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Li Y, Yang C, Jiang Y, Wang X, Yuan C, Qi J, Yang Q. Characteristics of the nasal mucosa of commercial pigs during normal development. Vet Res 2023; 54:37. [PMID: 37095544 PMCID: PMC10123470 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01164-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The nasal mucosa is constantly exposed to inhaled pathogens and is the first defence against respiratory infections. Here, we investigated the structural and compositional characteristics of the nasal mucosa of commercial pigs at various growth stages. The epithelial thickness, number of capillaries, and secretion function of the nasal mucosa dramatically increased with age; however, underlying lymphoid follicles in the respiratory region were rarely observed across the growth stages. The nasal mucosa was explored at the epithelial, immunological, and biological (commensal microbiota) barriers. In the epithelial barrier, the proliferative capacity of the nasal epithelia and the expression of tight junction proteins were high after birth; however, they decreased significantly during the suckling stage and increased again during the weaning stage. In the immunological barrier, most pattern recognition receptors were expressed at very low levels in neonatal piglets, and the innate immune cell distribution was lower. During the suckling stage, increased expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 was observed; however, TLR3 expression decreased. TLR expression and innate immune cell quantity significantly increased from the weaning to the finishing stage. In the biological barrier, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes comprised the dominant phyla in neonatal piglets. A dramatic decrease in nasal microbial diversity was observed during the suckling stage, accompanied by an increase in potentially pathogenic bacteria. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were identified as the core phyla of the nasal microbiota; among these, the three dominant genera, Actinobacter, Moraxella, and Bergerella, may be opportunistic pathogens in the respiratory tract. These characteristics comprise an essential reference for respiratory infection prevention at large-scale pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengjie Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqi Jiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuyu Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Yuan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxin Qi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Kopper JJ. Equine Rotaviral Diarrhea. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:47-54. [PMID: 36737285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine rotavirus is one of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in foals. Although the infection itself is self-limiting, the resulting diarrhea is due to multiple mechanisms and can be severe, requiring supportive care including fluid and electrolyte support. Prompt diagnosis is important for treatment and biosecurity decisions and can be achieved by several means. Prevention, while imperfect, currently relies on vaccination of pregnant mares before parturition, ingestion of adequate colostrum from vaccinated mares and biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Kopper
- Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1809 Christensen Drive, Ames Iowa 50010, USA.
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3
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Consumption of a multi-deficient diet causes dynamic changes in the intestinal morphofunctional barrier, body composition and impaired physical development in post-weaning mice. Br J Nutr 2023; 129:745-758. [PMID: 35485727 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have focused on nutrient-deficient diets and associated pathobiological dynamics of body composition and intestinal barrier function. This study evaluated the impact of a nutrient-deficient diet on physical development and intestinal morphofunctional barrier in mice. C57BL/6 (21 days of age) mice were fed a Northeastern Brazil regional basic diet (RBD) or a control diet for 21 d. The animals were subjected to bioimpedance analysis, lactulose test, morphometric analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to evaluate tight junctions and intestinal transporters. RBD feeding significantly reduced weight (P < 0·05) from day 5, weight gain from day 3 and tail length from day 14. The intake of RBD reduced total body water, extracellular fluid, fat mass and fat-free mass from day 7 (P < 0·05). RBD induced changes in the jejunum, with an increase in the villus:crypt ratio on day 7, followed by reduction on days 14 and 21 (P < 0·05). Lactulose:mannitol ratio increased on day 14 (P < 0·05). Changes in intestinal barrier function on day 14 were associated with reductions in claudin-1 and occludin, and on day 21, there was a reduction in the levels of claudin-2 and occludin. SGLT-1 levels decreased on day 21. RBD compromises body composition and physical development with dynamic changes in intestinal barrier morphofunctional. RBD is associated with damage to intestinal permeability, reduced levels of claudin-1 and occludin transcripts and return of bowel function in a chronic period.
