Polymorphisms of interleukin-10 promoter are not associated with prognosis of advanced gastric cancer

The pertinence of gastric cancer and interleukin 10-819 single nucleotide polymorphisms: a meta-analysis and systematic review

PURPOSE

Cytokines regulate the interaction between the immune system and malignant tumors. Among them, interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional anti-inflammatory cytokine mainly produced by immune cells. The correlation between gastric cancer and T/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter-819(rs1800871)was opaque and remained to be determined. We aim to explore the pertinence of gastric cancer and SNP of interleukin 10-819 by meta-analysis via five statistical models.

METHODS

Databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, the Scopus, and Google Scholars were comprehensively retrieved for the eligible studies on the related topic from inception to March 2022. Odds ratios (ORs) were generated for dichotomous variants by meta-analysis in each model via STATA 17.0 MP. The statistical models comprised recessive model, over-dominant model, allele model, co-dominant model and dominant model. Subgroup analysis was performed to investigate the difference across races as well as the source of heterogeneity if necessary.

RESULTS

Eventually a total of 15 articles reporting 7779 patients were enrolled in our study. There were 2383 patients and 5396 controls, collectively. There was no correlation between gastric cancer and IL-10 819 in recessive model, co-dominant model or dominant model, and subgroup analysis showed that Asian, Latin American and Caucasian had no correlation with the risk of gastric cancer. In the allelic model, there was significant correlation between gastric cancer and IL-10 819 (OR = 3.96%, 95%CI: 3.28 to 3.78). In the over-dominant model, there is no correlation between gastric cancer and IL-10 819, but subgroup analysis uncovered significant vulnerability of Asian people with regard to gastric cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

In our study, both Asians, Latin Americans, and Europeans showed an increased risk of gastric cancer in the allelic model, whereas only Asians showed significant susceptibility in the super dominant model. Of course, more large cohort studies are needed to confirm our results.

Association of Interleukin-10 Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Colorectal Cancer and Gastric Cancer: an Updated Meta-analysis Based on 106 Studies

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to explore the association of IL-10 polymorphisms with susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC).

METHODS

PubMed, Scopus, Embase, SciELO, medRxiv, China Biology Medicine Disc, DeepDyve, CNKI, and Web of Science were used to identify all relevant articles published up to 20th June 2021, without any restrictions on ethnicity. Summary odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to determine the strength of the associations.

RESULTS

A total of 106 case-control studies were included. For CRC, 15 studies with 2772 cases and 3719 controls on -1082A/G, 11 studies with 3259 cases and 4992 controls on -592C/A, and 3 studies with 477 cases and 544 controls on -819 T/C were selected. For GC, 31 studies with 6229 cases and 8666 controls on -1082A/G, 27 studies with 5457 cases and 8381 controls on -592C/A, and 19 studies with 3556 cases and 6218 controls on -819 T/C were included. Pooled data showed a significant association between IL-10-819 T/C polymorphism and CRC susceptibility in overall population, but not for IL-10-1082A/G and -592C/A polymorphisms. However, IL-10-592C/A polymorphism was associated with CRC risk in Asians. A significant association of IL-10-1082A/G polymorphism with the GC risk was found. In the ethnicity subgroup analysis, a significant association was found between IL-10-1082A/G polymorphism and GC risk among Asians. The IL-10-819 T/C was not associated with GC risk in overall population and by ethnicity.

CONCLUSIONS

Our pooled data show a significant association of IL-10-819 T/C and IL-10-1082A/G polymorphisms with CRC and GC in overall population, respectively. However, other factors may influence these associations, and large-scale studies with adequate methodological quality are necessary to confirm the impact on CRC and GC risk.

Association of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Host Cytokine Gene Polymorphism with Gastric Cancer

The global cancer burden of new cases of various types rose with millions of death in 2018. Based on the data extracted by GLOBOCAN 2018, gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of mortality related to cancer across the globe. Carcinogenic or oncogenic infections associated with Helicobacter pylori (Hp) are regarded as one of the essential risk factors for GC development. It contributes to the increased production of cytokines that cause inflammation prior to their growth in the host cells. Hp infections and specific types of polymorphisms within the host cells encoding cytokines are significant contributors to the host's increased susceptibility in terms of the development of GC. Against the backdrop of such an observation is that only a small portion of the cells infected can become malignant. The diversities are a consequence of the differences in the pathogenic pathway of the Hp, susceptibility of the host, environmental conditions, and interplay between these factors. It is evident that hosts carrying cytokine genes with high inflammatory levels and polymorphism tend to exhibit an increased risk of development of GC, with special emphasis being placed on the host cytokines gene polymorphisms.

