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Semmler G, Wöran K, Scheiner B, Unger LW, Paternostro R, Stift J, Schwabl P, Bucsics T, Bauer D, Simbrunner B, Stättermayer AF, Pinter M, Trauner M, Reiberger T, Mandorfer M. Novel reliability criteria for controlled attenuation parameter assessments for non-invasive evaluation of hepatic steatosis. United European Gastroenterol J 2020; 8:321-331. [PMID: 32213023 PMCID: PMC7184665 DOI: 10.1177/2050640619900820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflicting evidence regarding reliability criteria for the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP; a marker for hepatic steatosis [HS]). Thus, we assessed the diagnostic performance of CAP according to different reliability criteria based on real-world data from an academic centre. METHODS Patients undergoing measurement of CAP and liver biopsy (±6 months) at the Medical University of Vienna were included. HS was assessed according to SAF score. RESULTS In total 319 patients were included. The main aetiologies were non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD, n = 177, 55.5%), viral hepatitis (n = 49, 15.4%), and alcoholic liver disease (ALD, n = 29, 9.1%). Histological steatosis and fibrosis stages were: S0: 93 (29.2%), S1: 100 (31.3%), S2: 67 (21.0%), and S3: 59 (18.5%); F0/F1: 150 (47.0%), F2: 47 (14.7%), and F3/F4: 122 (48.3%). In the overall cohort, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of CAP was 0.843 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.798-0.887) for diagnosing HS ≥ S1), 0.789 (95%CI: 0.740-0.839) for ≥S2, and 0.767 (95%CI: 0.712-0.823) for S3. CAP corrections as suggested by Karlas et al. did not improve the diagnostic performance. Importantly, the AUC of CAP for HS ≥ S1 was numerically highest in patients with CAP-IQR/median<0.10 or <0.20 (obtained in 37.9% and 74.9%), in whom CAP also had better diagnostic performance, as compared with patients not meeting these criteria. Moreover, it was substantially higher in 288 (90.3%) patients with CAP-IQR/median<0.3: 0.856 (95%CI: 0.809-0.903) vs. patients not meeting this criterion (0.530 [95%CI: 0.309-0.751]). In contrast, the previously suggested reliability criterion of CAP-IQR<40 dB/m was not associated with an improved diagnostic performance for HS≥S1 (0.866 [95%CI: 0.812-0.920] vs. 0.799 [95%CI: 0.717-0.881]) and was only obtained in 199 (62.4%) patients. CONCLUSION CAP-IQR/median<0.1, <0.2, and <0.3 identify reliable measurements for diagnosing any hepatic steatosis (≥S1). Importantly, CAP-IQR/median<0.3 has a considerably higher applicability in clinical practice, as compared with the previously suggested CAP-IQR<40 dB/m criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Semmler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Wöran
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Scheiner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Walter Unger
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rafael Paternostro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Stift
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Schwabl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Bucsics
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Bauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Simbrunner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Albert Friedrich Stättermayer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Pinter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mattias Mandorfer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Chen X, Zhang Z, Cui B, Jiang A, Tao H, Cheng S, Liu Y. Combination of Chronic Alcohol Consumption and High-Salt Intake Elicits Gut Microbial Alterations and Liver Steatosis in Mice. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:1750-1759. [PMID: 31971384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol is a globally well-established cause of fatty liver disease (FLD). Increased salt consumption is associated with an increased prevalence of adipocyte hypertrophy and liver injury. In this study, high dietary salt potentiated chronic alcohol-induced hepatic damage. We explored the physiological mechanism of alcoholic FLD in the gastrointestinal tract. Male C57BL/6J mice (8-week-old) were fed a high-salt diet (HSD; 4% NaCl) with or without chronic ethanol (CE) for 1 month. The fecal microbiota, serum biochemical indices, intestinal permeability, level of liver damage, and liver mitochondria were evaluated. The HSD, CE, and their combination (HSDE) significantly changed the gut microbiota's structure, and the HSDE mice contained more probiotic species (e.g., Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus). The serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels were increased, and the lipid was accumulated in the liver tissues in the CE, HSD, and HSDE groups, which indicated liver damage, especially in the HSDE group. The increased intestinal permeability and mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver cells caused greater injury in the HSDE group than in the other groups. Thus, consuming HSD with alcohol contributes to FLD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking , Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences , Jinan 250000 , China
| | - Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking , Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences , Jinan 250000 , China
| | - Aimin Jiang
- College of Food Science , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Haiteng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking , Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences , Jinan 250000 , China
| | | | - Yong Liu
- Yucheng Maternal and Child Health Hospital , Dezhou 251200 , China
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Laitakari A, Ollonen T, Kietzmann T, Walkinshaw G, Mennerich D, Izzi V, Haapasaari KM, Myllyharju J, Serpi R, Dimova EY, Koivunen P. Systemic inactivation of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase 2 in mice protects from alcohol-induced fatty liver disease. Redox Biol 2019; 22:101145. [PMID: 30802717 PMCID: PMC6396018 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is a growing health problem for which no targeted therapy is available. We set out to study whether systemic inactivation of the main hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase, HIF-P4H-2 (PHD2/EglN1), whose inactivation has been associated with protection against metabolic dysfunction, could ameliorate it. HIF-P4H-2-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice or HIF-P4H inhibitor-treated WT mice were subjected to an ethanol diet for 3-4 weeks and their metabolic health, liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) were analyzed. Primary hepatocytes from the mice were used to study cellular ethanol metabolism. The HIF-P4H-2-deficient mice retained a healthier metabolic profile, including less adiposity, better lipoprotein profile and restored insulin sensitivity, while on the ethanol diet than the WT. They also demonstrated protection from alcohol-induced steatosis and liver damage and had less WAT inflammation. In liver and WAT the expression of the key lipogenic and adipocytokine mRNAs, such as Fas and Ccl2, were downregulated, respectively. The upregulation of metabolic and antioxidant hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) target genes, such as Slcs 16a1 and 16a3 and Gclc, respectively, and a higher catalytic activity of ALDH2 in the HIF-P4H-2-deficient hepatocytes improved handling of the toxic ethanol metabolites and oxidative stress. Pharmacological HIF-P4H inhibition in the WT mice phenocopied the protection against AFLD. Our data show that global genetic inactivation of HIF-P4H-2 and pharmacological HIF-P4H inhibition can protect mice from alcohol-induced steatosis and liver injury, suggesting that HIF-P4H inhibitors, now in clinical trials for renal anemia, could also be studied in randomized clinical trials for treatment of AFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laitakari
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Teemu Ollonen
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Daniela Mennerich
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Valerio Izzi
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kirsi-Maria Haapasaari
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Myllyharju
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raisa Serpi
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elitsa Y Dimova
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Naganuma H, Ishida H, Yoshida M, Funaoka M, Ito S, Ohyama Y. Multinodular fatty change in the liver in three patients with chronic hepatic porphyria: Contribution of sonography to the diagnosis. J Clin Ultrasound 2019; 47:165-168. [PMID: 30378127 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present three cases of chronic hepatic porphyria (CHP) in alcoholic patients, in which grayscale ultrasound (US) revealed multiple echogenic masses in the liver, mimicking multinodular hepatocellular carcinoma on alcoholic liver injury. In all cases, contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) showed iso-enhancement of the mass lesions throughout all vascular phases. Additionally, two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2DSWE) (performed in two cases) revealed the mass to have almost the same SWE value as the surrounding parenchyma. When encountering alcoholic patients with multiple echogenic masses in the liver, CHP must be included in the differential diagnosis. CEUS and 2DSWE allow us to increase our diagnostic confidence of CHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Naganuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokote Municipal Hospital, Yokote, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ishida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita Red Cross Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshida
- Department of Cellular and Organ Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Masato Funaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokote Municipal Hospital, Yokote, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokote Municipal Hospital, Yokote, Japan
| | - Yoko Ohyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Akita Kousei Medical Hospital, Akita, Japan
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Roychowdhury S, Glueck B, Han Y, Mohammad MA, Cresci GAM. A Designer Synbiotic Attenuates Chronic-Binge Ethanol-Induced Gut-Liver Injury in Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:E97. [PMID: 30621265 PMCID: PMC6357124 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis and altered short-chain fatty acids are associated with ethanol-induced liver injury. SCFA are fermentation byproducts of the gut microbiota known to have many beneficial biological effects. We tested if a designer synbiotic could protect against ethanol-induced gut-liver injury. C57BL/6 female mice were exposed to chronic-binge ethanol feeding consisting of ethanol (5% vol/vol) for 10 days, followed by a single gavage (5 g/kg body weight) 6 h before euthanasia. A group of mice also received oral supplementation daily with a designer synbiotic, and another group received fecal slurry (FS); control animals received saline. Control mice were isocalorically substituted maltose dextran for ethanol over the entire exposure period. Ethanol exposure reduced expression of tight junction proteins in the proximal colon and induced hepatocyte injury and steatosis. Synbiotic supplementation not only mitigated losses in tight junction protein expression, but also prevented ethanol-induced steatosis and hepatocyte injury. Ethanol exposure also increased hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress, which was also attenuated by synbiotic supplementation. Mice receiving FS were not protected from ethanol-induced liver injury or steatosis. Results were associated with luminal SCFA levels and SCFA transporter expression in the proximal colon and liver. These results indicate supplementation with a designer synbiotic is effective in attenuating chronic-binge ethanol-induced gut-liver injury and steatosis in mice, and highlight the beneficial effects of the gut microbial fermentation byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Roychowdhury
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Bryan Glueck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Yingchun Han
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Mahmoud Ali Mohammad
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Gail A M Cresci
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
- Center for Human Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Abstract