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4
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Boger KD, Sheridan AE, Ziegler AL, Blikslager AT. Mechanisms and modeling of wound repair in the intestinal epithelium. Tissue Barriers 2022; 11:2087454. [PMID: 35695206 PMCID: PMC10161961 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2087454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier is susceptible to injury from insults, such as ischemia or infectious disease. The epithelium's ability to repair wounded regions is critical to maintaining barrier integrity. Mechanisms of intestinal epithelial repair can be studied with models that recapitulate the in vivo environment. This review focuses on in vitro injury models and intestinal cell lines utilized in such systems. The formation of artificial wounds in a controlled environment allows for the exploration of reparative physiology in cell lines modeling diverse aspects of intestinal physiology. Specifically, the use of intestinal cell lines, IPEC-J2, Caco-2, T-84, HT-29, and IEC-6, to model intestinal epithelium is discussed. Understanding the unique systems available for creating intestinal injury and the differences in monolayers used for in vitro work is essential for designing studies that properly capture relevant physiology for the study of intestinal wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey D Boger
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ana E Sheridan
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Amanda L Ziegler
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anthony T Blikslager
- Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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5
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The anti-rotavirus effect of baicalin via the gluconeogenesis-related p-JNK-PDK1-AKT-SIK2 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 897:173927. [PMID: 33567320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) infection is a leading cause of severe, dehydrating gastroenteritis in children < 5 years of age, and by now, the prevention and treatment of RV are still the major public health problems due to a lack of specific clinical drugs. Thus, the aims of this study are to explore the anti-RV effect of baicalin and its influence on glucose metabolism. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that baicalin had an anti-RV attachment effect with the strongest effect at a concentration of 100 μM, and also inhibited the replication of RV at concentrations of 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 μM. Moreover, baicalin helped to overcome the weight loss and reduced the diarrhea rate and score with the best therapeutic effect at a concentration of 0.3 mg/g in RV-infected neonatal mice. Interestingly, baicalin decreased glucose consumption in RV-infected Caco-2 cells with the optimal concentration of 125 μM. Next, metabolomic analysis indicated that there were 68 differentially expressed metabolites, including an increase in pyruvic acid, asparagine, histidine and serine, and a decrease in dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which suggested that the underlying signaling pathway was gluconeogenesis. Further studies demonstrated that baicalin inhibited gluconeogenesis via improving glucose 6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK). Moreover, baicalin upregulated the potential gluconeogenesis proteins named salt inducible kinase 2, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 and down-regulated phosphorylated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, which are associated with G-6-Pase and PEPCK expressions. Therefore, baicalin improved the gluconeogenesis disruption caused by RV.
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6
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Sexual Dimorphism Has Low Impact on the Response against Rotavirus Infection in Suckling Rats. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030345. [PMID: 32610542 PMCID: PMC7565569 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are the leading pathogens causing severe and acute diarrhea in children and animals. It is well known that sex contributes to shaping immune responses, thus it could also influence the incidence and severity of the RV infection. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of sexual dimorphism on RV infection and its antibody (Ab) immune response in a suckling rat model. Neonatal suckling rats were intragastrically RV-inoculated and clinical indexes derived from fecal samples, as well as immune variables were evaluated. Higher severity of diarrhea, fecal weight and viral elimination were observed in males compared to females (p < 0.05). Regarding the adaptative immunity, the RV shaped the immune response to lower IgG1 levels and an increased Th1/Th2-associated Ab response (p < 0.05). Although females had lower IgG2a levels than males (p < 0.05), the specific anti-RV antibody levels were not sex influenced. In fact, at this age the passive transfer of anti-RV antibodies through breast milk was the critical factor for clustering animals, independently of their sex. It can be concluded that male and female diarrhea severity in RV infection is slightly influenced by sexual dimorphism and is not associated with the specific immune response against the virus.