Association of polymorphisms in TP53 and the promoter region of IL10 with gastric cancer in a Kazakh population

The emerging evidence indicates that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 10 (IL10), tumor protein p53 (TP53), and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) genes may determine individual susceptibility to gastric cancer (GC). We aimed to investigate the associations for polymorphisms of the TNF, IL10, TP53, and CD14 genes in a population of Kazakhs, to identify potential risk or protective associations of the SNPs with GC. A case group of 143 patients hospitalized for GC was enrolled. Controls were 355 volunteers with no history of any cancer and frequency matched with cases by age. Differences in proportions for categorical variables and the assessment of genotypic frequencies conforming to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium law were evaluated by the Chi-square test. Associations between genetic polymorphisms and the risk of GC were estimated by regression analysis. For genetic analysis, three genetic models (additive, dominant, and recessive) were used. Four significant associations were found. The SNPs rs1042522 of TP53 and rs1800896 of IL10 were risk factors for GC by the additive model. Two polymorphisms of IL10 were protective of GC, namely, rs1800872 by additive model and rs1800871 by recessive model. No significant associations were observed between the TNF and CD14 polymorphisms and GC. The polymorphisms TP53 rs1042522 and IL10 rs1800896 are associated with GC risk, while the polymorphisms IL10 rs1800872 and rs1800871 are protective of GC in the population of Kazakhs.

Polymorphisms in IL-10 and TGF-β gene promoter are associated with lower risk to gastric cancer in a Mexican population

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori infection is recognized as the main risk factor for gastric cancer (GC), the fifth most common neoplasia worldwide. H. pylori interacts with the immune system, disrupting the cytokine network and inducing chronic inflammation. This work aimed to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in selected cytokine gene promoters and GC.

METHODS

The study included 359 subjects, 125 GC patients, 109 intestinal metaplasia (IM) patients and 125 asymptomatic controls. DNA was extracted from white blood cells and nine SNPs in cytokine gene promoters were genotyped using predesigned 5'-endonulease assays. The association of the SNPs with IM and GC was evaluated using multinomial regression models.

RESULTS

Both genotypes, TC (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.27-0.98) and TT (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.20-0.91) in the locus - 509 of the TGF-β promoter were significantly associated with GC. The TT genotype in the locus - 819 of the IL-10 promoter was also significantly associated with GC (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.17-0.81). No significant association was found with SNPs IL-4 -590 T/C (rs1800629), IL-6 -573G/C (rs1800796), IL-10 -592C/A (rs1800872), IL-10 -1082A/G (rs1800896), and, IFN-γ -1615C/T (rs2069705).

CONCLUSIONS

SNPs in TGFβ (- 509 C/T, rs1800469) and IL-10 (- 819 C/T, rs1800871) promoters were associated with a lower risk for GC in a Mexican population.

ASSOCIATION OF INTERLEUKIN-10 -592A>C AND -819T>C POLYMORPHISMS WITH GASTRIC CANCER RISK: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF 44 CASE-CONTROL STUDIES

INTRODUCTION

A series of studies have evaluated the association between -592A>C and -819T>C polymorphisms in the promoter regions of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and gastric cancer (GC) risk. However, the results remain inconclusive.

OBJECTIVE

To better understand the association of the polymorphisms with GC risk, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis.

METHOD

An electronic search was performed of several databases to identify relevant studies up to April 2018.

RESULTS

A total of 44 case-control studies, including 26 studies on IL-10 -592A>C (5,332 cases and 8,272 controls) and 18 studies on IL-10 -819T>C (3,431 cases and 6,109 controls) were selected. Overall, -592A>C polymorphism was associated with the risk of GC under the heterozygote model (OR=1.153, 95% CI=1.020-1.305, p=0.023), but not -819T>C polymorphism. When stratified by ethnicity, significant association was only observed in the Asians under the allele model (OR=1.153, 95% CI=1.007-1.320, p=0.040) and the heterozygote model (OR=1.218, 95% CI=1.076-1.379, p=0.002) for -592A>C.

CONCLUSION

The current meta-analysis results inconsistent with previous meta-analyses; showed that the IL-10 -592A>C polymorphism, but not -819T>C polymorphism, may be contributed to the susceptibility of GC in overall and Asian populations.

Preliminary analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-10, IL-4, and IL-4Rα genes and profile of circulating cytokines in patients with gastric Cancer

Background

Gastric Cancer is highly prevalent and deadly worldwide. In Colombia, it is the most lethal form of cancer. Some single-nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-10, IL-4, and IL-4Rα genes have been associated with an anti-inflammatory environment and a Th2 profile in detriment of the antitumor Th1 response. This research sought to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms in promoter sequences, like − 1082 (G/A), − 592 (C/A), and − 819 (C/T), as well as − 590 (C/T) of the IL-10 and IL-4 genes, respectively; in addition to the IL-4Rα mutation variants, Ile50Val and Q576R, together with circulating levels of IL-4, TNF-α, IL-10, and IFN-γ in patients with gastric carcinoma in Cúcuta, Colombia.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, 17 patients and 30 healthy individuals were genotyped for the six polymorphisms mentioned through PCR-RFLP of DNA obtained from peripheral blood cells and serum samples were analyzed by sandwich ELISA to quantify cytokines. Statistical difference between groups was determined along with the association between the presence of polymorphisms and the risk of gastric cancer, as well as the mortality in patients, using Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression analysis, respectively.