Offspring of female rats fed either a casein (CAS) diet or a low-isoflavone soy protein isolate (SPI) diet were compared in an animal model of chronic ethanol consumption to investigate whether maternal diet regulates the adaptive responses of offspring to postnatal ethanol exposure and potentially affects the development of liver disease in later life. Female rats were fed either a CAS or an SPI diet before mating, and during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring from the same litter were pair-fed either a control or ethanol diet for six weeks (CAS/CON, CAS/EtOH, SPI/CON, and SPI/EtOH groups). Serum aminotransferase activities and hepatic inflammatory indicators were higher in the SPI/EtOH group than in the CAS/EtOH group. Ethanol consumption increased serum homocysteine levels, hepatic S-adenosylmethionine:S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio, and hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress only in offspring of SPI-fed female rats. Total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and mRNA levels of hepatic genes involved in HDL cholesterol assembly were reduced in the SPI group in response to ethanol consumption. In conclusion, offspring of SPI-fed female rats were more susceptible to the later development of alcoholic liver disease than offspring of CAS-fed female rats. Furthermore, maternal SPI consumption altered one-carbon metabolism and cholesterol metabolism of offspring fed an ethanol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Bom Won
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Young Hye Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Lowe PP, Gyongyosi B, Satishchandran A, Iracheta-Vellve A, Ambade A, Kodys K, Catalano D, Ward DV, Szabo G. Alcohol-related changes in the intestinal microbiome influence neutrophil infiltration, inflammation and steatosis in early alcoholic hepatitis in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174544. [PMID: 28350851 PMCID: PMC5370121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol-induced intestinal dysbiosis disrupts homeostatic gut-liver axis function and is essential in the development of alcoholic liver disease. Here, we investigate changes in enteric microbiome composition in a model of early alcoholic steatohepatitis and dissect the pathogenic role of intestinal microbes in alcohol-induced liver pathology. Materials and methods Wild type mice received a 10-day diet that was either 5% alcohol-containing or an isocaloric control diet plus a single binge. 16S rDNA sequencing defined the bacterial communities in the cecum of alcohol- and pair-fed animals. Some mice were treated with an antibiotic cocktail prior to and throughout alcohol feeding. Liver neutrophils, cytokines and steatosis were evaluated. Results Acute-on-chronic alcohol administration induced shifts in various bacterial phyla in the cecum, including increased Actinobacteria and a reduction in Verrucomicrobia driven entirely by a reduction in the genus Akkermansia. Antibiotic treatment reduced the gut bacterial load and circulating bacterial wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that bacterial load suppression prevented alcohol-related increases in the number of myeloperoxidase- (MPO) positive infiltrating neutrophils in the liver. Expression of liver mRNA tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfα), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (Cxcl1) and circulating protein monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were also reduced in antibiotic-treated alcohol-fed mice. Alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis measured by Oil-Red O staining was significantly reduced in antibiotic treated mice. Genes regulating lipid production and storage were also altered by alcohol and antibiotic treatment. Interestingly, antibiotic treatment did not protect from alcohol-induced increases in serum aminotransferases (ALT/AST). Conclusions Our data indicate that acute-on-chronic alcohol feeding alters the microflora at multiple taxonomic levels and identifies loss of Akkermansia as an early marker of alcohol-induced gut dysbiosis. We conclude that gut microbes influence liver inflammation, neutrophil infiltration and liver steatosis following alcohol consumption and these data further emphasize the role of the gut-liver axis in early alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P. Lowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benedek Gyongyosi
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abhishek Satishchandran
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Arvin Iracheta-Vellve
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aditya Ambade
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karen Kodys
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donna Catalano
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Doyle V. Ward
- Center for Microbiome Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains to be one of the most common etiology of liver disease and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathologic stages of ALD comprises of steatosis, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis/cirrhosis. Steatosis and steatohepatitis represents the early phase of ALD and are precursor stages for fibrosis/cirrhosis. Numerous research efforts have been directed at recognizing cofactors interacting with alcohol in the pathogenesis of steatosis and steatohepatitis. This review will elucidate the constellation of complex pathogenesis, available animal models, and microscopic pathologic findings mostly in the early-phase of ALD. The role of endotoxin, reactive oxygen species, alcohol metabolism, and cytokines are discussed. Understanding the mechanisms of early-phase ALD should provide insight into the development of therapeutic strategies and thereby decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Ramaiah
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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9
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Yang Z, Tsuchiya H, Zhang Y, Lee S, Liu C, Huang Y, Vargas GM, Wang L. REV-ERBα Activates C/EBP Homologous Protein to Control Small Heterodimer Partner-Mediated Oscillation of Alcoholic Fatty Liver. Am J Pathol 2016; 186:2909-2920. [PMID: 27664470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The small heterodimer partner (SHP) nuclear receptor is an important regulator of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, little is known about the role of SHP in alcoholic fatty liver. In this study, we used a modified chronic ethanol-binge model to examine cyclic alterations of lipid metabolism in wild-type (WT) and Shp-/- mice over a 24-hour period after binge. The serum and hepatic lipid profiles, as well as the expression of lipid synthesis genes and markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, exhibited distinct variations in WT and Shp-/- mice in response to ethanol diet plus ethanol binge (ED+E) and control diet plus maltose binge. ED+E induced steatosis in WT mice, which correlated with a marked up-regulation of activating transcription factor 4 protein (ATF4) but down-regulation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c protein (SREBP-1c). On the contrary, the control diet plus maltose binge caused lipid accumulation in Shp-/- mice, which was accompanied by a sharp elevation of CHOP, SREBP-1c, and REV-ERBα proteins but a diminished ATF4. REV-ERBα activated CHOP promoter activity and gene transcription, which were inhibited by SHP. Knockdown Rev-Erbα in Shp-/- mice prevented steatosis induced by ED+E. Our study revealed a critical role of SHP and REV-ERBα in controlling rhythmic CHOP expression in alcoholic fatty liver.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation
- Ethanol/adverse effects
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/etiology
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Lipid Metabolism
- Lipogenesis
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1/genetics
- Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1/metabolism
- Transcription Factor CHOP/genetics
- Transcription Factor CHOP/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Yang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, and the Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, and the Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Chune Liu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, and the Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, and the Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gymar M Vargas
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, and the Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, and the Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Fengler VHI, Macheiner T, Kessler SM, Czepukojc B, Gemperlein K, Müller R, Kiemer AK, Magnes C, Haybaeck J, Lackner C, Sargsyan K. Susceptibility of Different Mouse Wild Type Strains to Develop Diet-Induced NAFLD/AFLD-Associated Liver Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155163. [PMID: 27167736 PMCID: PMC4863973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver disease have been intensively studied, concerning pathophysiological mechanisms are still incompletely understood. This may be due to the use of different animal models and resulting model-associated variation. Therefore, this study aimed to compare three frequently used wild type mouse strains in their susceptibility to develop diet-induced features of non-alcoholic/alcoholic fatty liver disease. Fatty liver disease associated clinical, biochemical, and histological features in C57BL/6, CD-1, and 129Sv WT mice were induced by (i) high-fat diet feeding, (ii) ethanol feeding only, and (iii) the combination of high-fat diet and ethanol feeding. Hepatic and subcutaneous adipose lipid profiles were compared in CD-1 and 129Sv mice. Additionally hepatic fatty acid composition was determined in 129Sv mice. In C57BL/6 mice dietary regimens resulted in heterogeneous hepatic responses, ranging from pronounced steatosis and inflammation to a lack of any features of fatty liver disease. Liver-related serum biochemistry showed high deviations within the regimen groups. CD-1 mice did not exhibit significant changes in metabolic and liver markers and developed no significant steatosis or inflammation as a response to dietary regimens. Although 129Sv mice showed no weight gain, this strain achieved most consistent features of fatty liver disease, apparent from concentration alterations of liver-related serum biochemistry as well as moderate steatosis and inflammation as a result of all dietary regimens. Furthermore, the hepatic lipid profile as well as the fatty acid composition of 129Sv mice were considerably altered, upon feeding the different dietary regimens. Accordingly, diet-induced non-alcoholic/alcoholic fatty liver disease is most consistently promoted in 129Sv mice compared to C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice. As a conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of genetic background of used mouse strains for modeling diet-induced non-alcoholic/alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine Transaminase/metabolism
- Animals
- Aspartate Aminotransferases/metabolism
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Ethanol/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/etiology
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/genetics
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/pathology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Function Tests
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/genetics
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology
- Species Specificity
- Subcutaneous Fat/metabolism
- Subcutaneous Fat/pathology
- Triglycerides/metabolism
- Weight Gain
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Macheiner
- BioPersMed/Biobank Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sonja M. Kessler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Beate Czepukojc
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Katja Gemperlein
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Magnes
- Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karine Sargsyan
- BioPersMed/Biobank Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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11
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Alegría Matos PH, Tafur Cabello KS, Lozano Miranda A, Loza Munarriz C, Lozano Miranda Z. [Clinical and biochemical characteristics in patients with histology compatible with steatothepatitis in National Hospital Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, Peru, from 2010 to 2012]. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2015; 35:236-242. [PMID: 26397280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Describe the clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with histopathological findings compatible with steatohepatitis of HNAL patients between 2010-2012. Determine the frequency of alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, presence of metabolic syndrome and other factors associated to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, its main indications for liver biopsy and biochemical characteristics according to the severity of the histological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated all histological slides of liver biopsies of the period between 2010-2012, of which, those with the diagnosis of steatohepatitis were selected. Their medical records were then reviewed. RESULTS 32 patients met inclusion criteria. 28 were female and 4 male, the average age was 49±12 years. Two patients had a history of chronic alcohol consumption, representing the group of alcoholic steatohepatitis. The more frequent clinical finding in patients with NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), was obesity (37%). 50% of patients had AST/ALT ratio <1. CONCLUSIONS Among population studied, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was more common than alcoholic steatohepatitis, being obesity the most associated factor.
