1
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Mansur F, Arshad T, Liska V, Manzoor S. Interleukin-22 promotes the proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08542-x. [PMID: 37264148 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine released during the immune response in chronic liver injury. Although IL-22 mediates tissue regeneration, its uncontrolled production may generate a carcinogenic environment resulting in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aims to identify the effect of IL-22 on anti-apoptotic and metastatic genes and the molecular pathways responsible for IL-22-mediated hepatic carcinogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Three cancerous liver lines, HepG2, SNU-387, Huh7, and one normal liver line, THLE2, were treated with IL-22. RT-qPCR analysis was conducted to study the role of IL-22 in altering the expression levels of anti-apoptotic genes, MCL-1 and BCL-2, and metastatic genes, MMP-7 and MMP-9. A significant increase in expression levels of these genes was observed after IL-22 treatment. Furthermore, to explore the major pathways involved in IL-22-mediated upregulation of anti-apoptotic and metastatic genes, cells were treated with inhibitors of JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT pathways along with IL-22. Resultantly, a significant decrease in expression levels of target genes was observed, indicating the involvement of JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT signaling cascades in IL-22-mediated oncogenesis. Finally, Cell Scratch assay was performed to check the effect of IL-22 and inhibitors of JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT on the metastatic potential of liver cells. While migration was observed in Huh7 and THLE2 cells treated with IL-22, no migration was observed in cells treated with IL-22 along with JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT inhibitors. Results indicate that IL-22 encourages metastasis in HCC cells via the JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT pathways. CONCLUSION Results showed that IL-22 upregulates anti-apoptotic and metastatic genes in HCC through JAK/STAT and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fizzah Mansur
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Research Group, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tanzeela Arshad
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Research Group, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Vaclav Liska
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sobia Manzoor
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Research Group, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.
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2
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Maryam S, Krukiewicz K, Haq IU, Khan AA, Yahya G, Cavalu S. Interleukins (Cytokines) as Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: Progression, Detection, and Monitoring. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093127. [PMID: 37176567 PMCID: PMC10179696 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the primary cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading cause in developing countries. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Risk factors for CRC include obesity, a diet low in fruits and vegetables, physical inactivity, and smoking. CRC has a poor prognosis, and there is a critical need for new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to reduce related deaths. Recently, studies have focused more on molecular testing to guide targeted treatments for CRC patients. The most crucial feature of activated immune cells is the production and release of growth factors and cytokines that modulate the inflammatory conditions in tumor tissues. The cytokine network is valuable for the prognosis and pathogenesis of colorectal cancer as they can aid in the cost-effective and non-invasive detection of cancer. A large number of interleukins (IL) released by the immune system at various stages of CRC can act as "biomarkers". They play diverse functions in colorectal cancer, and include IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, IL-33, TNF, TGF-β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are pro-tumorigenic genes. However, there are an inadequate number of studies in this area considering its correlation with cytokine profiles that are clinically useful in diagnosing cancer. A better understanding of cytokine levels to establish diagnostic pathways entails an understanding of cytokine interactions and the regulation of their various biochemical signaling pathways in healthy individuals. This review provides a comprehensive summary of some interleukins as immunological biomarkers of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Maryam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ihtisham Ul Haq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Awal Ayaz Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Al Sharqia, Egypt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Str. 24, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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3
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Zhao N, Liu C, Li N, Zhou S, Guo Y, Yang S, Liu H. Role of Interleukin-22 in ulcerative colitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114273. [PMID: 36696801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic disease, in the progression of which an immune overreaction may play an important role. IL-22 is a member of the IL-10 superfamily of cytokines and is pleiotropic in immune regulation and inflammatory responses. IL-22 can produce protective effects, promote wound healing and tissue regeneration, while it can also induce inflammatory reactions when it is chronically overexpressed. Extensive literatures reported that IL-22 played an essential role in the pathogenic development of UC. IL-22 participates in the whole disease process of UC involving signaling pathways, gene expression regulation, and intestinal flora imbalance, making IL-22 a possible candidate for the treatment of UC. In this paper, the latest knowledge to further elucidate the role of IL-22 in UC was summarized and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.
| | - Chuanguo Liu
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.
| | - Ning Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.
| | - Shuang Zhou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.
| | - Yuting Guo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.
| | - Shihua Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China.
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, PR China.
