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Durcan C, Hossain M, Chagnon G, Perić D, Girard E. Characterization of the layer, direction and time-dependent mechanical behaviour of the human oesophagus and the effects of formalin preservation. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230592. [PMID: 38593841 PMCID: PMC11003784 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanical characterization of the oesophagus is essential for applications such as medical device design, surgical simulations and tissue engineering, as well as for investigating the organ's pathophysiology. However, the material response of the oesophagus has not been established ex vivo in regard to the more complex aspects of its mechanical behaviour using fresh, human tissue: as of yet, in the literature, only the hyperelastic response of the intact wall has been studied. Therefore, in this study, the layer-dependent, anisotropic, visco-hyperelastic behaviour of the human oesophagus was investigated through various mechanical tests. For this, cyclic tests, with increasing stretch levels, were conducted on the layers of the human oesophagus in the longitudinal and circumferential directions and at two different strain rates. Additionally, stress-relaxation tests on the oesophageal layers were carried out in both directions. Overall, the results show discrete properties in each layer and direction, highlighting the importance of treating the oesophagus as a multi-layered composite material with direction-dependent behaviour. Previously, the authors conducted layer-dependent cyclic experimentation on formalin-embalmed human oesophagi. A comparison between the fresh and embalmed tissue response was carried out and revealed surprising similarities in terms of anisotropy, strain-rate dependency, stress-softening and hysteresis, with the main difference between the two preservation states being the magnitude of these properties. As formalin fixation is known to notably affect the formation of cross-links between the collagen of biological materials, the differences may reveal the influence of cross-links on the mechanical behaviour of soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Durcan
- Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
- CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Grégory Chagnon
- CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Djordje Perić
- Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Edouard Girard
- CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble 38000, France
- Laboratoire d’Anatomie des Alpes Françaises, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
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Durcan C, Hossain M, Chagnon G, Perić D, Girard E. Mechanical experimentation of the gastrointestinal tract: a systematic review. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:23-59. [PMID: 37935880 PMCID: PMC10901955 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) organs of the human body are responsible for transporting and extracting nutrients from food and drink, as well as excreting solid waste. Biomechanical experimentation of the GI organs provides insight into the mechanisms involved in their normal physiological functions, as well as understanding of how diseases can cause disruption to these. Additionally, experimental findings form the basis of all finite element (FE) modelling of these organs, which have a wide array of applications within medicine and engineering. This systematic review summarises the experimental studies that are currently in the literature (n = 247) and outlines the areas in which experimentation is lacking, highlighting what is still required in order to more fully understand the mechanical behaviour of the GI organs. These include (i) more human data, allowing for more accurate modelling for applications within medicine, (ii) an increase in time-dependent studies, and (iii) more sophisticated in vivo testing methods which allow for both the layer- and direction-dependent characterisation of the GI organs. The findings of this review can also be used to identify experimental data for the readers' own constitutive or FE modelling as the experimental studies have been grouped in terms of organ (oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine or rectum), test condition (ex vivo or in vivo), number of directions studied (isotropic or anisotropic), species family (human, porcine, feline etc.), tissue condition (intact wall or layer-dependent) and the type of test performed (biaxial tension, inflation-extension, distension (pressure-diameter), etc.). Furthermore, the studies that investigated the time-dependent (viscoelastic) behaviour of the tissues have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Durcan
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Grégory Chagnon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Djordje Perić
