z, Pang M, Wu D, Yu W, Kong F, Shi D, Guo Y, Su X, Hu W, Yan J, Feng X, Fan H. Advances in the pharmacological treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: From laboratory to clinic. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:953846. [PMID: 36003932 PMCID: PMC9393627 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.953846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the larvae of Echinococcus multilocularis. Because of its characteristics of diffuse infiltration and growth similar to tumors, the disability rate and mortality rate are high among patients. Although surgery (including hepatectomy, liver transplantation, and autologous liver transplantation) is the first choice for the treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in clinic, drug treatment still plays an important and irreplaceable role in patients with end-stage echinococcosis, including patients with multiple organ metastasis, patients with inferior vena cava invasion, or patients with surgical contraindications, etc. However, Albendazole is the only recommended clinical drug which could exhibit a parasitostatic rather than a parasitocidal effect. Novel drugs are needed but few investment was made in the field because the rarity of the cases. Drug repurposing might be a solution. In this review, FDA-approved drugs that have a potential curative effect on hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in animal models are summarized. Further, nano drug delivery systems boosting the therapeutic effect on hepatic alveolar echinococcosis are also reviewed. Taken together, these might contribute to the development of novel strategy for advanced hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Qinghai Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai, China
- Center of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Disease, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinye Qian
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Disease, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cancan Gao
- Department of General Medicine of Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Qinghai Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai, China
| | - Lizhen Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Qinghai Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai, China
| | - Mingquan Pang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai, China
| | - Defang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai, China
| | - Wenhao Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai, China
| | - Fanyu Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai, China
| | - Dalin Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai, China
| | - Yuting Guo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai, China
| | - Wang Hu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Disease, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Center of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Disease, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Feng
- Center of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Disease, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobin Feng, ; Haining Fan,
| | - Haining Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
- Qinghai Research Key Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Qinghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaobin Feng, ; Haining Fan,
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In vitro Scolicidal Efficacy of 5-Fluorouracil and Radiation Against Protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:820-826. [PMID: 35113338 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a globally distributed zoonosis. CE treatment is difficult, but radiation and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) can be effective. However, the combination of radiation and 5-FU has not been reported. This study evaluated the effect of combination of 5-FU and radiation on E. granulosus s.l. protoscoleces (PSCs). MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, PSCs were collected from the liver of diseased sheep, and some were exposed to a single dose of 20 Gy 6-MV X-ray combined with (5 μg/mL or 10 μg/mL) 5-FU in vitro. Methylene blue staining was used to detect the viability of the PSCs. Transcription of EgHSP70 and Egp38 was measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT- PCR). RESULTS A single dose of radiation killed 18% of the PSCs, and 5-FU showed weak parasiticidal efficacy on the first day of treatment. After 14 d, 5 μg and 10 μg/mL of 5-FU killed 40.20% and 50.02% of the PSCs, whereas 20 Gy of radiation killed 31.44%. The combination of 5-FU (10 μg/mL) with 20 Gy of radiation showed 77.55% killing efficacy. qRT-PCR showed that 5-FU inhibited Egp38 expression, whereas radiation increased its expression. EgHSP70 was highly expressed 14 days after radiation treatment. The data indicate that 5-FU has parasiticidal efficacy against the PSCs of E. granulosus s.l. CONCLUSION The lethal efficacy of PSCs caused by a single dose of radiation exposure is related to the upregulated expression level of Egp38 and EgHSP70. The killing effect of 5-FU (10 μg/mL) with 20Gy of radiation was significantly better than that of single treatment group. This study provided a basis for the potential role of 5-FU combined with radiation in the treatment of CE.
