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Yang Z, Han S, Zhang T, Kusumanchi P, Huda N, Tyler K, Chandler K, Skill NJ, Tu W, Shan M, Jiang Y, Maiers JL, Perez K, Ma J, Liangpunsakul S. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Messenger RNAs Responsible for the Progression of Alcoholic Cirrhosis. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1361-1372. [PMID: 35134262 PMCID: PMC9134803 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. We hypothesized that the expression of specific coding genes is critical for the progression of alcoholic cirrhosis (AC) from compensated to decompensated states. For the discovery phase, we performed RNA sequencing analysis of 16 peripheral blood RNA samples, 4 healthy controls (HCs) and 12 patients with AC. The DEGs from the discovery cohort were validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in a separate cohort of 17 HCs and 48 patients with AC (17 Child-Pugh A, 16 Child-Pugh B, and 15 Child-Pugh C). We observed that the numbers of differentially expressed messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were more pronounced with worsening disease severity. Pathway analysis for differentially expressed genes for patients with Child-Pugh A demonstrated genes involved innate immune responses; those in Child-Pugh B belonged to genes related to oxidation and alternative splicing; those in Child-Pugh C related to methylation, acetylation, and alternative splicing. We found significant differences in the expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) and ribonucleoprotein, PTB binding 1 (RAVER1) in peripheral blood of those who died during the follow-up when compared to those who survived. Conclusion: Unique mRNAs that may implicate disease progression in patients with AC were identified by using a transcriptomic approach. Future studies to confirm our results are needed, and comprehensive mechanistic studies on the implications of these genes in AC pathogenesis and progression should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Sen Han
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational ResearchPeking University Cancer HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ting Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Praveen Kusumanchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Nazmul Huda
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Kelsey Tyler
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Kristina Chandler
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Skill
- Department of SurgeryLouisiana State University Health Science CenterNew OrleansLAUSA
| | - Wanzhu Tu
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Mu Shan
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data SciencesIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Yanchao Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Jessica L. Maiers
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Kristina Perez
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Jing Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
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Chupradit S, Bokov D, Zamanian MY, Heidari M, Hakimizadeh E. Hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects of resveratrol: A focus on anti-inflammatory and anti- oxidative activities. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 36:468-485. [PMID: 34935193 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Being the most essential organ in the body, the liver performs critical functions. Hepatic disorders, such as alcoholic liver disease, hepatic steatosis, liver fibrosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic failure, have an impact on the biochemical and physiological functions of the body. The main representative of the flavonoid subgroup of flavones, Resveratrol (RES), exhibits suitable pharmacological activities for treating various liver diseases, such as fatty hepatitis, liver steatosis, liver cancer and liver fibrosis. According to various studies, grapes and red wine are good sources of RES. RES has various health properties; it is anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective against several hepatic diseases and hepatoxicity. Therefore, we performed a thorough research and created a summary of the distinct targets of RES in various stages of liver diseases. We concluded that RES inhibited liver inflammation essentially by causing a significant decrease in the expression of various pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-6. It also inhibits the transcription factor nuclear NF-κB that brings about the inflammatory cascade. RES also inhibits the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to induce apoptosis. Additionally, it reduces oxidative stress in hepatic tissue by markedly reducing MDA and NO contents, and significantly increasing the levels of CAT, SOD and reduced GSH, in addition to AST and ALT, against toxic chemicals like CC14, As2O3 and TTA. Due to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties, RES reduces liver injury markers. RES is safe natural antioxidant that provides pharmacological rectification of the hepatoxicity of toxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supat Chupradit