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4
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Alattar A, Alshaman R, Al-Gayyar MMH. Therapeutic effects of sulforaphane in ulcerative colitis: effect on antioxidant activity, mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA polymerization. Redox Rep 2022; 27:128-138. [PMID: 35754320 PMCID: PMC9246005 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2022.2092378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ulcerative colitis (UC), an inflammatory bowel disease, affects mucosal lining of colon leading to inflammation and ulcers. Sulforaphane is a natural compound obtained from cruciferous vegetables. We aimed to investigate potential therapeutic effects of sulforaphane in experimentally induced UC in rats through affection antioxidant activity, mitochondrial biogenesis and DNA polymerization. Methods UC was induced in rats via an intracolonic single administration of 2 ml of 4% acetic acid. UC rats were treated with 15 mg/kg sulforaphane. Samples of colon were used to investigate gene expression and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC-1), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), cyclin D1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Results UC showed dark distorted Goblet cell nucleus with disarranged mucus granules and no distinct brush border with atypical microvilli. All morphological changes were improved by treating with sulforaphane. Finally, treatment with sulforaphane significantly increased expression of PGC-1, TFAM, Nrf2 and HO-1 associated with reduction in expression of mTOR, cyclin D1 and PCNA. Conclusion Sulforaphane could cure UC in rats. The protective activity can be explained by enhancing antioxidant activity, elevating mitochondrial biogenesis and inhibiting DNA polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alshaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M H Al-Gayyar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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Lian YZ, Chang CC, Chen YS, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Chao JCJ. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides and capsaicin modulate inflammatory cytokines and colonic microbiota in colitis rats induced by dextran sulfate sodium. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2022; 71:229-237. [PMID: 36447490 PMCID: PMC9701596 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.21-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Active ingredients in the natural products have been considered to be used for alleviating the symptoms of ulcerative colitis, hence the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LP) and capsaicin on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats were investigated. Rats were grouped into normal, DSS induced colitis, and colitis treated with 100 mg LP/kg body weight, 12 mg capsaicin/kg body weight, or combined 50 mg LP/kg body weight and 6 mg capsaicin/kg body weight. Treatment with LP or capsaicin was orally fed by gavage for 4 weeks, and 5% DSS was fed via drinking water for 6 days during week 3. Colon tissue and cecum content were collected for analysis. Treatments with LP and/or capsaicin ameliorated disease activity index scores, severity of colon distortion, and shrinkage of colon length. LP and capsaicin decreased colonic pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-22) levels. Cecal microbiota in colitis rats were enriched with the genus Turicibacter and Lachnospira. The relative abundance of genus Ruminiclostridium_9 and Ruminoclostridium_1 was increased by LP and capsaicin treatment, respectively. Pretreatment with LP or capsaicin inhibits the severity of colonic damage in rats with DSS-induced colitis via anti-inflammation and modulation of colonic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhi Lian
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chao Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
| | - Alexey A. Tinkov
- Laboratory of Molecular Dietetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Institute of Bioelementology, Orenburg State University, Pobedy Avenue, 13, Orenburg 460018, Russia
| | - Anatoly V. Skalny
- Laboratory of Molecular Dietetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119435, Russia
- Institute of Bioelementology, Orenburg State University, Pobedy Avenue, 13, Orenburg 460018, Russia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Yanvarya Street, 29, Orenburg 460000, Russia
| | - Jane C.-J. Chao
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Master Program in Global Health and Development, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
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6
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Colorectal Cancer in Ulcerative Colitis: Mechanisms, Surveillance and Chemoprevention. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:6091-6114. [PMID: 36135048 PMCID: PMC9498229 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29090479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are at a two- to three-fold increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) than the general population based on population-based data. UC-CRC has generated a series of clinical problems, which are reflected in its worse prognosis and higher mortality than sporadic CRC. Chronic inflammation is a significant contributor to the development of UC-CRC, so comprehending the relationship between the proinflammatory factors and epithelial cells together with downstream signaling pathways is the core to elucidate the mechanisms involved in developing of CRC. Clinical studies have shown the importance of early prevention, detection and management of CRC in patients with UC, and colonoscopic surveillance at regular intervals with multiple biopsies is considered the most effective way. The use of endoscopy with targeted biopsies of visible lesions has been supported in most populations. In contrast, random biopsies in patients with high-risk characteristics have been suggested during surveillance. Some of the agents used to treat UC are chemopreventive, the effects of which will be examined in cancers in UC in a population-based setting. In this review, we outline the current state of potential risk factors and chemopreventive recommendations in UC-CRC, with a specific focus on the proinflammatory mechanisms in promoting CRC and evidence for personalized surveillance.
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7
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Zhang J, Liu Z, Liu L, Huang M, Huang Y. Th22/IL-22 mediates the progression of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma via STAT3. Cytotechnology 2022; 74:203-216. [PMID: 35464167 PMCID: PMC8975974 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper cell 22 are abundant in Hepatitis B Virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma tissue, and the main cytokine interleukin 22 produced by Th22 cells is closely related to the initiation and development of HCC. Understanding the role of Th22/IL-22 in the progression of HBV-related HCC will facilitate new therapeutic development. Th22 cells were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors and co-cultured with HBV positive HepG2.2.15 cells. IL-22 secretion and HepG2.2.15 cell proliferation and apoptosis were monitored. Expressions of p-STAT3, Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase 3 were detected by Western blot analysis. Th22 cells significantly promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of HepG2.2.15 cells; up-regulated expression of p-STAT3, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-2, and down-regulated cleaved caspase 3 in HepG2.2.15 cells. These effects were significantly attenuated when IL-22 and STAT3 was knockdown in Th22 and HepG2.2.15 cells, respectively. Our data suggests that HBV induces host Th22 cells to overexpress IL-22, which in turn triggers over-activation of STAT3 and its downstream signaling proteins to promote HCC progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-021-00517-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial Chest Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingpeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingwen Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
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8
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Lee D, Jo H, Go C, Jang Y, Chu N, Bae S, Kang D, Kim Y, Kang JS. The Roles of IL-22 and Its Receptor in the Regulation of Inflammatory Responses in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:757. [PMID: 35054942 PMCID: PMC8775345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is a potent mediator of inflammatory responses. The IL-22 receptor consists of the IL-22Rα and IL-10Rβ subunits. Previous studies have shown that IL-22Rα expression is restricted to non-hematopoietic cells in the skin, pancreas, intestine, liver, lung, and kidney. Although IL-22 is involved in the development of inflammatory responses, there have been no reports of its role in brain inflammation. Here, we used RT-PCR, Western blotting, flow cytometry, immunohistochemical, and microarray analyses to examine the role of IL-22 and expression of IL-22Rα in the brain, using the microglial cell line, hippocampal neuronal cell line, and inflamed mouse brain tissue. Treatment of BV2 and HT22 cells with recombinant IL-22 increased the expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and prostaglandin E2. We also found that the JNK and STAT3 signaling pathways play an important role in IL-22-mediated increases in inflammatory mediators. Microarray analyses revealed upregulated expression of inflammation-related genes in IL-22-treated HT22 cells. Finally, we found that IL-22Rα is spontaneously expressed in the brain and is upregulated in inflamed mouse brain. Overall, our results demonstrate that interaction of IL-22 with IL-22Rα plays a role in the development of inflammatory responses in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.L.); (H.J.); (C.G.); (Y.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Hyejung Jo
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.L.); (H.J.); (C.G.); (Y.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Cheolhyeon Go
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.L.); (H.J.); (C.G.); (Y.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Yoojin Jang
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.L.); (H.J.); (C.G.); (Y.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Naghyung Chu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Suhyun Bae
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.L.); (H.J.); (C.G.); (Y.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Dongmin Kang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Yejin Kim
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.L.); (H.J.); (C.G.); (Y.J.); (S.B.)