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12
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Liu X, Hakucho A, Liu J, Fujimiya T. Delayed ethanol elimination and enhanced susceptibility to ethanol-induced hepatosteatosis after liver resection. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:18249-18259. [PMID: 25561792 PMCID: PMC4277962 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis after liver resection and the mechanisms behind it.
METHODS: First, the preliminary examination was performed on 6 sham-operated (Sham) and 30 partial hepatectomy (PH) male Wistar rats (8-wk-old) to evaluate the recovery of the liver weight and liver function after liver resection. PH rats were sacrificed at the indicated time points (4, 8, and 12 h; 1, 3, and 7 d) after PH. Second, the time point for the beginning of the chronic ethanol exposure (1 wk after sham- or PH-operation) was determined based on the results of the preliminary examination. Finally, pair-feeding was performed with a controlled diet or with a 5-g/dL ethanol liquid diet for 28 d in another 35 age-matched male Wistar rats with a one-week recovery after undergoing a sham- (n = 15) or PH-operation (n = 20) to evaluate the ethanol-induced liver injury after liver resection. Hepatic steatosis, liver function, fatty acid synthase (Fas) gene expression level, the expression of lipid metabolism-associated enzyme regulator genes [sterol regulatory element binding protein (Srebp)-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (Ppar)-α], the mediators that alter lipid metabolism [plasminogen activator (Pai)-1 gene expression level and tumor necrosis factor (Tnf)-α production], and hepatic class-1 alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1)-associated ethanol elimination were investigated in the 4 groups based on histological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, Western blotting, reverse transcriptase chain reaction, and blood ethanol concentration analyses. The relevant gene expression levels, liver weight, and liver function were assessed before and 1 wk after surgery to determine the subject’s recovery from the liver resection using the rats that had been subjected to the preliminary examination.
RESULTS: In the PH rats, ethanol induced marked hepatic steatosis with impaired liver functioning, as evidenced by the accumulation of fatty droplets within the hepatocytes, the higher increases in their hepatic triglyceride and blood alanine aminotransferase and blood aspartate aminotransferase levels after the 28-d pair-feeding period. The Sham-ethanol rats, not the PH-ethanol rats, demonstrated the up-regulation of Srebp-1 and the down-regulation of Ppar-α mRNA expression levels after the 28-d pair-feeding period. The 28-d ethanol administration induced the up-regulation of Pai-1 gene expression level and an overproduction of TNF-α in the Sham and the PH rats; however, the effect was more significant in the PH rats. The PH-ethanol rats (n = 4) showed higher residual blood ethanol concentrations than did the Sham-ethanol rats (n = 6) after a 5-h fast (0.66 ± 0.4 mg/mL vs 0.2 ± 0.1 mg/mL, P < 0.05); these effects manifested without up-regulation of Adh1 gene expression, which was present in the Sham-ethanol group after the 28-d pair-feeding period. One week after the liver resection, the liver weight, function, the gene expression levels of Fas, Srebp-1, Ppar-α, Pai-1 and Tnf-α recovered; however, the Adh1 gene expression did not recover in rats.
CONCLUSION: Desensitization to post-hepatectomy ethanol treatment and slow recovery from PH in Adh1 gene expression enhanced the susceptibility to ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis after PH in rats.
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13
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Liu J. Ethanol and liver: Recent insights into the mechanisms of ethanol-induced fatty liver. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14672-14685. [PMID: 25356030 PMCID: PMC4209533 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), a potentially pathologic condition, can progress to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, leading to an increased probability of hepatic failure and death. Alcohol induces fatty liver by increasing the ratio of reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in hepatocytes; increasing hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and early growth response-1 activity; and decreasing hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activity. Alcohol activates the innate immune system and induces an imbalance of the immune response, which is followed by activated Kupffer cell-derived tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α overproduction, which is in turn responsible for the changes in the hepatic SREBP-1 and PAI-1 activity. Alcohol abuse promotes the migration of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) to the liver and then reprograms TNF-α expression from BMDCs. Chronic alcohol intake triggers the sympathetic hyperactivity-activated hepatic stellate cell (HSC) feedback loop that in turn activates the HSCs, resulting in HSC-derived TNF-α overproduction. Carvedilol may block this feedback loop by suppressing sympathetic activity, which attenuates the progression of AFLD. Clinical studies evaluating combination therapy of carvedilol with a TNF-α inhibitor to treat patients with AFLD are warranted to prevent the development of alcoholic liver disease.