Results

An association between the − 1082 (G/A) and the risk of gastric cancer was found (OR = 7.58, range 0.77–74.06, P = 0.08). Furthermore, patients had a significant increase in IL-4 serum levels (P < 0.01) compared to healthy individuals, both variables showed a higher estimated risk of mortality in patients, although without statistical association (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

We infer that two possible biomarkers (one immunological and one genetic) could be considered in association with gastric cancer in our population, which should be confirmed by subsequent studies involving a greater number of individuals.

Association between interleukin-10 -592 A/C polymorphism and gastrointestinal tract cancer risk: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Recent evidence suggests that -592 A/C polymorphism in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene may influence risk of gastrointestinal tract cancer; however, individual studies have provided conflicting and inconclusive results. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association between IL-10 -592 A/C polymorphism and gastrointestinal tract cancer susceptibility.

METHODS

EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched for case-control studies published before 1 May 2017. A total of 36 studies involving 8069 cases and 13,089 controls were included in the present meta-analysis according to the inclusion criteria. The random- or fixed-effect model was utilized to calculate pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), and to survey the association.

RESULTS

By and large IL-10 -592 A/C (rs1800872) polymorphism was not associated with gastrointestinal cancer risk in five genetic models (A vs. C: OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.93, 1.08; P_OR = 0.960; AA vs. CC: OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.85, 1.14; P_OR = 0.835; CA vs. CC: OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.94, 1.08; P_OR = 0.776; AA+CA vs. CC: OR 1.03; 95% CI 0.94, 1.12; P_OR = 0.592; AA vs. CA+CC: OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.87, 1.10; P_OR = 0.666). Similar results were also achieved after stratification by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, ethnicity, source of controls, and cancer type.

CONCLUSION

The results of this meta-analysis indicated that there is no association between the IL-10 -592 A/C promoter polymorphism and gastrointestinal tract cancer susceptibility.

ASSOCIATION OF INTERLEUKIN-10 -1082 A/G (RS1800896) POLYMORPHISM WITH SUSCEPTIBILITY TO GASTRIC CANCER: META-ANALYSIS OF 6,101 CASES AND 8,557 CONTROLS

BACKGROUND

The promoter -1082 A/G (rs1800896) polymorphism of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene have been widely reported and considered to have a significant role on gastric cancer risk, but the results are inconsistent.

OBJECTIVE

To clarify the association, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the associations IL-10 -1082 A/G polymorphism with gastric cancer.

METHODS

Eligible articles were identified by searching databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to August 03, 2017. Odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the association.

RESULTS

A total of 30 case-control studies with 6,101 cases and 8,557 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, a significant association between IL-10 -1082 A/G polymorphism and gastric cancer risk was observed under the allele model (G vs A: OR=1.305, 95% CI=1.076-1.584; P=0.007), heterozygote model and (GA vs AA: OR=1.252, 95% CI=1.252-1.054; P=0.011) and dominant model (GG+GA vs AA: OR=1.264, 95% CI=1.053-1.516; P=0.012). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, increased gastric cancer risk were found in Asians under the allele model (G vs A: OR=1.520, 95% CI=1.172-1.973; P=0.002), homozygote model (GG+GA vs AA: OR=1.571, 95% CI=1.023-2.414; P= 0.039), heterozygote model (GA vs AA: OR=1.465, 95% CI=1.192-1.801; P≤0.001) and dominant model (GG+GA vs AA: OR=1.448, 95% CI=1.152-1.821; P=0.002), but not among Caucasian and Latinos populations.

CONCLUSION

These results suggested that the IL-10 -1082 A/G (rs1800896) polymorphism might contribute to the gastric cancer susceptibility, especially among Asians.

Association of three promoter polymorphisms in interleukin-10 gene with cancer susceptibility in the Chinese population: a meta-analysis

Numerous studies have examined the associations of three promoter polymorphisms (-1082A/G, -819T/C and -592A/C) in IL-10 gene with cancer susceptibility in the Chinese population, but the results remain inconclusive. To gain a more precise estimation of this potential association, we conducted the current meta-analysis based on 53 articles, including 26 studies with 4,901 cases and 6,426 controls for the -1082A/G polymorphism, 33 studies with 6,717 cases and 8,550 controls for the -819T/C polymorphism, and 42 studies with 9,934 cases and 13,169 controls for the -592A/C polymorphism. Pooled results indicated that the three promoter polymorphisms in IL-10 gene were significantly associated with an increased overall cancer risk in the Chinese population. Stratification analysis showed that the association was more pronounced for hepatocellular carcinoma and low quality studies for the -1082A/G polymorphism, lung cancer and oral cancer for the -819T/C polymorphism. However, the -592A/C polymorphism was associated with a statistically significant increased risk for lung cancer, oral cancer, hospital-based studies and low quality studies, but a decreased risk for colorectal cancer. We further investigated the significant results using the false-positive report probability (FPRP) test. Interestingly, FPRP test results revealed that only IL-10 -1082A/G polymorphism was truly associated with an increased overall cancer risk. In the subgroup analysis, only the low quality studies, lung cancer and colorectal cancer remained significant at the prior level of 0.1. Although this association needs further confirmation by considering large studies, this meta-analysis suggested an association between IL-10 gene polymorphisms and cancer risk in the Chinese population.