- Zienkiewicz Centre for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Edouard Girard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie des Alpes Françaises, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Yang X, Zhao J, Li H, Pan L, Guo J, Li J, Zhang Y, Chen P, Li P. Effect of Tangshen formula on the remodeling of small intestine and colon in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21007. [PMID: 37886764 PMCID: PMC10597860 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Previous study have demonstrated that Tangshen Formula (TSF) could attenuate colonic histomorphological remodeling in the diabetic rat model induced by high fat diet plus low dosage streptozotocin (STZ). However, it is not clear whether TSF has same effect on small intestine and the effect on biomechanical properties of bowel. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of TSF on histomorphological and biomechanical remodeling of small intestine and colon by using Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rat model. Materials and methods ZDF rats (obese fa/fa) with blood glucose higher than 11.7 mmol/L were divided into ZDF group (diabetic control group) and ZDF + TSF group (TSF treatment group), the later were intragastrically administered TSF. The ZDF rats (lean fa/+) were served as normal control (ZL) group. The rats in the ZL and ZDF groups were administered with saline. The experimental period covered from 8 weeks to 24 weeks. At the end of experiment, the ileal and colonic segments were studied in vitro. The histomorphometry and biomechanical parameters were measured. Results Compared with ZL group histomorphologically, the wet weight per unit length, wall thickness, wall area and fractions of total and type I and type III collagen in different layers for both ileum and colon increased in ZDF group. Those increasing parameters were partially inhibited in ZDF + TSF group. Compared with ZL group biomechanically, ZDF and ZDF + TSF groups had smaller opening angle and residual strain in ileum, and bigger opening angle and residual strain in colon. Whereas the wall became softer in circumferential direction and stiffer in longitudinal direction for both ileum and colon. However, no difference of biomechanical parameters was found between ZDF and ZDF + TSF groups. Conclusion The histomorphological and biomechanical remodeling of ileum and colon were happened in ZDF rats (obese fa/fa). TSF could partly attenuate ileal and colonic histomorphological remodeling rather than biomechanical remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- Anbiping (Chongqing) Pathological Diagnosis Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Li
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Lin Pan
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Jing Guo
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Pengmin Chen
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Lab Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (100029), China
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Wei L, Ji L, Miao Y, Han X, Li Y, Wang Z, Fu J, Guo L, Su Y, Zhang Y. Constipation in DM are associated with both poor glycemic control and diabetic complications: Current status and future directions. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115202. [PMID: 37506579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Constipation is a major complications of diabetes mellitus. With the accelerating prevalence of diabetes worldwide and an aging population, there is considerable research interest regarding the altered function and structure of the gastrointestinal tract in diabetic patients. Despite current advances in hyperglycemic treatment strategies, the specific pathogenesis of diabetic constipation remains unknown. Patients with constipation, may be reluctant to eat regularly, which may worsen glycemic control and thus worsen symptoms associated with underlying diabetic bowel disease. This paper presents a review of the complex relationship between diabetes and constipation, exploring the morphological alterations and biomechanical remodeling associated with intestinal motility dysfunction, as well as alterations in intestinal neurons, cellular signaling pathways, and oxidative stress. Further studies focusing on new targets that may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic constipation may, provide new ideas for the development of novel therapies to treat or even prevent diabetic constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luge Wei
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Lanqi Ji
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yulu Miao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xu Han
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Ying Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jiafeng Fu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Liuli Guo
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yuanyuan Su
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
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Dai F, Guo J, Wang Y, Jiang T, Chen H, Hu Y, Du J, Xia X, Zhang Q, Shen B. Enhanced Store-Operated Ca 2+ Signal of Small Intestinal Smooth Muscle Cells Accelerates Small Bowel Transit Speed in Type 1 Diabetic Mouse. Front Physiol 2021; 12:691867. [PMID: 34744757 PMCID: PMC8564290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The underlying mechanism of diabetic enteropathy, a common complication of type 1 diabetes, remains unclear. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a ubiquitous type of Ca2+ influx involved in various cellular functions. Here, we show that SOCE-related stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and Orai1 participate in inappropriate cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, augmenting agonist-induced small intestinal smooth muscle contraction and small bowel transit speed in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Methods and Results: We used small interfering (si)RNA to suppress STIM1 and Orai1 proteins, and employed intracellular Ca2+, small intestinal contraction and intestinal transit speed measurement to investigate the functional change. We found that SOCE activity and Orai1 and STIM1 expression levels of small intestinal smooth muscle were significantly increased in cells cultured in high glucose medium or in diabetic mice. Gastrointestinal transit speed and SOCE-mediated contractions were markedly increased in diabetic mice; Knocking down Orai1 or STIM1 with siRNA rescued both alterations in diabetic mice. However, the Orai1-large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel interaction was decreased in diabetic mice, and suppressing Orai1 expression or inhibiting the BKCa channel increased agonist-induced small intestinal contractions in normal mice. Conclusion: We concluded that the increased SOCE caused by excessive STIM1 and Orai1 expression and decreased Orai1-BKCa interaction augmented small intestinal smooth muscle contraction and accelerated small bowel transit speed in diabetic mice. This finding demonstrates a pathological role for SOCE in diabetic enteropathy and provides a potential therapeutic target for diabetic enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jizheng Guo
