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Miller WE, O'Connor CM. CMV-encoded GPCRs in infection, disease, and pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:1-75. [PMID: 38461029 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-transmembrane domain proteins that modulate cellular processes in response to external stimuli. These receptors represent the largest family of membrane proteins, and in mammals, their signaling regulates important physiological functions, such as vision, taste, and olfaction. Many organisms, including yeast, slime molds, and viruses encode GPCRs. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are large, betaherpesviruses, that encode viral GPCRs (vGPCRs). Human CMV (HCMV) encodes four vGPCRs, including UL33, UL78, US27, and US28. Each of these vGPCRs, as well as their rodent and primate orthologues, have been investigated for their contributions to viral infection and disease. Herein, we discuss how the CMV vGPCRs function during lytic and latent infection, as well as our understanding of how they impact viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christine M O'Connor
- Infection Biology, Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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2
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Raouf M, Sabry AA, Ragab MA, Achy SE, Amer A. Detection of Human cytomegalovirus UL55 Gene and IE/E Protein Expression in Colorectal Cancer Patients in Egypt. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:723. [PMID: 37537552 PMCID: PMC10398988 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A possible relation between Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and colorectal cancer (CRC) has been widely explored with an unclear role yet speculated. AIM The study aimed at detecting HCMV UL55 gene, immediate early and early (IE/E) proteins in colorectal tumor tissues and adjacent non neoplastic tissues (ANNT). Also, it aimed to correlate HCMV presence with CRC clinicopathological features. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A prospective study of 50 HCMV seropositive patients with resectable CRC were enrolled in the study. Demographic, clinical, and radiological findings were recorded. Pathological assessment was done. Paired CRC tumorous and ANNT were examined for HCMV UL55 by PCR and for IE/ E proteins by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS 70% of CRC patients enrolled were females and 36% were elderly (> 60y). Adenocarcinoma was the prevalent histopathological type (92%) with Grade 2, higher stages, and nodal involvement accounting for (64%, 64% and 56%) respectively. HCMV detection was significantly higher in tumoral tissue versus ANNT by PCR and IHC (P < 0.001, P < 0.008) respectively. Moderate agreement was found between the two techniques (κ = 0.572, P < 0.001). Univariate analysis identified HCMV presence to be significantly higher in elderly patients, in tumors with higher stage and with nodal involvement (P = 0.041, P = 0.008, P = 0.018 respectively). In multivariate analysis, the latter two retained significance (P = 0.010, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION CRC tumor tissues are more infected by HCMV than ANNT. A significant association of HCMV presence with a higher CRC tumor stage and nodal involvement in an age-dependent manner was detected. HCMV oncomodulatory and a disease progression role is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Raouf
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, 0 Khartoum Square, Azarita Medical Campus, Alexandria, 21131 Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Sabry
- General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahinour A. Ragab
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, 0 Khartoum Square, Azarita Medical Campus, Alexandria, 21131 Egypt
| | - Samar El Achy
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira Amer
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, 0 Khartoum Square, Azarita Medical Campus, Alexandria, 21131 Egypt
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Bonavita CM, White TM, Francis J, Farrell HE, Davis-Poynter NJ, Cardin RD. The Viral G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Homologs M33 and US28 Promote Cardiac Dysfunction during Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:711. [PMID: 36992420 PMCID: PMC10054303 DOI: 10.3390/v15030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects the majority of the world population and causes lifelong latent infection. HCMV has been shown to exacerbate cardiovascular diseases, including myocarditis, vascular sclerosis, and transplant vasculopathy. Recently, we have shown that murine CMV (MCMV) recapitulates the cardiovascular dysfunction observed in patients with HCMV-induced myocarditis. To understand the viral mechanisms involved in CMV-induced heart dysfunction, we further characterized cardiac function in response to MCMV and examined virally encoded G-protein-coupled receptor homologs (vGPCRs) US28 and M33 as potential factors that promote infection in the heart. We hypothesized that the CMV-encoded vGPCRs could exacerbate cardiovascular damage and dysfunction. Three viruses were used to evaluate the role of vGPCRs in cardiac dysfunction: wild-type MCMV, a M33-deficient virus (∆M33), and a virus with the M33 open reading frame (ORF) replaced with US28, an HCMV vGPCR (i.e., US28+). Our in vivo studies revealed that M33 plays a role in promoting cardiac dysfunction by increasing viral load and heart rate during acute infection. During latency, ΔM33-infected mice demonstrated reduced calcification, altered cellular gene expression, and less cardiac hypertrophy compared with wild-type MCMV-infected mice. Ex vivo viral reactivation from hearts was less efficient in ΔM33-infected animals. HCMV protein US28 expression restored the ability of the M33-deficient virus to reactivate from the heart. US28+ MCMV infection caused damage to the heart comparable with wild-type MCMV infection, suggesting that the US28 protein is sufficient to complement the function of M33 in the heart. Altogether, these data suggest a role for vGPCRs in viral pathogenesis in the heart and thus suggest that vGPCRs promote long-term cardiac damage and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Bonavita
