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Bao X, Shen N, Lou Y, Yu H, Wang Y, Liu L, Tang Z, Chen X. Enhanced anti-PD-1 therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma by tumor vascular disruption and normalization dependent on combretastatin A4 nanoparticles and DC101. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5955-5969. [PMID: 33897892 PMCID: PMC8058708 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy has shown promising efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its response rates in advanced HCC are lower than 20%. A critical reason for this is the imbalance between CD8+ T cells and tumor burden. Here, a novel concept of vascular disruption and normalization dependent on a polymeric vascular disrupting agent (VDA) poly (L-glutamic acid)-graft-methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)/combretastatin A4 (CA4-NPs) + a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibitor DC101 is applied to improve anti-PD-1 therapy, wherein CA4-NPs reduce tumor burden and DC101 simultaneously increases the number of intratumoral CD8+ T cells, successfully regulating the abovementioned imbalance in an H22 tumor model. Methods: Blood vessel density, tumor cell proliferation, and necrosis were evaluated to reveal the effects on reducing tumor burden by CA4-NP treatment. Pericyte coverage of blood vessels, tumor blood vessel perfusion, tumor hypoxia, and intratumoral immune cells were examined to verify their role in vascular normalization and immune cell homing of DC101. Furthermore, the effects of CA4-NPs + DC101 on reducing tumor burden and increasing the number of immune cells were studied. Finally, tumor suppression, intratumoral CD8+ T cell activation, and the synergistic effects of anti-PD-1 combined with CA4-NPs + DC101 were verified. Results: The tumor inhibition rate of anti-PD-1 antibody combined with CA4-NPs + DC101 reached 86.4%, which was significantly higher than that of anti-PD-1 (16.8%) alone. Importantly, the Q value reflecting the synergy between CA4-NPs + DC101 and anti-PD-1 was 1.24, demonstrating a strong synergistic effect. Furthermore, CA4-NPs + DC101 improved anti-PD-1 therapy by increasing the number of intratumoral CD8+ T cells (anti-PD-1, 0.31% vs triple drug combination, 1.18%). Conclusion: These results reveal a novel approach to enhance anti-PD-1 therapy with VDAs + VEGF/VEGFR2 inhibitors in HCC.
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Zhang P, Chen Y, Liu J, Yang Y, Lv Q, Wang J, Zhang L, Xie M. Quantitative Evaluation of Combretastatin A4 Phosphate Early Efficacy in a Tumor Model with Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:840-852. [PMID: 29395676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) is a vascular disrupting agent that rapidly shuts down blood supply to tumors. Early monitoring of tumor perfusion plays a crucial role in determining the optimal strategy to managing treatment and guiding future therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential value of dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in quantitative evaluation of tumor perfusion at an early stage in CA4P therapy. Central and peripheral perfusion of tumors was detected by CEUS pre-treatment (0 h) and 2, 12 and 48 h after CA4P injection. Two perfusion parameters, maximum intensity (IMAX) and time to peak (TTP), were calculated from the time-intensity curve. After CEUS, the efficacy of CA4P was immediately confirmed by immunofluorescence assay and hematoxylin and eosin, Hoechst 33342 and fluorescein isothiocyanate-lectin staining. In CEUS of the center region of tumors, IMAX gradually decreased from 0 to 12 h and regrew at 48 h (p < 0.01). TTP increased only at 2 h. In the peripheral regions, IMAX did not change obviously from 0 to 12 h (p > 0.05) and just increased at 48 h (p < 0.01). The TTP of peripheral regions had the same tendency to vary tendency as that of center regions. In addition, microvascular density (MVD), vascular perfusion and necrotic area of the tumor were quantitatively analyzed. A close correlation between IMAX and MVD was observed in the center areas of tumors (r = 0.72, p < 0.01), whereas the correlation between IMAX and MVD in peripheral areas was weak (r = 0.37, p < 0.01). However, IMAX was positively correlated with tumor perfusion in both center and peripheral areas of tumors (r = 0.82, p < 0.01, and r = 0.63, p < 0.01, respectively). Consequently, IMAX was a reliable indicator of tumor perfusion evaluation by CEUS. The use of CEUS to quantify tumor perfusion could a promising method for the early detection of tumor responses in anti-vascular treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyu Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - JinFeng Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mingxing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Li B, Xu A, Wang N, Min X, Feng Z, Deng M, Li L, Cai J, Kang Z, Jiang K, Kuang D, Wang L. Benign prostatic hyperplasia after prostatic arterial embolization in a canine model: A 3T multiparametric MRI and whole-mount step-section pathology correlated longitudinal study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 46:1220-1229. [PMID: 28182304 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the morphological and functional characteristics of prostatic arterial embolization (PAE) in a canine model of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with 3T multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) and whole-mount step-section pathology correlation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight adult male beagle dogs with hormone-induced BPH underwent 3T mp-MRI before and 1, 3, and 6 months after PAE, with subsequent whole-mount step-section pathologic assessment. Images were acquired using T1 -weighted images (T1 WI), T2 WI, 3D-SPACE, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), T2 -mapping, and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) sequences. Variance analysis was performed to assess statistical differences in prostatic volume (PV), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and T2 values. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to correlate ADC, T2 , and PV. RESULTS The PV decreased from baseline to 1, 3, and 6 months after PAE from (25.88 ± 7.09) cm3 to (6.48 ± 2.08) cm3 , (6.48 ± 3.39) cm3 , (6.20 ± 2.88) cm3 . The ADC values sequentially decreased from baseline to 1, 3, and 6 months after PAE from (1497.06 ± 222.72) × 10-6 mm2 /s to (1056.00 ± 189.46) × 10-6 mm2 /s, (950.48 ± 77.85) × 10-6 mm2 /s, (980.98 ± 107.78) × 10-6 mm2 /s. The T2 values decreased from baseline to 1, 3, and 6 months after PAE were (83.74 ± 5.29) msec, (68.72 ± 5.66) msec, (53.96 ± 15.04) msec, (49.81 ± 13.34) msec, respectively. ADC and T2 values were positively correlated with PV (r = 0.823 and 0.744, respectively). Microhemorrhages and hemosiderin were found on SWI after PAE. CONCLUSION 3T mp-MRI may facilitate noninvasive assessment of morphological and functional changes of BPH after PAE. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1220-1229.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basen Li
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Anhui Xu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiangde Min
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyan Feng
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Ming Deng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jie Cai
- Department of Interventional Radiology, First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Kang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Kehua Jiang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Dong Kuang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Xiangbao Y, Linquan W, Mingwen H, Fan Z, Kai W, Xin Y, Kaiyang W, Huaqun F. Humanized anti-VEGFR-2 ScFv-As2O3-stealth nanoparticles, an antibody conjugate with potent and selective anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:597-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Wang JW, Zheng W, Liu JB, Chen Y, Cao LH, Luo RZ, Li AH, Zhou JH. Assessment of early tumor response to cytotoxic chemotherapy with dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound in human breast cancer xenografts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58274. [PMID: 23469274 PMCID: PMC3585723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong need to assess early tumor response to chemotherapy in order to avoid adverse effects from unnecessary chemotherapy and allow early transition to second-line therapy. This study was to quantify tumor perfusion changes with dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the evaluation of early tumor response to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Sixty nude mice bearing with MCF-7 breast cancer were administrated with either adriamycin or sterile saline. CEUS was performed on days 0, 2, 4 and 6 of the treatment, in which time-signal intensity (SI) curves were obtained from the intratumoral and depth-matched liver parenchyma. Four perfusion parameters including peak enhancement (PE), area under the curve of wash-in (WiAUC), wash-in rate (WiR) and wash-in perfusion index (WiPI) were calculated from perfusion curves and normalized with respect to perfusion of adjacent liver parenchyma. Histopathological analysis was conducted to evaluate tumor perfusion, tumor cell density, microvascular density (MVD) and proliferating cell density. Significant decreases of tumor normalized perfusion parameters (i.e., nPE, nWiAUC, nWiR and nWiPI) were noticed between adriamycin-treated and control groups (P<0.01) 2 days after therapy. There were significant differences of tumor volumes between control and treated groups on day 6 (P<0.001) while there were no significant differences in tumor volume on days 0, 2 and 4 (P>0.05). Significant decreases of tumor perfusion, tumor cell density, MVD and proliferating cell density were seen in adrianycin-treated group 2 days after therapy when compared to control group (P<0.001). Dynamic CEUS for quantification of tumor perfusion could be used for early detection of cancer response to cytotoxic chemotherapy prior to notable tumor shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long-Hui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong-Zhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - An-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (AHL); (JHZ)
| | - Jian-Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (AHL); (JHZ)