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianming Xia
- Digestive Medicine Center, Department of General Practice, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bing Shen
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Zhao M, Liao D, Zhao J. Diabetes-induced mechanophysiological changes in the small intestine and colon. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:249-269. [PMID: 28694926 PMCID: PMC5483424 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i6.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The disorders of gastrointestinal (GI) tract including intestine and colon are common in the patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). DM induced intestinal and colonic structural and biomechanical remodeling in animals and humans. The remodeling is closely related to motor-sensory abnormalities of the intestine and colon which are associated with the symptoms frequently encountered in patients with DM such as diarrhea and constipation. In this review, firstly we review DM-induced histomorphological and biomechanical remodeling of intestine and colon. Secondly we review motor-sensory dysfunction and how they relate to intestinal and colonic abnormalities. Finally the clinical consequences of DM-induced changes in the intestine and colon including diarrhea, constipation, gut microbiota change and colon cancer are discussed. The final goal is to increase the understanding of DM-induced changes in the gut and the subsequent clinical consequences in order to provide the clinicians with a better understanding of the GI disorders in diabetic patients and facilitates treatments tailored to these patients.
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Tian J, Li M, Zhao J, Li J, Liu G, Zhen Z, Cao Y, Gregersen H, Tong X. Research on the traditional Chinese medicine treating gastrointestinal motility in diabetic rats by improving biomechanical remodeling and neuroendocrine regulation. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:2219-2230. [PMID: 28559973 PMCID: PMC5446505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that TWA, a Chinese herbal medicine, could significantly improve the symptoms of patients with diabetic gastrointestinal dysfunction. However, the specific mechanism of regulating intestinal peristalsis has not been found. This study aimed to discover TWA's therapeutic mechanism for regulating intestinal motility. The intestinal propulsion rate of diabetic rats was significantly increased after treatment with TWA for 8 weeks. Aiming at the mechanical structure, biomechanical testing indicated that TWA can significantly decrease the no-load intestinal wall thickness, cross-sectional area, and angular spread in a zero-stress state. Notably, intestinal stress-strain curve shifted to the right, which indicated TWA can inhibit intestinal hyperplasia and hardening and improve biomechanical remodeling. Further study of the mechanism revealed that TWA significantly inhibited the expression of AGE in the villi, crypt, and muscle and RAGE in crypt and upregulated the expression of nerve regulator (PSD95, C-kit and SCF). Radioimmunoassay showed TWA treatment decreased levels of serum somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Moreover, associations were found between the intestinal propulsion rate with the morphologic and biomechanical remodeling parameters, changes of nerve factors, and endocrine hormones. Morphologic and biomechanical remodeling of the intestinal wall are the pathologic basis of gastrointestinal dysfunction. TWA can benefit intestinal motility by improving biomechanical and morphologic remodeling and by regulating expression of neuroendocrine factors. The results showed that the effect of TWA was dose-dependent, the higher the dose, the greater is the improvement. Thus, traditional Chinese medicine might be a valuable tool for treating diabetic gastrointestinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Tian
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing 100029, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100053, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100053, China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus UniversityAarhus 8200 N, Denmark
| | - Junling Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100069, China
| | - Guifang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100053, China
| | - Zhong Zhen
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100053, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing 100029, China
| | - Hans Gregersen
- Bioengineering College of Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400044, China
- GIOME, Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong and Prince of Wales HospitalShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing 100053, China