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Nian X, Li L, Ma X, Li X, Li W, Zhang N, Ohiolei JA, Li L, Dai G, Liu Y, Yan H, Fu B, Xiao S, Jia W. Understanding pathogen–host interplay by expression profiles of lncRNA and mRNA in the liver of Echinococcus multilocularis-infected mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010435. [PMID: 35639780 PMCID: PMC9187083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all Echinococcus multilocularis (Em) infections occur in the liver of the intermediate host, causing a lethal zoonotic helminthic disease, alveolar echinococcosis (AE). However, the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) expression profiles of the host and the potential regulatory function of lncRNA during Em infection are poorly understood. In this study, the profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the liver of mice at different time points after Em infection were explored by microarray. Thirty-one differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs) and 68 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were found continuously dysregulated. These DEMs were notably enriched in “antigen processing and presentation”, “Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation” and “Th17 cell differentiation” pathways. The potential predicted function of DELs revealed that most DELs might influence Th17 cell differentiation and TGF-β/Smad pathway of host by trans-regulating SMAD3, STAT1, and early growth response (EGR) genes. At 30 days post-infection (dpi), up-regulated DEMs were enriched in Toll-like and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways, which were validated by qRT-PCR, Western blotting and downstream cytokines detection. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis and serum levels of the corresponding cytokines confirmed the changes in cell-mediated immunity in host during Em infection that showed Th1 and Th17-type CD4+ T-cells were predominant at the early infection stage whereas Th2-type CD4+ T-cells were significantly higher at the middle/late stage. Collectively, our study revealed the potential regulatory functions of lncRNAs in modulating host Th cell subsets and provide novel clues in understanding the influence of Em infection on host innate and adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Xusheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Xiurong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Nianzhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - John Asekhaen Ohiolei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Le Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- The Instrument Centre of State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (HY); (SX); (WJ)
| | - Baoquan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Sa Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (HY); (SX); (WJ)
| | - Wanzhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Professional Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (HY); (SX); (WJ)
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Xian J, Zhao P, Wang N, Wang W, Zhang Y, Meng J, Ma X, Wang Z, Bo X. Molecular Characterization of a Tetraspanin TSP11 Gene in Echinococcus granulosus and Evaluation Its Immunoprotection in Model Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:759283. [PMID: 34869731 PMCID: PMC8635718 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.759283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, which affects humans and a wide range of mammalian intermediate hosts. Parasite tetraspanin proteins are crucial for host-parasite interactions, and therefore they may be useful for vaccine development or disease diagnosis. In the present study, the major antigen coding sequence of tetraspanin 11 (Eg-TSP11) from E. granulosus was determined. The results of immunolocalization showed that Eg-TSP11 was mainly located in the tegument of adult worms and protoscoleces. Western blotting analysis showed that the serum from dogs injected with recombinant Eg-TSP11 (rEg-TSP11) could recognize Eg-TSP11 among natural protoscolex proteins. Moreover, the serum from dogs with E. granulosus infection also recognized rEg-TSP11. Serum indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that IgG levels gradually increased after the first immunization with rEg-TSP11 compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, the serum levels of interleukin 4, interleukin 5, and interferon gamma were significantly altered in the rEg-TSP11 group. Importantly, we found that vaccination with rEg-TSP11 significantly decreased worm burden and inhibited segment development in a dog model of E. granulosus infection. Based on these findings, we speculated that rEg-TSP11 might be a potential candidate vaccine antigen against E. granulosus infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production/Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production/Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production/Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Weiye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production/Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production/Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Jimeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production/Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Xun Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhengrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production/Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Xinwen Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production/Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