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Liang B, Zheng C, Feng G, Wu H, Wang Y, Zhao H, Li X, Qian J, Liang H. Experimental evaluation of inhibitory effect of 10-hydroxycamptothecin on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression and angiogenesis in liver tumors after transcatheter arterial embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21:1565-72. [PMID: 20810290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2010.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of transcatheter administration of 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) inhibitor, on HIF-1α expression and angiogenesis in liver tumors after transcatheter arterial embolization in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS VX2 tumors were implanted in the livers of 30 rabbits. The animals were divided randomly into three groups of 10 animals each. Group 1 animals received hepatic intraarterial infusion of distilled water. Group 2 animals received iodized oil infusion followed by embolization with 150-250 μm of polyvinyl alcohol particles. Group 3 animals received infusion of a mixture of HCPT (1 mg/kg body weight) with iodized oil followed by the particle embolization. Six hours or 3 days after transcatheter treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and the tumor samples were harvested. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate the levels of HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein as well as microvessel density. RESULTS The levels of HIF-1α and VEGF and microvessel density in tumors of group 2 were significantly higher than those of group 1 or 3 (P < .05). However, no significant differences were noted in tumors between group 1 and 3 (P > .05). HIF-1α levels were significantly correlated with VEGF levels (r = .587, P = .001) and microvessel density (r = .527, P = .003). CONCLUSIONS Transcatheter infusion of HCPT has an inhibitory effect on HIF-1α expression and angiogenesis in liver tumors after transcatheter arterial embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Road, Wuhan 430022, China
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Correlation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha with angiogenesis in liver tumors after transcatheter arterial embolization in an animal model. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2009; 33:806-12. [PMID: 19937023 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-009-9762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to determine the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and its relation to angiogenesis in liver tumors after transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in an animal model. A total of 20 New Zealand White rabbits were implanted with VX2 tumor in liver. TAE-treated group animals (n = 10) received TAE with polyvinyl alcohol particles. Control group animals (n = 10) received sham embolization with distilled water. Six hours or 3 days after TAE, animals were humanely killed, and tumor samples were collected. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate HIF-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression and microvessel density (MVD). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to examine VEGF mRNA levels. The levels of HIF-1alpha protein were significantly higher in TAE-treated tumors than those in the control tumors (P = 0.001). HIF-1alpha protein was expressed in viable tumor cells that were located predominantly at the periphery of necrotic tumor regions. The levels of VEGF protein and mRNA, and mean MVD were significantly increased in TAE-treated tumors compared with the control tumors (P = 0.001, 0.000, and 0.001, respectively). HIF-1alpha protein level was significantly correlated with VEGF mRNA (r = 0.612, P = 0.004) and protein (r = 0.554, P = 0.011), and MVD (r = 0.683, P = 0.001). We conclude that HIF-1alpha is overexpressed in VX2 tumors treated with TAE as a result of intratumoral hypoxia generated by the procedure and involved in activation of the TAE-associated tumor angiogenesis. HIF-1alpha might represent a promising therapeutic target for antiangiogenesis in combination with TAE against liver tumors.
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Maluccio MA, Covey AM, Porat LB, Schubert J, Brody LA, Sofocleous CT, Getrajdman GI, Jarnagin W, DeMatteo R, Blumgart LH, Fong Y, Brown KT. Transcatheter Arterial Embolization with Only Particles for the Treatment of Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008; 19:862-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Liu X, Heng WS, Li Q, Chan LW. Novel polymeric microspheres containing norcantharidin for chemoembolization. J Control Release 2006; 116:35-41. [PMID: 17050026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemoembolization has been found to be a potentially effective method of treating certain types of cancer. It involves arterial embolization of a tumor, in combination with simultaneous or subsequent local delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, PLGA-alginate microspheres were evaluated for their potential application in chemoembolization. Norcantharidin, which possesses anti-tumor properties, was used to investigate the application of drug-containing microspheres for chemoembolization. The release profiles of alginate, PLGA and PLGA-alginate microspheres were markedly different in phosphate buffered saline, with the composite microspheres showing the most appropriate release rate for chemoembolization. Burst effect decreased while particle size increased with increasing proportion of alginate in the PLGA-alginate microspheres. PLGA-alginate microspheres containing norcantharidin were effective in destroying the cancer cells used in this study. The growth inhibitory effect was concentration and time dependent. These microspheres also exhibited excellent embolization and therapeutic effects on rats with transplanted tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Alginates
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/administration & dosage
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Carcinoma 256, Walker/drug therapy
- Carcinoma 256, Walker/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemoembolization, Therapeutic
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Lactic Acid
