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Xia EJ, Zou S, Zhao X, Liu W, Zhang Y, Zhao IS. Extracellular vesicles as therapeutic tools in regenerative dentistry. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:365. [PMID: 39402576 PMCID: PMC11476107 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental and maxillofacial diseases are always accompanied by complicated hard and soft tissue defects, involving bone, teeth, blood vessels and nerves, which are difficult to repair and severely affect the life quality of patients. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by all types of cells and extracted from body fluids have gained more attention as potential solutions for tissue regeneration due to their special physiological characteristics and intrinsic signaling molecules. Compared to stem cells, EVs present lower immunogenicity and tumorigenicity, cause fewer ethical problems, and have higher stability. Thus, EV therapy may have a broad clinical application in regenerative dentistry. Herein, we reviewed the currently available literature regarding the functional roles of EVs in oral and maxillofacial tissue regeneration, including in maxilla and mandible bone, periodontal tissues, temporomandibular joint cartilage, dental hard tissues, peripheral nerves and soft tissues. We also summarized the underlying mechanisms of actions of EVs and their delivery strategies for dental tissue regeneration. This review would provide helpful guidelines and valuable insights into the emerging potential of EVs in future research and clinical applications in regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Jingwen Xia
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, 1088 Xueyuan Ave, Shenzhen, 518015, China
| | - Shasha Zou
- Longgang Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xiu Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, 518015, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, 518015, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, 1088 Xueyuan Ave, Shenzhen, 518015, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518015, China.
| | - Irene Shuping Zhao
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, 1088 Xueyuan Ave, Shenzhen, 518015, China.
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2
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Khan S, Mahgoub S, Fallatah N, Lalor PF, Newsome PN. Liver Disease and Cell Therapy: Advances Made and Remaining Challenges. Stem Cells 2023; 41:739-761. [PMID: 37052348 PMCID: PMC10809282 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The limited availability of organs for liver transplantation, the ultimate curative treatment for end stage liver disease, has resulted in a growing and unmet need for alternative therapies. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) with their broad ranging anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties have therefore emerged as a promising therapeutic agent in treating inflammatory liver disease. Significant strides have been made in exploring their biological activity. Clinical application of MSC has shifted the paradigm from using their regenerative potential to one which harnesses their immunomodulatory properties. Reassuringly, MSCs have been extensively investigated for over 30 years with encouraging efficacy and safety data from translational and early phase clinical studies, but questions remain about their utility. Therefore, in this review, we examine the translational and clinical studies using MSCs in various liver diseases and their impact on dampening immune-mediated liver damage. Our key observations include progress made thus far with use of MSCs for clinical use, inconsistency in the literature to allow meaningful comparison between different studies and need for standardized protocols for MSC manufacture and administration. In addition, the emerging role of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles as an alternative to MSC has been reviewed. We have also highlighted some of the remaining clinical challenges that should be addressed before MSC can progress to be considered as therapy for patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Khan
- National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Sara Mahgoub
- National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Nada Fallatah
- National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Patricia F Lalor
- National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
| | - Philip N Newsome
- National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK
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3
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Domínguez LM, Bueloni B, Cantero MJ, Albornoz M, Pacienza N, Biani C, Luzzani C, Miriuka S, García M, Atorrasagasti C, Yannarelli G, Bayo J, Fiore E, Mazzolini G. Chromatographic Scalable Method to Isolate Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119586. [PMID: 37298538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic options for liver cirrhosis are needed. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising tool for delivering therapeutic factors in regenerative medicine. Our aim is to establish a new therapeutic tool that employs EVs derived from MSCs to deliver therapeutic factors for liver fibrosis. EVs were isolated from supernatants of adipose tissue MSCs, induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived MSCs, and umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVC-EVs) by ion exchange chromatography (IEC). To produce engineered EVs, HUCPVCs were transduced with adenoviruses that code for insulin-like growth factor 1 (AdhIGF-I-HUCPVC-EVs) or green fluorescent protein. EVs were characterized by electron microscopy, flow cytometry, ELISA, and proteomic analysis. We evaluated EVs' antifibrotic effect in thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in mice and on hepatic stellate cells in vitro. We found that IEC-isolated HUCPVC-EVs have an analogous phenotype and antifibrotic activity to those isolated by ultracentrifugation. EVs derived from the three MSCs sources showed a similar phenotype and antifibrotic potential. EVs derived from AdhIGF-I-HUCPVC carried IGF-1 and showed a higher therapeutic effect in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, proteomic analysis revealed that HUCPVC-EVs carry key proteins involved in their antifibrotic process. This scalable MSC-derived EV manufacturing strategy is a promising therapeutic tool for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Bueloni