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14
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Nie S, Zhou J. [Role of silent information regulator 1 in the pathogenesis of alcoholic fatty liver disease]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2014; 22:711-714. [PMID: 25647849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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15
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King AL, Swain TM, Mao Z, Udoh US, Oliva CR, Betancourt AM, Griguer CE, Crowe DR, Lesort M, Bailey SM. Involvement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in chronic ethanol-mediated liver injury in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G265-77. [PMID: 24356880 PMCID: PMC3920122 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00278.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic ethanol consumption increases sensitivity of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore induction in liver. Ca(2+) promotes MPT pore opening, and genetic ablation of cyclophilin D (CypD) increases the Ca(2+) threshold for the MPT. We used wild-type (WT) and CypD-null (CypD(-/-)) mice fed a control or an ethanol-containing diet to investigate the role of the MPT in ethanol-mediated liver injury. Ca(2+)-mediated induction of the MPT and mitochondrial respiration were measured in isolated liver mitochondria. Steatosis was present in WT and CypD(-/-) mice fed ethanol and accompanied by increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end label-positive nuclei. Autophagy was increased in ethanol-fed WT mice compared with ethanol-fed CypD(-/-) mice, as reflected by an increase in the ratio of microtubule protein 1 light chain 3B II to microtubule protein 1 light chain 3B I. Higher levels of p62 were measured in CypD(-/-) than WT mice. Ethanol decreased mitochondrial respiratory control ratios and select complex activities in WT and CypD(-/-) mice. Ethanol also increased CypD protein in liver of WT mice. Mitochondria from control- and ethanol-fed WT mice were more sensitive to Ca(2+)-mediated MPT pore induction than mitochondria from their CypD(-/-) counterparts. Mitochondria from ethanol-fed CypD(-/-) mice were also more sensitive to Ca(2+)-induced swelling than mitochondria from control-fed CypD(-/-) mice but were less sensitive than mitochondria from ethanol-fed WT mice. In summary, CypD deficiency was associated with impaired autophagy and did not prevent ethanol-mediated steatosis. Furthermore, increased MPT sensitivity was observed in mitochondria from ethanol-fed WT and CypD(-/-) mice. We conclude that chronic ethanol consumption likely lowers the threshold for CypD-regulated and -independent characteristics of the ethanol-mediated MPT pore in liver mitochondria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autophagy
- Calcium Signaling
- Cell Respiration
- Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase F
- Cyclophilins/deficiency
- Cyclophilins/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ethanol
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/etiology
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Genotype
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/etiology
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/genetics
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Liver/pathology
- Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore
- Mitochondrial Swelling
- Phenotype
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L King
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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16
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Lin CW, Zhang H, Li M, Xiong X, Chen X, Chen X, Dong XX, Yin XM. Pharmacological promotion of autophagy alleviates steatosis and injury in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver conditions in mice. J Hepatol 2013; 58:993-9. [PMID: 23339953 PMCID: PMC3634371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pharmacological approaches can potentially improve fatty liver condition in alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. The salutary effects of reducing lipid synthesis or promoting lipid oxidation have been well reported, but the benefits of increasing lipid degradation have yet to be well explored. Macroautophagy is a cellular degradation process that can remove subcellular organelles including lipid droplets. We thus investigated whether pharmacological modulation of macroautophagy could be an effective approach to alleviate fatty liver condition and liver injury. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were given ethanol via intraperitoneal injection (acute) or by a 4-week oral feeding regime (chronic), or high fat diet for 12 weeks. An autophagy enhancer, carbamazepine or rapamycin, or an autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, was given before sacrifice. Activation of autophagy, level of hepatic steatosis, and blood levels of triglycerides, liver enzyme, glucose and insulin were measured. RESULTS In both acute and chronic ethanol condition, macroautophagy was activated. Carbamazepine, as well as rapamycin, enhanced ethanol-induced macroautophagy in hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo. Hepatic steatosis and liver injury were exacerbated by chloroquine, but alleviated by carbamazepine. The protective effects of carbamazepine and rapamycin in reducing steatosis and in improving insulin sensitivity were also demonstrated in high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver condition. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that pharmacological modulation of macroautophagy in the liver can be an effective strategy for reducing fatty liver condition and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Xiwen Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Xiaocheng X. Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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18
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Donohue TM, Osna NA, Trambly CS, Whitaker NP, Thomes PG, Todero SL, Davis JS. Early growth response-1 contributes to steatosis development after acute ethanol administration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36:759-67. [PMID: 22141421 PMCID: PMC3297709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work demonstrated that the transcription factor, early growth response-1 (Egr-1), participates in the development of steatosis (fatty liver) after chronic ethanol (EtOH) administration. Here, we determined the extent to which Egr-1 is involved in fatty liver development in mice subjected to acute EtOH administration. METHODS In acute studies, we treated both wild-type and Egr-1 null mice with either EtOH or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) by gastric intubation. At various times after treatment, we harvested sera and livers and quantified endotoxin, indices of liver injury, steatosis, and hepatic Egr-1 content. In chronic studies, groups of mice were fed liquid diets containing either EtOH or isocaloric maltose-dextrin for 7 to 8 weeks. RESULTS Compared with controls, acute EtOH-treated mice showed a rapid, transient elevation in serum endotoxin beginning 30 minutes after treatment. One hour postgavage, livers from EtOH-treated mice exhibited a robust elevation of both Egr-1 mRNA and protein. By 3 hours postgavage, liver triglyceride increased in EtOH-treated mice as did lipid peroxidation. Acute EtOH treatment of Egr-1-null mice showed no Egr-1 expression, but these animals still developed elevated triglycerides, although significantly lower than EtOH-fed wild-type littermates. Despite showing decreased fatty liver, EtOH-treated Egr-1 null mice exhibited greater liver injury. After chronic EtOH feeding, steatosis and liver enlargement were clearly evident, but there was no indication of elevated endotoxin. Egr-1 levels in EtOH-fed mice were equal to those of pair-fed controls. CONCLUSIONS Acute EtOH administration induced the synthesis of Egr-1 in mouse liver. However, despite its robust increase, the transcription factor had a smaller, albeit significant, function in steatosis development after acute EtOH treatment. We propose that the rise in Egr-1 after acute EtOH is an hepatoprotective adaptation to acute liver injury from binge drinking that is triggered by EtOH metabolism and elevated levels of endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence M Donohue
- Liver Study Unit, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Chronic alcohol exposure inhibits insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling in the liver and brain by impairing the signaling cascade at multiple levels. These alterations produced by alcohol cause severe hepatic and central nervous system insulin resistance as the cells fail to adequately transmit signals downstream through Erk/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which is needed for DNA synthesis and liver regeneration, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which promotes growth, survival, cell motility, glucose utilization, plasticity, and energy metabolism. The robust inhibition of insulin signaling in liver and brain is augmented by additional factors involving the activation of phosphatases such as phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), which further impairs insulin signaling through PI3K/Akt. Thus, intact insulin signaling is important for neuronal survival. Chronic alcohol consumption produces steatohepatitis, which also promotes hepatic insulin resistance, oxidative stress and injury, with the attendant increased generation of "toxic lipids" such as ceramides that increase insulin resistance. The PI3K/Akt signaling cascade is altered by direct interaction with ceramides as well as through PTEN upregulation as a downstream target gene of enhanced p53 transcriptional activity. Cytotoxic ceramides transferred from the liver to the blood can enter the brain due to their lipid-soluble nature, and thereby exert neurodegenerative effects via a liver-brain axis. We postulate that the neurotoxic and neurodegenerative effects of liver-derived ceramides activate pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase lipid adducts and insulin resistance in the brain to impair cognitive and motor function. These observations are discussed in the context of insulin sensitizers as potential cytoprotective agents against liver and brain injury induced by alcohol.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System/etiology
- Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System/metabolism
- Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System/pathology
- Alcohol-Induced Disorders, Nervous System/physiopathology
- Alcoholism/complications
- Alcoholism/drug therapy
- Alcoholism/metabolism
- Alcoholism/pathology
- Alcoholism/physiopathology
- Animals
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/physiopathology
- DNA Damage
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/etiology
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Humans
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/physiopathology
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/drug therapy
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/etiology
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/pathology
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/physiopathology
- Liver Regeneration
- PPAR gamma/agonists
- PPAR gamma/metabolism
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne de la Monte
- Department of Pathology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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20
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Kirvel' PC, Goretskaia MV, Lukivskaia OI, Naruta EE, Belokonskaia EB, Buko VU. [Hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects of infliximab on experimental alcoholic steatohepatitis]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2012; 75:36-39. [PMID: 23025051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of infliximab (1 and 10 mg/kg, i.p., during 10 days) on alcoholic steatohepatitis has been studied in rats fed with ethanol-containing liquid diet over 10 weeks. Both doses of infliximab showed immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects, whereas only the maximum drug dose significantly decreased lipid accumulation in the liver. It can be concluded that infliximab (10 mg/kg) acts as an effective hepatoprotector, anti-inflammatory agent, and immunomodulator in rats with experimental alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Abstract
The protective effects of interleukin-22 (IL-22) on acute alcohol-induced liver injury were investigated. Mice were gavaged with 7 doses of alcohol (56% wt/vol, 15.2 mL/kg of body weight for each dose) over the 24 h, and IL-22 (0.5 mg/kg BW) was given to the mice by injection into the tail vein 1 h after alcohol administration. The results indicated that acute alcohol administration caused prominent hepatic microvesicular steatosis and an elevation of serum transaminase activities, induced a significant decrease in hepatic glutathione in conjunction with enhanced lipid peroxidation, and increased hepatocyte apoptosis as well as hepatic TNF-alpha production. IL-22 treatment attenuated these adverse changes induced by acute alcohol administration. The protective effects of IL-22 on alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity were due mainly to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Xing
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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22
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Li S, Liu H, Jin Y, Lin S, Cai Z, Jiang Y. Metabolomics study of alcohol-induced liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in mice. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2369-75. [PMID: 21763219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is one of the major causes of liver injury and a promoter for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To understand the disease-associated metabolic changes, we investigated and compared the profiles of metabolites in nude mice with alcohol-induced liver injury or bearing a HCC xenograft (HCCX). Alcohol-induced liver injury was achieved by daily administration of grain liquor, and HCC xenografts were generated by subcutaneous inoculation of HepG2 cells in nude mice. Metabolites in serum samples were profiled by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS). The acquired data was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to identify potential disease-specific biomarkers. Results showed that the phosphatidylcholine (PC) levels were significantly higher in both liver injury and HCCX mice compared with the control. Interestingly, lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) that contain saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids were reduced in both liver injury and HCCX mice, but polyunsaturated fatty acids LPCs were elevated in liver injury mice only. These data delineated the disease-related metabolic alterations of LPCs in liver injury and HCC, suggesting that the LPC profile in serum may be biomarkers for these two common liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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23
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Ronis MJ, Korourian S, Blackburn ML, Badeaux J, Badger TM. The role of ethanol metabolism in development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in the rat. Alcohol 2010; 44:157-69. [PMID: 20116195 PMCID: PMC2831169 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The importance of ethanol metabolism in the development of alcoholic liver disease remains controversial. The present study examined the effects of selective inhibition of the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1 compared with the inhibition of overall ethanol metabolism on the development of alcoholic steatohepatitis. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed via total enteral nutrition for 45 days with or without 10-12g/kg/d ethanol. Some groups were given 200mg/kg/d of the CYP2E1 inhibitor diallyl sulfide (DAS). Other groups were treated with 164mg/kg/d of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) and dosed at 2-3g/kg/d ethanol to maintain similar average urine ethanol concentrations. Liver pathology scores and levels of apoptosis were elevated by ethanol (P<.05) but did not differ significantly on cotreatment with DAS or 4-MP. However, liver triglycerides were lower when ethanol-fed rats were treated with DAS or 4-MP (P<.05). Serum alanine aminotransferase values were significantly lower in ethanol-fed 4-MP-treated rats indicating reduced necrosis. Hepatic oxidative stress and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker tribbles-related protein 3 were increased after ethanol (P<.05); further increased by DAS but partly attenuated by 4-MP. Both DAS and 4-MP reversed ethanol increases in the cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the chemokine CXCL-2 (P<.05). However, neither inhibitors prevented ethanol suppression of interleukins IL-4 or IL-12. Moreover, neither inhibitors prevented ethanol increases in tumor growth factor-beta mRNA. Ethanol and DAS additively induced hepatic hyperplasia (P<.05). These data suggest that a significant proportion of hepatic injury after ethanol exposure is independent of alcohol metabolism. Ethanol metabolism by CYP2E1 may be linked in part to triglyceride accumulation, to induction of TNF-alpha, and to chemokine production. Ethanol metabolism by ADH may be linked in part to oxidative and ER stress and necrotic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Ronis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, 72205, USA.