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7
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Holland RL, Bosi KD, Harpring GH, Luo J, Wallig M, Phillips H, Blanke SR. Chronic in vivo exposure to Helicobacter pylori VacA: Assessing the efficacy of automated and long-term intragastric toxin infusion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9307. [PMID: 32518315 PMCID: PMC7283276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) secrete VacA, a diffusible pore-forming exotoxin that is epidemiologically linked to gastric disease in humans. In vitro studies indicate that VacA modulates gastric epithelial and immune cells, but the in vivo contributions of VacA as an important determinant of Hp colonization and chronic infection remain poorly understood. To identify perturbations in the stomachs of C57BL/6 or BALB/C mice that result specifically from extended VacA exposure, we evaluated the efficacy of administering purified toxin using automated infusion via surgically-implanted, intragastric catheters. At 3 and 30 days of interrupted infusion, VacA was detected in association with gastric glands. In contrast to previously-reported tissue damage resulting from short term exposure to Hp extracts administered by oral gavage, extended infusion of VacA did not damage stomach, esophageal, intestinal, or liver tissue. However, several alterations previously reported during Hp infection were detected in animals infused with VacA, including reduction of the gastric mucus layer, and increased vacuolation of parietal cells. VacA infusion invoked an immune response, as indicated by the detection of circulating VacA antibodies. These foundational studies support the use of VacA infusion for identifying gastric alterations that are unambiguously attributable to long-term exposure to toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Holland
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Kristopher D Bosi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Gregory H Harpring
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Jiayi Luo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Matthew Wallig
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Heidi Phillips
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Steven R Blanke
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA. .,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA.
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8
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Helm ET, Curry SM, De Mille CM, Schweer WP, Burrough ER, Gabler NK. Impact of viral disease hypophagia on pig jejunal function and integrity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227265. [PMID: 31910236 PMCID: PMC6946155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen challenges are often accompanied by reductions in feed intake, making it difficult to differentiate impacts of reduced feed intake from impacts of pathogen on various response parameters. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) and feed intake on parameters of jejunal function and integrity in growing pigs. Twenty-four pigs (11.34 ± 1.54 kg BW) were randomly selected and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 8 pigs/treatment): 1) PRRSV naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRSV-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS+), and 3) PRRSV naïve, pair-fed to the PRRS+ pigs' daily feed intake (PF). At 17 days post inoculation, all pigs were euthanized and the jejunum was collected for analysis. At days post inoculation 17, PRRS+ and PF pigs had decreased (P < 0.05) transepithelial resistance compared with Ad pigs; whereas fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa permeability was not different among treatments. Active glucose transport was increased (P < 0.05) in PRRS+ and PF pigs compared with Ad pigs. Brush border carbohydrase activity was reduced in PRRS+ pigs compared with PF pigs for lactase (55%; P = 0.015), sucrase (37%; P = 0.002), and maltase (30%; P = 0.015). For all three carbohydrases, Ad pigs had activities intermediate that of PRRS+ and PF pigs. The mRNA abundance of the tight junction proteins claudin 2, claudin 3, claudin 4, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 were reduced in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs; however, neither the total protein abundance nor the cellular compartmentalization of these tight junction proteins differed among treatments. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the changes that occur to intestinal epithelium structure, function, and integrity during a systemic PRRSV challenge can be partially explained by reductions in feed intake. Further, long term adaptation to PRRSV challenge and caloric restriction does reduce intestinal transepithelial resistance but does not appear to reduce the integrity of tight junction protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Shelby M. Curry
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Carson M. De Mille
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Wesley P. Schweer
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nicholas K. Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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9