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dmitry Bokov
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14 Ustyinsky pr, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mohammad Yassin Zamanian
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,School of Nahavand Paramedical, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Heidari
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Hakimizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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3
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Banu S, Srivastava S, Mohammed A, Kushawah G, Sowpati DT, Mishra RK. Tissue-specific transcriptome recovery on withdrawal from chronic alcohol exposure in zebrafish. Alcohol 2021; 91:29-38. [PMID: 33038458 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption can lead to a wide range of systemic disorders brought about by transcriptional changes. Recent studies have documented altered behavior and physiology in zebrafish exposed to alcohol. In this work, we have identified the changes in the zebrafish transcriptome in response to chronic alcohol exposure. We have further followed the extent of transcriptional recovery upon withdrawal from alcohol and found evidence of tissue-specific responses. Our results indicate a greater extent of recovery of the brain transcriptome compared to the liver. We identify two distinct classes of genes in response to withdrawal from alcohol exposure - those that recover their pre-alcohol expression profile versus those that retain altered expression even after the fish are removed from the alcohol environment. Finally, we have examined gender-specific responses to alcohol exposure in zebrafish and find evidence for distinct alcohol tolerance levels. Upon chronic alcohol exposure, a higher percentage of genes show perturbation in expression profile in males compared to females. Female fish also recover better with more genes regaining the control expression level upon withdrawal from alcohol. Overall, our work identifies genes and pathways perturbed by exposure to alcohol, and demonstrates the extent of gender- and tissue-specific transcriptional changes associated with chronic alcoholism and withdrawal.
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4
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Lackner C, Tiniakos D. Fibrosis and alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 2019; 70:294-304. [PMID: 30658730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histological fibrosis stage is one of the most important prognostic factors in compensated and decompensated alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). Morphological assessment of fibrosis is useful for patient stratification, enabling individualised management, and for evaluation of treatment effects in clinical studies. In contrast to most chronic liver diseases where fibrosis is portal-based, fatty liver disease (FLD) of alcoholic or non-alcoholic aetiology (NAFLD) is associated with a centrilobular pattern of injury which leads to perivenular fibrosis and/or pericellular fibrosis. Progression of FLD drives expansive pericellular fibrosis, linking vascular structures and paving the way for the development of cirrhosis. At the cirrhotic stage, ongoing tissue damage leads to increasing fibrosis severity due to parenchymal loss and proliferation of fibrous scars. Histologic fibrosis staging systems have been devised, based on topography and the extent of fibrosis, for most chronic liver diseases. The utility of histological staging is reflected in different risks associated with individual fibrosis stages which cannot be reliably distinguished by non-invasive fibrosis assessment. In contrast to NAFLD, ALD-specific staging systems that enable the standardised prognostication required for clinical management and trials are lacking. Although morphological similarities between NAFLD and ALD exist, differences in clinical and histological features may substantially limit the utility of established NAFLD-specific staging systems for prognostication in ALD. This review summarises morphological features of fibrosis in ALD and compares them to other chronic liver diseases, particularly NAFLD. ALD-related fibrosis is examined in the context of pathogenetic mechanisms of fibrosis progression, regression and clinical settings that need to be considered in future prognostically relevant ALD staging approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Dina Tiniakos
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; Dept of Pathology, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Vas. Sofias Avenue 76, Athens 11528, Greece
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5