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ma José Cantero
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Milagros Albornoz
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Pacienza
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1078, Argentina
| | - Celeste Biani
- LIAN-CONICET, Fleni, Belén de Escobar B1625, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Luzzani
- LIAN-CONICET, Fleni, Belén de Escobar B1625, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Miriuka
- LIAN-CONICET, Fleni, Belén de Escobar B1625, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana García
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catalina Atorrasagasti
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Yannarelli
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMeTTyB), Universidad Favaloro-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1078, Argentina
| | - Juan Bayo
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Fiore
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Mazzolini
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Austral, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Pilar B1629, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Khosravi-Farsani S, Zaminy A, Kazemi S, Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori M. Mesenchymal stem cells versus their conditioned medium in the treatment of ischemia/reperfusion injury: Evaluation of efficacy and hepatic specific gene expression in mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:799-807. [PMID: 36033951 PMCID: PMC9392563 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.62642.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of MSCs on hepatic I/R injury are still poorly described, especially the changes in hepatocyte gene expression. In this study, the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) and their conditioned medium on hepatocyte gene expression resulted by I/R shock were investigated. Materials and Methods Liver ischemia models were induced by clamping in experimental groups. Experimental groups received MSCs or conditioned medium treatments and the control group received Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). During 1, 24 hr, and 1 week after treatment, the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes and tissue catalase activity (CAT) were measured. Gene expression of a number of hepatocyte-specific genes (Alb, Afp, and Ck8) and Icam-1 which is upregulated under inflammatory conditions were also evaluated in 5, 24 hr, and 1-week intervals after I/R insult. Results In this study, liver enzymes showed a much more shift in the control group than treated groups and it was more noticeable 5 hr post-treatment. Moreover, gene expression pattern of the control group underwent changes after I/R injury. However, treated groups gene expression analysis met a steady trend after I/R insult. Conclusion Our finding shows that stem cell treatment has better curative effects than conditioned medium. BMSCs, AMSCs or BMSC and AMSC-derived bioactive molecules injection have potential to be considered as a therapeutic approach for treating acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Khosravi-Farsani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Arash Zaminy
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Morteza Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran,Corresponding author: Morteza Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. Tel: +98-38-33331471;
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5
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Recent Advancements in Antifibrotic Therapies for Regression of Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091500. [PMID: 35563807 PMCID: PMC9104939 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is a severe form of liver fibrosis that results in the irreversible replacement of liver tissue with scar tissue in the liver. Environmental toxicity, infections, metabolic causes, or other genetic factors including autoimmune hepatitis can lead to chronic liver injury and can result in inflammation and fibrosis. This activates myofibroblasts to secrete ECM proteins, resulting in the formation of fibrous scars on the liver. Fibrosis regression is possible through the removal of pathophysiological causes as well as the elimination of activated myofibroblasts, resulting in the reabsorption of the scar tissue. To date, a wide range of antifibrotic therapies has been tried and tested, with varying degrees of success. These therapies include the use of growth factors, cytokines, miRNAs, monoclonal antibodies, stem-cell-based approaches, and other approaches that target the ECM. The positive results of preclinical and clinical studies raise the prospect of a viable alternative to liver transplantation in the near future. The present review provides a synopsis of recent antifibrotic treatment modalities for the treatment of liver cirrhosis, as well as a brief summary of clinical trials that have been conducted to date.
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The Potential Clinical Use of Stem/Progenitor Cells and Organoids in Liver Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091410. [PMID: 35563716 PMCID: PMC9101582 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver represents the most important metabolic organ of the human body. It is evident that an imbalance of liver function can lead to several pathological conditions, known as liver failure. Orthotropic liver transplantation (OLT) is currently the most effective and established treatment for end-stage liver diseases and acute liver failure (ALF). Due to several limitations, stem-cell-based therapies are currently being developed as alternative solutions. Stem cells or progenitor cells derived from various sources have emerged as an alternative source of hepatic regeneration. Therefore, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are also known to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells (HPLCs) and liver progenitor cells (LPCs) that can be used in preclinical or clinical studies of liver disease. Furthermore, these cells have been shown to be effective in the development of liver organoids that can be used for disease modeling, drug testing and regenerative medicine. In this review, we aim to discuss the characteristics of stem-cell-based therapies for liver diseases and present the current status and future prospects of using HLCs, LPCs or liver organoids in clinical trials.