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Bartelt LA, Bolick DT, Guerrant RL. Disentangling Microbial Mediators of Malnutrition: Modeling Environmental Enteric Dysfunction. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 7:692-707. [PMID: 30630118 PMCID: PMC6477186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) (also referred to as environmental enteropathy) is a subclinical chronic intestinal disorder that is an emerging contributor to early childhood malnutrition. EED is common in resource-limited settings, and is postulated to consist of small intestinal injury, dysfunctional nutrient absorption, and chronic inflammation that results in impaired early child growth attainment. Although there is emerging interest in the hypothetical potential for chemical toxins in the environmental exposome to contribute to EED, the propensity of published data, and hence the focus of this review, implicates a critical role of environmental microbes. Early childhood malnutrition and EED are most prevalent in resource-limited settings where food is limited, and inadequate access to clean water and sanitation results in frequent gastrointestinal pathogen exposures. Even as overt diarrhea rates in these settings decline, silent enteric infections and faltering growth persist. Furthermore, beyond restricted physical growth, EED and/or enteric pathogens also associate with impaired oral vaccine responses, impaired cognitive development, and may even accelerate metabolic syndrome and its cardiovascular consequences. As these potentially costly long-term consequences of early childhood enteric infections increasingly are appreciated, novel therapeutic strategies that reverse damage resulting from nutritional deficiencies and microbial insults in the developing small intestine are needed. Given the inherent limitations in investigating how specific intestinal pathogens directly injure the small intestine in children, animal models provide an affordable and controlled opportunity to elucidate causal sequelae of specific enteric infections, to differentiate consequences of defined nutrient deprivation alone from co-incident enteropathogen insults, and to correlate the resulting gut pathologies with their functional impact during vulnerable early life windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luther A Bartelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - David T Bolick
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Azagra-Boronat I, Massot-Cladera M, Knipping K, Van't Land B, Stahl B, Garssen J, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Franch À, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. Supplementation With 2'-FL and scGOS/lcFOS Ameliorates Rotavirus-Induced Diarrhea in Suckling Rats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:372. [PMID: 30406046 PMCID: PMC6205980 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is considered to be the most common cause of gastroenteritis among infants aged less than 5 years old. Human milk bioactive compounds have the ability to modulate the diarrheic process caused by several intestinal pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the potential protective role of a specific human milk oligosaccharide, 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), a mixture of the prebiotic short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides 9:1 (GOS/FOS) and their combination (2′-FL+GOS/FOS) on RV-induced diarrhea in suckling rats. The nutritional intervention was performed from the second to the sixteenth day of life by oral gavage and on day 5 an RV strain was orally administered to induce infection. Fecal samples were scored daily to assess the clinical pattern of severity, incidence and duration of diarrhea. Blood and tissues were obtained at day 8 and 16 in order to evaluate the effects on the epithelial barrier and the mucosal and systemic immune responses. In the assessment of severity, incidence and duration of diarrhea, both 2′-FL and GOS/FOS displayed a beneficial effect in terms of amelioration. However, the mechanisms involved seemed to differ: 2′-FL displayed a direct ability to promote intestinal maturation and to enhance neonatal immune responses, while GOS/FOS induced an intestinal trophic effect and an RV-blocking action. The combination of 2′-FL and GOS/FOS showed additive effects in some variables. Therefore, it could be a good strategy to add these compounds in combination to infant formulas, to protect against human RV-induced diarrhea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karen Knipping
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Belinda Van't Land
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Garssen
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maria José Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Kumar A, Vlasova AN, Deblais L, Huang HC, Wijeratne A, Kandasamy S, Fischer DD, Langel SN, Paim FC, Alhamo MA, Shao L, Saif LJ, Rajashekara G. Impact of nutrition and rotavirus infection on the infant gut microbiota in a humanized pig model. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:93. [PMID: 29929472 PMCID: PMC6013989 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rotavirus (HRV) is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants; particularly in developing countries where malnutrition is prevalent. Malnutrition perturbs the infant gut microbiota leading to sub-optimal functioning of the immune system and further predisposing infants to enteric infections. Therefore, we hypothesized that malnutrition exacerbates rotavirus disease severity in infants. METHODS In the present study, we used a neonatal germ free (GF) piglets transplanted with a two-month-old human infant's fecal microbiota (HIFM) on protein deficient and sufficient diets. We report the effects of malnourishment on the HRV infection and the HIFM pig microbiota in feces, intestinal and systemic tissues, using MiSeq 16S gene sequencing (V4-V5 region). RESULTS Microbiota analysis indicated that the HIFM transplantation resulted in a microbial composition in pigs similar to that of the original infant feces. This model was then used to understand the interconnections between microbiota diversity, diet, and HRV infection. Post HRV infection, HIFM pigs on the deficient diet had lower body weights, developed more severe diarrhea and increased virus shedding compared to HIFM pigs on sufficient diet. However, HRV induced diarrhea and shedding was more pronounced in non-colonized GF pigs compared to HIFM pigs on either sufficient or deficient diet, suggesting that the microbiota alone moderated HRV infection. HRV infected pigs on sufficient diet showed increased microbiota diversity in intestinal tissues; whereas, greater diversity was observed in systemic tissues of HRV infected pigs fed with deficient diet. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that proper nourishment improves the microbiota quality in the intestines, alleviates HRV disease and lower probability of systemic translocation of potential opportunistic pathogens/pathobionts. In conclusion, our findings further support the role for microbiota and proper nutrition in limiting enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Present address: Group B-10: Biosecurity and Public Health, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Loic Deblais
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Huang-Chi Huang
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Asela Wijeratne
- The Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH USA
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - David D. Fischer
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Stephanie N. Langel
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Francine Chimelo Paim
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Moyasar A. Alhamo
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Lulu Shao
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Present address: Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
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12
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Abstract
Malnutrition contributes significantly to death and illness worldwide and especially to the deaths of children younger than 5 years. The relation between intestinal changes in malnutrition and morbidity and mortality has not been well characterized; however, recent research indicates that the functional and morphologic changes of the intestine secondary to malnutrition itself contribute significantly to these negative clinical outcomes and may be potent targets of intervention. The aim of this review was to summarize current knowledge of experimental and clinically observed changes in the intestine from malnutrition preclinical models and human studies. Limited clinical studies have shown villous blunting, intestinal inflammation, and changes in the intestinal microbiome of malnourished children. In addition to these findings, experimental data using various animal models of malnutrition have found evidence of increased intestinal permeability, upregulated intestinal inflammation, and loss of goblet cells. More mechanistic studies are urgently needed to improve our understanding of malnutrition-related intestinal dysfunction and to identify potential novel targets for intervention.
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Protein Malnutrition Alters Tryptophan and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Homeostasis and Adaptive Immune Responses in Human Rotavirus-Infected Gnotobiotic Pigs with Human Infant Fecal Microbiota Transplant. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017. [PMID: 28637803 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00172-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition leads to increased morbidity and is evident in almost half of all deaths in children under the age of 5 years. Mortality due to rotavirus diarrhea is common in developing countries where malnutrition is prevalent; however, the relationship between malnutrition and rotavirus infection remains unclear. In this study, gnotobiotic pigs transplanted with the fecal microbiota of a healthy 2-month-old infant were fed protein-sufficient or -deficient diets and infected with virulent human rotavirus (HRV). After human rotavirus infection, protein-deficient pigs had decreased human rotavirus antibody titers and total IgA concentrations, systemic T helper (CD3+ CD4+) and cytotoxic T (CD3+ CD8+) lymphocyte frequencies, and serum tryptophan and angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2. Additionally, deficient-diet pigs had impaired tryptophan catabolism postinfection compared with sufficient-diet pigs. Tryptophan supplementation was tested as an intervention in additional groups of fecal microbiota-transplanted, rotavirus-infected, sufficient- and deficient-diet pigs. Tryptophan supplementation increased the frequencies of regulatory (CD4+ or CD8+ CD25+ FoxP3+) T cells in pigs on both the sufficient and the deficient diets. These results suggest that a protein-deficient diet impairs activation of the adaptive immune response following HRV infection and alters tryptophan homeostasis.
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14
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Protein Malnutrition Modifies Innate Immunity and Gene Expression by Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Human Rotavirus Infection in Neonatal Gnotobiotic Pigs. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00046-17. [PMID: 28261667 PMCID: PMC5332602 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00046-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition and rotavirus infection, prevalent in developing countries, individually and in combination, affect the health of millions of children, compromising their immunity and increasing the rates of death from infectious diseases. However, the interactions between the two and their combined effects on immune and intestinal functions are poorly understood. We have established the first human infant microbiota-transplanted neonatal pig model of childhood malnutrition that reproduced the impaired immune, intestinal, and other physiological functions seen in malnourished children. This model can be used to evaluate relevant dietary and other health-promoting interventions. Our findings provide an explanation of why adequate nutrition alone may lack efficacy in malnourished children. Malnutrition affects millions of children in developing countries, compromising immunity and contributing to increased rates of death from infectious diseases. Rotavirus is a major etiological agent of childhood diarrhea in developing countries, where malnutrition is prevalent. However, the interactions between the two and their combined effects on immune and intestinal functions are poorly understood. In this study, we used neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs transplanted with the fecal microbiota of a healthy 2-month-old infant (HIFM) and fed protein-deficient or -sufficient bovine milk diets. Protein deficiency induced hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglycemia, stunting, and generalized edema in Gn pigs, as observed in protein-malnourished children. Irrespective of the diet, human rotavirus (HRV) infection early, at HIFM posttransplantation day 3 (PTD3), resulted in adverse health effects and higher mortality rates (45 to 75%) than later HRV infection (PTD10). Protein malnutrition exacerbated HRV infection and affected the morphology and function of the small intestinal epithelial barrier. In pigs infected with HRV at PTD10, there was a uniform decrease in the function and/or frequencies of natural killer cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and CD103+ and apoptotic mononuclear cells and altered gene expression profiles of intestinal epithelial cells (chromogranin A, mucin 2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, SRY-Box 9, and villin). Thus, we have established the first HIFM-transplanted neonatal pig model that recapitulates major aspects of protein malnutrition in children and can be used to evaluate physiologically relevant interventions. Our findings provide an explanation of why nutrient-rich diets alone may lack efficacy in malnourished children. IMPORTANCE Malnutrition and rotavirus infection, prevalent in developing countries, individually and in combination, affect the health of millions of children, compromising their immunity and increasing the rates of death from infectious diseases. However, the interactions between the two and their combined effects on immune and intestinal functions are poorly understood. We have established the first human infant microbiota-transplanted neonatal pig model of childhood malnutrition that reproduced the impaired immune, intestinal, and other physiological functions seen in malnourished children. This model can be used to evaluate relevant dietary and other health-promoting interventions. Our findings provide an explanation of why adequate nutrition alone may lack efficacy in malnourished children.
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15
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Garas LC, Feltrin C, Hamilton MK, Hagey JV, Murray JD, Bertolini LR, Bertolini M, Raybould HE, Maga EA. Milk with and without lactoferrin can influence intestinal damage in a pig model of malnutrition. Food Funct 2016; 7:665-78. [PMID: 26751615 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition remains a leading contributor to the morbidity and mortality of children under the age of five worldwide. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood necessitating an appropriate animal model to answer fundamental questions and conduct translational research into optimal interventions. One potential intervention is milk from livestock that more closely mimics human milk by increased levels of bioactive components that can promote a healthy intestinal epithelium. We tested the ability of cow milk and milk from transgenic cows expressing human lactoferrin at levels found in human milk (hLF milk) to mitigate the effects of malnutrition at the level of the intestine in a pig model of malnutrition. Weaned pigs (3 weeks old) were fed a protein and calorie restricted diet for five weeks, receiving cow, hLF or no milk supplementation daily from weeks 3-5. After three weeks, the restricted diet induced changes in growth, blood chemistry and intestinal structure including villous atrophy, increased ex vivo permeability and decreased expression of tight junction proteins. Addition of both cow and hLF milk to the diet increased growth rate and calcium and glucose levels while promoting growth of the intestinal epithelium. In the jejunum hLF milk restored intestinal morphology, reduced permeability and increased expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10. Overall, this pig model of malnutrition mimics salient aspects of the human condition and demonstrates that cow milk can stimulate the repair of damage to the intestinal epithelium caused by protein and calorie restriction with hLF milk improving this recovery to a greater extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia C Garas
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Cristiano Feltrin
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza CE, Brazil
| | - M Kristina Hamilton
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jill V Hagey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - James D Murray
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA. and Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Luciana R Bertolini
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza CE, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bertolini
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza CE, Brazil
| | - Helen E Raybould
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Maga
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, USA.