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Zhao J, Gregersen H. Diabetes-induced mechanophysiological changes in the esophagus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1380:139-154. [PMID: 27495976 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal disorders are common in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. DM induces mechanostructural remodeling in the esophagus of humans and animal models. The remodeling is related to esophageal sensorimotor abnormalities and to symptoms frequently encountered by DM patients. For example, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder associated with DM. This review addresses diabetic remodeling of esophageal properties and function in light of the Esophagiome, a scientifically based modeling effort to describe the physiological dynamics of the normal, intact esophagus built upon interdisciplinary approaches with applications for esophageal disease. Unraveling the structural, biomechanical, and sensory remodeling of the esophagus in DM must be based on a multidisciplinary approach that can bridge the knowledge from a variety of scientific disciplines. The first focus of this review is DM-induced morphodynamic and biomechanical remodeling in the esophagus. Second, we review the sensorimotor dysfunction in DM and how it relates to esophageal remodeling. Finally, we discuss the clinical consequences of DM-induced esophageal remodeling, especially in relation to GERD. The ultimate aim is to increase the understanding of DM-induced remodeling of esophageal structure and sensorimotor function in order to assist clinicians to better understand the esophageal disorders induced by DM and to develop better treatments for those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Zhao
- Giome Academia, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Hans Gregersen
- GIOME, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital and Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,GIOME, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Sha H, Zhao D, Tong X, Gregersen H, Zhao J. Mechanism Investigation of the Improvement of Chang Run Tong on the Colonic Remodeling in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2016:1826281. [PMID: 26839890 PMCID: PMC4709916 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1826281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous study demonstrated that Chang Run Tong (CRT) could partly restore the colon remodeling in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats. Here we investigated the mechanisms of such effects of CRT. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of 40 mg/kg of STZ. CRT was poured into the stomach by gastric lavage once daily for 60 days. The remodeling parameters were obtained from diabetic (DM), CRT treated diabetic (T1, 50 g/kg; T2, 25 g/kg), and normal (Con) rats. Expressions of advanced glycation end product (AGE), AGE receptor, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and TGF-β1 receptor in the colon wall were immunochemically detected and quantitatively analyzed. The association between the expressions of those proteins and the remodeling parameters was analyzed. The expressions of those proteins were significantly higher in different colon layers in the DM group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and highly correlated to the remodeling parameters. Furthermore, the expressions of those proteins were significantly decreased in the T1 group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) but not in the T2 group (P > 0.05). The corrective effect on the expressions of those proteins is likely to be one molecular pathway for the improvement of CRT on the diabetes-induced colon remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sha
- China-Japan Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- China-Japan Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hans Gregersen
- Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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10
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da Rosa CVD, Azevedo SCSF, Bazotte RB, Peralta RM, Buttow NC, Pedrosa MMD, de Godoi VAF, Natali MRM. Supplementation with L-Glutamine and L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine Changes Biochemical Parameters and Jejunum Morphophysiology in Type 1 Diabetic Wistar Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143005. [PMID: 26659064 PMCID: PMC4681705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of the supplementation with L-glutamine and glutamine dipeptide (GDP) on biochemical and morphophysiological parameters in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. For this purpose, thirty animals were distributed into six groups treated orally (gavage) during thirty days: non diabetic rats (Control) + saline, diabetic + saline; Control + L-glutamine (248 mg/kg), Diabetic + L-glutamine (248 mg/kg), Control + GDP (400 mg/kg), Diabetic + GDP (400 mg/kg). Diabetes was induced by an intravenous injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) and confirmed by fasting glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL. Physiological parameters, i.e., body mass, food intake, blood glucose, water intake, urine and faeces were evaluated during supplementation. After the period of supplementation, the animals were euthanized. The blood was collected for biochemical assays (fructosamine, transaminases, lipid profile, total protein, urea, ammonia). Moreover, the jejunum was excised and stored for morphophysiological assays (intestinal enzyme activity, intestinal wall morphology, crypt proliferative index, number of serotoninergic cells from the mucosa, and vipergic neurons from the submucosal tunica). The physiological