- Medical Research Center, Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kang
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; (D.L.); (H.J.); (C.G.); (Y.J.); (S.B.)
- Medical Research Center, Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
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9
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Frigerio S, Lartey DA, D’Haens GR, Grootjans J. The Role of the Immune System in IBD-Associated Colorectal Cancer: From Pro to Anti-Tumorigenic Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12739. [PMID: 34884543 PMCID: PMC8657929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have increased incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). IBD-associated cancer follows a well-characterized sequence of intestinal epithelial changes, in which genetic mutations and molecular aberrations play a key role. IBD-associated cancer develops against a background of chronic inflammation and pro-inflammatory immune cells, and their products contribute to cancer development and progression. In recent years, the effect of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in cancer development and progression has gained more attention, mainly because of the unprecedented anti-tumor effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in selected groups of patients. Even though IBD-associated cancer develops in the background of chronic inflammation which is associated with activation of endogenous anti-inflammatory or suppressive mechanisms, the potential role of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in these cancers is largely unknown. In this review, we outline the role of the immune system in promoting cancer development in chronic inflammatory diseases such as IBD, with a specific focus on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms and suppressive immune cells that may play a role in IBD-associated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Frigerio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.F.); (D.A.L.); (G.R.D.)
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dalia A. Lartey
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.F.); (D.A.L.); (G.R.D.)
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R. D’Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.F.); (D.A.L.); (G.R.D.)
| | - Joep Grootjans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.F.); (D.A.L.); (G.R.D.)
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Mahmoud HA, Salama WM, Mariah RA, Eid AM. Ameliorative effect of Leiurus quinquestriatus venom on acetic acid-induced colitis in mice. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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11
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Hossein-Khannazer N, Zian Z, Bakkach J, Kamali AN, Hosseinzadeh R, Anka AU, Yazdani R, Azizi G. Features and roles of T helper 22 cells in immunological diseases and malignancies. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13030. [PMID: 33576072 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
T helper 22 (Th22) cell populations are a newly identified subset of CD4+ T cells that primarily mediate biological effects on the epithelial barrier through interleukin (IL)-22. Although, new studies showed that both Th22 and IL-22 are closely associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory, autoimmune and allergic disease as well as malignancies. In this review, we aim to describe the development and characteristics of Th22 cells as well as their roles in the immunopathogenesis of immune-related disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoo Hossein-Khannazer
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeineb Zian
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Joaira Bakkach
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Ali N Kamali
- CinnaGen Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- CinnaGen Research and Production Co, Alborz, Iran
| | - Ramin Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abubakar Umar Anka
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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12
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Marginean EC, Gotfrit J, Marginean H, Yokom DW, Bateman JJ, Daneshmand M, Sud S, Gown AM, Jonker D, Asmis T, Goodwin RA. Phosphorylated transducer and activator of transcription-3 (pSTAT3) immunohistochemical expression in paired primary and metastatic colorectal cancer. Transl Oncol 2020; 14:100996. [PMID: 33341488 PMCID: PMC7750168 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 (STAT3) mediates cellular functions. We assessed the IHC expression of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) in paired primary tumors and liver metastases in patients with advanced stage colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS We included patients with tissue blocks available from both the primary CRC and a surgically resected liver metastasis. The IHC pSTAT3 expression agreement was measured using Cohen's kappa statistic. RESULTS The study included 103 patients, 55% male, median age was 64. 43% tumors originated in rectum, and 63% of the primary tumors were synchronous. Expression of pSTAT3 was 76% in liver metastases and 71% in primary tumors. A difference in pSTAT3 staining between the primary tumor and liver metastases was noted in 64%. There was lost expression of pSTAT3 in the liver metastases in 28% and gained expression in 36% of cases compared to the primary. The kappa statistic comparing agreement between staining patterns of the primary tumors and liver metastases was a "less-than-chance", at -0.02. Median survival was 4.9 years, with no difference in survival outcomes by pSTAT3 expression in the primary tumor or liver metastases. DISCUSSION STAT3 is not a prognostic marker in the selective setting of metastatic CRC to liver, but it may remain a potential therapeutic target given most liver metastases expressed pSTAT3. Discordant pSTAT3 expression in between primary tumors and paired liver metastases suggests that use of this class of drug to treat liver predominant metastatic colorectal cancer in a biomarker-driven approach may require confirmatory liver tumor biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda C Marginean
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa ON K1H 8L6 Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9.