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16
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Sampaio IC, Medeiros PHQS, Rodrigues FAP, Cavalcante PA, Ribeiro SA, Oliveira JS, Prata MMG, Costa DVS, Fonseca SGC, Guedes MM, Soares AM, Brito GAC, Havt A, Moore SR, Lima AAM. Impact of acute undernutrition on growth, ileal morphology and nutrient transport in a murine model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5340. [PMID: 27737316 PMCID: PMC5064774 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Undernutrition represents a major public health challenge for middle- and low-income
countries. This study aimed to evaluate whether a multideficient Northeast Brazil
regional basic diet (RBD) induces acute morphological and functional changes in the
ileum of mice. Swiss mice (∼25 g) were allocated into two groups: i) control mice
were fed a standard diet and II) undernourished mice were fed the RBD. After 7 days,
mice were killed and the ileum collected for evaluation of electrophysiological
parameters (Ussing chambers), transcription (RT-qPCR) and protein expression (western
blotting) of intestinal transporters and tight junctions. Body weight gain was
significantly decreased in the undernourished group, which also showed decreased
crypt depth but no alterations in villus height. Electrophysiology measurements
showed a reduced basal short circuit current (Isc) in the undernourished group, with no differences in transepithelial
resistance. Specific substrate-evoked Isc related to affinity and efficacy (glutamine and alanyl-glutamine) were
not different between groups, except for the maximum Isc (efficacy) induced by glucose. Transcription of Sglt1
and Pept1 was significantly higher in the undernourished group,
while SN-2 transcription was decreased. No changes were found in
transcription of CAT-1 and CFTR, while claudin-2 and occludin transcriptions were
significantly increased in the undernourished group. Despite mRNA changes, SGLT-1,
PEPT-1, claudin-2 and occludin protein expression showed no difference between
groups. These results demonstrate early effects of the RBD on mice, which include
reduced body weight and crypt depth in the absence of significant alterations to
villus morphology, intestinal transporters and tight junction expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Sampaio
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - P H Q S Medeiros
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - F A P Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - P A Cavalcante
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S A Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - J S Oliveira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M M G Prata
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - D V S Costa
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S G C Fonseca
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - M M Guedes
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A M Soares
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - G A C Brito
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - A Havt
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - S R Moore
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A A M Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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17
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Donovan SM. The Role of Lactoferrin in Gastrointestinal and Immune Development and Function: A Preclinical Perspective. J Pediatr 2016; 173 Suppl:S16-28. [PMID: 27234407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The early postnatal period is a critical time for gastrointestinal (GI) and immune development. Neonates fed mother's milk have more rapid GI and immune development than fed-formula infants. In addition, clinical and epidemiologic data provide strong evidence that breastfeeding reduces the incidence and/or severity of infectious diseases. Lactoferrin is a 77 kDa, iron-binding glycoprotein that is present at high concentration in human milk compared with bovine milk and infant formula. It is a multifunctional protein that mediates many of the physiological processes in which breastfed infants have advantages over their formula-fed peers, including promoting GI and immune development, protection from infections, and improved cognitive development. Feeding bovine lactoferrin or recombinant human lactoferrin was well tolerated and stimulated intestinal cell proliferation and increased villus length and crypt depth in piglets. Lactoferrin also influenced both systemic and GI immune development by stimulating a balanced T-helper-1/T-helper-2 cytokine immune response. Further, there was a tendency for immune cells to secrete more anti-inflammatory cytokines in an unstimulated state, while being primed for a robust pro-inflammatory response when presented with a bacterial trigger in piglets fed lactoferrin. These findings support clinical studies demonstrating benefits of dietary lactoferrin in the prevention of infections, late onset sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.
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18
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Retinoic acid facilitates inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus induction of CD8(+) T-cell migration to the porcine gut. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24152. [PMID: 27080036 PMCID: PMC4832189 DOI: 10.1038/srep24152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive tract is the entry site for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). TGEV transmission can be prevented if local immunity is established with increased lymphocytes. The current parenteral mode of vaccination stimulates systemic immunity well, but it does not induce sufficient mucosal immunity. Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in the induction of cells that imprint gut-homing molecules. We examined whether RA assist parenteral vaccination of pigs could improve mucosal immunity. We demonstrated that elevated numbers of gut-homing CD8+ T cells (which express α4β7 and CCR9 molecules) were presented in porcine inguinal lymph nodes and were recruited to the small intestine by RA. Intestinal mucosal immunity (IgA titre) and systemic immunity (serum IgG titre) were enhanced by RA. Therefore, we hypothesized that RA could induce DCs to form an immature mucosal phenotype and could recruit them to the small intestinal submucosa. Porcine T-cells expressed β7 integrin and CCR9 receptors and migrated to CCL25 by a mechanism that was dependent of activation by RA-pretreated DCs, rather than direct activation by RA. Together, our results provide powerful evidence that RA can assist whole inactivated TGEV (WI-TGEV) via subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization to generate intestinal immunity, and offer new vaccination strategies against TGEV.
