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Ajith A, Merimi M, Arki MK, Hossein-khannazer N, Najar M, Vosough M, Sokal EM, Najimi M. Immune regulation and therapeutic application of T regulatory cells in liver diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1371089. [PMID: 38571964 PMCID: PMC10987744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a subset of the immunomodulatory cell population that can inhibit both innate and adaptive immunity by various regulatory mechanisms. In hepatic microenvironment, proliferation, plasticity, migration, and function of Tregs are interrelated to the remaining immune cells and their secreted cytokines and chemokines. In normal conditions, Tregs protect the liver from inflammatory and auto-immune responses, while disruption of this crosstalk between Tregs and other immune cells may result in the progression of chronic liver diseases and the development of hepatic malignancy. In this review, we analyze the deviance of this protective nature of Tregs in response to chronic inflammation and its involvement in inducing liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. We will also provide a detailed emphasis on the relevance of Tregs as an effective immunotherapeutic option for autoimmune diseases, liver transplantation, and chronic liver diseases including liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Ajith
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Makram Merimi
- Genetics and Immune Cell Therapy Unit, LBBES Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mandana Kazem Arki
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikoo Hossein-khannazer
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Najar
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Etienne Marc Sokal
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Wu HW, Chen HD, Chen YH, Mao XL, Feng YY, Li SW, Zhou XB. The Effects of Programmed Cell Death of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on the Development of Liver Fibrosis. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:4586398. [PMID: 37214784 PMCID: PMC10195177 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4586398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have shown noticeable potential for unlimited self-renewal. They can differentiate into specific somatic cells, integrate into target tissues via cell-cell contact, paracrine effects, exosomes, and other processes and then regulate the target cells and tissues. Studies have demonstrated that transplantation of MSCs could decrease the expression and concentration of collagen in the liver, thereby reducing liver fibrosis. A growing body of evidence indicates that apoptotic MSCs could inhibit harmful immune responses and reduce inflammatory responses more effectively than viable MSCs. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial transfer from MSCs is a novel strategy for the regeneration of various damaged cells via the rescue of their respiratory activities. This study is aimed at reviewing the functions of MSCs and the related roles of the programmed cell death of MSCs, including autophagy, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, as well as the regulatory pathogenic mechanisms of MSCs in liver fibrosis. Research has demonstrated that the miR-200B-3p gene is differentially expressed gene between LF and normal liver samples, and that the miR-200B-3p gene expression is positively correlated with the degree of liver fibrosis, suggesting that MSCs could inhibit liver fibrosis through pyroptosis. It was confirmed that circulating monocytes could deliver MSC-derived immunomodulatory molecules to different sites by phagocytosis of apoptotic MSCs, thereby achieving systemic immunosuppression. Accordingly, it was suggested that characterization of the programmed cell death-mediated immunomodulatory signaling pathways in MSCs should be a focus of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-wei Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group) Enze Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - He-dan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya-hong Chen
- Health Management Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-li Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-yi Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shao-wei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xian-bin Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
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Darmadi D, Lindarto D, Siregar J, Widyawati T, Rusda M, Amin MM, Yusuf F, Eyanoer PC, Lubis M, Rey I. Association Between Serum Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen (CTLA)-4 Level and Disease Progression in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B. Med Arch 2023; 77:142-145. [PMID: 37260808 PMCID: PMC10227835 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2023.77.142-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Immune impairment, marked by increased expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4, promotes the disease progression of chronic hepatitis B. Objective This study aimed to determine the association between serum CTLA-4 level and disease progression in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan, Indonesia between October 2021 to September 2022. A total of 150 participants were enrolled. Patients aged 18 years or older with evidence of chronic hepatitis B, HBV-related liver cirrhosis, and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were history of chronic hepatotoxic drug consumption, underlying liver abnormalities other than HBV infection, and liver injury due to metastasized malignancy from other sites. Serum CTLA-4 level was determined from serum using human CTLA-4 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results Most participants were males and aged between 40 and 60 years. Serum CTLA-4 level was positively associated with chronic hepatitis B progression (P<0.001). Serum CTLA-4 level was negatively correlated with serum platelet (P<0.001) and albumin levels (P<0.001) but positively correlated with serum ALT (P=0.045) and total bilirubin levels (P<0.001). Conclusions Serum CTLA-4 level is associated with disease progression in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darmadi Darmadi