| | - Joanna Gotfrit
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa ON K1H 8L6 Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9.
| | - Horia Marginean
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa ON K1H 8L6 Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9.
| | - Daniel W Yokom
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa ON K1H 8L6 Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9.
| | - Justin J Bateman
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9; The Ottawa Hospital, Department of Pathology, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa ON K1H 8L6 Canada.
| | - Manijeh Daneshmand
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa ON K1H 8L6 Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9.
| | - Shelly Sud
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa ON K1H 8L6 Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9.
| | - Allen M Gown
- PhenoPath Laboratories, 551 N. 34th Street Seattle 98103 USA.
| | - Derek Jonker
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa ON K1H 8L6 Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9.
| | - Timothy Asmis
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa ON K1H 8L6 Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9.
| | - Rachel A Goodwin
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa ON K1H 8L6 Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9.
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13
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Suppression of Inflammatory Cytokines Expression with Bitter Melon ( Momordica Charantia) in TNBS-instigated Ulcerative Colitis. J Transl Int Med 2020; 8:177-187. [PMID: 33062594 PMCID: PMC7534491 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2020-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective This study was aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Momordica charantia (MCh), along with a standard drug prednisolone, in a rat model of colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Methods After the induction of the experimental colitis, the animals were treated with MCh (4 g/kg/day) for 14 consecutive days by intragastric gavage. The colonic tissue expression levels of C-C motif chemokine ligand 17 (CCL-17), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-23, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were determined at both mRNA and protein levels to estimate the effect of MCh. Besides, colonic specimens were analyzed histopathologically after staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Results The body weights from TNBS-instigated colitis rats were found to be significantly lower than untreated animals. Also, the IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, Il-23, TNF-α, CCL-17, and NF-kB mRNA and protein levels were increased significantly from 1.86-4.91-fold and 1.46-5.50-fold, respectively, in the TNBS-instigated colitis group as compared to the control. Both the MCh and prednisolone treatment significantly reduced the bodyweight loss. It also restored the induced colonic tissue levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α to normal levels seen in untreated animals. These results were also supported with the histochemical staining of the colonic tissues from both control and treated animals. Conclusion The presented data strongly suggests that MCh has the anti-inflammatory effect that might be modulated through vitamin D metabolism. It is the right candidate for the treatment of UC as an alternative and complementary therapeutics.
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14
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Muller M, Hansmannel F, Arnone D, Choukour M, Ndiaye NC, Kokten T, Houlgatte R, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Genomic and molecular alterations in human inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer. United European Gastroenterol J 2020; 8:675-684. [PMID: 32268844 DOI: 10.1177/2050640620919254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at increased risk of colorectal cancer, which has worse prognosis than sporadic colorectal cancer. Until recently, understanding of pathogenesis in inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer was restricted to the demonstration of chromosomic/microsatellite instabilities and aneuploidy. The advance of high-throughput sequencing technologies has highlighted the complexity of the pathobiology and revealed recurrently mutated genes involved in the RTK/RAS, PI3K, WNT, and TGFβ pathways, leading to potentially new targetable mutations. Moreover, alterations of mitochondrial DNA and the dysregulation of non-coding sequences have also been described, as well as several epigenetic modifications. Although recent studies have brought new insights into pathobiology and raised the prospect of innovative therapeutic approaches, the understanding of colorectal carcinogenesis in inflammatory bowel disease and how it differs from sporadic colorectal cancer remains not fully elucidated. Further studies are required to better understand the pathogenesis and molecular alterations leading to human inflammatory bowel disease-associated colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Muller
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, University of Lorraine, France
| | - Franck Hansmannel
- Inserm U1256 "Nutrition - Genetics and exposure to environmental risks - NGERE", Nancy, France
| | - Djesia Arnone
- Inserm U1256 "Nutrition - Genetics and exposure to environmental risks - NGERE", Nancy, France
| | - Myriam Choukour
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, University of Lorraine, France
| | - Ndeye Coumba Ndiaye
- Inserm U1256 "Nutrition - Genetics and exposure to environmental risks - NGERE", Nancy, France
| | - Tunay Kokten
- Inserm U1256 "Nutrition - Genetics and exposure to environmental risks - NGERE", Nancy, France
| | - Rémi Houlgatte
- Inserm U1256 "Nutrition - Genetics and exposure to environmental risks - NGERE", Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, University of Lorraine, France.,Inserm U1256 "Nutrition - Genetics and exposure to environmental risks - NGERE", Nancy, France
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15
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Abdo AIK, Tye GJ. Interleukin 23 and autoimmune diseases: current and possible future therapies. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:463-480. [PMID: 32215665 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE IL-23 is a central proinflammatory cytokine with a wide range of influence over immune response. It is implicated in several autoimmune diseases due to the infinite inflammatory loops it can create through the positive feedbacks of both IL-17 and IL-22 arms. This made IL-23 a key target of autoimmune disorders therapy, which indeed was proven to inhibit inflammation and ameliorate diseases. Current autoimmune treatments targeting IL-23 are either by preventing IL-23 ligation to its receptor (IL-23R) via antibodies or inhibiting IL-23 signaling by signaling downstream mediators' inhibitors, with each approach having its own pros and cons. METHODS Literature review was done to further understand the biology of IL-23 and current therapies. RESULTS In this review, we discuss the biological features of IL-23 and its role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Advantages, limitations and side effects of each concept will be reviewed, suggesting several advanced IL-23-based bio-techniques to generate new and possible future therapies to overcome current treatments problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ismail Khaled Abdo