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Lin K, Zhou D, Li M, Meng J, He F, Yang X, Dong D, Wang X, Wu X, Chen X, Hou J. Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting TRAF6 signalling in macrophages. Parasitology 2021; 148:887-894. [PMID: 33775265 PMCID: PMC11010193 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato has complex defence mechanisms that protect it from the anti-parasitic immune response for long periods. Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid (EgCF) is involved in the immune escape. Nevertheless, whether and how EgCF modulates the inflammatory response in macrophages remains poorly understood. Here, real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that EgCF could markedly attenuate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of pro-inflammatory factors including tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-6 but increase the expression of IL-10 at mRNA and protein levels in mouse peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. Mechanically, western blotting and immunofluorescence assay showed that EgCF abolished the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ERK1/2 signalling pathways by LPS stimulation in mouse macrophages. EgCF's anti-inflammatory role was at least partly contributed by promoting proteasomal degradation of the critical adaptor TRAF6. Moreover, the EgCF-promoted anti-inflammatory response and TRAF6 proteasomal degradation were conserved in human THP-1 macrophages. These findings collectively reveal a novel mechanism by which EgCF suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting TRAF6 and the downstream activation of NF-κB and MAPK signalling in both human and mouse macrophages, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the E. granulosus-induced immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lin
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Medical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Min Li
- Nursing School of Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jin Meng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Feiming He
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dan Dong
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiangwei Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xueling Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Gao XY, Zhang GH, Huang L. Modulation of human melanoma cell proliferation and apoptosis by hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:1447-1456. [PMID: 29588599 PMCID: PMC5858823 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s146300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this paper was to assess the effects of hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) of Echinococcus granulosus on melanoma A375 cell proliferation and apoptosis. Methods A375 cells were classified into five groups by in vitro culture: normal group, control group, 10% HCF group, 20% HCF group and 30% HCF group. Trypan blue staining method was employed to detect the toxicity of HCF. Effects of different concentrations of HCF on melanoma A375 cell proliferation at different time points were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Flow cytometry and propidium iodide (PI) staining were used to detect cell cycle, and Annexin-V/PI double staining method was used to determine A375 cell apoptotic rate. Western blotting was applied to detect the expression of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cell-cycle-related proteins (cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin D1 and cyclin E) and apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3). Results HCF with a high concentration was considered as atoxic to A375 cells. HCF promoted A375 cell proliferation, and the effects got stronger with an increase in concentrations but was retarded after reaching a certain range of concentrations. HCF increased phosphorylation level and expression of extracellular regulated protein kinase, as well as PCNA expression. HCF also promoted the transferring progression of A375 cells from the G0/G1 phase to the S phase to increase the cell number in S phase and increased the expression of cyclin A, cyclin D1 and cyclin E. HCF increased the expression of procaspase-3 (the precursor of apoptosis-related protein caspase-3) and antiapoptotic protein-Bcl-2, and decreased the expression of proapoptotic factor Bax, thereby inhibiting cell apoptosis. Conclusion As a result, this study confirmed that HCF promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of melanoma A375 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pu'er People's Hospital, Pu'er
| | - Guang-Hui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Li Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Li WH, Zhang NZ, Yue L, Yang Y, Li L, Yan HB, Li TT, Qu ZG, Jia WZ, Fu BQ. Transcriptomic analysis of the larva Taenia multiceps. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:407-411. [PMID: 28735242 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Taenia multiceps is an adult worm affiliated to Taeniidae family, Platyhelminthes phylum. The larvae of the parasite (Coenurus cerebralis) parasitic in the brain and spinal cord in domestic and wild ruminants or humans can led to a fatal central nervous system (CNS) disease. The aims of the present study were to define the transcriptome profiles of the larvae of T. multiceps by RNA-Seq approach, and to generate large functional gene datasets that could be used to predict the key molecular pathways linked to this cestode. Our results generated a total of 39,094,890 clean reads that were assembled from the sequence data in 90,833 contigs. Briefly, 70,253 unigenes with a mean length of 1492bp were formed. Based on a sequence similarity search against the databases (NR, Swissport, GO, COG, KEGG) using BLASTX with an E-value cutoff of 10-5, 40,465 of unigenes were identified as coding sequences (CDS) and 3261 were scanned by ESTScan. The present study carried out the transcriptome of the larval stage of T. multiceps, which provides a solid foundation for further studies in molecular biology and biochemistry as well as identification of candidate genes used in diagnosis and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046 Lanzhou, China.