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Dharma Lindarto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Jelita Siregar
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Tri Widyawati
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Master Program in Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Rusda
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Mustafa Mahmud Amin
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Fauzi Yusuf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
| | - Putri Chairani Eyanoer
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Masrul Lubis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Imelda Rey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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Islam M, Sevak JK, Sharma MK, Jindal A, Vyas AK, Bajpai M, Ramakrishna G, Sarin SK, Trehanpati N. Immune predictors of hepatitis B surface antigen seroconversion in patients with hepatitis B reactivation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2023; 57:689-708. [PMID: 36411952 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroconversion is sometimes observed in hepatitis B reactivation (rHBV), probably due to immune resetting and differentiation. AIMS To investigate sequential immune differentiation and abrogation of tolerance in patients with rHBV who achieved HBsAg seroconversion. METHODS We included 19 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHBV; HBV DNA log103-8 ), 67 with rHBV (raised ALT [>5XULN], HBV DNAlog104-8 ) and 10 healthy controls. Immune differentiation, tolerance and functional status of CD4, CD8, T regulatory cells (Tregs), B cells and follicular T helper (Tfh) cells were assessed at baseline and 24 weeks. RESULTS At 24 weeks, 81% rHBV (n = 67) lost HBV DNA and HBeAg (41%), and 12 (19%) lost HBsAg and made anti-HBs titers >10 IU/ml. rHBV patients had higher Th1/17, TEM , Tfh, Tfh1/17, plasma and ATM B cells, and lower Tregs, Th2, Th17 and TEMRA expression. rHBV showed lower PD1, TIM3, LAG3, SLAM and TOX compared to CHBV. There was a significant increase in CD8, CD8EM, Tfh, Tfh1/17 and plasma B cells in seroconverters than non-seroconverters. At 24 weeks, we also observed increased plasma B cell frequency in seroconverters. While non-seroconverters showed higher expression of PD1, TIM3, LAG3, SLAM and TOX on CD4/CD8 T cells, blockade of PD1, TIM3, LAG3 and CTLA4 significantly enhanced IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-21 expression on CD4/CD8 and Tfh cells in non-seroconverters. CONCLUSIONS Non-seroconverters have increased inhibitory markers on CD4/CD8 T cells. There is a critical play of CD8, Tfh and B cells and subsets in seroclearance, along with checkpoint molecules as a potential therapy for non-seroconverters in HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojahidul Islam
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jayesh Kumar Sevak
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Sharma
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankur Jindal
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Vyas
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Meenu Bajpai
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gayatri Ramakrishna
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirupma Trehanpati
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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高 鹏, 雒 艳, 李 俊, 陈 琳, 毛 小. [Effects of hepatitis B virus on Th17, Treg and Th17/Treg ratio in different alanine aminetransferase stages]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 54:272-277. [PMID: 35435191 PMCID: PMC9069043 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of hepatitis B virus (HBV) on helper T lymphocytes 17 (Th17), regulatory T lymphocyte (Treg) and Th17/Treg ratio in chronic hepatitis B patients in different alanine aminetransferase (ALT) stages. METHODS In the study, 336 chronic hepatitis B patients in the first hospital of Lanzhou University were analyzed. The hepatitis B antigen antibody parameters were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer, the liver function parameters were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer, the HBV loads were measured by quantitative PCR, Th17, Treg and Th17/Treg ratios were detected by flow cytometry. Among them, 111 cases (ALT < 40 U/L) of ALT were normal hepatitis B, 108 cases of chronic hepatitis B with ALT above normal upper limit and < 2 times higher (40 U/L≤ALT < 80 U/L), and 117 cases of chronic hepatitis B with ALT above 2 times normal upper limit (80 U/L≤ALT). According to the viral load, they were divided into low replication group with HBV DNA < 4.0 lg copies/mL, medium replication group with 4.0 lg copies/mL≤HBV DNA < 6.0 lg copies/mL and high replication group with HBV DNA ≥ 6.0 lg copies / mL. Dunnett T3 variance analysis were used to analyze the effects of HBV on Th17, Treg and Th17/Treg ratio in the chronic hepatitis B patients in different ALT stages. The changes of virological and immunological indexes before and after treatment were observed for 24 weeks of antiviral therapy in the hepatitis B patients with ALT≥double upper limit of normal group. RESULTS In the ALT normal group, different virus load HBV had minor effects on Th17, Treg and Th17/Treg ratio. In the ALT≥2 times upper limit of normal group, with the virus load increased, Th17 (3.18%±0.79% in low replication group, 3.78%±0.92% in medium replication group and 4.57%±1.15% in high replication group), Treg cells (5.52%±1.58% in low replication group, 5.89%±1.84% in medium replication group and 6.37%±2.35% in high replication group) and their ratio Th17/Treg (0.57±0.25 in low replication group, 0.65±0.29 in medium replication group and 0.73±0.36 in high replication group) were significantly increased (P < 0.05). After entecavir treatment 24 weeks, the patient' s HBV-DNA decreased significantly, Th17 (3.89%±1.02% vs. 2.06%±0.46%), Treg (6.02%±2.03% vs. 5.06%±1.25%), Th17/Treg ratio (0.65±0.28 vs. 0.41±0.14) decreased significantly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Investigation on the effects of HBV on Th17 and Treg cells and their ratios in different ALT states can clarify the effects of HBV on the body from the immunological perspective and can further understand the ALT grouping for antiviral treatment theoretical significance, which is helpful for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- 鹏 高