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Timothy M. White
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Joseph Francis
- Department of Comparative Biological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Helen E. Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | | | - Rhonda D. Cardin
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Tumor resident, TRA anti-viral CDR3 chemical sequence motifs are associated with a better breast cancer outcome. Genes Immun 2023; 24:92-98. [PMID: 36805542 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-023-00201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
While for certain cancers, such as cervical cancer, the link to viral infections is very strong and very clear, other cancers represent a history of links to viral infections that are either co-morbidities or drive the cancer in ways that are not yet fully understood, for example the "hit and run" possibility. To further understand the connection of viral infections and the progress of breast cancer, we identified the chemical features of known anti-viral, T-cell receptor alpha chain (TRA) complementarity determining region-3 (CDR3) amino acid sequences among the CDR3s of breast cancer patient TRA recombinations and assessed the association of those features with patient outcomes. The application of this novel paradigm indicated consistent associations of tumor-derived, anti-CMV CDR3 chemical sequence motifs with better breast cancer patient outcomes but did not indicate an opportunity to establish risk stratifications for other cancer types. Interestingly, breast cancer samples with no detectable TRA recombinations represented a better outcome than samples with the non-anti-CMV CDR3s, further adding to a rapidly developing series of results allowing a distinction between positive and possibly harmful cancer immune responses.
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Kostoff RN, Briggs MB, Kanduc D, Shores DR, Kovatsi L, Drakoulis N, Porter AL, Tsatsakis A, Spandidos DA. Contributing factors common to COVID‑19 and gastrointestinal cancer. Oncol Rep 2021; 47:16. [PMID: 34779496 PMCID: PMC8611322 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The devastating complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) result from the dysfunctional immune response of an individual following the initial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Multiple toxic stressors and behaviors contribute to underlying immune system dysfunction. SARS-CoV-2 exploits the dysfunctional immune system to trigger a chain of events, ultimately leading to COVID-19. The authors have previously identified a number of contributing factors (CFs) common to myriad chronic diseases. Based on these observations, it was hypothesized that there may be a significant overlap between CFs associated with COVID-19 and gastrointestinal cancer (GIC). Thus, in the present study, a streamlined dot-product approach was used initially to identify potential CFs that affect COVID-19 and GIC directly (i.e., the simultaneous occurrence of CFs and disease in the same article). The nascent character of the COVID-19 core literature (~1-year-old) did not allow sufficient time for the direct effects of numerous CFs on COVID-19 to emerge from laboratory experiments and epidemiological studies. Therefore, a literature-related discovery approach was used to augment the COVID-19 core literature-based ‘direct impact’ CFs with discovery-based ‘indirect impact’ CFs [CFs were identified in the non-COVID-19 biomedical literature that had the same biomarker impact pattern (e.g., hyperinflammation, hypercoagulation, hypoxia, etc.) as was shown in the COVID-19 literature]. Approximately 2,250 candidate direct impact CFs in common between GIC and COVID-19 were identified, albeit some being variants of the same concept. As commonality proof of concept, 75 potential CFs that appeared promising were selected, and 63 overlapping COVID-19/GIC potential/candidate CFs were validated with biological plausibility. In total, 42 of the 63 were overlapping direct impact COVID-19/GIC CFs, and the remaining 21 were candidate GIC CFs that overlapped with indirect impact COVID-19 CFs. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that COVID-19 and GIC share a number of common risk/CFs, including behaviors and toxic exposures, that impair immune function. A key component of immune system health is the removal of those factors that contribute to immune system dysfunction in the first place. This requires a paradigm shift from traditional Western medicine, which often focuses on treatment, rather than prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Neil Kostoff
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA 20155, USA
| | | | - Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, I‑70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Darla Roye Shores
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Leda Kovatsi
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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Chen C, Chen S, Han Z, Xie W, Zhang T, Mao C, Zhang L, Sun X, Kwok T, Shen X, Xue X. Patients with Helicobacter pylori-positive gastric cancer with human cytomegalovirus infection have a low tendency of advanced lymphatic metastasis in a Chinese population. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:402. [PMID: 33777225 PMCID: PMC7988662 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognized as a group I carcinogen for gastric cancer (GC) and a factor involved in the development of GC, Helicobacter pylori serves a major part in GC research. However, most studies have focused on H. pylori itself, ignoring the complicated pathogenic microbiological environment of GC and neglecting the synergistic or antagonistic effects of H. pylori with other pathogenic microorganisms. Increasing evidence has revealed that the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is present in several types of tumors and serves an important role in the neoplastic process of certain human malignant tumors, including GC. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of HCMV and H. pylori co-infection in GC. HCMV and H. pylori infection was analyzed in paired gastric tumor and peri-tumoral tissues from 134 (98 male and 36 female) patients using PCR. The results revealed that a total of 74 (55.2%) patients had H. pylori infection, 58 patients (43.3%) had HCMV infection, and 34 (25.4%) patients had both HCMV and H. pylori infection. Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that H. pylori infection was independently associated with advanced lymphatic metastasis [P=0.007; odds ratio (OR)=3.51]. Furthermore, compared with HCMV-/H. pylori -, neither HCMV+/H. pylori - nor HCMV+/H. pylori + were associated with metastasis, but HCMV-/H. pylori + co-infection status was an independent risk factor for advanced lymphatic metastasis (P=0.005; OR=6.00). In conclusion, GC co-infected with HCMV and H. pylori exhibited a low tendency of lymph node metastasis. HCMV may interact with H. pylori to inhibit the process of lymphatic metastasis, and the mechanism requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Oncology, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Sian Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Han
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wangkai Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Teming Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Chenchen Mao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangwei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Terry Kwok
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Xian Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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De Groof TWM, Elder EG, Siderius M, Heukers R, Sinclair JH, Smit MJ. Viral G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Attractive Targets for Herpesvirus-Associated Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:828-846. [PMID: 33692148 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that establish lifelong, latent infections in their host. Spontaneous reactivation of herpesviruses is often asymptomatic or clinically manageable in healthy individuals, but reactivation events in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals can lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Moreover, herpesvirus infections have been associated with multiple proliferative cardiovascular and post-transplant diseases. Herpesviruses encode viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs) that alter the host cell by hijacking cellular pathways and play important roles in the viral life cycle and these different disease settings. In this review, we discuss the pharmacological and signaling properties of these vGPCRs, their role in the viral life cycle, and their contribution in different diseases. Because of their prominent role, vGPCRs have emerged as promising drug targets, and the potential of vGPCR-targeting therapeutics is being explored. Overall, these vGPCRs can be considered as attractive targets moving forward in the development of antiviral, cancer, and/or cardiovascular disease treatments. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In the last decade, herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as interesting drug targets with the growing understanding of their critical role in the viral life cycle and in different disease settings. This review presents the pharmacological properties of these viral receptors, their role in the viral life cycle and different diseases, and the emergence of therapeutics targeting viral GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo W M De Groof
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Elizabeth G Elder
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Marco Siderius
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Raimond Heukers
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - John H Sinclair
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
| | - Martine J Smit
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (T.W.M.D.G.); Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (E.G.E., J.H.S.); Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.S., R.H., M.J.S.); and QVQ Holding B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands (R.H.)