| | - N Z Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046 Lanzhou, China
| | - L Yue
- Wuhan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, 430012 Wuhan, China
| | - Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046 Lanzhou, China
| | - L Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046 Lanzhou, China
| | - H B Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046 Lanzhou, China
| | - T T Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046 Lanzhou, China
| | - Z G Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046 Lanzhou, China
| | - W Z Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046 Lanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - B Q Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 730046 Lanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, China
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Monteiro KM, Lorenzatto KR, de Lima JC, Dos Santos GB, Förster S, Paludo GP, Carvalho PC, Brehm K, Ferreira HB. Comparative proteomics of hydatid fluids from two Echinococcus multilocularis isolates. J Proteomics 2017; 162:40-51. [PMID: 28442449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hydatid fluid (HF) that fills Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode vesicles is a complex mixture of proteins from both parasite and host origin. Here, a LC-MS/MS approach was used to compare the HF composition of E. multilocularis H95 and G8065 isolates (EmH95 and EmG8065, respectively), which present differences in terms of growth and fertility. Overall, 446 unique proteins were identified, 392 of which (88%) were from parasite origin and 54 from culture medium. At least 256 of parasite proteins were sample exclusive, and 82 of the 136 shared proteins presented differential abundance between E. multilocularis isolates. The parasite's protein repertoires in EmH95 and EmG8065 HF samples presented qualitative and quantitative differences involving antigens, signaling proteins, proteolytic enzymes, protease inhibitors and chaperones, highlighting intraspecific singularities that could be correlated to biological features of each isolate. The repertoire of medium proteins found in the HF was also differential between isolates, and the relevance of the HF exogenous protein content for the parasite's biology is discussed. The repertoires of identified proteins also provided potential molecular markers for important biological features, such as parasite growth rate and fertility, as well potential protein targets for the development of novel diagnostic and treatment strategies for alveolar echinococcosis. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE E. multilocularis metacestode infection of mammal hosts involve complex interactions mediated by excretory/secretory (ES) products. The hydatid fluid (HF) that fills the E. multilocularis metacestode vesicles contains complex repertoires of parasite ES products and host proteins that mediate important molecular interactions determinant for parasite survival and development, and, consequently, to the infection outcome. HF has been also extensively reported as the main source of proteins for the immunodiagnosis of echinococcosis. The performed proteomic analysis provided a comprehensive profiling of the HF protein composition of two E. multilocularis isolates. This allowed us to identify proteins of both parasite and exogenous (medium) origin, many of which present significant differential abundances between parasite isolates and may correlate to their differential biological features, including fertility and growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina M Monteiro
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karina R Lorenzatto
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeferson C de Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabine Förster
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela P Paludo
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Carvalho
- Laboratório de Proteômica e Engenharia de Proteínas, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Klaus Brehm
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Henrique B Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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9
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Brehm K, Koziol U. Echinococcus-Host Interactions at Cellular and Molecular Levels. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 95:147-212. [PMID: 28131363 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The potentially lethal zoonotic diseases alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are caused by the metacestode larval stages of the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus, respectively. In both cases, metacestode growth and proliferation occurs within the inner organs of mammalian hosts, which is associated with complex molecular host-parasite interactions that regulate nutrient uptake by the parasite as well as metacestode persistence and development. Using in vitro cultivation systems for parasite larvae, and informed by recently released, comprehensive genome and transcriptome data for both parasites, these molecular host-parasite interactions have been subject to significant research during recent years. In this review, we discuss progress in this field, with emphasis on parasite development and proliferation. We review host-parasite interaction mechanisms that occur early during an infection, when the invading oncosphere stage undergoes a metamorphosis towards the metacestode, and outline the decisive role of parasite stem cells during this process. We also discuss special features of metacestode morphology, and how this parasite stage takes up nutrients from the host, utilizing newly evolved or expanded gene families. We comprehensively review mechanisms of host-parasite cross-communication via evolutionarily conserved signalling systems and how the parasite signalling systems might be exploited for the development of novel chemotherapeutics. Finally, we point to an urgent need for the development of functional genomic techniques in this parasite, which will be imperative for hypothesis-driven analyses into Echinococcus stem cell biology, developmental mechanisms and immunomodulatory activities, which are all highly relevant for the development of anti-infective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brehm
- University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - U Koziol
- University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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WANG X, DING J, GUO X, ZHENG Y. Current Understandings of Molecular Biology of Echinococcus multilocularis, a Pathogen for Alveolar Echinococcosis in Humans- a Narrative Review Article. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 10:329-37. [PMID: 26622288 PMCID: PMC4662733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinococcus multilocularis is a tiny tapeworm, responsible for 0.3~0.5 million alveolar echinococcosis in humans. METHODS We searched relevant papers published between 1981 and 2013 based on the database sources such as PubMed and Google scholar, and collected and integrated the data for analysis. RESULTS The parasite is able to use host-originated molecules to modulate its development and has complex signalling pathways than expected previously. E. multilocularis utilizes many types of alternative splicing approaches to generate transcript isoforms. Recently, the genome of E. multilocularis has been deciphered. CONCLUSION These data will give us a profound understanding of biology of E. multilocularis, which will promote the use as a model to study helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang WANG
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Juntao DING
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaola GUO
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yadong ZHENG
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,.