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Wang BY, Fan JG. [A brief report on the third national congress of fatty liver disease and summit forum of Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2010; 18:73-74. [PMID: 20128980 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2010.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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Horie Y, Kikuchi M, Yamagishi Y, Umeda R, Ebinuma H, Saito H, Kato S, Ishii H, Hibi T, Han JY. Effect of a herbal medicine on fatty liver in rats fed ethanol chronically. Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi 2009; 44:636-648. [PMID: 20077758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to determine whether Cardiotopic Pills (CP) affects fatty liver in rats fed ethanol chronically. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with liquid diet that contained ethanol (36% of total calories) or an isocaloric carbohydrate instead of ethanol for 6 weeks. CP, an oral herbal medicine including Danshen (Salviae Miltiorrhiza), Panax notoginseny and Dyroblanops aromatica gaertn, have been clinically used for vascular diseases such as coronary diseases and cerebral infarction. CP was administered orally with the liquid diets for 2 weeks 0.4 mg/kg body weight/day with the liquid diet thereafter. Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, total protein, albumin, and AST and ALT activities are measured. Histological examination was also carried out. In another set of experiments, autofluorescence of NAD(P)H, an indicator of mitochondrial O2 consumption and redox status, was measured by an intravital microscopy, and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-(PPAR)-alpha and gamma mRNA levels were evaluated by real time quantitative PCR methods. RESULTS Chronic ethanol consumption elevated serum triglyceride level, and caused fatty degeneration of liver. After administration of CP, fatty degeneration was not observed in rats fed ethanol chronically. Elevation of serum triglyceride level was not noted after treatment with CP (Ethanol: 79.4 +/- 9.3 mg/dl, Ethanol+CP: 48.0 +/- 4.4, respectively, p<0.05). CP did not affect any other laboratory data or NAD(P)H levels. Chronic ethanol consumption did not affect PPAR-gamma mRNA levels, while it decreased PPAR-alpha mRNA levels in the liver. CP prevented the ethanol-induced decrease in PPAR-alpha mRNA levels. CP and its components could enhance expression of PPAR-alpha mRNA levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CP may be useful to prevent alcoholic fatty liver via enhanced expression of PPAR-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Horie
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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van den Brand M, Elving LD, Drenth JPH, van Krieken JHJM. Glycogenic hepatopathy: a rare cause of elevated serum transaminases in diabetes mellitus. Neth J Med 2009; 67:394-396. [PMID: 20009116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycogenic hepatopathy (GH) is a rare cause of serum transaminase elevations in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). We describe a 29-year-old woman with a history of poorly controlled type 1 DM who presented with hepatomegaly and severe transaminase flares. Liver histology confirmed GH, with glycogen accumulation due to severe fluctuations in both glucose and insulin. GH can be regarded as an adult variant of Mauriac's syndrome. Despite severe laboratory abnormalities, it does not cause liver cirrhosis. Treatment consists of improving glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van den Brand
- Departments of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Alcoholic liver injury involves a complex array of derangements in cellular signaling of hepatic parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells as well as cells of the immune system. In the hepatocyte, chronic ethanol abuse leads to lipid accumulation and liver steatosis. Multiple pathways are affected to promote lipid accumulation in the ethanol-exposed hepatocyte. Chronic ethanol renders Kupffer cells hyperresponsive to endotoxin, which results in production of inflammatory cytokines and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha via a toll-like receptor 4 dependent pathway, leading to inflammation and hepatic necrosis. Dysfunction of the innate and adaptive immune responses caused by ethanol contributes to impaired antiviral response, inflammatory injury, and autoimmune activation. Recent developments in the literature are reviewed in a model that suggests lipid accumulation, dysregulation of immunity, and impaired antiviral and autoimmune responses as three distinct, though interwoven, pathophysiological mechanisms of alcoholic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Nath
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Abstract
Clinical and haematological data on 14 patients (8 women and 6 men) with alcohol-induced haemolytic anaemia and mild to moderate liver injury are presented. Nine of the patients were obvious drinkers, while 5 were socially well adjusted individuals in whom alcohol dependence was not suspected on admission to hospital. Four patients presented with a typical Zieve's syndrome. Two further patients had a moderate transient stomatocytosis, as assessed by microscopy of dried blood smears and by scanning electron microscopy. The majority of the patients, however, did not fit into any of the syndromes proposed in the literature. Indeed, the validity of both Zieve's syndrome and the "transient stomatocytosis with hemolysis" syndrome is questioned.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alcoholism/blood
- Alcoholism/complications
- Anemia, Hemolytic/blood
- Anemia, Hemolytic/diagnosis
- Anemia, Hemolytic/etiology
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital/blood
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital/diagnosis
- Bilirubin/blood
- Erythrocytes/ultrastructure
- Erythropoiesis
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/blood
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/etiology
- Female
- Hemoglobins/analysis
- Humans
- Hyperlipidemias/blood
- Hyperlipidemias/etiology
- Lipids/blood
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/blood
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/etiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Syndrome
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Keshavarzian A, Farhadi A, Forsyth CB, Rangan J, Jakate S, Shaikh M, Banan A, Fields JZ. Evidence that chronic alcohol exposure promotes intestinal oxidative stress, intestinal hyperpermeability and endotoxemia prior to development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. J Hepatol 2009; 50:538-47. [PMID: 19155080 PMCID: PMC2680133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Not all alcoholics develop liver disease (ALD). Thus, excessive ethanol consumption is necessary, but not sufficient, to induce alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and ALD. Since endotoxemia is present in patients with ALD, it has been proposed that gut-derived, circulating endotoxin is the necessary co-factor for ASH. But, it is not known whether endotoxemia is the consequence or the trigger for ALD. Accordingly, the aim of the current study was to determine whether endotoxemia occurs prior to development of ASH and whether gut leakiness is the primary cause of the endotoxemia in an animal model of ASH. METHODS Time courses for development of gut hyperpermeability, nitric oxide production, oxidative injury to the gut, endotoxemia, and liver injury were assessed in rats during 10 weeks of daily alcohol gavage. RESULTS Liver fat and serum transaminase increased after 2 weeks, but evidence of liver cell injury and inflammation (ASH) occurred after 8 weeks. Gut leakiness, intestinal oxidative injury, and endotoxemia occurred in weeks 2-4 and progressed thereafter. CONCLUSIONS That alcohol-induced gut leakiness and endotoxemia preceded steatohepatitis indicates they are not the consequence of ALD. Our data support the hypothesis that gut leakiness resulting in endotoxemia is a key co-factor (trigger) for ASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keshavarzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Disease and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Stiefelhagen P. [Alcohol drinking is the major cause of chronic liver diseases, but: it does not just depend on the dose]. MMW Fortschr Med 2008; 150:18. [PMID: 18533603 DOI: 10.1007/bf03372042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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31
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Jeong WI, Osei-Hyiaman D, Park O, Liu J, Bátkai S, Mukhopadhyay P, Horiguchi N, Harvey-White J, Marsicano G, Lutz B, Gao B, Kunos G. Paracrine activation of hepatic CB1 receptors by stellate cell-derived endocannabinoids mediates alcoholic fatty liver. Cell Metab 2008; 7:227-35. [PMID: 18316028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-induced fatty liver, a major cause of morbidity, has been attributed to enhanced hepatic lipogenesis and decreased fat clearance of unknown mechanism. Here we report that the steatosis induced in mice by a low-fat, liquid ethanol diet is attenuated by concurrent blockade of cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Global or hepatocyte-specific CB1 knockout mice are resistant to ethanol-induced steatosis and increases in lipogenic gene expression and have increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 activity, which, unlike in controls, is not reduced by ethanol treatment. Ethanol feeding increases the hepatic expression of CB1 receptors and upregulates the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and its biosynthetic enzyme diacylglycerol lipase beta selectively in hepatic stellate cells. In control but not CB1 receptor-deficient hepatocytes, coculture with stellate cells from ethanol-fed mice results in upregulation of CB1 receptors and lipogenic gene expression. We conclude that paracrine activation of hepatic CB1 receptors by stellate cell-derived 2-AG mediates ethanol-induced steatosis through increasing lipogenesis and decreasing fatty acid oxidation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acids/metabolism
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/metabolism
- Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Diet, Fat-Restricted
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endocannabinoids
- Ethanol
- Fatty Acid Synthases/metabolism
- Fatty Acids/metabolism
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/etiology
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/genetics
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/pathology
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/prevention & control