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microspheres
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Particle Size
- Polyglycolic Acid
- Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer
- Polymers
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Solubility
- Survival
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Gupta S, Kobayashi S, Phongkitkarun S, Broemeling LD, Kan Z. Effect of Transcatheter Hepatic Arterial Embolization on Angiogenesis in an Animal Model. Invest Radiol 2006; 41:516-21. [PMID: 16763470 DOI: 10.1097/01.rli.0000209663.00629.8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) is used for the treatment of patients with malignant liver tumors. However, the proangiogenesis effect of TAE-associated hypoxia has not been adequately studied. The goal of this study was to determine angiogenic activity in tumors subjected to TAE by evaluating the tumor microvessel density (MVD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Mammary cancer 13762 NF tumor cells were inoculated into the livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats. TAE was performed 12-14 days after tumor inoculation. Rats were divided into 4 groups on the basis of treatment type. Control group animals (n = 16) were subjected to sham TAE without polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles. Animals in the other 3 groups were subjected to TAE with 1 (n = 11), 2 (n = 8), or 3 (n = 10) mg of PVA particles. Rats were killed 3-6 hours or 2 or 3 days after embolization, and the liver tumor tissues were dissected and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Tumor tissue slides were prepared, stained with CD-31, and evaluated for MVD. Blood samples collected just before sacrificing the animals were used to measure serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. RESULTS Tumors treated with TAE showed varying degrees of central necrosis with residual viable tumor cells in the periphery. Tumor MVD in animals treated with TAE was significantly higher than that in the control group (23.6 versus 17.5; P = 0.001). Although the MVD in animals treated with TAE using 1 mg of PVA was higher than that in the control group, this difference was not statistically significant. TAE using 2 mg of PVA resulted in a significant increase in tumor MVD (25.9 versus 17.5; P = 0.007). Use of 3 mg of PVA did not result in any further increase in MVD. There was a significant increase in tumor MVD in the animals killed 2 or 3 days after TAE compared with the control group (24.5 versus 17.5; P = 0.002). The animals treated with TAE showed a statistically significant increase in VEGF levels compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS TAE of hepatic tumors results in the stimulation of angiogenesis in the residual viable tumor, which could have an adverse effect on the therapeutic efficacy of TAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
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Evans SM, Judy KD, Dunphy I, Jenkins WT, Hwang WT, Nelson PT, Lustig RA, Jenkins K, Magarelli DP, Hahn SM, Collins RA, Grady MS, Koch CJ. Hypoxia Is Important in the Biology and Aggression of Human Glial Brain Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:8177-84. [PMID: 15623592 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether increasing levels of tissue hypoxia, measured by the binding of EF5 [2-(2-nitro-1-H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl) acetamide] or by Eppendorf needle electrodes, were associated with tumor aggressiveness in patients with previously untreated glial brain tumors. We hypothesized that more extensive and severe hypoxia would be present in tumor cells from patients bearing more clinically aggressive tumors. Hypoxia was measured with the 2-nitroimidazole imaging agent EF5 in 18 patients with supratentorial glial neoplasms. In 12 patients, needle electrode measurements were made intraoperatively. Time to recurrence was used as an indicator of tumor aggression and was analyzed as a function of EF5 binding, electrode values and recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classification. On the basis of EF5 binding, WHO grade 2 tumors were characterized by modest cellular hypoxia (pO2s approximately 10%) and grade 3 tumors by modest-to-moderate hypoxia (pO2s approximately 10%- 2.5%). Severe hypoxia (approximately 0.1% oxygen) was present in 5 of 12 grade 4 tumors. A correlation between more rapid tumor recurrence and hypoxia was demonstrated with EF5 binding, but this relationship was not predicted by Eppendorf measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney M Evans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6072, USA.
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Li X, Feng GS, Zheng CS, Zhuo CK, Liu X. Influence of transarterial chemoembolization on angiogenesis and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in rat with Walker-256 transplanted hepatoma: An experimental study. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2445-9. [PMID: 14606073 PMCID: PMC4656518 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i11.2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: After transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), the residual cancer cells are under extensive hypoxic or even anoxic environment. Hypoxia can lead to adaptive responses. For example, angiogenesis will help these cells survive. In this study, we examined the effect of TACE on angiogenesis and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) and to assess their relevance to Walker-256 transplanted hepatoma.