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11
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Liu W, Delabrousse É, Blagosklonov O, Wang J, Zeng H, Jiang Y, Wang J, Qin Y, Vuitton DA, Wen H. Innovation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis imaging: best use of old tools, and necessary evaluation of new ones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:74. [PMID: 25531446 PMCID: PMC4273719 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic Alveolar Echinococcosis (HAE), caused by larvae of Echinococcus multilocularis, is a rare but potentially lethal parasitic disease. The first diagnostic suspicion is usually based on hepatic ultrasound exam performed because of abdominal symptoms or in the context of a general checkup; HAE diagnosis may thus also be an incidental finding on imaging. The next step should be Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). They play an important role in the initial assessment of the disease; with chest and brain imaging, they are necessary to assess the PNM stage (parasite lesion, neighboring organ invasion, metastases) of a patient with AE. Performed at least yearly, they also represent key exams for long-term follow-up after therapeutic interventions. Familiarity of radiologists with HAE imaging findings, especially in the endemic regions, will enable earlier diagnosis and more effective treatment. Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) is currently considered to be the only noninvasive, albeit indirect, tool for the detection of metabolic activity in AE. Delayed acquisition of images (3 hrs after FDG injection) enhances its sensitivity for the assessment of lesion metabolism and its reliability for the continuation/withdrawal of anti-parasite treatment. However, sophisticated equipment and high cost widely limit PET/CT use for routine evaluation. Preliminary studies show that new techniques, such as contrast-enhanced ultrasound (US), Dual Energy CT or Spectral CT, and Diffusion-Weighted MRI, might also be useful in detecting the blood supply and metabolism of lesions. However, they cannot be recommended before further evaluation of their reliability in a larger number of patients with a variety of locations and stages of AE lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Liu
- Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Hospital, No. 1 Liyushan road, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Éric Delabrousse
- Department of Visceral Radiology, University Hospital Jean Minjoz, 25030 Besançon, France - WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Oleg Blagosklonov
- WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, 25030 Besançon, France - Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Jean Minjoz, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Jing Wang
- Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Hospital, No. 1 Liyushan road, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Hongchun Zeng
- Department of Ultrasonography, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Hospital, No. 1 Liyushan road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Hospital, No. 1 Liyushan road, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Hospital, No. 1 Liyushan road, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Yongde Qin
- Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Hospital, No. 1 Liyushan road, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Dominique Angèle Vuitton
- WHO-Collaborating Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Hao Wen
- Department of Hepatic surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University Hospital, No. 1 Liyushan road, Urumqi 830011, China
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12
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Wang J, Zhang C, Wei X, Blagosklonov O, Lv G, Lu X, Mantion G, Vuitton DA, Wen H, Lin R. TGF-β and TGF-β/Smad signaling in the interactions between Echinococcus multilocularis and its hosts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55379. [PMID: 23405141 PMCID: PMC3566151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is characterized by the development of irreversible fibrosis and of immune tolerance towards Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis). Very little is known on the presence of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and other components of TGF-β/Smad pathway in the liver, and on their possible influence on fibrosis, over the various stages of infection. Using Western Blot, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, we measured the levels of TGF-β1, TGF-β receptors, and down-stream Smads activation, as well as fibrosis marker expression in both a murine AE model from day 2 to 360 post-infection (p.i.) and in AE patients. TGF-β1, its receptors, and down-stream Smads were markedly expressed in the periparasitic infiltrate and also in the hepatocytes, close to and distant from AE lesions. Fibrosis was significant at 180 days p.i. in the periparasitic infiltrate and was also present in the liver parenchyma, even distant from the lesions. Over the time course after infection TGF-β1 expression was correlated with CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio long described as a hallmark of AE severity. The time course of the various actors of the TGF-β/Smad system in the in vivo mouse model as well as down-regulation of Smad7 in liver areas close to the lesions in human cases highly suggest that TGF-β plays an important role in AE both in immune tolerance against the parasite and in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wang
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Franche-Comté and Jean Minjoz University Hospital, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xufa Wei
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Oleg Blagosklonov
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Franche-Comté and Jean Minjoz University Hospital, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France
- WHO-Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France