- 兰州大学第一医院传染病研究室,兰州 730000Infectious Disease Research Institute, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - 艳萍 雒
- 兰州大学基础医学院免疫教研室,兰州 730000Department of Immunology, Medicine College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - 俊峰 李
- 兰州大学第一医院传染病研究室,兰州 730000Infectious Disease Research Institute, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - 琳 陈
- 兰州大学第一医院传染科,兰州 730000Department of Infection, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - 小荣 毛
- 兰州大学第一医院传染科,兰州 730000Department of Infection, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Li J, Cheng L, Jia H, Liu C, Wang S, Liu Y, Shen Y, Wu S, Meng F, Zheng B, Yang C, Jiang W. IFN-γ facilitates liver fibrogenesis by CD161 +CD4 + T cells through a regenerative IL-23/IL-17 axis in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1353. [PMID: 34754450 PMCID: PMC8563156 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to determine the role of CD161+CD4+ T cells in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Methods A total of 94 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 73 with liver cirrhosis (LC) and 28 healthy controls were enrolled to determine frequency, cytokine production and chemokine receptor expression of circulating CD161+CD4+ T cells. Among these, 50 CHB and 34 LC patients were followed up for a period of 52‐week entecavir monotherapy to assess the association of CD161+CD4+ T cells with seroconversion of HBV e antigen (HBeAg). In addition, 15 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 15 with hepatic haemangioma (HHA) were enrolled to compare the paired circulating and intrahepatic CD161+CD4+ T cells. Results CD161+CD4+ T cells were found to accumulate in the circulation of HBV cohorts, which showed a significant correlation with the clinical parameters of disease progression. In addition, higher numbers of circulating CD161+CD4+ T cells were associated with an improved serological response of HBeAg to antiviral treatment. Moreover, CD161+CD4+ T cells as compared to homologous CD161‐CD4+ T cells produced more pro‐inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)‐17 and interferon (IFN)‐γ and expressed higher levels of liver‐homing chemokine receptors including CCR6, CXCR6 and CX3CR1. Notably, a significant enrichment of CD161+CD4+ T cell subsets co‐expressing IFN‐γ and IL‐17 was observed in HBV‐associated cirrhotic livers. During in vitro co‐cultures, circulating CD161+CD4+ T cells in the chronic HBV setting exhibited prominent pro‐fibrogenic effects by regulating primary hepatic stellate cells through a regenerative IFN‐γ/IL‐23/IL‐17 axis. Conclusions In chronic HBV infection, CD161+CD4+ T cells play antiviral, pro‐inflammatory and pro‐fibrogenic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tongji Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Lisha Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China.,Department of Oncology Xiamen Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Haoyu Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tongji Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Chun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tongji Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease Shanghai China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease Shanghai China
| | - Shengdi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease Shanghai China
| | - Fanli Meng
- Department of Hepatology Qilu Hospital Shandong University Shandong China
| | - Beishi Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine Woodhull Medical Center New York NY USA
| | - Changqing Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tongji Hospital School of Medicine Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease Shanghai China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Xiamen Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
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Cross-talk between hepatic stellate cells and T lymphocytes in liver fibrosis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:207-214. [PMID: 33972160 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis results from inflammation and healing following injury. The imbalance between extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion and degradation leads to the ECM accumulation and liver fibrosis. This process is regulated by immune cells. T lymphocytes, including alpha beta (αβ) T cells, which have adaptive immune functions, and gamma delta (γδ) T cells, which have innate immune functions, are considered regulators of liver fibrosis. This review aimed to present the current understanding of the cross-talk between T lymphocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are the key cells in liver fibrosis. DATA SOURCES The keywords "liver fibrosis", "immune", and "T cells" were used to retrieve articles published in PubMed database before January 31, 2020. RESULTS The ratio of CD8+ (suppressor) T cells to CD4+ (helper) T cells is significantly higher in the liver than in the peripheral blood. T cells secrete a series of cytokines and chemokines to regulate the inflammation in the liver and the activation of HSCs to influence the course of liver fibrosis. In addition, HSCs also regulate the differentiation and proliferation of T cells. CONCLUSIONS The cross-talk between T cells and HSCs regulates liver fibrosis progression. The elucidation of this communication process will help us to understand the pathological process of liver fibrosis.