METHODS: Male Wistar rats were inoculated with Walker-256 tumor in the left lobe of liver. Angiography and transarterial chemoembolization were performed at d14 after transplantation. Sixty rats bearing walker-256 transplanted hepatoma were randomly divided into control group, arterial infusion group and TACE group. Each group consisted of twenty rats. Normal saline, 5-FU, 5-FU and lipiodol were infused through hepatic artery respectively. Two weeks after the infusion, staining of factor VIII, VEGF and b-FGF was performed by immunohistochemistry method in routine paraffin-embeded sections. Microvessel density (MVD) was counted in endothelial cells with positive factor VIII. Their expression levels were analyzed in conjunction with the pathologic features.
RESULTS: While a smaller tumor volume was found in TACE group (F = 37.818, P < 0.001), no statistical differences between MVD and expression of VEGF and b-FGF were found among the 3 groups. MVD of the control group, chemotherapy group and chemoemoblization group was 80.84 ± 24.24, 83.05 ± 20.29 and 85.20 ± 23.91 (F = 0.193, P = 0.873), respectively. The positive expression of VEGF and b-FGF was 75%, 75%, 85% (χ² = 0.449, P = 0.799) and 30%, 25%, 30% (χ² = 0.141, P = 0.922), respectively. Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between the expression of VEGF and MVD (r = 0.552, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: There has been little influence of lipiodol chemoembolization on the formation of tumor angiogenesis, but the development of neovascularization and expression of VEGF play important roles in establishment of collateral circulation and reconstruction of blood supply of residual cancer tissue.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma 256, Walker/blood supply
- Carcinoma 256, Walker/pathology
- Carcinoma 256, Walker/physiopathology
- Carcinoma 256, Walker/therapy
- Chemoembolization, Therapeutic
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/physiopathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Male
- Microcirculation
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/therapy
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China.
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Zhang CP, Tian ZB, Zhao QX, Wu J, Liang YX. Relation between CD 44v9, MMP-2 and tumor invasion and metastasis in gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:1531-1534. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i10.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the expression of matrix metalloproteinase CD44v9, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in gastric cancer and the corresponding adjacent normal tissues, to investigate the possible mechanism of tumor invasion and metastasis in gastric cancer.
METHODS Tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues in 40 cases of gastric cancer were detected by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the expression of CD44v9, MMP-2.
RESULTS The expression of CD44v9, MMP-2 in tumor tissues were higher than that in adjacent normal tissues, respectively(x2 = 12.929, x2 = 10.769, P≤0.001).The expression was related to tumor size, degree of differentiation, clinical staging.The expression of CD44v9, MMP-2 mRNA in 17 gastric cancers with lymph node metastasis were higher than that in gastric cancer without lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). The expression of CD44v9, MMP-2 correlated highly with gastric cancer (r = 0.6, P<0.001).
CONCLUSION CD44v9, MMP-2 were related to tumor invasion and metastasis in gastric cancer, and could be used as important indexes to predict invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Ping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zi-Bin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qing-Xi Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong-Xin Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
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Guo XL, Lin GJ, Zhao H, Gao Y, Qian LP, Xu SR, Fu LN, Xu Q, Wang JJ. Inhibitory effects of docetaxel on expression of VEGF, bFGF and MMPs of LS174T cell. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:1995-8. [PMID: 12970892 PMCID: PMC4656660 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i9.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effects of non-cytotoxic concentrations of docetaxel on some important angiogenic factors of LS174T Cells.
METHODS: The non-cytotoxic concentration of docetaxel and the activity of gelatinase were determined with MTT and gelatin zymography respectively, the expression of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor), MMP (matrix metalloproteinase) 2 and MMP 9 was investigated with RT-PCR and Western blot.
RESULTS: The maximum non-cytotoxic concentration of docetaxel on LS174T Cells was 1.0 ng/mL. Compared with the solvent control group, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 ng/mL of docetaxel could downregulate the expression of VEGF, bFGF, MMP 2 and MMP 9 and suppress the activity of gelatinase.
CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the non-cytotoxic concentrations of docetaxel have strong antiangiogenic activity on LS174T Cells, which suggests docetaxel may be a promising antiangiogenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Liang Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Qian J, Truebenbach J, Graepler F, Pereira P, Huppert P, Eul T, Wiemann G, Claussen C. Application of poly-lactide-co-glycolide-microspheres in the transarterial chemoembolization in an animal model of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:94-8. [PMID: 12508359 PMCID: PMC4728258 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i1.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To introduce an animal model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in ACI-rats, and to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Poly-lactide-co-glycolide(Plcg)-microspheres in the transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in this model, as well the value of this model in the experiments of interventional therapy.
