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What Simon "knows" about cultural differences: The influence of cultural orientation and traffic directionality on spatial compatibility effects. Mem Cognit 2023; 51:526-542. [PMID: 36180770 PMCID: PMC9992257 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has suggested that culture influences perception and attention. These studies have typically involved comparisons of Westerners with East Asians, motivated by assumed differences in the cultures' self-concept or position on the individualism-collectivism spectrum. However, other potentially important sources of cultural variance have been neglected, such as differences in traffic directionality shaped by the urban spatial environment (i.e., left-hand vs. right-hand traffic). Thus, existing research may potentially place too much emphasis on self-concepts or the individualism-collectivism dimension in explaining observed cultural differences in cognition. The present study investigated spatial cognition using a Simon task and tested participants from four nations (Australia, China, Germany, and Malaysia) that differ in both cultural orientation (collectivistic vs. individualistic) and traffic directionality (left-hand vs. right-hand traffic). The task used two possible reference frames underlying the Simon effect: a body-centered one based on global stimulus position relative to the screen's center versus an object-centered one based on local stimulus position relative to a context object. As expected, all groups showed a reliable Simon effect for both spatial reference frames. However, the global Simon effect was larger in participants from countries with left-hand traffic. In contrast, the local Simon effect was modulated by differences in cultural orientation, with larger effects in participants from collectivistic cultures. This pattern suggests that both sources of cultural variation, viz. cultural orientation and traffic directionality, contribute to differences in spatial cognition in distinct ways.
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2
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Sahaï A, Caspar E, De Beir A, Grynszpan O, Pacherie E, Berberian B. Modulations of one's sense of agency during human-machine interactions: A behavioural study using a full humanoid robot. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:606-620. [PMID: 35400221 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221095841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although previous investigations reported a reduced sense of agency when individuals act with traditional machines, little is known about the mechanisms underpinning interactions with human-like automata. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to investigate the effect of the machine's physical appearance on the individuals' sense of agency and (2) to explore the cognitive mechanisms underlying the individuals' sense of agency when they are engaged in a joint task. Twenty-eight participants performed a joint Simon task together with another human or an automated artificial system as a co-agent. The physical appearance of the automated artificial system was manipulated so that participants could cooperate either with a servomotor or a full humanoid robot during the joint task. Both participants' response times and temporal estimations of action-output delays (i.e., an implicit measure of agency) were collected. Results showed that participants' sense of agency for self- and other-generated actions sharply declined during interactions with the servomotor compared with the human-human interactions. Interestingly, participants' sense of agency for self- and other-generated actions was reinforced when participants interacted with the humanoid robot compared with the servomotor. These results are discussed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïsha Sahaï
- Département d'Etudes Cognitives, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL Research University, Institut Jean-Nicod, Paris, France.,Département Traitement de l'Information et Systèmes, ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab, Salon-de-Provence, France
| | - Emilie Caspar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Social & Moral Brain Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Albert De Beir
- Robotics & Multibody Mechanics Research Group, Vrij Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Ouriel Grynszpan
- Laboratoire d'Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l'Ingénieur, LIMSI-CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Elisabeth Pacherie
- Département d'Etudes Cognitives, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL Research University, Institut Jean-Nicod, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Berberian
- Département Traitement de l'Information et Systèmes, ONERA, The French Aerospace Lab, Salon-de-Provence, France
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3
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Agnoli S, Mastria S, Mancini G, Corazza GE, Franchin L, Pozzoli T. The Dynamic Interplay of Affective, Cognitive and Contextual Resources on Children's Creative Potential: The Modulatory Role of Trait Emotional Intelligence. J Intell 2023; 11:jintelligence11010011. [PMID: 36662141 PMCID: PMC9861371 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work we explored in two separate studies the modulatory role of trait emotional intelligence (EI) over the effect exerted on children's creative potential by two other key elements defining creativity, namely cognitive resources (here explored through basic executive functions, Study 1) and contextual-environmental factors (that is, teachers' implicit conceptions of the factors influencing children's creativity, Study 2). Confirming previous research, executive functions (particularly interference control and working memory) emerged as main predictors of children's creative performance; however, their positive effect arose especially when associated with a high trait EI level. In the same vein, teachers' implicit conception about children's creative potential and about their efficacy in teaching creativity emerged to exert a facilitatory effect on children' creative potential. This effect occurred particularly when associated with low trait EI levels, affecting differently girls and boys. Trait EI emerged from these studies as an important individual resource to consider in order to understand the potential benefit of other (cognitive and contextual-environmental) resources on children's creative potential. The implications on the role of trait EI as a constitutional element of children's creativity, capable of promoting the expression of their creative potential, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Agnoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Weiss 2, 34128 Trieste, Italy
- Marconi Institute for Creativity, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Serena Mastria
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mancini
- Department of Science Education, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Emanuele Corazza
- Marconi Institute for Creativity, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Franchin
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pozzoli
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
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4
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The Simon Effect Asymmetry for Left- and Right-Dominant Persons. J Cogn 2023; 6:17. [PMID: 36874910 PMCID: PMC9983503 DOI: 10.5334/joc.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When participants respond to a task-relevant stimulus attribute by pressing a left or right key with the respective index finger, reaction time is shorter if task-irrelevant left-right stimulus location corresponds to that of the response key than if it does not. For right-handers, this Simon effect is larger for right-located than left-located stimuli; for left-handers this Simon-effect asymmetry is reversed. A similar asymmetry has been found for right-footers pressing pedals with their feet. For analyses that separate stimulus- and response-location factors, these asymmetries appear as a main effect of response location, with responses being faster with the dominant effector. If the Simon-effect asymmetry is strictly a function of effector dominance, it should reverse for left-footers responding with their feet. In Experiment 1, left-dominant persons showed faster responses with the left than right hand but with the right than left foot, a finding consistent with prior research on tapping actions. Right-dominant persons also showed the right-foot asymmetry but, unexpectedly, not the typical asymmetry with hand responses. To evaluate whether hand-presses yield results distinct from finger-presses, in Experiment 2 participants performed the Simon task with finger-presses and hand-presses. The opposing asymmetries for right- and left-dominant persons were evident for both response modes. Our results are consistent with the view that the Simon effect asymmetry is primarily due to differences in effector efficiency, usually but not always favoring the dominant effector.