| | - Guodong Lv
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Georges Mantion
- WHO-Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France
| | - Dominique A. Vuitton
- WHO-Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (HW)
| | - Renyong Lin
- State Key Lab Incubation Base of Xinjiang Major Diseases Research (2010DS890294) and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (HW)
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13
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Yang Y, Ellis MK, McManus DP. Immunogenetics of human echinococcosis. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:447-54. [PMID: 22951425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility and resistance to human Echinococcus infection and disease, although poorly understood, appear to reflect a complex interaction of parasite and host immunological and genetic factors. Disease stage, progression, and prognosis following treatment appear to be strongly influenced by cytokine and antibody profiles, and more recent evidence has suggested an important role of dendritic cells (DCs) and T regulatory cells (Tregs) in immunomodulation. Microarrays have supported these findings, highlighting both known and novel pathways involved in chronic murine disease. Genetic studies to date have been few and with limited success. Advanced genomic approaches, such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), may provide further insight to identify the relevant pathways involved, thereby facilitating a new approach for the development of new clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuRong Yang
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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14
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Zhang C, Wang J, Lü G, Li J, Lu X, Mantion G, Vuitton DA, Wen H, Lin R. Hepatocyte proliferation/growth arrest balance in the liver of mice during E. multilocularis infection: a coordinated 3-stage course. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30127. [PMID: 22253905 PMCID: PMC3254660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is characterized by the tumor-like growth of Echinococcus (E.) multilocularis. Very little is known on the influence of helminth parasites which develop in the liver on the proliferation/growth arrest metabolic pathways in the hepatocytes of the infected liver over the various stages of infection. Methodology/Principal Findings Using Western blot analysis, qPCR and immunohistochemistry, we measured the levels of MAPKs activation, Cyclins, PCNA, Gadd45β, Gadd45γ, p53 and p21 expression in the murine AE model, from day 2 to 360 post-infection. Within the early (day 2–60) and middle (day60–180) stages, CyclinB1 and CyclinD1 gene expression increased up to day30 and then returned to control level after day60; Gadd45β, CyclinA and PCNA increased all over the period; ERK1/2 was permanently activated. Meanwhile, p53, p21 and Gadd45γ gene expression, and caspase 3 activation, gradually increased in a time-dependent manner. In the late stage (day180–360), p53, p21 and Gadd45γ gene expression were significantly higher in infected mice; JNK and caspase 3 were activated. TUNEL analysis showed apoptosis of hepatocytes. No significant change in CyclinE, p53 mRNA and p-p38 expression were observed at any time. Conclusions Our data support the concept of a sequential activation of metabolic pathways which 1) would first favor parasitic, liver and immune cell proliferation and survival, and thus promote metacestode fertility and tolerance by the host, and 2) would then favor liver damage/apoptosis, impairment in protein synthesis and xenobiotic metabolism, as well as promote immune deficiency, and thus contribute to the dissemination of the protoscoleces after metacestode fertility has been acquired. These findings give a rational explanation to the clinical observations of hepatomegaly and of unexpected survival of AE patients after major hepatic resections, and of chronic liver injury, necrosis and of hepatic failure at an advanced stage and in experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Major Diseases in Xinjiang and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Junhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Major Diseases in Xinjiang and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guodong Lü
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Major Diseases in Xinjiang and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Major Diseases in Xinjiang and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Major Diseases in Xinjiang and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Georges Mantion
- World Health Organization-Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, Department of Digestive Surgery; Jean Minjoz Hospital, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Dominique A. Vuitton
- World Health Organization-Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, Department of Digestive Surgery; Jean Minjoz Hospital, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, Besançon, France
- Research Unit EA 3181 “Epithelial Carcinogenesis: Predictive and Prognostic Factors,” University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Major Diseases in Xinjiang and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (HW)
| | - Renyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Major Diseases in Xinjiang and Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (HW)
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15