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Marônek M, Link R, Monteleone G, Gardlík R, Stolfi C. Viruses in Cancers of the Digestive System: Active Contributors or Idle Bystanders? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218133. [PMID: 33143318 PMCID: PMC7663754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human virome, which is a collection of all the viruses that are present in the human body, is increasingly being recognized as an essential part of the human microbiota. The human gastrointestinal tract and related organs (e.g., liver, pancreas, and gallbladder)-composing the gastrointestinal (or digestive) system-contain a huge number of viral particles which contribute to maintaining tissue homeostasis and keeping our body healthy. However, perturbations of the virome steady-state may, both directly and indirectly, ignite/sustain oncogenic mechanisms contributing to the initiation of a dysplastic process and/or cancer progression. In this review, we summarize and discuss the available evidence on the association and role of viruses in the development of cancers of the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Marônek
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (R.G.)
| | - René Link
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roman Gardlík
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Carmine Stolfi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-72596163
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Nakhaie M, Charostad J, Kaydani GA, Faghihloo E. The role of viruses in adenocarcinoma development. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 86:104603. [PMID: 33091575 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading public health issue that accounts for million deaths around the world every year. Human cancers contain over 100 types, which are categorized into different groups. Adenocarcinoma is one of those categories of cancer that begins from the glans and involves various tissues such as lung, esophagus, pancreas, prostate and colorectal. A range of risk factors has been identified for the development and progression of adenocarcinomas. One of these risk factors are viruses that serves special mechanisms to affect important host cell factors and tumorigenic pathways, contributing in development and promotion of adenocarcinomas. Here, we summarized the main viruses and their mechanisms implicated in the course of various adenocarcinomas development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Nakhaie
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Javad Charostad
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Gholam Abbas Kaydani
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Student Research Committee, School of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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The constitutive activity of the viral-encoded G protein-coupled receptor US28 supports a complex signalling network contributing to cancer development. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:1493-1504. [PMID: 32779712 PMCID: PMC7458396 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
US28 is a viral G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) encoded by the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). This receptor, expressed both during lytic replication and viral latency, is required for latency. US28 is binding to a wide variety of chemokines but also exhibits a particularly high constitutive activity robustly modulating a wide network of cellular pathways altering the host cell environment to benefit HCMV infection. Several studies suggest that US28-mediated signalling may contribute to cancer progression. In this review, we discuss the unique structural characteristics that US28 acquired through evolution that confer a robust constitutive activity to this viral receptor. We also describe the wide downstream signalling network activated by this constitutive activation of US28 and discuss how these signalling pathways may promote and support important cellular aspects of cancer.