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Li X, Liu X, Wang W. IL-35: A Novel Immunomodulator in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Liver Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:614847. [PMID: 33777929 PMCID: PMC7990793 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.614847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a risk factor for liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the progression of HBV-related diseases. It has been well acknowledged that host immune response was closely related to the clinical outcomes of patients with HBV infection. As the factors closely related to the immunomodulatory process, cytokines are crucial in the cell-cell communication and the host responses to HBV infection. Recently, a newly discovered cytokine, designated as interleukin-35 (IL-35), has been proved to be essential for the progression of chronic HBV infection, the development of cirrhosis, the transformation of cirrhosis to HCC, and the metastasis of HCC. Specifically, it showed various biological activities such as inhibiting the HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) proliferation and cytotoxicity, deactivating the immature effector T-cells (Teffs), as well as delaying the proliferation of dendritic cells. It regulated the immune responses by acting as a “brake” on the activation of Teffs, which subsequently played important roles in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases and malignancies. In this review, we focused on the most recent data on the relationship between IL-35 and chronic HBV infection, LC and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefen Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Zhong Y, Xu M, Hu J, Huang X, Lin N, Deng M. Inhibiting Th1/2 cells influences hepatic capillarization by adjusting sinusoidal endothelial fenestrae through Rho-ROCK-myosin pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:5069-5086. [PMID: 33535174 PMCID: PMC7950229 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are considered to be vital in chronic liver diseases, but their exact roles in hepatic capillarization, the typical characteristic of liver fibrosis, are poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the roles of typical subtype of CD4+ T cells, named T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells in liver fibrosis. Taking advantage of well established fibrotic rat model, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to explore the interactions between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and Th1/2 cells; meanwhile we evaluated the degree of hepatic capillarization when inhibiting these interactions with inhibitory antibodies. Our results showed that prohibiting interactions between Th2 cells and LSECs caused the restoration of fenestrae, increased cytokine level of Th1 cells and reduction of hepatic capillarization; inhibiting the interaction between Th1 cells and LSECs produced the opposite effects. Moreover, increased Rho and myosin light chain phosphorylation were observed when Th1 cells were inhibited with the corresponding inhibitory antibody; Th2 cell inhibition yielded the opposite results. This study indicated that Th1/2 cells steer the capillarization process in different directions and this effect is probably mediated by the Rho-Rho kinase (ROCK)-myosin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesi Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingxing Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingxiong Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Meihai Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
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Aghbash PS, Hemmat N, Nahand JS, Shamekh A, Memar MY, Babaei A, Baghi HB. The role of Th17 cells in viral infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107331. [PMID: 33418239 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present review provides an overview of recent advances regarding the function of Th17 cells and their produced cytokines in the progression of viral diseases. Viral infections alone do not lead to virus-induced malignancies, as both genetic and host safety factors are also involved in the occurrence of malignancies. Acquired immune responses, through the differentiation of Th17 cells, form the novel components of the Th17 cell pathway when reacting with viral infections all the way from the beginning to its final stages. As a result, instead of inducing the right immune responses, these events lead to the suppression of the immune system. In fact, the responses from Th17 cells during persistent viral infections causes chronic inflammation through the production of IL-17 and other cytokines which provide a favorable environment for tumor growth and its development. Additionally, during the past decade, these cells have been understood to be involved in tumor progression and metastasis. However, further research is required to understand Th17 cells' immune mechanisms in the vast variety of viral diseases. This review aims to determine the roles and effects of the immune system, especially Th17 cells, in the progression of viral diseases; which can be highly beneficial for the diagnosis and treatment of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shamekh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran.
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11
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Zhu M, Hua T, Ouyang T, Qian H, Yu B. Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Liver Fibrosis: Novel Strategies, Mechanisms, and Clinical Practice. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6546780. [PMID: 34434239 PMCID: PMC8380491 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6546780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common result of most chronic liver diseases, and advanced fibrosis often leads to cirrhosis. Currently, there is no effective treatment for liver cirrhosis except liver transplantation. Therefore, it is important to carry out antifibrosis treatment to reverse liver damage in the early stage of liver fibrosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most widely used stem cells in the field of regenerative medicine. The preclinical and clinical research results of MSCs in the treatment of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis show that MSC administration is a promising treatment for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. MSCs reverse liver fibrosis and increase liver function mainly through differentiation into hepatocytes, immune regulation, secretion of cytokines and other nutritional factors, reduction of hepatocyte apoptosis, and promotion of hepatocyte regeneration. Recently, many studies provided a variety of new methods and strategies to improve the effect of MSCs in the treatment of liver fibrosis. In this review, we summarized the current effective methods and strategies and their potential mechanisms of MSCs in the treatment of liver fibrosis, as well as the current research progress in clinical practice. We expect to achieve complete reversal of liver injury with MSC-based therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Zhu
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tianzhen Hua
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tao Ouyang