- Glycerides/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Lipogenesis/drug effects
- Lipogenesis/genetics
- Lipoprotein Lipase/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/enzymology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Paracrine Communication/drug effects
- Paracrine Communication/genetics
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Rimonabant
- Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-il Jeong
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Zhou YJ, Li YY, Nie YQ, Ma JX, Lu LG, Shi SL, Chen MH, Hu PJ. Prevalence of fatty liver disease and its risk factors in the population of South China. World J Gastroenterol 2007. [PMID: 18081233 DOI: org/10.3748/wjg.13.6419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the population-based prevalence of fatty liver disease (FLD) and its risk factors in Guangdong Province, China. METHODS A cross-sectional survey with multiple-stage stratified cluster and random sampling of inhabitants over 7-year-old was performed in 6 urban and rural areas of Guangdong Province, China. Questionnaires, designed by co-working of epidemiologists and hepatologists, included demographic characteristics, current medication use, medical history and health-relevant behaviors, i.e. alcohol consumption, smoking habits, dietary habits and physical activities. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests and abdominal ultrasonography were carried out. RESULTS Among the 3543 subjects, 609 (17.2%) were diagnosed having FLD (18.0% males, 16.7% females, P > 0.05). Among them, the prevalence of confirmed alcoholic liver disease (ALD), suspected ALD and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were 0.4%, 1.8%, and 15.0%, respectively. The prevalence rate (23.0%) was significantly higher in urban areas than (12.9%) in rural areas. After adjustment for age, gender and residency, the standardized prevalence of FLD in adults was 14.5%. Among them, confirmed ALD, suspected ALD and NAFLD were 0.5%, 2.3%, and 11.7%, respectively, in adults and 1.3% (all NAFLD) in children at the age of 7-18 years. The overall prevalence of FLD increased with age in both genders to the peak of 27.4% in the group of subjects at the age of 60-70 years. The prevalence rate was significantly higher in men than in women under the age of 50 years (22.4% vs 7.1%, P < 0.001). However, the opposite phenomenon was found over the age of 50 years (20.6% vs 27.6%, P < 0.05). Multivariate and logistic regression analysis indicated that male gender, urban residency, low education, high blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, serum triglyceride and glucose levels were the risk factors for FLD. CONCLUSION FLD, especially NAFLD, is prevalent in South China. There are many risk factors for FLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
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Oleszczuk A, Spannbauer M, Tannapfel A, Blüher M, Hengstler J, Pietsch UC, Schuhmacher A, Wittekind C, Hauss JP, Schön MR. Regenerative capacity differs between micro- and macrovesicular hepatic steatosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 59:205-13. [PMID: 17869075 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Independent of etiology, the hepatic microvesicular steatosis has a worse prognosis compared with macrovesicular steatosis. Proliferation compensates for apoptosis and reflects regenerative mechanisms following liver injury. It is unknown whether these two types of fatty liver have differences in regenerative capacity and apoptosis, which could have an impact on their prognosis. METHODS Two groups of pigs were studied for 72 days under a protein-deficient diet. One group received only protein-deficient diet (n=6), the other was treated in addition to the diet with 6g ethanol/kg/day by means of a percutaneous intragastric catheter (n=6). The rate of proliferating and apoptotic hepatocytes was determined, respectively, by proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and ISEL/TUNEL staining for apoptosis in liver biopsies with similar steatosis grade in pigs with micro- or macrovesicular fatty liver. RESULTS The ethanol-treated group developed microvesicular steatosis, the other group developed macrovesicular steatosis. Proliferation index was significantly increased in macrovesicular in comparison with microvesicular steatosis (p<0.05). Apoptosis rate was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Regeneration, but not apoptosis rate differs between micro- and macrovesicular steatosis. The reduced regenerative capacity in microvesicular steatosis may contribute to the worse prognosis of this subtype of fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Oleszczuk
- Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Esfandiari F, You M, Villanueva JA, Wong DH, French SW, Halsted CH. S-adenosylmethionine attenuates hepatic lipid synthesis in micropigs fed ethanol with a folate-deficient diet. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007; 31:1231-9. [PMID: 17577393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To demonstrate a causative role of abnormal methionine metabolism in the pathogenesis of alcoholic steatosis, we measured the effects on hepatic lipid synthesis of supplementing ethanol and folate-deficient diets with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a metabolite that regulates methionine metabolism. METHODS Yucatan micropigs were fed folate-deficient diets as control, with ethanol at 40% of kcal, and with ethanol supplemented with SAM at 0.4 g/1,000 kcal for 14 weeks. Histopathology, triglyceride levels and transcripts, and protein levels of the regulatory signals of hepatic lipid synthesis were measured in terminal omental adipose and liver samples. RESULTS Feeding ethanol at 40% of kcal with folate-deficient diets for 14 weeks increased and supplemental SAM maintained control levels of liver and plasma triglyceride. Serum adiponectin, liver transcripts of adiponectin receptor-1 (AdipoR1), and phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate kinase-beta (p-AMPKbeta) were each reduced by ethanol feeding and were sustained at normal levels by SAM supplementation of the ethanol diets. Ethanol feeding activated and SAM supplementation maintained control levels of ER stress-induced transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and its targeted transcripts of lipid synthesizing enzymes acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT). CONCLUSIONS Ethanol feeding with a folate-deficient diet stimulates hepatic lipid synthesis by down-regulating adiponectin-mediated pathways of p-AMPK to increase the expression of nSREBP-1c and its targeted lipogenic enzymes. Preventing abnormal hepatic methionine metabolism by supplementing ethanol diets with SAM reduces liver triglyceride levels by up-regulation of adiponectin-mediated pathways to decrease fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis. This study demonstrates that ethanol-induced hepatic lipid synthesis is mediated in part by abnormal methionine metabolism, and strengthens the concept that altered methionine metabolism plays an integral role in the pathogenesis of steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Esfandiari
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Pritchard MT, McMullen MR, Stavitsky AB, Cohen JI, Lin F, Edward Medof M, Nagy LE. Differential contributions of C3, C5, and decay-accelerating factor to ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice. Gastroenterology 2007; 132:1117-1126. [PMID: 17383432 PMCID: PMC1838572 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The complement pathway is an important component of the innate and adaptive immune response. Here we tested the hypothesis that activation of complement is required for development of ethanol-induced fatty liver. METHODS Wild-type mice and mice lacking the third (C3) or fifth (C5) components of the complement activation pathway, as well as mice lacking decay-accelerating factor (CD55/DAF), a complement regulatory protein, were fed Lieber-DeCarli ethanol-containing diets for 6 weeks or pair-fed control diets. RESULTS Ethanol feeding to wild-type mice increased C3a in plasma. Wild-type and C5-/- mice fed the ethanol diet developed hepatic steatosis characterized by microvesicular and macrovesicular lipid accumulation and increased triglyceride content. C3-/- mice did not develop steatosis, while CD55/DAF-/- mice accumulated even more hepatic triglyceride after ethanol feeding than wild-type mice. Levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha, indicators of hepatocyte injury and inflammation, respectively, were increased in wild-type and CD55/DAF-/- mice but not in C5-/- mice after ethanol feeding. In contrast to the protective effect of C3-/- against ethanol-induced steatosis, levels of both alanine aminotransferase and tumor necrosis factor alpha were increased in C3-/- mice after ethanol feeding. CONCLUSIONS Here we have identified several elements of the complement system as important contributors to ethanol-induced fatty liver. C3 contributed primarily to the accumulation of triglyceride in the liver, whereas C5 was involved in inflammation and injury to hepatocytes. Further, the absence of CD55/DAF exacerbated these responses, suggesting that CD55/DAF serves as a barrier to ethanol-induced fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele T. Pritchard
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4906
- Pathology, Western Reserve University, Case Cleveland, OH 44106-4906
| | - Megan R. McMullen
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4906
- Pathology, Western Reserve University, Case Cleveland, OH 44106-4906
| | - Abram B. Stavitsky
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4906
| | - Jessica I. Cohen
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4906
| | - Feng Lin
- Pathology, Western Reserve University, Case Cleveland, OH 44106-4906
| | - M. Edward Medof
- Pathology, Western Reserve University, Case Cleveland, OH 44106-4906
| | - Laura E. Nagy
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4906
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Forgione A, Miele L, Cefalo C, Gasbarrini G, Grieco A. Alcoholic and nonalcoholic forms of fatty liver disease. MINERVA GASTROENTERO 2007; 53:83-100. [PMID: 17415346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver (or steatosis) is an increasingly common finding in histolgical evaluation of liver biopsies. It is frequently associated with obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, and/or alcohol abuse. When the steatosis is accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis, the risk of progression to severe liver disease is high. The aim of this paper is to review the clinical features, pathophysiology, natural history, and options for the treatment of nonalcoholic and alcoholic forms of fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Forgione