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7
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Clinical Trials Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Challenges in Generating Evidence. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061019. [PMID: 35326470 PMCID: PMC8946989 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains an important public health problem which often causes permanent loss of muscle strength, sensation, and function below the site of the injury, generating physical, psychological, and social impacts throughout the lives of the affected individuals, since there are no effective treatments available. The use of stem cells has been investigated as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of SCI. Although a significant number of studies have been conducted in pre-clinical and clinical settings, so far there is no established cell therapy for the treatment of SCI. One aspect that makes it difficult to evaluate the efficacy is the heterogeneity of experimental designs in the clinical trials that have been published. Cell transplantation methods vary widely among the trials, and there are still no standardized protocols or recommendations for the therapeutic use of stem cells in SCI. Among the different cell types, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are the most frequently tested in clinical trials for SCI treatment. This study reviews the clinical applications of MSCs for SCI, focusing on the critical analysis of 17 clinical trials published thus far, with emphasis on their design and quality. Moreover, it highlights the need for more evidence-based studies designed as randomized controlled trials and potential challenges to be addressed in context of stem cell therapies for SCI.
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8
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Tan L, Liu X, Dou H, Hou Y. Characteristics and regulation of mesenchymal stem cell plasticity by the microenvironment — specific factors involved in the regulation of MSC plasticity. Genes Dis 2022; 9:296-309. [PMID: 35224147 PMCID: PMC8843883 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), multipotent stromal cells, have attracted extensive attention in the field of regenerative medicine and cell therapy due to the capacity of self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and immune regulation. MSCs have different cellular effects in different diseases, and even have markedly different curative effects with different tissue sources, indicating the plasticity of MSCs. The phenotypes, secreted factors, and proliferative, migratory, differentiating, and immunomodulatory effects of MSCs depend on certain mediators present in their microenvironment. Understanding microenvironmental factors and their internal mechanisms in MSC responses may help in subsequent prediction and improvement of clinical benefits. This review highlighted the recent advances in MSC plasticity in the physiological and pathological microenvironment and multiple microenvironmental factors regulating MSC plasticity. It also highlighted some progress in the underlying molecular mechanisms of MSC remodeling in the microenvironment. It might provide references for the improvement in vitro culture of MSCs, clinical application, and in vivo induction.
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9
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Domínguez LM, Fiore EJ, Mazzolini GD. Generation and characterization of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells for cell therapy applications. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 170:189-202. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Bagno LL, Salerno AG, Balkan W, Hare JM. Mechanism of Action of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs): impact of delivery method. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 22:449-463. [PMID: 34882517 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2016695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs; AKA mesenchymal stem cells) stimulate healing and reduce inflammation. Promising therapeutic responses are seen in many late-phase clinical trials, but others have not satisfied their primary endpoints, making translation of MSCs into clinical practice difficult. These inconsistencies may be related to the route of MSC delivery, lack of product optimization, or varying background therapies received in clinical trials over time. AREAS COVERED Here we discuss the different routes of MSC delivery, highlighting the proposed mechanism(s) of therapeutic action as well as potential safety concerns. PubMed search criteria used: MSC plus: local administration; routes of administration; delivery methods; mechanism of action; therapy in different diseases. EXPERT OPINION Direct injection of MSCs using a controlled local delivery approach appears to have benefits in certain disease states, but further studies are required to make definitive conclusions regarding the superiority of one delivery method over another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza L Bagno
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alessandro G Salerno
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Wayne Balkan
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami
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11
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Lim SK, Khoo BY. An overview of mesenchymal stem cells and their potential therapeutic benefits in cancer therapy. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:785. [PMID: 34594426 PMCID: PMC8456491 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been increased interest in using stem cells for regenerative medicine and cancer therapy in the past decade. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are among the most studied stem cells due to their unique characteristics, such as self-renewal and developmental potency to differentiate into numerous cell types. MSC use has fewer ethical challenges compared with other types of stem cells. Although a number of studies have reported the beneficial effects of MSC-based therapies in treating various diseases, their contribution to cancer therapy remains controversial. The behaviour of MSCs is determined by the interaction between intrinsic transcriptional genes and extrinsic environmental factors. Numerous studies continue to emerge, as there is no denying the potential of MSCs to treat a wide variety of human afflictions. Therefore, the present review article provided an overview of MSCs and their differences compared with embryonic stem cells, and described the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining their stemness. In addition, the article examined the therapeutic application of stem cells in the field of cancer. The present article also discussed the current divergent roles of MSCs in cancer therapy and the future potential in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shern Kwok Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Boon Yin Khoo
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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12