Relationship Between Interleukin-10 Gene C-819T Polymorphism and Gastric Cancer Risk: Insights From a Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND As a pleiotropic cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays a regulatory role in carcinogenesis and tumor growth. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the susceptibility of the IL-10 gene C-819T polymorphism to gastric cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study identification and data extraction were independently completed by 2 authors. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated and summarized. RESULTS In total, 11 articles including 1960 gastric cancer patients and 3705 controls were qualified. Overall analyses revealed a 13% reduced risk of gastric cancer conferred by the -819T allele relative to the -819C allele (OR=0.87; 95% CI: 0.77-0.97; P=0.016), without heterogeneity (I2=35.1%). In subgroup analyses, a significant difference was identified in East Asian populations (OR=0.85; 95% CI: 0.73-0.98; P=0.029, I2=43.6%), for gastric adenocarcinoma (OR=0.80; 95% CI: 0.66-0.96; P=0.017, I2=0.0%), and in population-based studies (OR=0.81; 95% CI: 0.70-0.93; P=0.003, I2=0.0%). The visual funnel plots and Egger's tests suggested no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Extending previous findings, we demonstrate a protective role of the IL-10 gene -819T allele in susceptibility to gastric cancer, and this role was more evident for gastric adenocarcinoma.

Polymorphisms in host immune response associated genes and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma development in Portugal

BACKGROUND

Host genetic susceptibility markers in immune response associated genes may contribute to identify individuals with high risk of developing viral infection and viral-associated cancers. We aimed to characterize different polymorphisms in immune response associated genes and evaluate its association with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) development.

METHODS

We have developed a hospital-based case-control study selecting 134 patients with NPC (cases) and 732 healthy individuals (controls) from the Northern Region of Portugal. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were selected: -56C>T IFNGR1 (rs2234711), +4854G>T IL1A (rs17561), +3954C>T IL1B (rs1143634), +1902A>G IL4RA (rs1801275), -1082G>A IL10 (rs1800896), +2018T>C IL1RN (rs419598), HLA-A locus A>T (rs2530388), HCGA9 locus A>T (rs6457110). All polymorphisms were analysed by real-time methodology using TaqMan(®) SNP Genotyping Assays.

RESULTS

The overall analysis revealed no statistical significant differences between genotypes distributions in all of studied polymorphisms (p>0.05). However, the results for HCGA9 rs6457110 polymorphism showed a tendency for an increased risk of NPC development among TT carriers with an almost of 2-fold increased risk (OR=1.86; 95%CI 1.00-3.65).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study to characterize these polymorphisms in NPC patients in Portugal. Our study indicates that HCGA9 rs6457110 polymorphism might represent a risk marker for NPC development in our population and that other SNPs should be further studied in larger populations to clarify the evidences. This data reinforces the need for more studies, especially in NPC low-prevalent populations.

A Causal Role of Genetically Elevated Circulating Interleukin-10 in the Development of Digestive Cancers: Evidence from Mendelian Randomization Analysis Based on 29,307 Subjects

Recent studies have observed a high level of circulating interleukin-10 (IL-10) in patients with digestive cancers, yet whether elevated IL-10 is causally associated with digestive cancers so far remained unresolved. We therefore meta-analyzed available observational studies with Mendelian randomization method to explore this causal association by employing IL-10 gene 3 variants (-592C>A, -819C>T, and -1082A>G) as instruments. Data were available from 52 articles encompassing 29,307 subjects. Subgroup analysis by cancer type indicated that -1082A>G was associated with increased risk of gastric cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.35; P = 0.006), and the association was reinforced for intestinal type gastric cancer (OR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.09-1.44; P = 0.001). By ethnicity, risk estimate for -1082G allele carriers was increased by 21% for digestive cancers in East Asians (95%CI: 1.05-1.40; P = 0.009). As for the genotype-phenotype association, carriers of -1082G allele had an overall 20.21 pg/mL higher IL-10 level than those with -1082AA genotype (P = 0.023). In further Mendelian randomization analysis, the predicted OR for 10 pg/mL increment in IL-10 was 1.14 (95%CI: 1.01-16.99) in gastric cancer. Our findings provided evidence for a causal role of genetically elevated IL-10 in the development of gastric cancer, especially in East Asians and for intestinal type gastric cancer.