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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16
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Cui G. T H9, T H17, and T H22 Cell Subsets and Their Main Cytokine Products in the Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1002. [PMID: 31637216 PMCID: PMC6787935 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several newly identified T helper (TH) cell subsets, such as TH9, TH17, and TH22 cells, and their respective cytokine products, IL-9, IL-17, and IL-22, have been reported to play critical roles in the development of chronic inflammation in the colorectum. Since chronic inflammation is a potent driving force for the development of human colorectal cancer (CRC), the contributions of TH9/IL-9, TH17/IL-17, and TH22/IL-22 in the pathogenesis of CRC have recently become an increasingly popular area of scientific investigation. Extensive laboratory and clinical evidence suggests a positive relationship between these new TH subsets and the growth and formation of CRC, whereas, administration of IL-9, IL-17, and IL-22 signaling inhibitors can significantly alter the formation of colorectal chronic inflammation or CRC lesions in animal models, suggesting that blocking these cytokine signals might represent promising immunotherapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recent findings and currently available data for understanding the vital role and therapeutic significance of TH9/IL-9, TH17/IL-17, and TH22/IL-22 in the development of colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Research Group of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Faculty of Health Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
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17
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Pu Z, Che Y, Zhang W, Sun H, Meng T, Xie H, Cao L, Hao H. Dual roles of IL-18 in colitis through regulation of the function and quantity of goblet cells. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2291-2302. [PMID: 31017261 PMCID: PMC6488178 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to investigate the dual roles and mechanism of interleukin (IL)‑18 in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‑induced colitis. Firstly, meta‑analysis was used to explore whether the levels of IL‑18 were different in patients with colon cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. The results demonstrated that IL‑18 (rs187238, ‑137G/C) increased the incidence rate of colon cancer in patients, while IL‑18 (rs187238, ‑137G/C) decreased the incidence rate of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease in patients. Therefore, IL‑18 (rs187238, ‑137G/C) may have a dual function in colitis. Next, the functional role of IL‑18 in colitis was further investigated, by use of a DSS‑induced colitis mouse model. Pre‑treatment of the mice with IL‑18 increased body weight, augmented colon length, reduced inflammatory infiltration, promoted mucin (Muc)‑2 expression, increased the function and quantity of goblet cells and increased the mRNA levels of resistin‑like molecule (RELM) β and trefoil factor family (TFF) 3 in mice with DSS‑induced colitis, through the IL‑22/STAT3 pathway. By contrast, treatment with IL‑18 at later stages of the disease reduced body weight, decreased colon length, enhanced inflammatory infiltration and reduced Muc‑2 expression, decreased the function and quantity of goblet cells and inhibited the mRNA levels of RELMβ and TFF3 in mice with DSS‑induced colitis. In conclusion, IL‑18 served a dual function in colitis by regulating the function of goblet cells. The anti‑inflammatory effects of IL‑18 were observed in the early stage of colitis‑induced inflammation, while the pro‑inflammatory effects were observed in the later stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichen Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Wuhu, Anhui 241001
| | - Yuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth People's Hospital of Maanshan, Maanshan, Anhui 243031, P.R. China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009
| | - Tuo Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009
| | - Haitang Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Wuhu, Anhui 241001
| | - Lijuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009
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18
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Wang X, Wong K, Ouyang W, Rutz S. Targeting IL-10 Family Cytokines for the Treatment of Human Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a028548. [PMID: 29038121 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Members of the interleukin (IL)-10 family of cytokines play important roles in regulating immune responses during host defense but also in autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Although IL-10 itself primarily acts on leukocytes and has potent immunosuppressive functions, other family members preferentially target nonimmune compartments, such as tissue epithelial cells, where they elicit innate defense mechanisms to control viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, protect tissue integrity, and promote tissue repair and regeneration. As cytokines are prime drug targets, IL-10 family cytokines provide great opportunities for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, tissue damage, and cancer. Yet no therapy in this space has been approved to date. Here, we summarize the diverse biology of the IL-10 family as it relates to human disease and review past and current strategies and challenges to target IL-10 family cytokines for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Kit Wong
- Department of Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Sascha Rutz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080
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19
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Ananthakrishnan AN, Bernstein CN, Iliopoulos D, Macpherson A, Neurath MF, Ali RAR, Vavricka SR, Fiocchi C. Environmental triggers in IBD: a review of progress and evidence. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:39-49. [PMID: 29018271 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A number of environmental factors have been associated with the development of IBD. Alteration of the gut microbiota, or dysbiosis, is closely linked to initiation or progression of IBD, but whether dysbiosis is a primary or secondary event is unclear. Nevertheless, early-life events such as birth, breastfeeding and exposure to antibiotics, as well as later childhood events, are considered potential risk factors for IBD. Air pollution, a consequence of the progressive contamination of the environment by countless compounds, is another factor associated with IBD, as particulate matter or other components can alter the host's mucosal defences and trigger immune responses. Hypoxia associated with high altitude is also a factor under investigation as a potential new trigger of IBD flares. A key issue is how to translate environmental factors into mechanisms of IBD, and systems biology is increasingly recognized as a strategic tool to unravel the molecular alterations leading to IBD. Environmental factors add a substantial level of complexity to the understanding of IBD pathogenesis but also promote the fundamental notion that complex diseases such as IBD require complex therapies that go well beyond the current single-agent treatment approach. This Review describes the current conceptualization, evidence, progress and direction surrounding the association of environmental factors with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 165 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, 804-F-175 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg Manitoba R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Vatche & Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South CHS 44-133, Los Angeles, California 90095-7278, USA