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Kuttippurathu L, Juskeviciute E, Dippold RP, Hoek JB, Vadigepalli R. A novel comparative pattern analysis approach identifies chronic alcohol mediated dysregulation of transcriptomic dynamics during liver regeneration. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:260. [PMID: 27012785 PMCID: PMC4807561 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver regeneration is inhibited by chronic ethanol consumption and this impaired repair response may contribute to the risk for alcoholic liver disease. We developed and applied a novel data analysis approach to assess the effect of chronic ethanol intake in the mechanisms responsible for liver regeneration. We performed a time series transcriptomic profiling study of the regeneration response after 2/3rd partial hepatectomy (PHx) in ethanol-fed and isocaloric control rats. RESULTS We developed a novel data analysis approach focusing on comparative pattern counts (COMPACT) to exhaustively identify the dominant and subtle differential expression patterns. Approximately 6500 genes were differentially regulated in Ethanol or Control groups within 24 h after PHx. Adaptation to chronic ethanol intake significantly altered the immediate early gene expression patterns and nearly completely abrogated the cell cycle induction in hepatocytes post PHx. The patterns highlighted by COMPACT analysis contained several non-parenchymal cell specific markers indicating their aberrant transcriptional response as a novel mechanism through which chronic ethanol intake deregulates the integrated liver tissue response. CONCLUSIONS Our novel comparative pattern analysis revealed new insights into ethanol-mediated molecular changes in non-parenchymal liver cells as a possible contribution to the defective liver regeneration phenotype. The results revealed for the first time an ethanol-induced shift of hepatic stellate cells from a pro-regenerative phenotype to that of an anti-regenerative state after PHx. Our results can form the basis for novel interventions targeting the non-parenchymal cells in normalizing the dysfunctional repair response process in alcoholic liver disease. Our approach is illustrated online at http://compact.jefferson.edu .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kuttippurathu
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Egle Juskeviciute
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Rachael P Dippold
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Jan B Hoek
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.,MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. .,MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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6
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Nilakantan H, Kuttippurathu L, Parrish A, Hoek JB, Vadigepalli R. In Vivo Zonal Variation and Liver Cell-Type Specific NF-κB Localization after Chronic Adaptation to Ethanol and following Partial Hepatectomy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140236. [PMID: 26452159 PMCID: PMC4599916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a major inflammatory response mediator in the liver, playing a key role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury. We investigated zonal as well as liver cell type-specific distribution of NF-κB activation across the liver acinus following adaptation to chronic ethanol intake and 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx). We employed immunofluorescence staining, digital image analysis and statistical distributional analysis to quantify subcellular localization of NF-κB in hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We detected significant spatial heterogeneity of NF-κB expression and cellular localization between cytoplasm and nucleus across liver tissue. Our main aims involved investigating the zonal bias in NF-κB localization and determining to what extent chronic ethanol intake affects this zonal bias with in hepatocytes at baseline and post-PHx. Hepatocytes in the periportal area showed higher NF-κB expression than in the pericentral region in the carbohydrate-fed controls, but not in the ethanol group. However, the distribution of NF-κB nuclear localization in hepatocytes was shifted towards higher levels in pericentral region than in periportal area, across all treatment conditions. Chronic ethanol intake shifted the NF-κB distribution towards higher nuclear fraction in hepatocytes as compared to the pair-fed control group. Ethanol also stimulated higher NF-κB expression in a subpopulation of HSCs. In the control group, PHx elicited a shift towards higher NF-κB nuclear fraction in hepatocytes. However, this distribution remained unchanged in the ethanol group post-PHx. HSCs showed a lower NF-κB expression following PHx in both ethanol and control groups. We conclude that adaptation to chronic ethanol intake attenuates the liver zonal variation in NF-κB expression and limits the PHx-induced NF-κB activation in hepatocytes, but does not alter the NF-κB expression changes in HSCs in response to PHx. Our findings provide new insights as to how ethanol treatment may affect cell-type specific processes regulated by NF-κB activation in liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshavardhan Nilakantan
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Kuttippurathu
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Austin Parrish
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jan B. Hoek