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huofu Qian
- 2Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People's Hospital of Taizhou, China
| | - Bing Yu
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
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12
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Zhao N, Liu X, Guo H, Zhao X, Qiu Y, Wang W. Interleukin-35: An emerging player in the progression of liver diseases. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2021; 45:101518. [PMID: 33387857 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-35(IL-35), a newly identified immunosuppressive cytokine, has recently been shown to play a significant role in the progression of various autoimmune diseases and malignant tumors. The liver is the largest organ in the body and is generally regarded as an important lymphoid organ by an increasing number of immunologists. A number of reports have demonstrated that IL-35 plays essential roles in maintaining the immune homeostasis of the liver microenvironment. This review summarizes the existing studies of IL-35 in liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, immune liver injury, liver cirrhosis and carcinoma. We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the vital roles of IL-35 in hepatic damage and explore new alternative therapeutic targets for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiangnan Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yujie Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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13
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Wang Y, Yang Z, Wei Y, Li X, Li S. Apolipoprotein A4 regulates the immune response in carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 90:107222. [PMID: 33276196 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article explores the role of ApoA4 in a CCl4-induced chronic liver injury (CLI) mouse model. C57BL/6J mice (WT) and ApoA4 knock-out (KO) mice were divided into CCl4 CLI (WT-CCl4 and KO-CCl4) and olive oil solvent control groups (WT-Veh and KO-Veh). Some of the KO-CCl4 mice were additionally treated with recombinant mouse ApoA4 and primary mouse T lymphocyte injections. After 6 weeks, histological analyses, biochemical and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays, flow cytometry of immune cells and qRT-PCR analyses were performed. KO mice after treatment with CCl4 showed reduced hepatic SOD and enhanced serum MDA activities leading to worsening liver injury and fibrosis compared with WT-CCl4, accompanied by enhanced hepatic alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) transcriptions, elevated macrophage M1 levels, enhanced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CCL5), but reduced Interleukin 10 (IL-10), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 2 (CCR2), C-X3-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 1 (CX3CR1) and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 9 (CXCL9) transcription, as well as reduced CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell percentages in hepatic tissue, blood cells and spleen. In addition, CD11b+CD115+, CD11b+/Ly6Chigh, CD11b+/LyC6- and CD11b+/Ly6Cint cells were enhanced, which partly reversed by ApoA4 protein and T cell injections. In conclusion, we propose that ApoA4 might be involved in liver protection via inhibiting fibrotic mediators and inflammatory cytokines, suppression of pro-inflammatory hepatic M1 cell invasion and regulation of CD8+ T and CD4+ T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Wang
- Bio-evidence Science Academy (BSA), Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), No. 205 Zhuque Street, Xi'an 710061, China; Key laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Sciences, No. 205 Zhuque Street, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ziyu Yang
- Bio-evidence Science Academy (BSA), Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), No. 205 Zhuque Street, Xi'an 710061, China; Key laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Sciences, No. 205 Zhuque Street, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yang Wei
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, Precision Medical Institute, Institute of Digestive Diseases. The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 West 5th Road, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, Precision Medical Institute, Institute of Digestive Diseases. The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 West 5th Road, Xi'an 710004, China.
| | - Shengbin Li
- Bio-evidence Science Academy (BSA), Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), No. 205 Zhuque Street, Xi'an 710061, China; Key laboratory of Ministry of Public Health for Forensic Sciences, No. 205 Zhuque Street, Xi'an 710061, China.
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14
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Bonomo AC, Pinto-Mariz F, Riederer I, Benjamim CF, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V, Savino W. Crosstalk Between Innate and T Cell Adaptive Immunity With(in) the Muscle. Front Physiol 2020; 11:573347. [PMID: 33071827 PMCID: PMC7531250 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.573347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates a continuous interaction between the immune system and the skeletal muscle in inflammatory diseases of different pathogenetic origins, in dystrophic conditions such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy as well as during normal muscle regeneration. Although one component of the innate immunity, the macrophage, has been extensively studied both in disease conditions and during cell or gene therapy strategies aiming at restoring muscular functions, much less is known about dendritic cells and their primary immunological targets, the T lymphocytes. This review will focus on the dendritic cells and T lymphocytes (including effector and regulatory T-cells), emphasizing the potential cross talk between these cell types and their influence on the structure and function of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Bonomo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Pinto-Mariz
- Marzagão Gesteira Institute of Pediatrics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ingo Riederer
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia F Benjamim
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Program of Immunobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gillian Butler-Browne
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Center for Research in Myology, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, U974, Center for Research in Myology, Paris, France