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sacro Cuore Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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Moon KH, Hood BL, Kim BJ, Hardwick JP, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Song BJ. Inactivation of oxidized and S-nitrosylated mitochondrial proteins in alcoholic fatty liver of rats. Hepatology 2006; 44:1218-30. [PMID: 17058263 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased oxidative/nitrosative stress is a major contributing factor to alcohol-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. However, which mitochondrial proteins are oxidatively modified under alcohol-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate oxidized and/or S-nitrosylated mitochondrial proteins and to use a biotin-N-maleimide probe to evaluate their inactivation in alcoholic fatty livers of rats. Binge or chronic alcohol exposure significantly elevated nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and ethanol-inducible CYP2E1. The biotin-N-maleimide-labeled oxidized and/or S-nitrosylated mitochondrial proteins from pair-fed controls or alcohol-fed rat livers were subsequently purified with streptavidin-agarose. The overall patterns of oxidized and/or S-nitrosylated proteins resolved by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were very similar in the chronic and binge alcohol treatment groups. Seventy-nine proteins that displayed differential spot intensities from those of control rats were identified by mass spectrometry. These include mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), ATP synthase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, and many proteins involved in chaperone activity, mitochondrial electron transfer, and ion transport. The activity of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase involved in mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids was significantly inhibited in alcohol-exposed rat livers, consistent with hepatic fat accumulation, as determined by biochemical and histological analyses. Measurement of activity and immunoblot results showed that ALDH2 and ATP synthase were also inhibited through oxidative modification of their cysteine or tyrosine residues in alcoholic fatty livers of rats. In conclusion, our results help to explain the underlying mechanism for mitochondrial dysfunction and increased susceptibility to alcohol-mediated liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Hoon Moon
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Banerjee A, Burghardt RC, Johnson GA, White FJ, Ramaiah SK. The temporal expression of osteopontin (SPP-1) in the rodent model of alcoholic steatohepatitis: a potential biomarker. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34:373-84. [PMID: 16844665 DOI: 10.1080/01926230600806543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that osteopontin (OPN) mediates neutrophil infiltration into the liver in a rodent model of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). The objective of this study was to investigate the temporal and spatial pattern of hepatic OPN mRNA and protein expression during the progression of alcoholic liver disease. OPN mRNA and protein expression were evaluated using real time PCR, in situ hybridization, Western blot and immunohistochemistry respectively. ASH was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by feeding EtOH-containing Lieber-DeCarli diet for 6 weeks, followed by a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg, ip). Rats were sacrificed 2-, 12-and 24-hour post LPS injection. A progressive induction of OPN mRNA was observed that preceded hepatic neutrophil infiltration and the increase in OPN mRNA correlated with increases in OPN protein expression. OPN mRNA was localized primarily to the biliary epithelium. The data indicates that OPN is transcribed and translated within the biliary epithelium. These findings suggest a potential role of OPN as an early biomarker in predicting inflammatory liver diseases such as ASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Banerjee
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4467, USA
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Canbay A, Bechmann LP, Best J, Jochum C, Treichel U, Gerken G. Crohn's disease-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) sensitizes for severe acute hepatitis B infection and liver failure. Z Gastroenterol 2006; 44:245-8. [PMID: 16514570 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-926502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) commonly is associated with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD) and usually is considered to be stable and benign. However, NAFLD -- and in particular its subset, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) -- may lead to progressive liver disease. Moreover, NAFLD sensitizes the liver to injury and increases the risk of developing acute-on-chronic liver failure following a "third hit". We here present one patient with NASH, as probably induced by long-standing Crohn's disease in the absence of ethanol consumption or abuse. The patient acquired an acute HBV infection and died from complications. As based on the clinical and histological findings, Crohn's disease appears to be a risk factor for developing NAFLD and thus to contribute to the progression into NASH. In conclusion, we suggest that Crohn's disease-related NAFLD may increase the vulnerability of the liver, which indicates that patients with a known history of CIBD merit special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Canbay
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen.
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Lukivskaya O, Zavodnik L, Knas M, Buko V. Antioxidant mechanism of hepatoprotection by ursodeoxycholic acid in experimental alcoholic steatohepatitis. Adv Med Sci 2006; 51:54-9. [PMID: 17357278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of an antioxidant factor in the hepatoprotective effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in rat alcoholic steatohepatitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The effects of UDCA (40 mg/kg, i.g., 30 days) were studied using rats fed on a high-fat diet (52% calories as fat) and administered with ethanol via intragastric intubation (4 g/kg daily, 30 days). RESULTS The livers of ethanol-treated animals were characterized by fatty dystrophy. The relative liver weight and the square of the sudanophylic area as well as the liver triglyceride content and the activity of the serum marker enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase, were significantly increased. Elevated superoxide dismutase activity as well as increased contents of lipid peroxidation products (hydroxyalkenals, malone dialdehyde, etc.) and lucigenin-enhanced microsomal chemiluminescence were observed in the liver of ethanol-treated rats and the liver reduced glutathione content was decreased. An increase in monoenoic fatty acids, a decrease of the n-6 acid family and an enhancement of microsomal membrane viscosity were found in the liver of these animals. An elevation of the total cytochrome P-450 content and the activity of amidopyrine-N-demethylase were shown in liver microsomes of the ethanol-treated group. The UDCA treatment improved the liver morphology, decreased serum marker enzyme activities, liver triglyceride content and normalized all the indices of oxidative stress. UDCA lowered the viscosity of the microsomal membrane, as assessed by both the fluorescence probe techniques and the saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio. The microsomal cytochrome P-450 content and amidopyrine-N-demethylase activity were normalized in UDCA-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS We can conclude that the hepatoprotective effect of UDCA stipulated by its antioxidant properties is indeed the factor enabling UDCA to control metabolic processes by changing the properties of liver membranes and membranous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lukivskaya
- Department of Experimental Hepatology, Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences, Grodno, Belarus
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Abstract
Chronic ethanol feeding damages the hepatic mitochondrion by increasing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) oxidation, lowering mtDNA yields and impairing mitochondrial respiration. These effects are also seen during aging. By employing a 21-day chronic feeding regimen, we investigated the effects of ethanol consumption on mtDNA content and mitochondrial respiration in 2-, 12-, and 24-mo-old male rats. Aging resulted in decreased mtDNA content, increased mtDNA damage (as indicated by inhibition of Taq polymerase progression), and a decline in state 3 respiration; effects that were further exacerbated by ethanol feeding. Additionally, ethanol consumption caused an increase in the levels of citrate synthase while not impacting mitochondrial protein content. In conclusion, ethanol and aging combine to cause deterioration in the structural and functional integrity of the hepatic mitochondrion. The additive effects of aging and ethanol feeding may have serious consequences for hepatic energy metabolism in aged animals, and their detrimental combination may serve as one of the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Cahill
- Dept. of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Yang RQ, Zhang XH, Tian XM, Guan CY, Shi L, Wang JG, Meng XY, Na ZM, Sha JD, Wang BY. [An investigation of the relationship between heavy drinking and alcoholic fatty liver in the Xinjiang minority ethnic group]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2005; 13:849-51. [PMID: 16313736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-qiao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Friend Hospital of Yili, Yili 835000, China