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Lin R, Lü G, Wang J, Zhang C, Xie W, Lu X, Mantion G, Martin H, Richert L, Vuitton DA, Wen H. Time course of gene expression profiling in the liver of experimental mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14557. [PMID: 21283804 PMCID: PMC3023716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a severe chronic parasitic disease which behaves like a slow-growing liver cancer. Clinical observations suggest that the parasite, Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) influences liver homeostasis and hepatic cell metabolism. However, this has never been analyzed during the time course of infection in the common model of secondary echinococcosis in experimental mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Gene expression profiles were assessed using DNA microarray analysis, 1, 2, 3 and 6 months after injection of E. multilocularis metacestode in the liver of susceptible mice. Data were collected at different time points to monitor the dynamic behavior of gene expression. 557 differentially expressed genes were identified at one or more time points, including 351 up-regulated and 228 down-regulated genes. Time-course analysis indicated, at the initial stage of E. multilocularis infection (month 1-2), that most of up-regulated pathways were related to immune processes and cell trafficking such as chemokine-, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and down-regulated pathways were related to xenobiotic metabolism; at the middle stage (month 3), MAPK signaling pathway was maintained and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway emerged; at the late stage (month 6), most of up-regulated pathways were related to PPAR signaling pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, while down-regulated pathways were related to metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of a random selection of 19 genes confirmed the reliability of the microarray data. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was increased in the liver of E. multilocularis infected mice from 2 months to 6 months. CONCLUSIONS E. multilocularis metacestode definitely exerts a deep influence on liver homeostasis, by modifying a number of gene expression and metabolic pathways. It especially promotes hepatic cell proliferation, as evidenced by the increased PCNA constantly found in all the experimental time-points we studied and by an increased gene expression of key metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyong Lin
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire, EA 4267, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Guodong Lü
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Junhua Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wenjuan Xie
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Georges Mantion
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire, EA 4267, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- World Health Organization-Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, Department of Digestive Surgery of Jean Minjoz Hospital, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Hélène Martin
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire, EA 4267, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Lysiane Richert
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Cellulaire, EA 4267, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Dominique A. Vuitton
- World Health Organization-Collaborating Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, Department of Digestive Surgery of Jean Minjoz Hospital, University of Franche-Comté and University Hospital, Besançon, France
- * E-mail: (DAV); (HW)
| | - Hao Wen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis and Medical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- * E-mail: (DAV); (HW)
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16
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Echinococcus multilocularis and its intermediate host: a model of parasite-host interplay. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:923193. [PMID: 20339517 PMCID: PMC2842905 DOI: 10.1155/2010/923193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-parasite interactions in the E. multilocularis-intermediate host model depend on a subtle balance between cellular immunity, which is responsible for host's resistance towards the metacestode, the larval stage of the parasite, and tolerance induction and maintenance. The pathological features of alveolar echinococcosis. the disease caused by E. multilocularis, are related both to parasitic growth and to host's immune response, leading to fibrosis and necrosis, The disease spectrum is clearly dependent on the genetic background of the host as well as on acquired disturbances of Th1-related immunity. The laminated layer of the metacestode, and especially its carbohydrate components, plays a major role in tolerance induction. Th2-type and anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β, as well as nitric oxide, are involved in the maintenance of tolerance and partial inhibition of cytotoxic mechanisms. Results of studies in the experimental mouse model and in patients suggest that immune modulation with cytokines, such as interferon-α, or with specific antigens could be used in the future to treat patients with alveolar echinococcosis and/or to prevent this very severe parasitic disease.
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Triggering and modulation of the host-parasite interplay byEchinococcus multilocularis: a review. Parasitology 2009; 137:557-68. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009991533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYAs more facts emerge regarding the ways in whichE. multilocularis-derived molecules trigger the host immune response and modulate the host-parasite interplay, it becomes possible to envisage how the parasite can survive and proliferate in its intermediate host, while in other hosts it dies out. Through effects on cells of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response,E. multiloculariscan orchestrate a range of outcomes that are beneficial not only to the parasite, in terms of facilitating its intrahepatic proliferation and maturation, and thus life cycle over all, but also to its intermediate host, in limiting pathology. The present review deals with the role of metacestode surface molecules as well as excretory/secretory (E/S) metabolic products of the parasite in the modulation of the host responses such as to optimize its own survival.
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