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Zhang X, Wang D, Chen Z, Guo N, Wang W, Xiong C, Liu J, Yue Y, Sun M. Red cell distribution width-to-lymphocyte ratio: A novel predictor for HBV-related liver cirrhosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20638. [PMID: 32502047 PMCID: PMC7306360 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the diagnostic power of red cell distribution width-to-lymphocyte ratio (RLR) for HBV-related liver cirrhosis via a retrospective cohort study.Seven hundred fifty healthy controls, 327 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, and 410 patients with HBV-related liver cirrhosis (HBV-LC) were enrolled in this study. RLR, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), red cell distribution width (RDW), AST to platelet ratio index (APRI), and fibrosis index based on the 4 factors (FIB-4) were compared between the 3 groups. The predictive powers of RLR and RDW for HBV-related liver cirrhosis and patient prognosis were evaluated using AUROC.Patients with HBV-related liver cirrhosis had higher RLR, FIB-4, NLR, RDW, APRI, and lower LMR compared with the control and CHB groups. RLR in the HBV-LC group was significantly higher than both CHB and control groups (both P < .05). While RLR in the CHB group was also higher than the control group, the difference was not statistically significant (P > .05). The AUROC of RLR for predicting HBV-related liver cirrhosis was 0.87, and was superior to RDW (0.81), FIB-4 (0.79), and APRI (0.60). With an optimized cut-off value (10.87), RLR had the highest sensitivity (0.88) and specificity (0.72), and was superior to RDW (0.86, 0.64), FIB-4 (0.80, 0.65), and APRI (0.85, 0.48) as a biomarker. For all 3 groups, RLR was negatively correlated (all P < .05) with serum platelet (PLT) and was positively correlated (all P < .05) with FIB-4 and APRI. There was no significant statistical difference in RLR for patients in HBV-LC group who had different prognosis (P > .05).The RLR, a routinely available, inexpensive, and easily calculated measure, can be used as a predictor of HBV-related liver cirrhosis, but not as a predictor of prognosis for patients with liver cirrhosis. Use of RLR may reduce the need for frequent liver biopsies in CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second People's Hospital of Yancheng City
| | - Zhongming Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng
| | - Naizhou Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng
| | - Cunquan Xiong
- Department of Public Health, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fifth Peoples Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi
| | - Yinhong Yue
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng City
| | - Mingzhong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
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Jia GH, You J, Li J, Fan JH. Role of Foxp3/Treg and RORγt/Th17 imbalance in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:709-714. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i11.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of immune-mediated liver damage can be seen during infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Failure of HBV immune clearance leads to chronic hepatitis and greatly increases the risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, there have been many studies on the relationship between the outcome of HBV infection and the immune status of patients. The immune response of T lymphocytes in HBV infection plays an important role, especially the imbalance of regulatory T cells (Treg)/Helper T cell 17 (Th17). The imbalance between the Treg and Th17 is an important mechanism of persistent HBV infection and inflammatory injury of the liver. To better reveal the underlying mechanisms, we systematically review the roles of Treg and Th17 and discuss the relationship between Treg and Th17 during HBV infection as well as the changes in the two related specific transcription factors, retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORγt) and forkhead/winged helix family transcription factor 3 (Foxp3). The research on HBV immunotargeting therapy in recent years has suggested the role of Foxp3/Treg and RORγt/Th17 imbalance in HBV infection. Such findings provide new ideas for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hua Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jing You
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jing-Hua Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
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Khanam A, Trehanpati N, Sarin SK. Increased interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) expression is associated with disease severity in acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver Int 2019; 39:1062-1070. [PMID: 30506912 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Th17 cells mediated immune response is important in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection and inflammation associated diseases; however, little is known about their immunopathogenic role in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) is essential for the generation of pathogenic Th17 cells; therefore, we aimed to evaluate IL-23R expression and its correlation with disease severity in ACLF. METHODS Forty-two patients with ACLF (HBV and alcohol-related), thirty-two with CHB and twenty healthy controls (HC) were studied. Circulating and intrahepatic profile of Th17 cells and IL-23R was investigated. Association of IL-23R with disease severity was determined. RESULTS Circulating Th17 cells were significantly increased in both ACLF groups (P = 0.03, P = 0.006) than CHB and HC. Percentage of Th17 cells was higher in liver than peripheral blood of ACLF patients (P = 0.04). Expression of IL-23R was immensely up-regulated on Th17 cells of ACLF patients. Importantly, IL-23R not only correlated with the increased percentage of Th17 cells but also had significant association with inflammation (P = 0.03) and clinical disease severity indices including Child-Turcotte-Pugh (P = 0.001) and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (P = 0.002) scores. The ACLF non-survivors showed higher IL-23R expression (P = 0.01). Transcription factor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma-t (ROR-γt) was also high in circulation and in liver of ACLF patients and it positively correlated with ALT levels (P = 0.03). Surface receptors, including CCR6, IL-17R and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17A, IL-22, CXCL8 and GM-CSF were highly augmented in ACLF. CONCLUSION ACLF patients express high IL-23R on Th17 cells which induces inflammation and strongly correlates with liver disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Khanam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirupma Trehanpati
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Sarin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Teymouri M, Pirro M, Fallarino F, Gargaro M, Sahebkar A. IL-35, a hallmark of immune-regulation in cancer progression, chronic infections and inflammatory diseases. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2105-2115. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manouchehr Teymouri
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center; Birjand University of Medical Sciences; Birjand Iran
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | | | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology; School of Medicine, Washington University; St. Louis MO
| | - Amirhosein Sahebkar
- Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