| | - Andrew Macpherson
- Gastroenterology/UVCM, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 8, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus F Neurath
- I. Department of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja A Raja Ali
- The National University of Malaysia, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Stephan R Vavricka
- Triemli Hospital, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Birmensdorferstrasse 497, 8063 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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20
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Chen J, Pitmon E, Wang K. Microbiome, inflammation and colorectal cancer. Semin Immunol 2017; 32:43-53. [PMID: 28982615 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is linked to the development of multiple cancers, including those of the colon. Inflammation in the gut induces carcinogenic mutagenesis and promotes colorectal cancer initiation. Additionally, myeloid and lymphoid cells infiltrate established tumors and propagate so called "tumor-elicited inflammation", which in turn favors cancer development by supporting the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. In addition to the interaction between cancer cells and tumor infiltrating immune cells, the gut also hosts trillions of bacteria and other microbes, whose roles in colorectal inflammation and cancer have only been appreciated in the past decade or so. Commensal and pathobiotic bacteria promote colorectal cancer development by exploiting tumor surface barrier defects following cancer initiation, by invading normal colonic tissue and inducing local inflammation, and by generating genotoxicity against colonic epithelial cells to accelerate their oncogenic transformation. On the other hand, a balanced population of microbiota is important for the prevention of colorectal cancer due to their roles in providing certain bacterial metabolites and inhibiting intestinal inflammation. In this review we summarize our current knowledge regarding the link between microbiota, inflammation, and colorectal cancer, and aim to delineate the mechanisms by which gut microbiome and inflammatory cytokines regulate colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030, United States
| | - Elise Pitmon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030, United States
| | - Kepeng Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT, 06030, United States.
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21
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Rossin D, Calfapietra S, Sottero B, Poli G, Biasi F. HNE and cholesterol oxidation products in colorectal inflammation and carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:186-195. [PMID: 28089726 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Consistent experimental data suggest the importance of inflammation-associated oxidative stress in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. Inflammatory bowel disease with chronic intestinal inflammation is now considered a precancerous condition. Oxidative stress is an essential feature of inflammation. Activation of redox-sensitive pro-inflammatory cell signals and inflammatory mediators concur to establish a pro-tumoral environment. In this frame, lipid oxidation products, namely 4-hydroxynonenal and oxysterols, can be produced in big quantity so as to be able to exert their function as inducers of cell signaling pathways of proliferation and survival. Notably, an important source of these two compounds is represented by a high fat diet, which is undoubtedly a risk factor for inflammation and CRC development. Current evidence for the emerging implication of these two oxidized lipids in inflammation and CRC development is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rossin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Simone Calfapietra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Barbara Sottero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Fiorella Biasi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin at San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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22
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Perusina Lanfranca M, Lin Y, Fang J, Zou W, Frankel T. Biological and pathological activities of interleukin-22. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:523-34. [PMID: 26923718 PMCID: PMC4860114 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22, a member of the IL-10 family, is a cytokine secreted by several types of immune cells including IL-22(+)CD4(+) T cells (Th22) and IL-22 expressing innate leukocytes (ILC22). Recent studies have demonstrated that IL-22 is a key component in mucosal barrier defense, tissue repair, epithelial cell survival, and proliferation. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has defined both protective and pathogenic properties of IL-22 in a number of conditions including autoimmune disease, infection, and malignancy. In this review, we summarize the expression and signaling pathway and functional characteristics of the IL-22 and IL-22 receptor axis in physiological and pathological scenarios and discuss the potential to target IL-22 signaling to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Perusina Lanfranca
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yanwei Lin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jingyuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Graduate Programs in Immunology and Tumor Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Timothy Frankel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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23
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Sun D, Lin Y, Hong J, Chen H, Nagarsheth N, Peng D, Wei S, Huang E, Fang J, Kryczek I, Zou W. Th22 cells control colon tumorigenesis through STAT3 and Polycomb Repression complex 2 signaling. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1082704. [PMID: 27622053 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1082704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Th22 cells traffic to and retain in the colon cancer microenvironment, and target core stem cell genes and promote colon cancer stemness via STAT3 and H3K79me2 signaling pathway and contribute to colon carcinogenesis. However, whether Th22 cells affect colon cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis remains unknown. We studied the interaction between Th22 cells and colon cancer cells in the colon cancer microenvironment. Colon cancer proliferation was examined by flow cytometry analysis and H(3) thymidine incorporation. Cell cycle related genes were quantified by real-time PCR and Western blotting. We transfected colon cancer cells with lentiviral vector encoding specific gene shRNAs and used chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay to determine the genetic signaling involved in interleukin (IL)-22-mediated colon cancer cell proliferation. We showed that Th22 cells released IL-22 and stimulated colon cancer proliferation. Mechanistically, IL-22 activated STAT3, and subsequently STAT3 bound to the promoter areas of the Polycomb Repression complex 2 (PRC2) components SUZ12 and EED, and stimulated the expression of PRC2. Consequently, the activated PRC2 catalyzed the promoters of the cell cycle check-point genes p16 and p21, and inhibited their expression through H3K27me3-mediated histone methylation, and ultimately caused colon cancer cell proliferation. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the levels of IL-22 expression positively correlated with the levels of genes controlling cancer proliferation and cell cycling in colon cancer. In addition to controlling colon cancer stemness, Th22 cells support colon carcinogenesis via affecting colon cancer cell proliferation through a distinct histone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanwei Lin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease , Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease , Shanghai, China