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19
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Pearce SC, Lonergan SM, Huff-Lonergan E, Baumgard LH, Gabler NK. Acute Heat Stress and Reduced Nutrient Intake Alter Intestinal Proteomic Profile and Gene Expression in Pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143099. [PMID: 26575181 PMCID: PMC4648527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress and reduced feed intake negatively affect intestinal integrity and barrier function. Our objective was to compare ileum protein profiles of pigs subjected to 12 hours of HS, thermal neutral ad libitum feed intake, or pair-fed to heat stress feed intake under thermal neutral conditions (pair-fed thermal neutral). 2D-Differential In Gel Electrophoresis and gene expression were performed. Relative abundance of 281 and 138 spots differed due to heat stress, compared to thermal neutral and pair-fed thermal neutral pigs, respectively. However, only 20 proteins were different due to feed intake (thermal neutral versus pair-fed thermal neutral). Heat stress increased mRNA expression of heat shock proteins and protein abundance of heat shock proteins 27, 70, 90-α and β were also increased. Heat stress reduced ileum abundance of several metabolic enzymes, many of which are involved in the glycolytic or TCA pathways, indicating a change in metabolic priorities. Stress response enzymes peroxiredoxin-1 and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A were decreased in pair-fed thermal neutral and thermal neutral pigs compared to heat stress. Heat stress increased mRNA abundance markers of ileum hypoxia. Altogether, these data show that heat stress directly alters intestinal protein and mRNA profiles largely independent of reduced feed intake. These changes may be related to the reduced intestinal integrity associated with heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Pearce
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Lonergan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Lance H. Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nicholas K. Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Tran CD, Grice DM, Wade B, Kerr CA, Bauer DC, Li D, Hannan GN. Gut permeability, its interaction with gut microflora and effects on metabolic health are mediated by the lymphatics system, liver and bile acid. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1339-53. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence to link obesity (and metabolic syndrome) with alterations in gut permeability and microbiota. The underlying mechanisms have been questioned and have prompted this review. We propose that the gut barrier function is a primary driver in maintaining metabolic health with poor health being linked to ‘gut leakiness'. This review will highlight changes in intestinal permeability and how it may change gut microflora and subsequently affect metabolic health by influencing the functioning of major bodily organs/organ systems: the lymphatic system, liver and pancreas. We also discuss the likelihood that metabolic syndrome undergoes a cyclic worsening facilitated by an increase in intestinal permeability leading to gut dysbiosis, culminating in ongoing poor health leading to further exacerbated gut leakiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong D Tran
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Desma M Grice
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Ben Wade
- CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia
| | - Caroline A Kerr
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Denis C Bauer
- CSIRO Digital Productivity & Services Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
| | - Dongmei Li
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Garry N Hannan
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
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21
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Walker M, Evock-Clover C, Elsasser T, Connor E. Short communication: Glucagon-like peptide-2 and coccidiosis alter tight junction gene expression in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3432-7. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Gabler NK, Pearce SC. The impact of heat stress on intestinal function and productivity in grow-finish pigs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an15280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is a physiological condition when animals can no longer regulate their internal euthermic temperature. When livestock such as pigs are subjected to this environmental stress, it can be detrimental to performance, health and well-being, and if severe enough even death. Growing pigs are particularly susceptible to heat stress and one of the major organs first affected by heat stress is the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, reductions in appetite, intestinal function and integrity and increased risk of endotoxemia can modify post-absorptive metabolism and tissue accretion. These changes in intestinal integrity may be a result of altered expression of tight junction proteins, increased circulating endotoxin concentrations and markers of cellular stress (heat shock and hypoxia response), which is evident as early on as 2 h after heat-stress onset. Due to restricted blood flow, the ileum is more severely affected compared with the colon. Interestingly, many of the negative effects of heat stress on intestinal integrity appear to be similar to those observed with pigs reared under reduced nutrient and caloric intakes. Altogether, these depress pig performance and health, and extend days to market. Despite this impact on the gastrointestinal tract, under heat-stress conditions, intestinal glucose transport pathways are upregulated. This review discussed how heat stress (directly and indirectly via reduced feed intake) affects intestinal integrity and how heat stress contributes to decreased growth performance in growing pigs.
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