- School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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Tao NN, Gong R, Chen X, He L, Ren F, Yu HB, Chen J, Ren JH. Interleukin-35 stimulates hepatitis B virus transcription and replication by targeting transcription factor HNF4α. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:645-654. [PMID: 29561254 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem worldwide. Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is a definite immunosuppressive cytokine belonging to the IL-12 family. Nevertheless, the role of IL-35 in HBV replication remains elusive. In this study, we found that the level of HBV DNA replicative intermediates detected by qPCR and Southern blotting analysis was significantly increased by rhIL-35 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, HBV 3.5 kb mRNA levels were up-regulated by rhIL-35. The HBV core protein level as well as the HBsAg and HBeAg secretion levels were also increased by rhIL-35. Moreover, a mechanistic study demonstrated that IL-35 promoted HBV replication by enhancing the HBV core promoter activity. Importantly, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) was probably the target of IL-35. Mutation of the HNF4α-binding site on HBV core promoter or silencing HNF4α abolished the enhancement of HBV replication induced by IL-35. Finally, rhIL-35 was able to increase HBV replication in HBV transgenic mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that IL-35 has a novel role in HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Na Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Rui Gong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiang Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lin He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Fang Ren
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hai-Bo Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ji-Hua Ren
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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20
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Nemati M, Larussa T, Khorramdelazad H, Mahmoodi M, Jafarzadeh A. Toll-like receptor 2: An important immunomodulatory molecule during Helicobacter pylori infection. Life Sci 2017; 178:17-29. [PMID: 28427896 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are an essential subset of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) which identify the microbial components and contribute in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses against the infectious agents. The TLRs, especially TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9, participate in the induction of immune response against H. pylori. TLR2 is expressed on a number of immune and non-immune cells and recognizes a vast broad of microbial components due to its potential to form heterodimers with other TLRs, including TLR1, TLR6 and TLR10. A number of H. pylori-related molecules may contribute to TLR2-dependent responses, including HP-LPS, HP-HSP60 and HP-NAP. TLR2 plays a pivotal role in regulation of immune response to H. pylori through activation of NF-κB and induction of cytokine expression in epithelial cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and B cells. The TLR2-related immune response that is induced by H. pylori-derived components may play an important role regarding the outcome of the infection toward bacterial elimination, persistence or pathological reactions. The immunomodulatory and immunoregulatory roles of TLR2 during H. pylori infection were considered in this review. TLR2 could be considered as an interesting therapeutic target for treatment of H. pylori-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nemati
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Branch of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Merat Mahmoodi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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21
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Dai E, Zhang L, Ye L, Wan S, Feng L, Qi Q, Yao F, Li Z. Hepatic expression of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 correlate with fibrogenesis in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 59:124-130. [PMID: 28315398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system is involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. However, most of the findings in this area have come from experimental studies in animal models or clinical trials on chronic hepatitis C. The roles of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) in hepatofibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) have not been studied fully. This study aimed to explore the relationship between liver fibrosis and the expression of CB1 and CB2 in patients with CHB. METHODS Eighty liver biopsy specimens from patients with CHB (52 male, 28 female) were analyzed in this study. Fibrosis was staged on a scale of 1 to 4 (F1 to F4, with F4 defining cirrhosis). There were 20 samples for each fibrosis stage. The expression of hepatic alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), CB1, and CB2 was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Hepatic CB1 and CB2 were expressed in all patients with CHB. The degree of fibrosis was significantly associated with the increased expression of CB1 and CB2 in CHB. Furthermore a significant increase in cells positive for both CB1 and CB2 was detected in stage 3 and stage 4 disease compared to stage 1 and stage 2 disease. There was a strong positive association between CB1 expression and α-SMA expression. Moreover, double immunofluorescence staining for CB1 and α-SMA demonstrated that activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) express CB1. CONCLUSIONS The hepatic expression of CB1 and CB2 plays an important role during the progression of fibrosis induced by CHB. Endogenous activation of CB1 receptors in patients with CHB enhances fibrogenesis by direct effect on activated HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhei Dai
- Division of Liver Diseases, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lianshan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
| | - Lihong Ye
- Division of Liver Diseases, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shiqing Wan
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Lulu Feng
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Fang Yao
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
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22
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Xu M, Wang X, Zou Y, Zhong Y. Key role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver fibrosis. Biosci Trends 2017; 11:163-168. [PMID: 28250338 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2017.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Because of the prevalence of viral hepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver fibrosis has become a very common disease in Asia and elsewhere in the world, constantly increasing the burden of care borne by society. Hepatic sinusoidal capillarization, characterized by gradually shrinking fenestrae on the surface of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and the formation of an organized basement membrane, is an initial pathologic change associated with liver fibrosis. Basic and clinical studies have indicated that LSECs play a key role in hepatic sinusoidal capillarization by affecting various aspects of the development and progression of liver fibrosis. Reviewing studies on the effect of LSECs on liver fibrosis is essential to better understanding the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and its mechanism of progression. Moreover, such a review will provide a theoretical basis for identifying new methods to promote the regression or even inhibition of fibrosis. This review will focus on structural and functional changes in LSECs during hepatic sinusoidal capillarization and the interaction between the micro-environment of the liver and the body's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Xuehua Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Yong Zou