| | - Nisha Nagarsheth
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Graduate Programs in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dongjun Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Emina Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jingyuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease , Shanghai, China
| | - Ilona Kryczek
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Graduate Programs in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Tumor Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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24
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Abstract
The link between chronic inflammation and cancer has long been suspected, due to the pioneering work of Rudolf Virchow over 150 years ago. Yet the causal relationship between inflammation and cancer was only deciphered in the past decade or so, using animal models of various cancers. Up to 20% of all human cancers result from chronic inflammation and persistent infections. Proinflammatory cytokines and tumor-infiltrating myeloid and immune cells play critical roles in almost every developmental stages of inflammation-induced cancers, from initiation, promotion, and progression to malignant metastasis. However, even in cancers with no preceding inflammation, inflammatory cells infiltrate tumor stroma and contribute to cancer development. Such "tumor-elicited inflammation" further emphasizes the importance of inflammation in different types of cancers, including that of the colon. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the function and induction mechanisms of inflammatory cytokines during colorectal cancer development, and hope to provide insight into the development of novel anticancer therapies by modulating tumor-elicited inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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25
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Huang YH, Cao YF, Jiang ZY, Zhang S, Gao F. Th22 cell accumulation is associated with colorectal cancer development. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4216-24. [PMID: 25892871 PMCID: PMC4394082 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of Th22 cells and related cytokines in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues, and the probably mechanism. METHODS CRC tumor and paratumor tissues were collected to detect the expression levels of Th22 cells and of related cytokines by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Interleukin (IL)-22 alone or with a STAT3 inhibitor was co-cultured with RKO cells in vitro to study the effects of IL-22 on colon cancer cells. IL-22 alone or with a STAT3 inhibitor was injected into a BALB/c nude mouse model with subcutaneously transplanted RKO cells to study the effects of IL-22 on colon cancer growth. RESULTS The percentage of Th22 cells in the CD4(+) T subset was significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with that in paratumor tissues (1.47% ± 0.083% vs 1.23% ± 0.077%, P < 0.05) as determined by flow cytometry. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expression levels of IL-22, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, CCL20 and CCL22 were significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with those in paratumor tissues. CCL27 mRNA also displayed a higher expression level in tumor tissues compared with that in paratumor tissues; however, these levels were not significantly different (2.58 ± 0.93 vs 2.30 ± 0.78, P > 0.05). IL-22 enhanced colon cancer cell proliferation in vitro and displayed anti-apoptotic effects; these effects were blocked by adding a STAT3 inhibitor. IL-22 promoted tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice; however, this effect was reversed by adding a STAT3 inhibitor. CONCLUSION Th22 cells that accumulate in CRC may be associated with the chemotactic effect of the tumor microenvironment. IL-22 is associated with CRC development, most likely via STAT3 activation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Coculture Techniques
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Interleukins/administration & dosage
- Interleukins/analysis
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- Tumor Burden
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Interleukin-22
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26
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Guina T, Biasi F, Calfapietra S, Nano M, Poli G. Inflammatory and redox reactions in colorectal carcinogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1340:95-103. [PMID: 25727454 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that there is a relationship between chronic inflammation and cancer development. The constant colonic inflammation typical of inflammatory bowel diseases is now considered a risk factor for colorectal carcinoma (CRC) development. The inflammatory network of signaling molecules is also required during the late phases of carcinogenesis, to enable cancer cells to survive and to metastasize. Oxidative reactions are an integral part of the inflammatory response, and are generally associated with CRC development. However, when the malignant phenotype is acquired, increased oxidative status induces antioxidant defenses in cancer cells, favoring their aggressiveness. This contradictory behavior of cancer cells toward redox status is of great significance for potential anticancer therapies. This paper summarizes the essential background information relating to the molecules involved in regulating oxidative stress and inflammation during carcinogenesis. Understanding more of their function in CRC stages might provide the foundation for future developments in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Guina
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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27
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Abstract
Chronic inflammation predisposes patients with inflammatory bowel disease to the risk of developing colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Growing evidence strongly suggests that CAC development is multifactorial and is attributed to concurrent, dynamic dysregulations in host immunity, enteric microbiota, and epithelial restitution during the course of chronic inflammation. This article discusses the recent advances in understanding the different forms of CAC that may develop in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and animal models, as well as molecular alterations and other processes that orchestrate the development of CAC.