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Yang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Zhang F, Li L. The Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Liver Diseases: Mechanism, Efficacy, and Safety Issues. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:655268. [PMID: 34136500 PMCID: PMC8200416 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.655268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a novel treatment for liver diseases due to the roles of MSCs in regeneration, fibrosis inhibition and immune regulation. However, the mechanisms are still not completely understood. Despite the significant efficacy of MSC therapy in animal models and preliminary clinical trials, issues remain. The efficacy and safety of MSC-based therapy in the treatment of liver diseases remains a challenging issue that requires more investigation. This article reviews recent studies on the mechanisms of MSCs in liver diseases and the associated challenges and suggests potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yalei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingjian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Ahmed U, Ahmed R, Masoud MS, Tariq M, Ashfaq UA, Augustine R, Hasan A. Stem cells based in vitro models: trends and prospects in biomaterials cytotoxicity studies. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:042003. [PMID: 33686970 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe6d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Advanced biomaterials are increasingly used for numerous medical applications from the delivery of cancer-targeted therapeutics to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The issues of foreign body reactions induced by biomaterials must be controlled for preventing treatment failure. Therefore, it is important to assess the biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of biomaterials on cell culture systems before proceeding to in vivo studies in animal models and subsequent clinical trials. Direct use of biomaterials on animals create technical challenges and ethical issues and therefore, the use of non-animal models such as stem cell cultures could be useful for determination of their safety. However, failure to recapitulate the complex in vivo microenvironment have largely restricted stem cell cultures for testing the cytotoxicity of biomaterials. Nevertheless, properties of stem cells such as their self-renewal and ability to differentiate into various cell lineages make them an ideal candidate for in vitro screening studies. Furthermore, the application of stem cells in biomaterials screening studies may overcome the challenges associated with the inability to develop a complex heterogeneous tissue using primary cells. Currently, embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells are being used as in vitro preliminary biomaterials testing models with demonstrated advantages over mature primary cell or cell line based in vitro models. This review discusses the status and future directions of in vitro stem cell-based cultures and their derivatives such as spheroids and organoids for the screening of their safety before their application to animal models and human in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzair Ahmed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000 Punjab, Pakistan
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14
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Chiabotto G, Pasquino C, Camussi G, Bruno S. Molecular Pathways Modulated by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles in Experimental Models of Liver Fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:594794. [PMID: 33425900 PMCID: PMC7794013 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.594794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
End-stage liver fibrosis is common to all chronic liver diseases. Since liver transplantation has several limitations, including lack of donors, immunological rejection, and high medical costs, therapeutic alternatives are needed. The administration of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been proven effective in tissue regeneration after damage. However, the risk of uncontrolled side effects, such as cellular rejection and tumorigenesis, should be taken into consideration. A safer alternative to MSC transplantation is represented by the MSC secretome, which retains the same beneficial effect of the cell of origin, without showing any considerable side effect. The paracrine effect of MSCs is mainly carried out by secreted particles in the nanometer range, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) that play a fundamental role in intercellular communication. In this review, we discuss the current literature on MSCs and MSC-EVs, focusing on their potential therapeutic action in liver fibrosis and on their molecular content (proteins and RNA), which contributes in reverting fibrosis and prompting tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chiabotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Pasquino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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15
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Yin F, Wang WY, Mao LC, Cai QQ, Jiang WH. Effect of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transfected with HGF on TGF-β1/Smad Signaling Pathway in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Fibrosis Rats. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1395-1406. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li-Cui Mao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi-Qi Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Hua Jiang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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16
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Rostom DM, Attia N, Khalifa HM, Abou Nazel MW, El Sabaawy EA. The Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles Versus Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Liver Damage. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:537-552. [PMID: 32506351 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold significant potential as a novel alternative to whole-cell therapy. We herein compare the therapeutic potential of BM-MSCs versus their EVs (MSC-EVs) in an experimental Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage rat model. METHODS Rats with liver damage received a single IV injection of MSC-EVs, 1 million MSCs, or 3 million MSCs. The therapeutic efficacy of each treatment was assessed using liver histopathology, liver function tests and immunohistochemistry for liver fibrosis and hepatocellular injury. RESULTS Animals that received an injection of either MSCs-EVs or 3 million MSCs depicted significant regression of collagen deposition in the liver tissue and marked attenuation of hepatocellular damage, both structurally and functionally. CONCLUSION Similar to high doses of MSC-based therapy (3 million MSCs), MSC-EVs mitigated the fibrogenesis and hepatocellular injury in a rat model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. The anti-fibrinogenic effect was induced by attenuating hepatic stellate cell activation. Therefore, the administration of MSC-EVs could be considered as a candidate cell-free therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis and hepatocellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M Rostom
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Dr. Fahmi Abdelmeguid St., Mowassah Campus, Alexandria, 21561, Egypt
| | - Noha Attia
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Dr. Fahmi Abdelmeguid St., Mowassah Campus, Alexandria, 21561, Egypt. .,Department of Basic Sciences, The American University of Antigua - College of Medicine, University Park, Jabberwock Beach Road, P.O. Box 1451, Coolidge, Antigua and Barbuda.