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Kojima S, Watanabe N, Shiraishi K, Tetsuya M, Matsuzaki S, Homma Y. [Actual condition of alcohol intake and its effects on lifestyle-related disease in health checkup]. Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai Zasshi 2005; 40:233-42. [PMID: 16038425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Actual condition of alcohol intake was investigated in forty four thousand one hundred and twenty six individuals who visited the Tokai University Hospital Health Checkup Center from 1989 to 2003. Effects of alcohol intake were also examined in relation to several risk factors for lifestyle-related diseases. The male drinkers who took more than 1 gou of sake per a day were recognized in 53.0% from 1989 to 1991, and decreased to 46.3% from 2001 to 2003. The female drinkers were found in approximately 10%, and remained unchanged during the 15-year survey period. When examined by age, the frequency of habitual drinking among males was 34.4% in the age of 20 years, and then increased to 45% in the 30 years, leading to the peak (54.1%) in the 40 years. In females, the frequency was 27.5% in the age of 20 years, but decreased to 10.9% in the 30 years. The prevalence of systolic hypertension, diastolic hypertension, hyperuricemia, high levels of HbAlc, and hypertriglyceridemia was significantly (P < 0.0001) increased with an increase in alcohol intake. The prevalence of obesity, fatty liver and hyperglycemia at fasting was markedly (P < 0.0001) increased in the drinkers whose intake was more than 2 gou per a day. These findings indicate that habitual drinking may be associated with risk factors for lifestyle-related diseases, such as obesity, fatty liver, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Kojima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University, School of Medicine, Bohseidai, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
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Kondili LA, Taliani G, Cerga G, Tosti ME, Babameto A, Resuli B. Correlation of alcohol consumption with liver histological features in non-cirrhotic patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17:155-9. [PMID: 15674092 DOI: 10.1097/00042737-200502000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The association between alcohol consumption and the risk of liver disease remains unclear. The aim of our study was to determine liver morphological features directly related to the mean lifetime daily alcohol intake (LTDAI) in non-cirrhotic patients. METHODS Medical records of all consecutive patients who reported alcohol consumption up to the time of hospital admission and who had undergone a liver biopsy in the Gastroenterology Unit of the University Hospital Centre of Tirana (Albania), were reviewed. Patients with established cirrhosis and/or with other possible causes of liver damage were excluded by the study. RESULTS The histological features revealed in the biopsy samples of 51 non-cirrhotic patients were: steatosis in 46 patients (91%), six of whom (13%) showed also alcoholic foamy degeneration; alteration of hepatocytes in 40 patients (78%), diffuse mononuclear inflammation in 37 patients (73%), polymorphonuclear inflammation in 11 patients (22%) and perivenular fibrosis in 18 patients (35%). Diffuse steatosis was directly correlated with alcohol consumption (P<0.01). No association was found between alcohol consumption and the presence of degenerative alterations of hepatocytes, Mallory bodies or hepatocellular necrosis. Fibrosis was more prevalent in patients who reported a LTDAI > or = 80 g in comparison with patients who reported a LTDAI > or = 40 to <80 g (48% vs 25%; P<0.05). CONCLUSION In non-cirrhotic patients liver steatosis and fibrosis were more common features among patients who reported a higher alcoholic consumption, but no clear-cut association between typical histological features of alcoholic liver disease and alcohol consumption was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta A Kondili
- Laboratorio di Virologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Berk PD, Zhou S, Bradbury MW. Increased hepatocellular uptake of long chain fatty acids occurs by different mechanisms in fatty livers due to obesity or excess ethanol use, contributing to development of steatohepatitis in both settings. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 2005; 116:335-44; discussion 345. [PMID: 16555625 PMCID: PMC1473156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Long chain fatty acids (LCFA) enter cells by both facilitated transport and diffusion, the former accounting for > or = 90%. Facilitated LCFA transport is up-regulated in adipocytes from obese rats, mice, and humans. To clarify the role of hepatocellular LCFA uptake in hepatic steatosis (fatty liver), [3H]-oleic acid (OA) uptake was studied in hepatocytes isolated from Zucker fatty(Z) and control(C) and ethanol-fed(E) Wistar rats, and demonstrated both saturable and non-saturable components, each a function of the unbound OA concentration ([OAu]). The uptake Vmax was identical in C and Z animals, but was increased 2.4-fold in E animals (p < 0.01). The non-saturable uptake rate constant did not differ between groups. Plasma LCFAs averaged 600 microM in C and E and 1,200 microM in Z animals. Total LCFA uptake averaged 1.35, 2.78 and 3.54 pmol/sec/50,000 cells in C, Z, and E animals, respectively. A 2-fold uptake increase in Z animals, in which Vmax was unaltered, entirely reflected the increased plasma LCFA concentration, whereas the 2.6-fold increase in E animals, in which plasma LCFA were not increased, resulted from up-regulation of facilitated transport. Thus, while increased hepatic LCFA uptake contributes to pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis in both obesity and excessive ethanol consumption, the mechanisms differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Berk
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
Fatty livers of obese fa/fa rats are vulnerable to injury when challenged by insults such as endotoxin, ischemia-reperfusion or acute ethanol treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a high-fat diet can act as a "second hit" and cause progression to liver injury in obese fa/fa rats compared with lean Fa/? rats. Accordingly, obese fa/fa rats and their lean littermates were fed a diet low in fat (12% of total calories) or a diet with 60% calories as lard for 8 weeks. Hyperglycemia and steatohepatitis occurred in the fa/fa rats fed the high-fat diet. This was accompanied by liver injury as assessed by alanine aminotransferase, hematoxilin and eosin staining, increased TNFalpha and stellate cell-derived TGFbeta, collagen deposition, and up-regulation of alpha-smooth muscle actin. Active MMP13 decreased in fa/fa rats independently of the diet, and TIMP1 expression increased with the high-fat diet, especially in fa/fa rats. Although UCP2 expression was higher in fa/fa rats regardless of the diet, minor changes in ATP levels were observed. Oxidative stress occurred in the fa/fa rats fed the high-fat diet as lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls were elevated, while glutathione and antioxidant enzymes were very low. Expression and activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 and xanthine oxidase activity were down-regulated in fa/fa compared with Fa/? rats, and no effect was seen by the high-fat diet. However, NADPH oxidase activity increased 2.5-fold in fa/fa rats fed with the high-fat diet. In summary, a high-fat diet induces liver injury in fa/fa rats leading to periportal fibrosis. A role for oxidative stress is suggested via increased NADPH oxidase activity, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl formation, and low antioxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Carmiel-Haggai
- Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ethanol administration to rodents requires specially designed equipment and is labor intensive. Here we report a new procedure. METHOD A commercial liquid diet preparation was made into a gel by addition of 0.5% agar. The gel, containing 5.3% ethanol, was offered in Falcon tubes equipped with a feeding opening. RESULTS The gel consumption by C57/Bl mice resulted in high blood ethanol levels (average 43 mM). After 6 weeks, marked liver steatosis and significantly increased serum alanine aminotransferase levels had developed. CONCLUSIONS Administration of ethanol in a nutritionally adequate gel provides a simple method for studies on chronic ethanol effects in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bykov
- National Public Health Institute, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research Center, POB 33, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The amount and type of dietary fat seem to be important factors that modulate the development of alcohol-induced liver steatosis and fibrosis. Various alcohol-feeding studies in animals have been used to model some of the symptoms that occur in liver disease in humans. METHODS Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were maintained on a diet that had a very low concentration of alpha-linolenic acid and were given free access to an artificially sweetened 7% ethanol solution. Control and ethanol-consuming animals were maintained on a diet in which the linoleate content was adequate (1.4% of energy); however, alpha-linoleate represented only 0.08% of energy. Liver specimens were obtained, and the fatty acid composition of the liver phospholipids, cholesterol esters, and triglycerides of the two groups were compared at 5 years and histopathology of tissue samples were compared at 3 and 5 years. RESULTS The mean consumption of ethanol for this group over a 5-year period was 2.4 g.kg.day. As a consequence of the ethanol-dietary treatment, there were significantly lower concentrations of several polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver phospholipids of the alcohol-treated group, including arachidonic acid and most of the n-3 fatty acids and particularly docosahexaenoic acid, when compared with dietary controls. Liver specimens from animals in the ethanol group at 5 years showed a marked degree of steatosis, both focal and diffuse cellular necrosis, and an increase in the development of fibrosis compared with specimens obtained at 3 years and with those from dietary controls, in which there was no evidence of fibrotic lesions. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the advancement of ethanol-induced liver disease in rhesus monkeys may be modulated by the amount and type of dietary essential fatty acids and that a marginal intake of n-3 fatty acids may be a permissive factor in the development of liver disease in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Pawlosky
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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Bedogni G, Bellentani S. Fatty liver: how frequent is it and why? Ann Hepatol 2004; 3:63-5. [PMID: 15257248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that fatty liver may be the most frequent liver disorder in Western countries. However, the epidemiology of fatty liver is still not fully understood and there is a clear need of better assessing and defining the potential role of the risk factors identified by clinical series in the general population. This article reviews the available data on the epidemiology of fatty liver and addresses some important questions that should be answered in much needed future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Bedogni
- Centro Studi Fegato, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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