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Chen G, Hu X, Huang Y, Xiang X, Pan S, Chen R, Xu X. Role of the immune system in liver transplantation and its implications for therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e444. [PMID: 38098611 PMCID: PMC10719430 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver transplantation (LT) stands as the gold standard for treating end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, yet postoperative complications continue to impact survival rates. The liver's unique immune system, governed by a microenvironment of diverse immune cells, is disrupted during processes like ischemia-reperfusion injury posttransplantation, leading to immune imbalance, inflammation, and subsequent complications. In the posttransplantation period, immune cells within the liver collaboratively foster a tolerant environment, crucial for immune tolerance and liver regeneration. While clinical trials exploring cell therapy for LT complications exist, a comprehensive summary is lacking. This review provides an insight into the intricacies of the liver's immune microenvironment, with a specific focus on macrophages and T cells as primary immune players. Delving into the immunological dynamics at different stages of LT, we explore the disruptions after LT and subsequent immune responses. Focusing on immune cell targeting for treating liver transplant complications, we provide a comprehensive summary of ongoing clinical trials in this domain, especially cell therapies. Furthermore, we offer innovative treatment strategies that leverage the opportunities and prospects identified in the therapeutic landscape. This review seeks to advance our understanding of LT immunology and steer the development of precise therapies for postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanrong Chen
- The Fourth School of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xin Hu
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Yingchen Huang
- The Fourth School of Clinical MedicineZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaonan Xiang
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Sheng Pan
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Ronggao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xiao Xu
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
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2
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Cao Q, Wang R, Niu Z, Chen T, Azmi F, Read SA, Chen J, Lee VW, Zhou C, Julovi S, Huang Q, Wang YM, Starkey MR, Zheng G, Alexander SI, George J, Wang Y, Harris DC. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells are protective against hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100837. [PMID: 37691688 PMCID: PMC10482753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Although type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were originally found to be liver-resident lymphocytes, the role and importance of ILC2 in liver injury remains poorly understood. In the current study, we sought to determine whether ILC2 is an important regulator of hepatic ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Methods ILC2-deficient mice (ICOS-T or NSG) and genetically modified ILC2s were used to investigate the role of ILC2s in murine hepatic IRI. Interactions between ILC2s and eosinophils or macrophages were studied in coculture. The role of human ILC2s was assessed in an immunocompromised mouse model of hepatic IRI. Results Administration of IL-33 prevented hepatic IRI in association with reduction of neutrophil infiltration and inflammatory mediators in the liver. IL-33-treated mice had elevated numbers of ILC2s, eosinophils, and regulatory T cells. Eosinophils, but not regulatory T cells, were required for IL-33-mediated hepatoprotection in IRI mice. Depletion of ILC2s substantially abolished the protective effect of IL-33 in hepatic IRI, indicating that ILC2s play critical roles in IL-33-mediated liver protection. Adoptive transfer of ex vivo-expanded ILC2s improved liver function and attenuated histologic damage in mice subjected to IRI. Mechanistic studies combining genetic and adoptive transfer approaches identified a protective role of ILC2s through promoting IL-13-dependent induction of anti-inflammatory macrophages and IL-5-dependent elevation of eosinophils in IRI. Furthermore, in vivo expansion of human ILC2s by IL-33 or transfer of ex vivo-expanded human ILC2s ameliorated hepatic IRI in an immunocompromised mouse model of hepatic IRI. Conclusions This study provides insight into the mechanisms of ILC2-mediated liver protection that could serve as therapeutic targets to treat acute liver injury. Impact and Implications We report that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are important regulators in a mouse model of liver ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Through manipulation of macrophage and eosinophil phenotypes, ILC2s mitigate liver inflammation and injury during liver IRI. We propose that ILC2s have the potential to serve as a therapeutic tool for protecting against acute liver injury and lay the foundation for translation of ILC2 therapy to human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiguo Niu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Titi Chen
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Farhana Azmi
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott A. Read
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vincent W.S. Lee
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chunze Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Sohel Julovi
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Qingsong Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm R. Starkey
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen I. Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David C.H. Harris