| | - Hoda M Khalifa
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Dr. Fahmi Abdelmeguid St., Mowassah Campus, Alexandria, 21561, Egypt
| | - Maha W Abou Nazel
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Dr. Fahmi Abdelmeguid St., Mowassah Campus, Alexandria, 21561, Egypt
| | - Eshrak A El Sabaawy
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Dr. Fahmi Abdelmeguid St., Mowassah Campus, Alexandria, 21561, Egypt
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17
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Chiabotto G, Camussi G, Bruno S. Role of ncRNAs in modulation of liver fibrosis by extracellular vesicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41544-020-00050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles carrying bioactive lipids, proteins and nucleic acids of the cell of origin. In particular, EVs carry non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and the vesicle membrane may protect them from degradation. Once released within the extracellular space, EVs can transfer their cargo, including ncRNAs, to neighboring or distant cells, thus inducing phenotypical and functional changes that may be relevant in several physio-pathological conditions. This review provides an overview of the role of EV-carried ncRNAs in the modulation of liver fibrosis. In particular, we focused on EV-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved into the development of liver fibrosis and on the potential use of EV-associated ncRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of liver fibrosis.
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18
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Agarwal T, Biswas P, Pal S, Maiti TK, Chakraborty S, Ghosh SK, Dhar R. Inexpensive and Versatile Paper-Based Platform for 3D Culture of Liver Cells and Related Bioassays. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2522-2533. [PMID: 35025303 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Pratik Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Sampriti Pal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Sudip Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Riddhiman Dhar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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19
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Li X, Xu A, Li K, Zhang J, Li Q, Zhao G, Zhang Y, Yuan H, Guo Y, Lin P, Huang L. CXCR4-SF1 bifunctional adipose-derived stem cells benefit for the treatment of Leydig cell dysfunction-related diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4633-4645. [PMID: 32181567 PMCID: PMC7176872 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation is a candidate method for the treatment of Leydig cell dysfunction-related diseases. However, there are still many problems that limit its clinical application. Here, we report the establishment of CXCR4-SF1 bifunctional adipose-derived stem cells (CXCR4-SF1-ADSCs) and their reparative effect on Leydig cell dysfunction. CD29+ CD44+ CD34- CD45- ADSCs were isolated from adipose tissue and purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Infection with lentiviruses carrying the CXCR4 and SF1 genes was applied to construct CXCR4-SF1-ADSCs. The CXCR4-SF1-ADSCs exhibited enhanced migration and had the ability to differentiate into Leydig-like cells in vitro. Furthermore, the bifunctional ADSCs were injected into BPA-mediated Leydig cell damage model mice via the tail vein. We found that the CXCR4-SF1-ADSCs were capable of homing to the injured testes, differentiating into Leydig-like cells and repairing the deficiency in reproductive function caused by Leydig cell dysfunction. Moreover, we investigated the mechanism underlying SF1-mediated differentiation and testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells, and the B-box and SPRY Domain Containing Protein (BSPRY) gene was proposed to be involved in this process. This study provides insight into the treatment of Leydig cell dysfunction-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ao Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Li
- Lab of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Lab of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Li
- Lab of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Lab of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Lab of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Lab of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafei Guo
- Lab of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Lab of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lugang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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20
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Mosedale M, Watkins PB. Understanding Idiosyncratic Toxicity: Lessons Learned from Drug-Induced Liver Injury. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6436-6461. [PMID: 32037821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) encompass a diverse group of toxicities that can vary by drug and patient. The complex and unpredictable nature of IADRs combined with the fact that they are rare makes them particularly difficult to predict, diagnose, and treat. Common clinical characteristics, the identification of human leukocyte antigen risk alleles, and drug-induced proliferation of lymphocytes isolated from patients support a role for the adaptive immune system in the pathogenesis of IADRs. Significant evidence also suggests a requirement for direct, drug-induced stress, neoantigen formation, and stimulation of an innate response, which can be influenced by properties intrinsic to both the drug and the patient. This Perspective will provide an overview of the clinical profile, mechanisms, and risk factors underlying IADRs as well as new approaches to study these reactions, focusing on idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrie Mosedale
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Paul B Watkins
- Institute for Drug Safety Sciences and Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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21