Protumoral TSP50 Regulates Macrophage Activities and Polarization via Production of TNF-α and IL-1β, and Activation of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Testes-specific protease 50 (TSP50) is abnormally overexpressed in many kinds of cancers and promotes cell proliferation and migration. However, whether TSP50 can influence the tumor microenvironment, especially the function of immune cells in the microenvironment, remains largely unknown. We demonstrated that exposure to the conditioned medium from TSP50-overexpressing cells, or co-culture with TSP50-overexpressing cells, enhanced the cytokine production and phagocytic activities of macrophages, and induced M2b polarization. Further investigation showed that production of TNF-α and IL-1β was strongly induced by TSP50 in TSP50-overexpressing cells. TSP50-induced TNF-α and IL-1β were main factors that mediated the effects of TSP50-overexpressing cells on macrophages. The NF-κB pathway could be activated in macrophages upon the treatment of conditioned medium of TSP50-overexpressing cells and its activation is necessary for the observed effects on macrophages. Taken together, our results suggested that oncogenic TSP50 expressed in cells could activate surrounding macrophages and induce M2b polarization, partly through inducing TNF-α/ IL-1β secretion and subsequent NF-κB pathway activation. This implies a potential mechanism by which oncogene TSP50 regulates tumor microenvironment to support tumor development.

The prognostic value of IL10 and TNF alpha functional polymorphisms in premenopausal early-stage breast cancer patients

BACKGROUND

Interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor α play an important role in breast carcinogenesis. Genes, encoding those two cytokines, contain single nucleotide polymorphisms, which are associated with differential levels of gene transcription. This study analyzes single nucleotide polymorphisms in interleukin 10 and tumor necrosis factor α genes and their contribution to breast cancer phenotype, lymph node status and survival in a group of young Lithuanian women with early-stage breast cancer patients.

RESULTS

We genotyped 100 premenopausal Eastern European (Lithuanian) patients with stage I-II breast cancer, ≤ 50 years old at the time of diagnosis, for interleukin 10 -592A > C, -819C > T and -1082A > G and tumor necrosis factor α -308G > A single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene promoter region. We used the polymerase chain reaction, namely a restriction fragment length polymorphism method, for a SNP analysis. All genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and had the same distribution as the HapMap CEU population. Holders of IL10 -592A > C heterozygous IL10 -592 AC genotype had a higher probability of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer phenotype than homozygous variants (P = 0.017). Phased ACC haplotype of IL10 polymorphisms was associated with younger age of diagnosis (P = 0.017). Of all the tested single nucleotide polymorphisms, only TNFα -308G > A has revealed a prognostic capability for breast cancer survival. GA genotype carriers, compared to GG, showed a significant disadvantage in progression-free survival (P = 0.005, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 4.631, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.587 - 13.512), metastasis-free survival (P = 0.010, HR = 4.708, 95 % CI = 1.445 - 15.345) and overall survival (P = 0.037, HR = 4.829, 95 % CI = 1.098 - 21.243).

CONCLUSIONS

According to our data, IL10 -1082A > G, -819 T > C, -592A > C polymorphisms and phased haplotypes have not revealed a prognostic value for breast cancer. On the contrary, the TNFα -308 polymorphism might modulate the risk and contribute to the identification of patients at a higher risk of breast cancer recurrence, metastasis and worse overall survival among young Lithuanian early-stage breast cancer patients.

Biomarkers for gastric cancer: Progression in early diagnosis and prognosis (Review)

Gastric cancer is one of leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide and is a notable disease due to its heterogeneity. Recently, numerous studies have investigated the molecular basis of gastric cancer, involving the alteration of pathogenesis, and invasion and metastasis. With the development of modern technologies, various novel biomarkers had been identified that appear to possess diagnostic and prognostic value; therefore, the present review describes our current knowledge of biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer. Classic biomarkers for gastric cancer diagnosis include carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 19-9, while microRNA and DNA hypomethylation are proposed as novel biomarkers. Excluding classical biomarkers, biomarkers for determining the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer focus on targeting microRNAs, epigenetic alterations and genetic polymorphisms.

The -1082A>G polymorphism in promoter region of interleukin-10 and risk of digestive cancer: a meta-analysis

The -1082A>G polymorphism is located in promoter region of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and it could affect the production of IL-10. Numerous studies have investigated the association between IL-10 -1082A>G and risk of digestive cancer. However, the conclusion is still inconsistent. Here, we have performed a meta-analysis and systematic review to determine the association between the IL-10 -1082A>G and susceptibility to digestive cancer. In this meta-analysis, we identified 40 eligible studies, involving 7195 patients of digestive cancer and 11755 controls. By pooling all eligible studies, we found the variant -1082G allele significantly increased risk of digestive cancer (G vs. A: OR = 1.181, 95% CI: 1.057-1.319). Further stratified analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of cancer types, ethnicities, study design, sample size and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Stratified analysis suggested that, the -1082A>G polymorphism was only associated with increased risk for gastric cancer (G vs. A: OR = 1.281, 95% CI: 1.102-1.488) and in Asian population (G vs. A: OR = 1.399, 95% CI: 1.188-1.646). No significant publication bias was detected. Based on 40 studies and 18950 participants, we found the variant IL-10 -1082G allele significantly increased susceptibility to digestive cancer, especially for gastric cancer and in Asian population.

Meta-analysis of association between interleukin-10 -1082G/A polymorphism and genetic susceptibility to gastric cancer

AIM: To explore the relationship between the interleukin-10 (IL-10) -1082G/A polymorphism and genetic susceptibility to gastric cancer.