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28
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Chi HG, Zheng XB, Wu ZG, Dai SX, Wan Z, Zou Y. Association of the interleukin-22 genetic polymorphisms with ulcerative colitis. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:183. [PMID: 25297677 PMCID: PMC4198677 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-014-0183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a member of the IL-10 family of anti-inflammatory cytokines that mediates epithelial immunity. IL-22 expression was found to be increased in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Whether genetic polymorphisms of IL-22 also influence UC risk is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the IL-22 gene polymorphisms (-429 C/T, +1046 T/A and +1995 A/C) and the risk of UC in Chinese Han patients. METHODS This hospital-based case-control study comprised 180 patients with UC and 180 age- and gender-matched controls. Genotypes of 3 common polymorphisms of the IL-22 gene were determined by fluorogenic 5' exonuclease assays (TaqMan). RESULTS Patients with UC had a significantly higher frequency of IL-22 -429 TT genotype [odds ratio (OR) =2.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.35, 4.37; P=0.003] and -429 T allele (OR =1.54, 95% CI=1.14, 2.07; P=0.004) than controls. The findings are still emphatic by the Bonferroni correction. The IL-22+1046 T/A and IL-22+1995 A/C gene polymorphisms were not associated with a risk of UC. When stratifying by clinical type, location and disease severity of UC, no significant differences were found in any groups. CONCLUSION This is the first study to provide evidence for an association of IL-22 -429 C/T gene polymorphisms with UC risk. Additional well-designed large studies were required for the validation of our results. VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gang Chi
- />Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical College, 1 Xincheng Road, Songshan LakeSci.&Tech, Industry Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Xue Bao Zheng
- />Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical College, 1 Xincheng Road, Songshan LakeSci.&Tech, Industry Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808 China
| | - Zhu Guo Wu
- />The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, 523808 China
| | - Shi Xue Dai
- />Emergency Department of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Zheng Wan
- />Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, 523808 China
| | - Ying Zou
- />Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical College, 1 Xincheng Road, Songshan LakeSci.&Tech, Industry Park, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808 China
- />Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, 523808 China
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29
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Nguyen AV, Wu YY, Lin EY. STAT3 and sphingosine-1-phosphate in inflammation-associated colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10279-10287. [PMID: 25132744 PMCID: PMC4130835 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i30.10279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidences have demonstrated that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical link between inflammation and cancer. Multiple studies have indicated that persistent activation of STAT3 in epithelial/tumor cells in inflammation-associated colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor signaling. In inflammatory response whereby interleukin (IL)-6 production is abundant, STAT3-mediated pathways were found to promote the activation of sphingosine kinases (SphK1 and SphK2) leading to the production of S1P. Reciprocally, S1P encourages the activation of STAT3 through a positive autocrine-loop signaling. The crosstalk between IL-6, STAT3 and sphingolipid regulated pathways may play an essential role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression in inflamed intestines. Therapeutics targeting both STAT3 and sphingolipid are therefore likely to contribute novel and more effective therapeutic strategies against inflammation-associated CRC.
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30
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Abstract
Curcumin is a polyphenol which is extracted from the plant Curcuma longa. Recent studies showed that curcumin has therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis. The mechanisms underlying such therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis and so on. Curcumin can inhibit the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 (STAT3), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway, reduce cytokines such as interleukin-23 (IL-23), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon gamma, enhance the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ involved in inflammation and immune response regulation, and down-regulate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), thereby making nitrites returning to basal levels. In this paper, we will review the recent progress in understanding the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of curcumin on ulcerative colitis.
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31
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Ji Y, Yang X, Li J, Lu Z, Li X, Yu J, Li N. IL-22 promotes the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells via IL-22R1/AKT/MMP-9 signaling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:3694-703. [PMID: 25120745 PMCID: PMC4128980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
IL-22, one important inflammatory cytokine of the IL-10 family, exerts its functions via IL-22 receptor that is composed of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2 subunits. Although IL-22 expression is reported to be elevated in many cancers, and increased IL-22 expression correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis, little is known about the role of IL-22 in gastric cancer. In our study, we found that IL-22 stimulation promoted the migration and invasion of SGC-7901 cells. Furthermore, IL-22 increased AKT activation and MMP-9 production in a time- and dose-dependent manner, while knockdown of IL-22R1 attenuated the effect of IL-22 on gastric cancer cells. In addition, blocking of AKT activation suppressed the expression and secretion of MMP-9. Taken together, this present study suggests that IL-22 stimulation enhances the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells by regulating IL-22R1/AKT/MMP-9 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Ji
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Zhihong Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Xiaorui Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang, 453000, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang, 453003, China
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32
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Meng Y, Wang X. Role of IL-22 in inflammatory bowel disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:2258-2264. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i16.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22), a novel IL-10 associated factor, was originally discovered in 2000. It has been found that IL-22 is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Although IL-22 and its receptor have not been linked with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) genetically, expression of IL-22 is augmented in patients with IBD. Despite the fact that IL-22 is correlated with disease activities in IBD patients, data from several preclinical models suggest that IL-22 exerts protective functions. IBD susceptibility genes such as IL-23R, IL-17 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) are functionally associated with IL-22 directly or indirectly. These findings suggest that further studies on IL-22 would have the potential not only to analyze the fundamental mechanism of IBD but also to provide important rationale to develop novel therapeutic measures for this disorder.
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33
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Abstract
: Inflammatory bowel disease accounts for significant patient morbidity in the Western world. Several immunosuppressive therapies are available but are associated with potential significant adverse effects. In addition, there remains a cohort of patients with refractory or relapsing disease. Therefore, the search for novel therapeutic agents continues. In this review, we evaluate the role of a number of designated cytokines that are candidates in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and discuss how their manipulation has been explored as a therapeutic strategy for this disease. The interleukins (ILs) chosen for discussion reflect those that currently show most promise as future therapeutic targets, as well as discussing the role of some of the most recently identified ILs, such as IL-27, IL-33, IL-35, and IL-22, in this context.
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