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5
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Dexheimer B, Przybyla A, Murphy TE, Akpinar S, Sainburg R. Reaction time asymmetries provide insight into mechanisms underlying dominant and non-dominant hand selection. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2791-2802. [PMID: 36066589 PMCID: PMC10130955 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Handedness is often thought of as a hand "preference" for specific tasks or components of bimanual tasks. Nevertheless, hand selection decisions depend on many factors beyond hand dominance. While these decisions are likely influenced by which hand might show performance advantages for the particular task and conditions, there also appears to be a bias toward the dominant hand, regardless of performance advantage. This study examined the impact of hand selection decisions and workspace location on reaction time and movement quality. Twenty-six neurologically intact participants performed targeted reaching across the horizontal workspace in a 2D virtual reality environment, and we compared reaction time across two groups: those selecting which hand to use on a trial-by-trial basis (termed the choice group) and those performing the task with a preassigned hand (the no-choice group). Along with reaction time, we also compared reach performance for each group across two ipsilateral workspaces: medial and lateral. We observed a significant difference in reaction time between the hands in the choice group, regardless of workspace. In contrast, both hands showed shorter but similar reaction times and differences between the lateral and medial workspaces in the no-choice group. We conclude that the shorter reaction times of the dominant hand under choice conditions may be due to dominant hand bias in the selection process that is not dependent upon interlimb performance differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Dexheimer
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16802, University Park, USA.
| | - Andrzej Przybyla
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA
| | - Terrence E Murphy
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Selcuk Akpinar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Nevsehir Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir, Turkey
| | - Robert Sainburg
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16802, University Park, USA.,Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Ratcliffe N, Greenfield K, Ropar D, Howard EM, Newport R. The Relative Contributions of Visual and Proprioceptive Inputs on Hand Localization in Early Childhood. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:702519. [PMID: 34737692 PMCID: PMC8562564 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.702519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forming an accurate representation of the body relies on the integration of information from multiple sensory inputs. Both vision and proprioception are important for body localization. Whilst adults have been shown to integrate these sources in an optimal fashion, few studies have investigated how children integrate visual and proprioceptive information when localizing the body. The current study used a mediated reality device called MIRAGE to explore how the brain weighs visual and proprioceptive information in a hand localization task across early childhood. Sixty-four children aged 4–11 years estimated the position of their index finger after viewing congruent or incongruent visuo-proprioceptive information regarding hand position. A developmental trajectory analysis was carried out to explore the effect of age on condition. An age effect was only found in the incongruent condition which resulted in greater mislocalization of the hand toward the visual representation as age increased. Estimates by younger children were closer to the true location of the hand compared to those by older children indicating less weighting of visual information. Regression analyses showed localizations errors in the incongruent seen condition could not be explained by proprioceptive accuracy or by general attention or social differences. This suggests that the way in which visual and proprioceptive information are integrated optimizes throughout development, with the bias toward visual information increasing with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Ratcliffe
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Greenfield
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Ropar
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen M Howard
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Newport
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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7
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Mazzuca C, Benassi M, Nicoletti R, Sartori G, Lugli L. Assessing the impact of previous experience on lie effects through a transfer paradigm. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8961. [PMID: 33903680 PMCID: PMC8076267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88387-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influential lines of research propose dual processes-based explanations to account for both the cognitive cost implied in lying and for that entailed in the resolution of the conflict posited by Simon tasks. The emergence and consistency of the Simon effect has been proved to be modulated by both practice effects and transfer effects. Although several studies provided evidence that the lying cognitive demand may vary as a function of practice, whether and how transfer effects could also play a role remains an open question. We addressed this question with one experiment in which participants completed a Differentiation of Deception Paradigm twice (baseline and test sessions). Crucially, between the baseline and the test sessions, participants performed a training session consisting in a spatial compatibility task with incompatible (condition 1) or compatible (condition 2) mapping, a non-spatial task (condition 3) and a no task one (condition 4). Results speak in favour of a modulation of individual performances by means of an immediate prior experience, and specifically with an incompatible spatial training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mazzuca
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | | | - Roberto Nicoletti
- Department of Philosophy and Communication, University of Bologna, Via A. Gardino, 23, 40122, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sartori
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luisa Lugli
- Department of Philosophy and Communication, University of Bologna, Via A. Gardino, 23, 40122, Bologna, Italy.