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Research, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Integrated systems toxicology approaches identified the possible involvement of ABC transporters pathway in erythromycin estolate-induced liver injury in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 65:343-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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French BA, Oliva J, Bardag-Gorce F, Li J, Zhong J, Buslon V, French SW. Mallory-Denk bodies form when EZH2/H3K27me3 fails to methylate DNA in the nuclei of human and mice liver cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 92:318-26. [PMID: 22465358 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
EZH2/H3K27me3 and polycomb group complex (PcG) play a major role in regulating global gene expression including tumor suppressor genes. EZH2 is linked to cell cycle regulated EZH2 phosphorylation by CDK1, a mitotic kinase which increases in arrested mitosis compared to S phase. CDK1 phosphorylation of EZH2 accelerates the degradation of pEZH2. Phospho-EZH2 is subjected to ubiquitination. The half-like of pEZH2 is shorter when compared to total EZH2. In the present study, pEZH2 was found concentrated together with ubiquitin in the Mallory-Denk bodies (MDB) that were formed in hepatocytes in the livers of drug primed mice refed DDC and humans with alcoholic hepatitis or hepatocellular carcinoma. The cells that formed MDBs in the mice livers studied were associated with a growth advantage and a high proliferative index. However, the livers from patients with alcoholic hepatitis showed evidence of cell cycle arrest where PCNA, cyclin D1 and p27 positive nuclei were numerous but Ki-67 positive nuclei were scarce. It is concluded that MDB formation is linked to the cell cycle and global gene expression (i.e. loss of gene silencing) through its association with the regulation of the polycomb group PRC2/EZH2/H3K27me3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Current in vitro methodologies for the culture and analysis of liver specific responses lack the sophistication of in vivo dynamics. In this work, a microfluidic based experimental methodology has been utilized to reproduce a biomimetic microenvironment in which pseudo in vivo liver tissue studies can be carried out under in vitro conditions. This innovative technique, which exploits the inherent advantages of microfluidic technology, has been utilised to study the viability and functionality of explant liver tissue over four days in the presence of varying concentrations of ethanol. Concentrations of ethanol as low as 20 mM have produced a decrease in WST-1 metabolism, a marker of mitochondrial activity, and an increase lactose dehydrogenase release, reflecting cell death, in the explant samples; these effects increase with higher ethanol concentrations. A concomitant decrease in albumin and urea synthesis was also observed. We believe the proposed methodology is widely applicable and is clearly of relevance to biological and clinical research including drug development and toxicity, as well as enabling better fundamental understanding of tissue/cell processes.
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10
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Hepatitis C virus and alcohol: same mitotic targets but different signaling pathways. J Hepatol 2011; 54:956-63. [PMID: 21145809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chromosomal aberrations are frequently observed in hepatitis C virus (HCV)- and alcohol-related hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). The mechanisms by which chromosomal aberrations occur during hepatocarcinogenesis are still unknown. However, these aberrations are considered to be the result of deregulation of some mitotic proteins, including the alteration of Cyclin B1 and Aurora kinase A expression, and the phosphorylation of gamma-tubulin. Our study aims at investigating changes in expression of the above mentioned proteins and related intracellular pathways, in in vitro and in vivo models of both HCV- and alcohol- dependent HCCs. METHODS In this study, the molecular defects and the mechanisms involved in deregulation of the mitotic machinery were analyzed in human hepatoma cells, expressing HCV proteins treated or not with ethanol, and in liver tissues from control subjects (n=10) and patients with HCV- (n=10) or alcohol-related (n=10) HCCs. RESULTS Expression of Cyclin B1, Aurora kinase A, and tyrosine-phosphorylated gamma-tubulin was analyzed in models reproducing HCV infection and ethanol treatment in HCC cells. Interestingly, HCV and alcohol increased the expression of Cyclin B, Aurora kinase A, and tyrosine-phosphorylated gamma-tubulin also in tissues from patients with HCV- or alcohol-related HCCs. In vitro models suggest that HCV requires the expression of PKR (RNA-activated protein kinase), as well as JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) proteins; while, ethanol bypasses all these pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that HCV and alcohol may promote oncogenesis by acting through the same mitotic proteins, but via different signaling pathways.