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Jimenez-Puerta GJ, Marchal JA, López-Ruiz E, Gálvez-Martín P. Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Therapeutic Agents: Potential Mechanisms of Action and Implications in Their Clinical Use. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020445. [PMID: 32041213 PMCID: PMC7074225 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the great therapeutic interest that involves the translation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) into clinical practice, they have been widely studied as innovative drugs, in order to treat multiple pathologies. MSC-based cell therapy involves the administration of MSCs either locally or systemically into the receptor body where they can traffic and migrate towards the affected tissue and participate in the process of healing. The therapeutic effects of MSCs compromise of different mechanisms such as the functional integration of differentiated MSCs into diseased host tissue after transplantation, their paracrine support, and their impact on the regulation of both the innate and the acquired immune system. Here, we establish and provide recent advances about the principal mechanisms of action through which MSCs can perform their activity and effect as a therapeutic tool. The purpose of this review is to examine and discuss the MSCs capacity of migration, their paracrine effect, as well as MSC-mediated modifications on immune cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo José Jimenez-Puerta
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (G.J.J.-P.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (G.J.J.-P.); (J.A.M.)
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Elena López-Ruiz
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada-University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (G.J.J.-P.); (J.A.M.)
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.L.-R.); or (P.G.-M.)
| | - Patricia Gálvez-Martín
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- R&D Human Health, Bioibérica S.A.U., 08029 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.L.-R.); or (P.G.-M.)
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22
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Zheng W, Yang Y, Sequeira RC, Bishop CE, Atala A, Gu Z, Zhao W. Effects of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells on Liver Diseases. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:442-452. [PMID: 30854976 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666190308123714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic effects of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) transplantation have been observed in various disease models. However, it is thought that MSCs-mediated effects largely depend on the paracrine manner of secreting cytokines, growth factors, and Extracellular Vesicles (EVs). Similarly, MSCs-derived EVs also showed therapeutic benefits in various liver diseases through alleviating fibrosis, improving regeneration of hepatocytes, and regulating immune activity. This review provides an overview of the MSCs, their EVs, and their therapeutic potential in treating various liver diseases including liver fibrosis, acute and chronic liver injury, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). More specifically, the mechanisms by which MSC-EVs induce therapeutic benefits in liver diseases will be covered. In addition, comparisons between MSCs and their EVs were also evaluated as regenerative medicine against liver diseases. While the mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy must continue to be evaluated and verified, MSCs-derived EVs currently show tremendous potential and promise as a regenerative medicine treatment for liver disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.,Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Yumin Yang
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuro-regeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Russel Clive Sequeira
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Colin E Bishop
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Zhifeng Gu
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
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23
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Human umbilical cord perivascular cells-derived extracellular vesicles mediate the transfer of IGF-I to the liver and ameliorate hepatic fibrogenesis in mice. Gene Ther 2019; 27:62-73. [PMID: 31551525 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) paracrine effects. We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) engineered to produce Insulin Growth Factor like-I (IGF-I) in experimental liver fibrosis and the role of EVs in this effect. HUCPVCs were engineered to produce human IGF-I (AdhIGF-I) or green fluorescence protein (AdGFP) using adenoviruses, and EVs were isolated from their conditioned medium (CM). In vitro effects of CM and EVs on hepatic stellate cells and hepatic macrophages were studied. Cells or EVs-based treatments were evaluated in thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in mice. The application of AdhIGF-I-HUCPVCs resulted in a further amelioration of liver fibrosis when compared to AdGFP-HUCPVCs and saline. Similarly, treatment with AdhIGF-I-HUCPVCs-derived EVs resulted in a reduction of collagen deposition and gene expression of the fibrogenic related molecules TGF-β1, α-SMA, and COL1A2. In vitro incubation of hepatic stellate cells with EVs-AdhIGF-I-HUCPVCs significantly reduced activation of fibrogenic cells. In addition, EVs-AdhIGF-I-HUCPVCs trigger hepatic macrophages to switch their phenotype towards anti-inflammatory phagocytes, which might be involved in the antifibrotic effect. Consistently, high levels of IGF-I were observed within EVs-AdhIGF-I-HUCPVCs but not in controls EVs. Our results showed that hIGF-I carrying EVs could mediate the paracrine mechanism by which AdhIGF-I-HUCPVCs reduce liver fibrosis.