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ahmed O, Robinson MW, O'Farrelly C. Inflammatory processes in the liver: divergent roles in homeostasis and pathology. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1375-1386. [PMID: 33864004 PMCID: PMC8166849 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00639-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatic immune system is designed to tolerate diverse harmless foreign moieties to maintain homeostasis in the healthy liver. Constant priming and regulation ensure that appropriate immune activation occurs when challenged by pathogens and tissue damage. Failure to accurately discriminate, regulate, or effectively resolve inflammation offsets this balance, jeopardizing overall tissue health resulting from an either overly tolerant or an overactive inflammatory response. Compelling scientific and clinical evidence links dysregulated hepatic immune and inflammatory responses upon sterile injury to several pathological conditions in the liver, particularly nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Murine and human studies have described interactions between diverse immune repertoires and nonhematopoietic cell populations in both physiological and pathological activities in the liver, although the molecular mechanisms driving these associations are not clearly understood. Here, we review the dynamic roles of inflammatory mediators in responses to sterile injury in the context of homeostasis and disease, the clinical implications of dysregulated hepatic immune activity and therapeutic developments to regulate liver-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Ahmed
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark W Robinson
- Department of Biology, Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Apraiz A, Benedicto A, Marquez J, Agüera-Lorente A, Asumendi A, Olaso E, Arteta B. Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Malignant Melanoma Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113177. [PMID: 33138017 PMCID: PMC7692065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the innate counterparts of adaptive immune cells. Emerging data indicate that they are also key players in the progression of multiple tumors. In this review we briefly describe ILCs’ functions in the skin, lungs and liver. Next, we analyze the role of ILCs in primary cutaneous melanoma and in its most frequent and deadly metastases, those in liver and lung. We focus on their dual anti– and pro-tumoral functions, depending on the cross-interactions among them and with the surrounding stromal cells that form the tumor microenvironment (TME) in each organ. Next, we detail the role of extracellular vesicles secreted to the TME by ILCs and melanoma on both cell populations. We conclude that the identification of markers and tools to allow the modulation of individual ILC subsets, in addition to the development of standardized protocols, is essential for addressing the therapeutic modulation of ILCs. Abstract The role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in cancer progression has been uncovered in recent years. ILCs are classified as Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 ILCs, which are characterized by the transcription factors necessary for their development and the cytokines and chemokines they produce. ILCs are a highly heterogeneous cell population, showing both anti– and protumoral properties and capable of adapting their phenotypes and functions depending on the signals they receive from their surrounding environment. ILCs are considered the innate counterparts of the adaptive immune cells during physiological and pathological processes, including cancer, and as such, ILC subsets reflect different types of T cells. In cancer, each ILC subset plays a crucial role, not only in innate immunity but also as regulators of the tumor microenvironment. ILCs’ interplay with other immune and stromal cells in the metastatic microenvironment further dictates and influences this dichotomy, further strengthening the seed-and-soil theory and supporting the formation of more suitable and organ-specific metastatic environments. Here, we review the present knowledge on the different ILC subsets, focusing on their interplay with components of the tumor environment during the development of primary melanoma as well as on metastatic progression to organs, such as the liver or lung.
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Zhang X, Wen X, Feng N, Chen A, Yao S, Ding X, Zhang L. Increased Expression of T-Box Transcription Factor Protein 21 (TBX21) in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma Predicts Better Prognosis: A Study Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Databases. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923087. [PMID: 32561704 PMCID: PMC7325556 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-box transcription factor protein 21 (TBX21) is expressed in immune cells and some tumor cells. Defects in TBX21 gene can cause Th1/Th2 imbalance, which is closely related to tumorigenesis. The expression and clinical value of TBX21 in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) are not clear. MATERIAL AND METHODS RNA-Seq expression and clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and logistic regression were used to explore the relationship between TBX21 expression and clinical parameters such as gender, stage, etc. The correlation between clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival of SKCM patients was estimated by Cox regression and the Kaplan-Meier method. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) were conducted to analyze the potential mechanism of TBX21 in the progression of SKCM. RESULTS Compared with normal samples, TBX21 was significantly upregulated in SKCM tissues. SKCM patients with lower TBX21 expression might have a worse prognosis than those with higher TBX21 expression according to Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Cox analysis also reached the same conclusion: TBX21 was an independent prognostic indicator. GSEA showed that the highly expressed phenotypes in TBX21 were enriched to varying degrees with various signaling pathways. PPI network showed the top 10 proteins that were closely related to TBX21. CONCLUSIONS TBX21 expression was significantly correlated with the prognosis of SKCM patients and was found to be involved in a great many immunological pathways that affect the occurrence and development of tumors.