METHODS: Subcapsular implantation of a solid Morris Hepatoma 3924A (1 mm3) in the livers was carried out in 11 male ACI-rats. The tumor volume (V1) was measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (13 days after implantation). After laparotomy and retrograde placement of catheter into the gastroduodenal artery (14 days after implantation), the following protocols of interventional treatment were performed: (A) mitomycin C+Poly-lactide-co-glycolide(Plcg)-microspheres (n = 4); (B) 0.9% NaCl (control group, n = 7). 13 days after these therapies the change of the tumor volume (V2) was determined by MRI again.
RESULTS: The success rate of tumor implantation reached to 100%. The mean tumor volume before TACE (V1) were 0.082 cm3 in group A and 0.096 cm3 in group B respectively. The mean tumor volume after TACE (V2) were 0.230 cm3 in group A and 1.347 cm3 in group B respectively. The mean V2/V1 were 2.860 in group A and 27.120 in group B respectively. Compared to the control group (group B), groups A showed a significant reduction of tumor growth (P = 0.004) in the period of observation.
CONCLUSION: The growth of liver tumor could be obviously prevented by utilizing Plcg-mitomycin-microspheres in TACE in animal model. This rat model of HCC is suitable for the experimental studies of interventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qian
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tubingen, Germany.
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Yang JH, You TG, Li N, Qian QJ, Wang P, Yan ZL, Wu MC. Relationship between the imaging features and pathologic alteration in hepatoma of rats. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:69-72. [PMID: 12508354 PMCID: PMC4728252 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: The imaging features of MRI and DSA, using the models of implanted and induced hepatoma, were investigated in rats.
METHODS: CBRH3 cancer cells were implanted for different liver site of rat liver and the diethylnitrosoamine was given orally to rats in order to induce liver cancer. Both experimental groups were detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and morphologic assay.
RESULTS: Hypointensity on T1WI and homogenous high signal intensity on T2WI in MRI, and ring-like abnormal stain on DSA were found in implanted cancer. Induced cancers appeared as homogeneous or heterogeneous hypointensity on T1WI (10 cases), and equal or slight high intensity on T2WI (8 cases), but some as hypointensity on T2WI (2 cases).
CONCLUSION: The imaging features of implanted cancers were similar to that of human liver metastases. Therefore, it could serve as an experimental model of human liver metastatic tumor. The imaging feature of induced cancers, whereas, were similar to that of human primary liver cancer. It could be use as an experimental model of human primary liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-He Yang
- Department of Comprehensive Treatment III, Eastern Heptobiliary Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Changhai Road 225, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Li X, Zheng CS, Feng GS, Zhuo CK, Zhao JG, Liu X. An implantable rat liver tumor model for experimental transarterial chemoembolization therapy and its imaging features. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:1035-9. [PMID: 12439920 PMCID: PMC4656375 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i6.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish an ideal implantable rat liver tumor model for interventional therapy study and examine its angiographic signs and MRI, CT features before and after embolization.
METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were implanted with Walker-256 tumor in the left lateral lobe of liver. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and transarterial chemoembolization were performed on day 14 after implantation. Native computer tomography (CT, n = 8) and native magnetic resonance (MR, n = 40) were performed between the day 8 and day 21 after implantation. The radiological morphological characteristics were correlated with histological findings.
RESULTS: Successful implantation was achieved in all forty rats, which was confirmed by CT and MRI. MR allowed tumor visualization from day 8 while CT from day 11 after implantation. The tumors were hypodensity on CT, hypointense on MR T1-weighted and hyperintense on T2-weighted. The model closely resembled human hepatocarcinoma in growth pattern and the lesions were rich in vasculature on angiography and got its filling mainly from the hepatic artery. Before therapy, tumor size was 211.9 ± 48.7 mm3. No ascites, satellite liver nodules or lung metastasis were found. One week after therapy, tumor size was 963.6 ± 214.8 mm3 in the control group and 356.5 ± 78.4 mm3 in TACE group. Ascites (4/40), satellite liver nodules (7/40) or lung metastasis (3/40) could be seen on day 21.
CONCLUSION: Walker-256 tumor rat model is suitable for the interventional experiment. CT and MRI are helpful in animal optioning and evaluating experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, China.
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