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24
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Yin F, Wang WY, Jiang WH. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate liver fibrosis in vitro and in vivo: From biological characteristics to therapeutic mechanisms. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:548-564. [PMID: 31523373 PMCID: PMC6716089 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i8.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response to chronic injuries, characterized by the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix or scar tissue within the liver; in addition, its formation is associated with multiple cytokines as well as several cell types and a variety of signaling pathways. When liver fibrosis is not well controlled, it can progress to liver cirrhosis, but it is reversible in principle. Thus far, no efficient therapy is available for treatment of liver fibrosis. Although liver transplantation is the preferred strategy, there are many challenges remaining in this approach, such as shortage of donor organs, immunological rejection, and surgical complications. Hence, there is a great need for an alternative therapeutic strategy. Currently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is considered a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis; advantageously, the characteristics of MSCs are continuous self-renewal, proliferation, multipotent differentiation, and immunomodulatory activities. The human umbilical cord-derived (hUC)-MSCs possess not only the common attributes of MSCs but also more stable biological characteristics, relatively easy accessibility, abundant source, and no ethical issues (e.g., bone marrow being the adult source), making hUC-MSCs a good choice for treatment of liver fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the biological characteristics of hUC-MSCs and their paracrine effects, exerted by secretion of various cytokines, which ultimately promote liver repair through several signaling pathways. Additionally, we discuss the capacity of hUC-MSCs to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells for compensating the function of existing hepatocytes, which may aid in amelioration of liver fibrosis. Finally, we discuss the current status of the research field and its future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wen-Hua Jiang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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25
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Xie P, Deng M, Sun QG, Ma YG, Zhou Y, Ming JH, Chen Q, Liu SQ, Liu JQ, Cai J, Wu F. Therapeutic effect of transplantation of human bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells on neuron regeneration in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3065-3074. [PMID: 31432152 PMCID: PMC6755237 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) have been revealed to be beneficial for the regeneration of tissues and cells in several diseases. The present study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effect of hBMSC transplantation on neuron regeneration in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The hBMSCs were isolated, cultured and identified. A rat model of MCAO was induced via the modified Longa method. Neurological severity scores (NSS) were adopted for the evaluation of neuronal function in the model rats after cell transplantation. Next, the expression levels of nestin, β-III-tubulin (β-III-Tub), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), HNA and neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) were examined, as well as the positive expression rates of human neutrophil alloantigen (HNA), nestin, NeuN, β-III-Tub and GFAP. The NSS, as well as the mRNA and protein expression of nestin, decreased at the 1st, 2nd, 4 and 8th weeks, while the mRNA and protein expression of NeuN, β-III-Tub and GFAP increased with time. In addition, after treatment, the MCAO rats showed decreased NSS and mRNA and protein expression of nestin, but elevated mRNA and protein expression of NeuN, β-III-Tub and GFAP at the 2nd, 4 and 8th weeks, and decreased positive expression of HNA and nestin with enhanced expression of NeuN, β-III-Tub and GFAP. Therefore, the present findings demonstrated that hBMSC transplantation triggered the formation of nerve cells and enhanced neuronal function in a rat model of MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ming Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Guo Sun
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University (Wuhan Third Hospital), Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Gang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Hua Ming
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Qing Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Qi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First of Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 45003, P.R. China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Emergency and Trauma Surgery, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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26