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Gómez‐Massa E, Talayero P, Utrero‐Rico A, Laguna‐Goya R, Andrés A, Mancebo E, Leivas A, Polanco‐Fernández N, Justo I, Jimenez‐Romero C, Pleguezuelo D, Paz‐Artal E. Number and function of circulatory helper innate lymphoid cells are unaffected by immunosuppressive drugs used in solid organ recipients – a single centre cohort study. Transpl Int 2020; 33:402-413. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gómez‐Massa
- Department of Immunology University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
- Imas12 Research Institute University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
| | - Paloma Talayero
- Department of Immunology University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
- Imas12 Research Institute University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
| | | | - Rocío Laguna‐Goya
- Department of Immunology University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
- Imas12 Research Institute University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
- School of Medicine Complutense University Madrid Spain
| | - Amado Andrés
- Imas12 Research Institute University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
- Department of Nephrology University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
| | - Esther Mancebo
- Department of Immunology University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
- Imas12 Research Institute University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
| | - Alejandra Leivas
- H12O‐CNIO Hematological Malignancies Research Unit Madrid Spain
- Department of Hematology University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
| | | | - Iago Justo
- HPB Surgery and Abdominal Transplantation Unit General Surgery Service University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos Jimenez‐Romero
- Imas12 Research Institute University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
- School of Medicine Complutense University Madrid Spain
- HPB Surgery and Abdominal Transplantation Unit General Surgery Service University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
| | - Daniel Pleguezuelo
- Department of Immunology University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
- Imas12 Research Institute University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
| | - Estela Paz‐Artal
- Department of Immunology University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
- Imas12 Research Institute University Hospital 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain
- School of Medicine Complutense University Madrid Spain
- Section of Immunology San Pablo CEU University Madrid Spain
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Irshad M, Gupta P, Irshad K. Immunopathogenesis of Liver Injury During Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:112-120. [PMID: 30817236 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present report describes current concepts about the mechanism of liver cell injury caused by host immune response against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in human beings. This report is based on the observations from experimental studies and follow-up actions on human liver diseases. The results from different investigations suggest that liver injury depends on the presentation of viral antigen and the level of host immune response raised against HCV-related peptides. Both innate and adaptive immunity are triggered to counter the viral onset. During development of host immunity, the cell-mediated immune response involving CD4+ Th1 cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) cells were found to play a major role in causing liver damage. The hepatic Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) subsets are involved in the immune regulation of different liver diseases: viral hepatitis, mechanical liver injury, and fibrosis. Humoral immunity and natural killer (NK) cell action also contributed in liver cell injury by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In fact, immunopathogenesis of HCV infection is a complex phenomenon where regulation of immune response at several steps decides the possibility of viral elimination or persistence. Regulation of immune response was noted starting from viral-host interaction to immune reaction cascade engaged in cell damage. The activation or suppression of interferon-stimulated genes, NK cell action, CTL inducement by regulatory T cells (Treg), B cell proliferation, and so on was demonstrated during HCV infection. Involvement of HLA in antigen presentation, as well as types of viral genotypes, also influenced host immune response against HCV peptides. The combined effect of all these effector mechanisms ultimately decides the progression of viral onset to acute or chronic infection. In conclusion, immunopathogenesis of liver injury after HCV infection may be ascribed mainly to host immune response. Second, it is cell-mediated immunity that plays a predominant role in liver cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Irshad
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- 2 Clinical Biochemistry Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Khushboo Irshad
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Cai J, Zhang XJ, Li H. Role of Innate Immune Signaling in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:712-722. [PMID: 30131212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most epidemic liver disease worldwide owing to rapid changes in lifestyle over the past few decades. This chronic condition intertwines with low-grade inflammation and metabolic disequilibrium, and potentiates the onset and progression of devastating hepatic and extrahepatic complications. In addition to an integral role in promoting host defense, recent studies also implicate innate immune signaling in a multitude of processes that control the progression of NAFLD. The focus of this review is to highlight emerging evidence regarding the role of innate immunity in NAFLD and the integration of different pathways that affect both inflammation and metabolism across the spectrum of this liver morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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