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Lv YL, Han FF, An ZL, Jia Y, Xuan LL, Gong LL, Zhang W, Ren LL, Yang S, Liu H, Liu LH. Cytomegalovirus Infection Is a Risk Factor in Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Cross-Sectional and Meta-Analysis Study. Intervirology 2020; 63:10-16. [PMID: 32772018 DOI: 10.1159/000506683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was planned to investigate the association betweenhuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) risk, by undertaking a meta-analysis and case-control cross-sectional study. SUMMARY A cross-sectional study analysis of 160 GIC patients and 100 control subjects indicated significantly higher HCMV prevalence in GIC patients based on the HCMV IgM test. However, a similar analysis based on an IgG test revealed no significant relationship. Further meta-analysis of 11 studies, including 1,044 patients and 991 healthy subjects, displayed HCMV infection as an important risk factor for not only colorectal cancer occurrence and development based on a HCMV DNA test, but also for GIC based on a HCMV IgM test. However, the IgG test again displayed no significant relationship between HCMV infection and GIC occurrence. Key Message: Overall, our study revealed that HCMV infection is associated with an increased GIC risk. However, additional studies are warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Lv
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei-Fei Han
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo-Ling An
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjie Jia
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Ling Xuan
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Li Gong
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Lu Ren
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Yang
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - He Liu
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Hong Liu
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,
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12
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van Senten JR, Fan TS, Siderius M, Smit MJ. Viral G protein-coupled receptors as modulators of cancer hallmarks. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104804. [PMID: 32278040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses encode transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which share structural homology to human chemokine receptors. These viral GPCRs include KSHV-encoded ORF74, EBV-encoded BILF1, and HCMV-encoded US28, UL33, UL78 and US27. Viral GPCRs hijack various signaling pathways and cellular networks, including pathways involved in the so-called cancer hallmarks as defined by Hanahan and Weinberg. These hallmarks describe cellular characteristics crucial for transformation and tumor progression. The cancer hallmarks involve growth factor-independent proliferation, angiogenesis, avoidance of apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, metabolic reprogramming, genetic instability and immune evasion amongst others. The role of beta herpesviruses modulating these cancer hallmarks is clearly highlighted by the proliferative and pro-angiogenic phenotype associated with KSHV infection which is largely ascribed to the ORF74-mediated modulation of signaling networks in host cells. For HCMV and Epstein-Bar encoded GPCRs, oncomodulatory effects have been described which contribute to the cancer hallmarks, thereby enhancing oncogenic development. In this review, we describe the main signaling pathways controlling the hallmarks of cancer which are affected by the betaherpesvirus encoded GPCRs. Most prominent among these involve the JAK-STAT, PI(3)K-AKT, NFkB and MAPK signaling nodes. These insights are important to effectively target these viral GPCRs and their signaling networks in betaherpesvirus-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R van Senten
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tian Shu Fan
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Siderius
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Sepahvand P, Makvandi M, Samarbafzadeh A, Talaei-Zadeh A, Ranjbari N, Nisi N, Azaran A, Jalilian S, Pirmoradi R, Makvandi K, Ahmadi Angali K. Human Cytomegalovirus DNA among Women with Breast Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2275-2279. [PMID: 31450895 PMCID: PMC6852836 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.8.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Section Title Breast cancer is the most common cause of death among women worldwide. Although there are many known risk factors in breast cancer development, infectious diseases have appeared as one of the important key to contribute to carcinogenesis formation. The effects of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) on women with breast cancer has been recently studied and reported. To contribute to this research trend, this study was conducted to evaluate the association between HCMV and the women with breast cancer. Objective: This experiment aimed to evaluate HCMV DNA in women with breast cancer in Ahvaz city, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 37 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues of the patients with ductal breast carcinoma and 35 paraffin embedded tissues of the patients with fibro adenoma as control group were collected. The deparaffinization of all the samples were carried out and the DNA was extracted. Initially, the PCR test was carried out to detect beta –globulin DNA as an internal control. For those samples positive for beta –globulin DNA, Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect HCMV for the tests and control samples. Results: Among 37 ductal breast carcinoma, 20 (54.04%) cases were proved positive for HCMV DNA by PCR. While among the 35 control group (fibroadenoma), 10 (28.57%) cases were positive for HCMV DNA (P >0.028). The prevalences of HCMV DNA among the age groups 30-39, 40-49 and >50 years were 7 (72.22%), 9 (69.23%), 4 (57.14%), respectively (P=0.066). A high frequency of HCMV DNA was detected in tumor grade III, 13/18 (58.33%) compared with tumor grade II, 7/19 (36.84%) (p=0.044). A high frequency of 16/24 (66.66%) of HCMV DNA was found in invasive ductal breast cancer compared with 4/13 (30.76%) HCMV DNA in situ (P<0.028). Conclusion: A high prevalence of 54.05% HCMV was found among the patients with ductal carcinoma. The percentages of the high prevalence of HCMV among age group (40-49) years, tumors grades, and invasive stage were (69.23%), (58.33%), (66.66%), respectively. Further study of HCMV in the latency phase in patients with ductal carcinoma would be necessary to extend our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Sepahvand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. ,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Samarbafzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. ,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdulhasan Talaei-Zadeh
- Department of Surgery, Imam Khoeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Pathology, Imam Khoeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ranjbari
- Department of Pathology, Imam Khoeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nilofar Nisi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. ,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Azarakhsh Azaran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. ,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahram Jalilian
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. ,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roya Pirmoradi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. ,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kimia Makvandi
- School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi Angali
- Biostatistic Department, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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14
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Krishna BA, Miller WE, O'Connor CM. US28: HCMV's Swiss Army Knife. Viruses 2018; 10:E445. [PMID: 30127279 PMCID: PMC6116241 DOI: 10.3390/v10080445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
US28 is one of four G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) encoded by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). The US28 protein (pUS28) is a potent signaling molecule that alters a variety of cellular pathways that ultimately alter the host cell environment. This viral GPCR is expressed not only in the context of lytic replication but also during viral latency, highlighting its multifunctional properties. pUS28 is a functional GPCR, and its manipulation of multiple signaling pathways likely impacts HCMV pathogenesis. Herein, we will discuss the impact of pUS28 on both lytic and latent infection, pUS28-mediated signaling and its downstream consequences, and the influence this viral GPCR may have on disease states, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. We will also discuss the potential for and progress towards exploiting pUS28 as a novel therapeutic to combat HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Krishna
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - William E Miller
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, & Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Christine M O'Connor
- Genomic Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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15
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Bai B, Wang X, Chen E, Zhu H. Human cytomegalovirus infection and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:76735-76742. [PMID: 27732934 PMCID: PMC5363545 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus infection (HCMV) has been recently considered as a factor for tumorigenesis. The current study used meta-analytical techniques to explore the prevalence of HCMV in tumor tissues and the relationship between human cytomegalovirus and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. 11 studies detecting HCMV DNA in tumor tissues were included in meta-analysis. The prevalence rate and odds ratio (OR) were two main parameters. The overall prevalence of human cytomegalovirus DNA in tumor tissues were 27.5% (95% CI = 17.2%−37.8%). Binary logistic regression showed that the studies reported before 2010 involving formalin-fixed specimens from patients in developed region represented a lower proportion of HCMV. The tumor tissues had a significantly higher rate of virus infection compared with normal tissues (OR = 6.59, 95% CI = 4.48−9.69, I2 = 0%, P = 0.71). Subgroup analysis revealed the prevalence of the virus didn't differ in patients with different tumor stages, in tumor cells with different histologic grades, also in different kinds of specimen (polyp and adenocarcinoma). The results of current study suggested a statistically association between the virus infection and an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjun Bai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Engeng Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Costa NR, Gil da Costa RM, Medeiros R. A viral map of gastrointestinal cancers. Life Sci 2018; 199:188-200. [PMID: 29476768 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are expected to account for approximately 20% of all cancers in 2017. Apart from their high incidence, GIT cancers show high mortality rates, placing these malignancies among the most prominent public health issues of our time. Cancers of the GIT are the result of a complex interplay between host genetic factors and environmental factors and frequently arise in the context of a continued active