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Yuesi Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
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23
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Wu N, Song YL, Wang B, Zhang XY, Zhang XJ, Wang YL, Cheng YY, Chen DD, Xia XQ, Lu YS, Zhang YA. Fish gut-liver immunity during homeostasis or inflammation revealed by integrative transcriptome and proteome studies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36048. [PMID: 27808112 PMCID: PMC5093735 DOI: 10.1038/srep36048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue, connected with liver via bile and blood, constructs a local immune environment of both defense and tolerance. The gut-liver immunity has been well-studied in mammals, yet in fish remains largely unknown, even though enteritis as well as liver and gallbladder syndrome emerged as a limitation in aquaculture. In this study, we performed integrative bioinformatic analysis for both transcriptomic (gut and liver) and proteomic (intestinal mucus and bile) data, in both healthy and infected tilapias. We found more categories of immune transcripts in gut than liver, as well as more adaptive immune in gut meanwhile more innate in liver. Interestingly reduced differential immune transcripts between gut and liver upon inflammation were also revealed. In addition, more immune proteins in bile than intestinal mucus were identified. And bile probably providing immune effectors to intestinal mucus upon inflammation was deduced. Specifically, many key immune transcripts in gut or liver as well as key immune proteins in mucus or bile were demonstrated. Accordingly, we proposed a hypothesized profile of fish gut-liver immunity, during either homeostasis or inflammation. Current data suggested that fish gut and liver may collaborate immunologically while keep homeostasis using own strategies, including potential unique mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yu-Long Song
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,Demorgen Bioinformation Technology Co. Ltd, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ya-Li Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying-Yin Cheng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Xia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi-Shan Lu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.,State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Wuhan 430072, China
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24
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Sadeghi M, Lahdou I, Opelz G, Mehrabi A, Zeier M, Schnitzler P, Daniel V. IL-23 plasma level is strongly associated with CMV status and reactivation of CMV in renal transplant recipients. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:35. [PMID: 27716059 PMCID: PMC5048605 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytomegalovirus seropositivity is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients with ESRD. Donor CMV seropositivity is associated with higher graft loss. Dendritic cells, macrophages and Th17 lymphocytes are defined as producers of IL-23. IL-23 is thought to be involved in the promotion of Th17 cell polarization. Latent CMV-induced Th17 might be involved in the pathogenesis of CMV infection in patients with ESRD. We aimed to evaluate associations of Th17-dependent cytokines with ESRD, CMV status and post-transplant outcome in kidney transplantation. Results IL-21 plasma levels were similar in patients and healthy controls (p = 0.47), whereas IL-9 (p = 0.02) and IL-23 (p < 0.0001) levels were significantly higher in ESRD patients. CMV-seronegative (p = 0.002) and –seropositive (p < 0.001) patients had significantly higher IL-23 plasma levels than controls. CMV-seropositive patients showed excessively higher IL-23 (p < 0.001) plasma levels than CMV-seronegative patients. Patients with post-transplant CMV reactivation had higher IL-23 plasma levels than patients without CMV reactivation (p = 0.025). Conclusions Our results indicate that latent CMV induces IL-23. IL-23 might be an inflammatory mediator of latent CMV infection in patients with ESRD and predisposes patients for post-transplant CMV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Sadeghi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Imad Lahdou
- Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Opelz
- Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Zeier
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Daniel
- Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Li Y, Xiao Y, Su M, Zhang R, Ding J, Hao X, Ma Y. Role of soluble programmed death-1 (sPD-1) and sPD-ligand 1 in patients with cystic echinococcosis. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:251-256. [PMID: 26889250 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling pathway is a negative regulatory mechanism that inhibits T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Soluble PD-1 (sPD-1) and soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1), are also involved in regulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway. In the present study, the expression levels of sPD-1 and sPD-L1, as well as those of T helper (Th)1 [including interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon gamma], Th2 (including IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10) and Th17 (including interleukin 17) cell cytokines, were measured in the sera of patients with cystic echinococcosis (CE). Measurements were performed prior to and following after surgery and treatment with cyclic albendazole to investigate the effects of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 in patients with CE. Cytokine expression levels were measured using cytokine bead array and the expression levels of sPD-1 and sPD-L1 were measured using ELISA. In addition, in vitro stimulation was used to detect whether sPD-L1 has a negative regulatory effect on cytokine secretion or homeostasis. The present study observed significantly higher levels of sPD-L1 in patients with CE compared with healthy controls. Significantly elevated levels of Th2 cytokines in the sera of patients with CE were also observed. The results also suggest that there is an imbalanced expression of Th1 and Th2 cells during CE. In addition, it was demonstrated that sPD-1 and sPD-L1 are regulatory factors to the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, each having opposite effect, suggesting that they regulate the immune response to CE infection by creating a dynamic balance. In conclusion, sPD-L1 may play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in hosts with CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Mingquan Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Ding
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Hydatid Fundamental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoke Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yueyun Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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