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Kurien BT, Dillon SP, Dorri Y, D'Souza A, Scofield RH. Curcumin does not bind or intercalate into DNA and a note on the gray side of curcumin. Int J Cancer 2011; 128:242-5. [PMID: 20198612 PMCID: PMC7304286 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abstract
Liver diseases incorporate several maladies, which can range from benign histological changes to serious life-threatening conditions. These may include inborn metabolic disease, primary and metastatic cancers, alcoholic cirrhosis, viral hepatitis and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Liver disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality with significant economic and social costs. Several novel approaches are currently being studied which may provide a better therapeutic outcome. The use of naturally occurring phytochemicals, some of them obtained from dietary sources, in the amelioration of illness have recently gained considerable popularity. These agents, having anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, provide a safe and effective means of ameliorating chronic disease. Resveratrol, a grape polyphenol, has shown considerable promise as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of the aforementioned liver ailments. Several studies have highlighted the hepatoprotective properties of resveratrol. Resveratrol has been shown to prevent hepatic damage because of free radicals and inflammatory cytokines, induce anti-oxidant enzymes and elevate glutathione content. Resveratrol has also been shown to modulate varied signal transduction pathways implicated in liver diseases. This review critically examines the current preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies on the preventive and therapeutic effects of resveratrol in liver diseases. The review highlights the pharmacological mechanisms involved in mediating the aforementioned effects. Toxicity, pharmacokinetics and clinical bioavailability of resveratrol are also reviewed in this article. The challenges involved, future directions and novel approaches such as site-specific drug delivery in the use of resveratrol for the prevention and treatment of liver disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, OH, USA.
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13
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Ronis MJ, Korourian S, Blackburn ML, Badeaux J, Badger TM. The role of ethanol metabolism in development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in the rat. Alcohol 2010; 44:157-69. [PMID: 20116195 PMCID: PMC2831169 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The importance of ethanol metabolism in the development of alcoholic liver disease remains controversial. The present study examined the effects of selective inhibition of the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1 compared with the inhibition of overall ethanol metabolism on the development of alcoholic steatohepatitis. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed via total enteral nutrition for 45 days with or without 10-12g/kg/d ethanol. Some groups were given 200mg/kg/d of the CYP2E1 inhibitor diallyl sulfide (DAS). Other groups were treated with 164mg/kg/d of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) and dosed at 2-3g/kg/d ethanol to maintain similar average urine ethanol concentrations. Liver pathology scores and levels of apoptosis were elevated by ethanol (P<.05) but did not differ significantly on cotreatment with DAS or 4-MP. However, liver triglycerides were lower when ethanol-fed rats were treated with DAS or 4-MP (P<.05). Serum alanine aminotransferase values were significantly lower in ethanol-fed 4-MP-treated rats indicating reduced necrosis. Hepatic oxidative stress and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker tribbles-related protein 3 were increased after ethanol (P<.05); further increased by DAS but partly attenuated by 4-MP. Both DAS and 4-MP reversed ethanol increases in the cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the chemokine CXCL-2 (P<.05). However, neither inhibitors prevented ethanol suppression of interleukins IL-4 or IL-12. Moreover, neither inhibitors prevented ethanol increases in tumor growth factor-beta mRNA. Ethanol and DAS additively induced hepatic hyperplasia (P<.05). These data suggest that a significant proportion of hepatic injury after ethanol exposure is independent of alcohol metabolism. Ethanol metabolism by CYP2E1 may be linked in part to triglyceride accumulation, to induction of TNF-alpha, and to chemokine production. Ethanol metabolism by ADH may be linked in part to oxidative and ER stress and necrotic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Ronis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, USA.
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To update the reader with advances in epidemiology, genetics, detection, pathogenesis and therapy of alcohol-related liver disease. RECENT FINDINGS Ill-health due to alcohol abuse is improving in some nations but deteriorating in others. Oxidative and nitrosative stress are key to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease, and there is now greater emphasis than previously on their development and role of cytochrome P450 2E1, on mitochondrial stress and disruption, (including elucidation of mitochondrial protection mechanisms) disturbance of signaling pathways and involvement of extrahepatic mediators like adiponectin. Treatment of alcoholic liver disease has stagnated, but transplantation is still favored and debated for end-stage cirrhosis. SUMMARY Basic and clinical research into the mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease is making headway, but has yet to produce safe and effective therapies for alcoholic hepatitis and for reversing cirrhosis.
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