inflammatory response. Several tumor viruses are able to elicit such chronic inflammatory responses. In fact, several viruses have an impact on GIT tumor initiation and progression, as well as on patients' response to therapy and prognosis, through direct and indirect mechanisms. In this review, we have gathered information on different viruses' rates of infection, viral-driven specific carcinogenesis mechanisms and viral-related impact on the prognosis of cancers of the GIT (specifically in organs that have an interface with the environment - esophagus, stomach, intestines and anus). Overall, while some viral infections show a strong causal relation with specific gastrointestinal cancers, these represent a relatively small fraction of GIT malignancies. Other types of cancer, like Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, require further studies to confirm the carcinogenic role of some viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália R Costa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui M Gil da Costa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; LEPABE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal; CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal; Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), Porto, Portugal
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17
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Mirzaei H, Goudarzi H, Eslami G, Faghihloo E. Role of viruses in gastrointestinal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:4000-4014. [PMID: 28926109 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers are a global public health problem, which represent a vast majority of all cancer-caused deaths in both men and women. On the other hand, viral pathogens have been long implicated as etiological factors in the onset of certain human cancers, including gastrointestinal tumors. In this regard, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), and John Cunningham Virus (JCV) have been more strongly suggested to be involved in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis; so that, the association of HPV with oropharyngeal and anal cancers and also the association of EBV with gastric cancer have been etiologically confirmed by epidemiological and experimental investigations. Although, the association of other viruses is less evident, but may rely on co-factors for their oncogenic roles. Therefore, to improve the prevention and treatment of these classes of cancer, their association with viral agents as potential risk factors should be investigated with care. In this respect, the present review has focused on the existing literature on the subject of viral involvement in gastrointestinal tumorgenesis, by covering and discussing various gastrointestinal cancers, corresponding viral agents and their oncogenic aspects and then summarizing evidences either supporting or rejecting a causal role of these pathogens in gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibollah Mirzaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Eslami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Teo WH, Chen HP, Huang JC, Chan YJ. Human cytomegalovirus infection enhances cell proliferation, migration and upregulation of EMT markers in colorectal cancer-derived stem cell-like cells. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1415-1426. [PMID: 29048611 PMCID: PMC5642395 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a link between persistent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and cancer. Although the role of HCMV in cancer is still elusive, recent studies revealed the presence of HCMV nucleic acids and proteins in different cancer types such as glioblastoma, colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers, and neuroblastoma. Although HCMV may not be directly associated with the neoplastic transformation, the presence of HCMV DNA in the tumorous tissue has been associated with altered clinical outcomes in cancer patients. However, the mechanisms involved in the association between colorectal cancer (CRC) and HCMV are unclear. In this study, we investigated the influence of HCMV infection on CRC or their derived cells. Proliferation and migration assays revealed a high infection efficiency in CRC-derived HT29 and SW480 'stem-like' cells. After 24, 48 and 72 h of HCMV infection, both HT29 and SW480 parental and stem-like cells showed a significant increase in cell proliferation and viability (p<0.0001). Moreover, HCMV infection promoted cell migration. These results demonstrate a significant phenotypic alteration in the CRC cell line upon HCMV infection. Using epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) assays, we demonstrated that the EMT markers and driver genes were upregulated during the virus infection. The WNT signaling pathway, which is associated with the proliferation and migration of CRC cells, was upregulated (6-fold) in HCMV-infected cells as compared to the non-infected cells at day 7 from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Huai Teo
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsin-Pai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jason C Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Jiun Chan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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19