METHODS: The relevant studies assessing the association of the IL-10 -1082G/A polymorphism with genetic susceptibility to gastric cancer were comprehensively searched, and Meta-analysis was performed. The results were tested for heterogeneity. The combined OR values and their 95%CI were statistically tested suing Rev Man 5.0, and the funnel plots was used for the bias analysis of all the published literature.

RESULTS: Eleven studies met the requirements of data screening. There were 2025 cases and 2467 controls. According to heterogeneity test result, combined OR values were taken. Combined OR values and 95%CI for cases with AG, GG, and AG + GG genotypes relative to the control group were 2.03 (1.58-2.59), 1.89 (1.33-2.69), and 1.96 (1.53-2.51), respectively, and the total effect Z values were 5.61, 3.52 and 5.33 (P < 0.00001, = 0.0004, < 0.00001). The sensitivity analysis was stable and the publication bias showed no significance.

CONCLUSION: The IL-10 -1082G/A polymorphism is associated with the occurrence of gastric cancer.

The interleukin 10 -819C/T polymorphism and cancer risk: a HuGE review and meta-analysis of 73 studies including 15,942 cases and 22,336 controls

The aim of the present work was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between the interleukin 10 (IL-10) -819C/T (rs1800871) polymorphism and cancer risk. A total of 73 studies, including 15,942 cancer cases and 22,336 controls, were identified in this meta-analysis. The odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the random-effects model. Overall, no significant association was identified between the IL-10 -819C/T polymorphism and cancer risk. In the subgroup analyses, the T allele and TT genotype were associated with a moderately reduced cancer risk in the Asian population (T allele vs. C allele: OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.87, 0.99; TT vs. CC: OR=0.86, 95%CI: 0.76, 0.98; TT vs. CT/CC: OR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.82, 0.98). Individuals who were homozygous for the T allele (TT) were found to be associated with significantly reduced gastric cancer risk in the Asian population. The heterozygous variant (CT) and the dominant model (TT/CT vs. CC) were associated with an increased risk for cervical and ovarian cancer. However, the IL-10 -819C/T polymorphism was not significantly associated with breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, lymphoma, or melanoma. The depressed cancer risk of the TT genotype occurred in the studies of hospital-based case-control studies and the studies recruited less than 500 subjects, but no statistically significant results were found in the stratified analyses using genotyping method. The results suggest that the IL-10 -819TT genotype may be a protective factor for cancer in Asians, especially gastric cancer. In contrast, the CT genotype and the dominant model could be risk factors for cervical and ovarian cancer. The importance of stratifying by ethnicity, cancer type, study design, and sample size needs to be standardized in future studies, together with considering the association between the IL-10 -819C/T polymorphism and cancer risk. Furthermore, the linkage of -819C/T with other polymorphisms of the IL-10 gene may help explain the variability in findings.

The IL-10 promoter haplotype and cancer risk: evidence from a meta-analysis

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays a key role in immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic process, suggesting its possible involvement in carcinogenesis. A haplotype formed by polymorphisms at positions -1082 G/A (rs1800896), -819 T/C (rs1800871), and -592 A/C (rs1800872) from the transcriptional start site in the promoter region of the IL-10 gene is a strong determinant for IL-10 production. We systematically reviewed the evidence of association between IL-10 promoter haplotype and cancer risk. Up to November 2011, databases including PubMed, and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched to access the relevant genetic association studies. Summary odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for this haplotype and cancer risk were estimated by using fixed or random-effect models when appropriate. Finally, 12 case-control studies with 2,090 cases and 4,224 controls were available for this study. The summary OR for cancer risk associated with the GCC haplotype was 1.47 (95 % CIs = 1.25-1.72) when compared with ATA haplotype by random effects model. Similarly, significantly increased risks were observed both in Caucasian and in Non Caucasian. Our results suggested that haplotype in IL-10 promoter was involved in the development of cancer.

The interleukin-10 promoter polymorphism rs1800872 (-592C>A), contributes to cancer susceptibility: meta-analysis of 16,785 cases and 19,713 controls

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional cytokine which participates in the development and progression of various malignant tumors. To date, a number of case–control studies were conducted to detect the association between IL-10-592C>A polymorphism and cancer risk in humans. However, the results of these studies on the association remain conflicting. In an effort to solve this controversy, we performed a meta-analysis based on 70 case–control studies from 65 articles, including 16 785 cancer cases and 19 713 controls. We used odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the strength of the association. The overall results suggested that the variant homozygote genotype AA of the IL-10-592C>A polymorphism was associated with a moderately decreased risk of all cancer types (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.83–0.98 for homozygote comparison, OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.86–0.98 for recessive model). In the stratified analyses, the risk remained for studies of smoking-related cancer, Asian populations and hospital-based studies. These results suggested that the IL-10-592C>A polymorphism might contribute to the cancer susceptibility, especially in smoking-related cancer, Asians and hospital-based studies. Further studies are needed to confirm the relationship.