parameters, protein metabolism and intestinal enzyme activity did not change with the supplementation with L-glutamine or GDP. In diabetic animals, transaminases and fructosamine improved with L-glutamine and GDP supplementations, while the lipid profile improved with L-glutamine. Furthermore, both forms of supplementation promoted changes in jejunal tunicas and wall morphometry of control and diabetic groups, but only L-glutamine promoted maintenance of serotoninergic cells and vipergic neurons populations. On the other hand, control animals showed changes that may indicate negative effects of L-glutamine. Thus, the supplementation with L-glutamine was more efficient for maintaining intestinal morphophysiology and the supplementation with GDP was more efficient to the organism as a whole. Thus, we can conclude that local differences in absorption and metabolism could explain the differences between the supplementation with L-glutamine or GDP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto B. Bazotte
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosane M. Peralta
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nilza C. Buttow
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Vilma A. F. de Godoi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Raquel M. Natali
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
- * E-mail: (MR)
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Asht LDS, Rêgo TDS, Pessoa LR, Leite J, Ferreira AM, dos Santos ADS, Feijó MBDS, dos Anjos JS, Correia-Santos AM, da Costa CAS, Boaventura GT. The effects of Yam (Dioscorea bulbifera) intake on small intestine morphology in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise da S. Asht
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory; College of Nutrition; Federal Fluminense University; Rua Mário Santos Braga, 30 Niterói RJ 24020-140 Brazil
| | - Thaís de S. Rêgo
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory; College of Nutrition; Federal Fluminense University; Rua Mário Santos Braga, 30 Niterói RJ 24020-140 Brazil
| | - Letícia R. Pessoa
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory; College of Nutrition; Federal Fluminense University; Rua Mário Santos Braga, 30 Niterói RJ 24020-140 Brazil
| | - Juliana Leite
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinics; Veterinary Faculty; Federal Fluminense University; Rua Vital Brazil, 64, Vital Brazil Niterói RJ 24230-340 Brazil
| | - Ana M. Ferreira
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinics; Veterinary Faculty; Federal Fluminense University; Rua Vital Brazil, 64, Vital Brazil Niterói RJ 24230-340 Brazil
| | - Aline de S. dos Santos
- Physiological Sciences Department; Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes; State University of Rio de Janeiro; Av. 28 de Setembro, 87 Vila Isabel Rio de Janeiro RJ 20551-030 Brazil
| | - Márcia B. da S. Feijó
- Bromatology Laboratory; College of Pharmacy; Federal Fluminense University; Rua Dr. Mário Viana, 523 Niterói RJ 24241- 001 Brazil
| | - Juliana S. dos Anjos
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory; College of Nutrition; Federal Fluminense University; Rua Mário Santos Braga, 30 Niterói RJ 24020-140 Brazil
| | - André M. Correia-Santos
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory; College of Nutrition; Federal Fluminense University; Rua Mário Santos Braga, 30 Niterói RJ 24020-140 Brazil
| | - Carlos A. S. da Costa
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory; College of Nutrition; Federal Fluminense University; Rua Mário Santos Braga, 30 Niterói RJ 24020-140 Brazil
| | - Gilson T. Boaventura
- Experimental Nutrition Laboratory; College of Nutrition; Federal Fluminense University; Rua Mário Santos Braga, 30 Niterói RJ 24020-140 Brazil
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Pang B, Zhou Q, Li JL, Zhao LH, Tong XL. Treatment of refractory diabetic gastroparesis: Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine therapies. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:6504-6514. [PMID: 24914371 PMCID: PMC4047335 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i21.6504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractory diabetic gastroparesis (DGP), a disorder that occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetics, is associated with severe symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, and results in an economic burden on the health care system. In this article, the basic characteristics of refractory DGP are reviewed, followed by a discussion of therapeutic modalities, which encompasses the definitions and clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic efficacy evaluation of refractory DGP. The diagnostic standards assumed in this study are those set forth in the published literature due to the absence of recognized diagnosis criteria that have been assessed by an international organization. The therapeutic modalities for refractory DGP are as follows: drug therapy, nutritional support, gastric electrical stimulation, pyloric botulinum toxin injection, endoscopic or surgical therapy, and traditional Chinese treatment. The therapeutic modalities may be used alone or in combination. The use of traditional Chinese treatments is prevalent in China. The effectiveness of these therapies appears to be supported by preliminary evidence and clinical experience, although the mechanisms that underlie these effects will require further research. The purpose of this article is to explore the potential of combined Western and traditional Chinese medicine treatment methods for improved patient outcomes in refractory DGP.
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