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Mehravaran H, Makvandi M, Samarbaf Zade A, Neisi N, Kiani H, Radmehr H, Shahani T, Hoseini SZ, Ranjbari N, Nahid Samiei R. Association of Human Cytomegalovirus with Hodgkin’s Disease and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:593-597. [PMID: 28440608 PMCID: PMC5464470 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.3.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can persist lifelong as a latent infection and may result in a series of disorders. Associations with both Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin´s lymphomas have been reported. Expression of the unique long (UL)138 gene of HCMV is linked with the viral latency phase while that of the immediate-early (IE)1 gene is typical of the viral replication phase in patients. This study conducted to determine the prevalence of CMV latent infection in histological tissue samples from patients with Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin´s lymphomas. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out with a total of 50 paraffin embedded tissues blocks, including 25 samples for Hodgkin’s disease and 25 samples for non-Hodgkin´s lymphomas. After RNA extraction and cDNA preparation, detection of IE1 mRNA was conducted by RT-PCR and identification of mRNA UL138 was achieved by nested PCR. Results: Among 25 cases of Non-Hodgkin´s lymphoma, 5 (20%) were positive for UL 138 and 1 (4%) for both IE1 and UL 138. Among 25 cases of Hodgkin only 1 (4%) was positive for UL 138 and all were negative for IE1 Conclusion: A relatively high 20% rate of expression of UL 138 was detected in patients with non-Hodgkin´s lymphoma, so that latent CMV infection may play a role in development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamide Mehravaran
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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20
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Human cytomegalovirus detection in gastric cancer and its possible association with lymphatic metastasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 88:62-68. [PMID: 28238538 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is associated with many human malignancies. However, its prevalence in gastric cancer (GC) and clinical association remain unknown. HCMV IgG and IgM antibodies in the sera of 80 GC patients and 80 healthy controls were detected using a microparticle enzyme immunoassay. The prevalence of HCMV UL47, UL55, UL56, and UL77 genes among 102 GC tumor tissues and adjacent normal specimens was measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or nested PCR. Quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) was used to determine viral load. Virus localization in neoplastic tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. No significant difference of HCMV IgG and IgM seropositivity was found between GC patients and the healthy group. However, the overall HCMV DNA positivity rate was significantly higher in GC cancerous tissue compared with in paired normal tissue (P<0.01). HCMV infection was mainly localized in the tumorous epithelium. Q-PCR in HCMV-positive specimens indicated that the viral copy number was notably higher in GC tissues than in adjacent normal specimens (P<0.001). Clinical statistical analysis indicated that HCMV load in GC tumor tissue was positively associated with lymphatic metastasis (P=0.043), the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.6638. Our data clearly provide the prevalence of HCMV in GC patients. We conclude that HCMV infection in malignant tissues might be associated with carcinogenesis or progression of GC and possibly relates to lymphatic metastasis.
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21
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Chen HP, Jiang JK, Chen CY, Yang CY, Chen YC, Lin CH, Chou TY, Cho WL, Chan YJ. Identification of human cytomegalovirus in tumour tissues of colorectal cancer and its association with the outcome of non-elderly patients. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2411-2420. [PMID: 27435237 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) plays an oncomodulatory role in human cancers. In colorectal cancer (CRC), presence of HCMV in tumours has been associated with a poor outcome in elderly patients. This study aimed to investigate the association between HCMV and the outcome of non-elderly patients with CRC. In tumour samples, HCMV DNA was detected by PCR. Viral transcript and protein were detected by in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemical staining (IHC), respectively. Clinical, pathological and survival data were compared between patients with HCMV-positive and -negative tumours. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyse the expression levels of cellular signals related to CRC progression and metastasis. Among 89 CRC non-elderly patients aged <65 years, HCMV was detected in 31 (34.8 %) tumour samples by PCR. By ISH and IHC, viral transcript and protein specifically localized to the cytoplasm of neoplastic mucosal epithelium. Outcome analysis revealed a more favourable disease-free survival (DFS) rate in patients with HCMV-positive tumours (P<0.01), specifically in patients with stage III disease. In a multivariate Cox proportional-hazard model, tumoural presence of HCMV independently predicted a higher DFS rate (hazard ratio 0.22; 95 % confidence interval 0.075-0.66, P<0.01). By qRT-PCR, the tumoural levels of interleukin-1 were relatively lower in samples positive for HCMV. The results suggest that HCMV may influence the outcome of CRC in an age-dependent manner and possibly has a dual oncomodulatory effect. How the virus interacts with the tumour microenvironment should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Pai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jeng-Kai Jiang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Yung Yang
- Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Chung Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Yang-Ming University Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Teh-Ying Chou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Long Cho
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Jiun Chan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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