Interleukin-10-819C>T polymorphism contributed to cancer risk: evidence from 29 studies

Cytokines are important modulators in the interactions between the host immune system and malignant tumor. Of these, Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important immunoregulatory cytokine mainly produced by macrophages and T lymphocytes. To date, a number of studies investigated the role of the IL-10-819C>T polymorphism in the aetiology of cancers of various organs. However, the results of these studies remain inconclusive. So, we carried out a meta-analysis on all eligible case-control studies to estimate the overall cancer risk of IL-10-819C>T polymorphism as well as to quantify the between-study heterogeneity and potential bias. This meta-analysis, including 8157 cases and 10473 controls from 29 published case-control studies, explored the association between a potentially functional polymorphism, -819C>T within the IL-10 promoter region and cancer risk. We used odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the strength of the association. The results provided evidence that the IL-10-819C>T polymorphism was associated with a significant decrease in overall cancer risk. In the stratified analyses, the risk remained for studies of "other cancer", smoking-related cancer, Asian populations and hospital-based studies. This meta-analysis identified an evidence of the association between the IL-10-819C>T and cancer risk, especially in "other cancer", smoking-related cancers, Asians and hospital-based studies. Further large case-control studies, especially studies in African population were needed to validate our results.

Prognostic role of host cyclooxygenase and cytokine genotypes in a Caucasian cohort of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma

Background

Genetic factors influencing the prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) are not well known. Given the relevance of cytokines and other pro-inflammatory mediators in cancer progression and invasiveness, we aimed to assess the prognostic role of several functional cytokine and cyclooxygenase gene polymorphisms in patients with GAC.

Methodology

Genomic DNA from 380 Spanish Caucasian patients with primary GAC was genotyped for 23 polymorphisms in pro-inflammatory (IL1B, TNFA, LTA, IL6, IL12p40), anti-inflammatory (IL4, IL1RN, IL10, TGFB1) cytokine, and cyclooxygenase (PTGS1 and PTGS2) genes by PCR, RFLP and TaqMan assays. Clinical and histological information was collected prospectively. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log rank test. Outcome was determined by analysis of Cox proportional hazards, adjusting for confounding factors.

Results

The median follow-up period and median overall survival (OS) time were 9.9 months (range 0.4–120.3) and 10.9 months (95% CI: 8.9–14.1), respectively. Multivariate analysis identified tumor stages III (HR, 3.23; 95% CI:2–5.22) and IV (HR, 5.5; 95% CI: 3.51–8.63) as independent factors associated with a significantly reduced OS, whereas surgical treatment (HR: 0.44; 95%CI: 0.3–0.6) was related to a better prognosis of the disease. Concerning genetic factors, none of the 23 polymorphisms evaluated in the current study did influence survival. Moreover, no gene-environment interactions on GAC prognosis were observed.

Conclusions

Our results show that, in our population, the panel of selected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine, and cyclooxygenase gene polymorphisms are not relevant in determining the prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma.

A meta-analysis of interleukin-10 -592 promoter polymorphism associated with gastric cancer risk

We aimed to explore the role of IL-10 -592 A/C SNP in the susceptibility to gastric cancer through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Each initially included article was scored for quality appraisal. 17 studies were eligible for the meta-analysis. We adopted the most probably appropriate genetic model (recessive model). Potential sources of heterogeneity were sought out via subgroup and sensitivity analyses, and publication biases were estimated. IL-10-592 AA genotype is associated with the reduced risk of developing gastric cancer among Asians and even apparently observed among Asians high quality subgroup, suggesting IL-10-592 AA genotype may seem to be more protective from overall gastric cancer in Asian populations. IL-10-592 AA genotype is also associated with the overall reduced gastric cancer susceptibility in persons with H. pylori infection compared with controls without H. pylori infection, suggesting IL-10-592 AA genotype may seem to be more protective from overall gastric cancer susceptibility in persons infected with H. pylori. IL-10-592 AA genotype is not associated with either pathologic subtypes (intestinal or diffuse) or anatomic subtypes (non-cardia or cardia) of gastric cancer susceptibility. Genotyping methods like direct sequencing should be highly advocated to be conducted in future well-designed high quality studies among different ethnicities or populations.

Polymorphisms of tumor-related genes IL-10, PSCA, MTRR and NOC3L are associated with the risk of gastric cancer in the Chinese Han population

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the world. Environmental and genetic factors both play critical roles in the etiology of gastric cancer. Hundreds of SNPs have been identified to have association with the risk of gastric cancer in many races. In this study, 25 SNPs in genes for IL-10, IL-1B, MTRR, TNF-а, PSCA, PLCE1 and NOC3L were analyzed to further evaluate their associations with gastric cancer susceptibility in the Chinese Han population.

METHODS

Two hundred and seventy nine gastric cancer patients and 296 healthy controls were recruited in this study. SNP genotyping was conducted using Sequenom MassARRAY RS1000. Data management and statistical analyses were conducted by Sequenom Typer 4.0 Software and Pearson's χ(2) test.