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Al Mahtab M, Mf Akbar S, Begum M, Islam MA, Rahim MA, M Noor-E-Alam S, Alam MA, A Khondaker F, L Moben A, Mohsena M, Khan MSI, Huq MZ, Munshi S, Hoque A, Haque SA. Stem Cell Therapy for Cirrhosis of Liver in Bangladesh: Specific Design Compatible for Developing Country. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 2019; 8:121-125. [PMID: 30828553 PMCID: PMC6395484 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and objectives To assess the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (LC) in the context of developing country with limited facilities for cell-based therapy and advanced technologies. Materials and methods A total of 34 patients received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor at a dose of 30 IU, daily for 2 to 11 days to upregulate the numbers of white blood cells and stem cells. Subsequently, stem cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of LC patients in a closed chamber using a harvesting machine. Variable amounts of autologous stem cells were injected to LC patients for once. The patients were followed for 3 months and various factors related to safety and parameters of efficacy were analyzed in this interim report. Results Out of 34 patients available for final analysis, 3 months after the start of stem therapy, 4 patients died within this period. There was no significant alteration in biochemical parameters due to stem cell therapy, and patients also did not develop any features of acute liver failure indicating that short-term safety parameters of stem cell therapy may be acceptable. Stem cell therapy had a dominant effect on ascites of in this cohort. Although 24 of 34 patients had ascites at the start of therapy,ascites were found in 11 patients after one month and only 4 patients had ascites after 3 months. The positive role of stem cell therapy on ascites in LC patients may be attributed, even in part, to increased serum levels of albumin after therapy compared to basal levels (p <0.001). Conclusion This first study about stem cell therapy in Bangladesh indicates that cell therapy may be accomplished in general hospitals of developing countries if the proper design and mild to moderate types of invasive approach is utilized. The apparent safety of administered stem cells in LC patients and the observed effect on ascites of LC patients inspire optimism about the installation of new and innovative therapy in Bangladesh. Future studies with phase I/II may with stem cell and others cell may be planned at Bangladesh in patients with LC and other intractable diseases with suitable control arms.How to cite this article: Mahtab MA, Akbar SMF, Begum M, Islam MA, Rahim MA, Noor-E-Alam SM, Alam MA, Khondaker FA, Moben AL, Mohsena M, Khan SI, Huq MZ, Munshi S, Hoque A, Haque SA. Stem Cell Therapy for Cirrhosis of Liver in Bangladesh: Specific Design Compatible for Developing Country. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol, 2018;8(2):121-125.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamun Al Mahtab
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh Mf Akbar
- Department of Pathology, Ehime University Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.,Miyakawa Memorial Research Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masuda Begum
- Department of Haematology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md A Islam
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md A Rahim
- Department of Hepatology, Abdul Malek Ukil Medical College, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh M Noor-E-Alam
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md A Alam
- Department of Hepatology, M. Abdur Rahim Medical College, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| | - Faiz A Khondaker
- Department of Hepatology, Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed L Moben
- Department of Medicine, Kurmitola General Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Masuda Mohsena
- Department of Community Medicine, Ibrahim Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Sakirul I Khan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Md Z Huq
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Swati Munshi
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Square Hospital Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashraful Hoque
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh A Haque
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Impulse Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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27
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Abstract
Present bioprinting techniques lack the methodology to print with bioactive materials that retain their biological functionalities. This constraint is due to the fact that extrusion-based printing of synthetic polymers is commonly performed at very high temperatures in order to achieve desired mechanical properties and printing resolutions. Consequently, current methodology prevents printing scaffolds embedded with bioactive molecules, such as growth factors. With the wide use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine research, the integration of growth factors into 3D printed scaffolds is critical because it can allow for inducible MSC differentiation. We have successfully incorporated growth factors into extrusion printed poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds by introducing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for low temperature printing. Mechanical testing results demonstrated significantly different compressive and tensile properties for PLGA scaffold printed with or without DMSO. In particular, the PLGA-DMSO scaffold displayed a highly stretchable feature compared to the regular PLGA scaffold. The cellular response of growth factor introduction was evaluated in vitro using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). By evaporating the DMSO after printing, we ensured that there was no cytotoxic effect on seeded hMSCs. The addition of lineage specific growth factors led to increased expression of corresponding genetic markers for chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and adipogenesis. We concluded that the use of DMSO for 3D printed scaffold fabrication with bioactive items is a revolutionary methodology in advancing regenerative medicine. The incorporation of bioactive molecules opens pathways to more therapeutic uses for 3D printing in treating damaged or deteriorating native tissue.
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