RESULTS

One protective allele and three risk alleles for gastric cancer patients were found in this study. The allele "G" of rs1801394 in MTRR showed an association with a decreased risk of gastric cancer: odds ratio (OR) = 0.74, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.57-0.97, P = 0.030 in the additive model; OR = 0.495, 95% CI = 0.26-0.95, P = 0.034 in the recessive model. The other three SNPs, the allele "C" of rs1800871 in IL10 (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.04-1.90; P = 0.026 in the additive model; OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.04-2.06; P = 0.030 in the recessive model), the allele "A" of rs2976391 in PSCA (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.01-1.66; P = 0.041 in the additive model and OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.04-2.11, P = 0.028 in the recessive model), and the allele "G" of rs17109928 in NOC3L gene (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.01-1.78; P = 0.042 by additive model analysis; OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.04-2.07, P = 0.028 by dominant model analysis), showed an association with an increased risk of gastric cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate the importance of four gastric cancer susceptibility polymorphisms of IL-10, NOC3L, PSCA and MTRR in the Chinese Han population, which could be used in the determination of gastric cancer risk in clinical practice.

Interleukin-10-819 promoter polymorphism in association with gastric cancer risk

Background

Potential functional allele T/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of Interleukin 10 (IL-10) promoter -819 (rs1800871) has been implicated in gastric cancer risk. We aimed to explore the role of T/C SNP of IL-10 -819 in the susceptibility to gastric cancer through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

Each initially included article was scored for quality appraisal. Desirable data were extracted and registered into databases. 11 studies were ultimately eligible for the meta-analysis of IL-10 -819 T/C SNP. We adopted the most probably appropriate genetic model (recessive model). Potential sources of heterogeneity were sought out via subgroup and sensitivity analyses, and publication biases were estimated.

Results

IL-10 -819 TT genotype is associated with the overall reduced gastric cancer risk among Asians and even apparently observed among high quality subgroup Asians. IL-10-819 TT genotype is not statistically associated with the overall reduced gastric cancer susceptibility in persons with H. pylori infection compared with controls without H. pylori infection. IL-10 -819 TT genotype is reversely associated with diffuse-subtype risk but not in intestinal-subtype risk. IL-10 -819 TT genotype is not reversely associated with non-cardia or cardia subtype gastric cancer susceptibility.

Conclusions

IL-10 -819 TT genotype seems to be more protective from gastric cancer in Asians. Whether IL-10 -819 TT genotype may be protective from gastric cancer susceptibility in persons infected with H. pylori or in diffuse-subtype cancer needs further exploring in the future well-designed high quality studies among different ethnicity populations. Direct sequencing should be more used in the future.

Association of IL-10-1082 promoter polymorphism with susceptibility to gastric cancer: evidence from 22 case-control studies

Evidence suggested that interleukin-10 (IL-10) may be involved in the etiology of gastric cancer (GC). However, epidemiological studies on the association between IL-10-1082 promoter polymorphism and GC risk are still ambiguous. To quantitatively summarize the evidence for such a relationship, we performed a meta-analysis. Systemic searches of the PubMed and Medline databases were performed, with the last report up to July 2011. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association. 22 independent studies including 4,289 cases and 5,965 controls were involved in this meta-analysis. Obvious association was found when all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis (A vs. G: OR = 0.489, 95% CI = 0.335-0.713, P < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, we observed significant associations in Asians (A vs. G: OR = 0.651, 95% CI = 0.506-0.838, P = 0.001; AA vs. GG: OR = 0.482, 95% CI = 0.328-0.709, P < 0.001; AA/AG vs. GG: OR = 0.711, 95% CI = 0.527-0.959, P = 0.025; AA vs.

AG/GG

OR = 0.701, 95% CI = 0.520-0.944, P = 0.019) and Caucasians (A vs. G: OR = 0.365, 95% CI = 0.140-0.949, P = 0.039), but not in Latino population. When stratified analysis by control sources, our results indicated that A allele decreased approximately 48% risk among population-based studies (A vs. G: OR = 0.524, 95% CI = 0.374-0.733, P < 0.001). Taken together, this meta-analysis suggests that IL-10-1082 polymorphism is associated with GC risk.

Effect of various noise sources on the detective quantum efficiency of phosphor screens

We have examined the effect of screen-structure, optical-detector, and secondary-quantum noise sources on detective quantum efficiency, DQE(f). This was done by using experimental measurements of screen-structure and optical-detector noise in combination with a theoretical model which predicts x-ray quantum and secondary-quantum noise for different optical and physical properties of a phosphor screen. The reduction in DQE(f) from noise sources other than x-ray quantum noise depends on the noise power spectra (NPS) of these other sources relative to the x-ray quantum NPS. Even though x-ray quantum noise may be the dominant noise source at low spatial frequencies, it decreases relatively rapidly with increasing frequency so that other noise sources, which may be small at low frequencies, dominate. Our model predicts that DQE(f) can be increased, at spatial frequencies less than 4 mm-1, by changing the optical properties of the screen even though modulation transfer function MTF(f) may decrease. Furthermore, if screen and optical-detector noise decrease with increasing frequency and secondary-quantum noise sufficiently small, then DQE(f) will also be improved at frequencies greater than 4 mm-1.