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8
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Control of response interference: caudate nucleus contributes to selective inhibition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20977. [PMID: 33262369 PMCID: PMC7708449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While the role of cortical regions in cognitive control processes is well accepted, the contribution of subcortical structures (e.g., the striatum), especially to the control of response interference, remains controversial. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the cortical and particularly subcortical neural mechanisms of response interference control (including selective inhibition). Thirteen healthy young participants underwent event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a unimanual version of the Simon task. In this task, successful performance required the resolution of stimulus–response conflicts in incongruent trials by selectively inhibiting interfering response tendencies. The behavioral results show an asymmetrical Simon effect that was more pronounced in the contralateral hemifield. Contrasting incongruent trials with congruent trials (i.e., the overall Simon effect) significantly activated clusters in the right anterior cingulate cortex, the right posterior insula, and the caudate nucleus bilaterally. Furthermore, a region of interest analysis based on previous patient studies revealed that activation in the bilateral caudate nucleus significantly co-varied with a parameter of selective inhibition derived from distributional analyses of response times. Our results corroborate the notion that the cognitive control of response interference is supported by a fronto-striatal circuitry, with a functional contribution of the caudate nucleus to the selective inhibition of interfering response tendencies.
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9
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Is effector visibility critical for performance asymmetries in the Simon task? Evidence from hand- and foot-press responses. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 83:463-474. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02205-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Perceptual bias is inherent to all our senses, particularly in the form of visual illusions and aftereffects. However, many experiments measuring perceptual biases may be susceptible to nonperceptual factors, such as response bias and decision criteria. Here, we quantify how robust multiple alternative perceptual search (MAPS) is for disentangling estimates of perceptual biases from these confounding factors. First, our results show that while there are considerable response biases in our four-alternative forced-choice design, these are unrelated to perceptual biases estimates, and these response biases are not produced by the response modality (keyboard vs. mouse). We also show that perceptual bias estimates are reduced when feedback is given on each trial, likely due to feedback enabling observers to partially (and actively) correct for perceptual biases. However, this does not impact the reliability with which MAPS detects the presence of perceptual biases. Finally, our results show that MAPS can detect actual perceptual biases and is not a decisional bias towards choosing the target in the middle of the candidate stimulus distribution. In summary, researchers conducting a MAPS experiment should use a constant reference stimulus, but consider varying the mean of the candidate distribution. Ideally, they should not employ trial-wise feedback if the magnitude of perceptual biases is of interest.
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11
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Asymmetries in initiation of aiming movements in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 2018; 109:200-207. [PMID: 29269307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported motor symptoms in schizophrenia (SCZ), in some cases describing asymmetries in their manifestation. To date, biases were mainly reported for sequential movements, and the hypothesis was raised of a dopamine-related hemispheric imbalance. Aim of this research is to better characterize asymmetries in movement initiation in SCZ by exploring single actions. Fourteen SCZ patients and fourteen healthy subjects were recruited. On a trial-by-trial basis, participants were instructed to reach for one of eight possible targets. Measures of movement initiation and execution were collected. Starting point, target and moving limb were systematically varied to check for asymmetric responses. Results showed that SCZ patients, besides being overall slower than controls, additionally presented with a bias affecting both the moving hand and the side from which movements were initiated. This finding is discussed in relation to hemispheric lateralization in motor control.
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12
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Song X, Chen J, Proctor RW. Role of hand dominance in mapping preferences for emotional-valence words to keypress responses. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 180:33-39. [PMID: 28823632 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When a crossed-hands placement (right hand presses left key; left hand presses right key) is used in a two-choice spatial reaction task, the mapping of left stimulus to left key and right stimulus to right key yields faster responses than the opposite mapping. In contrast, de la Vega, Dudschig, De Filippis, Lachmair, and Kaup (2013) reported that when right-handed individuals classified words as having positive or negative affect, there was a benefit for mapping positive affect to the right hand (left key) and negative affect to the left hand (right key). The goal of the present study was to replicate and extend this seemingly distinct finding. Experiment 1 duplicated the design of that study without including nonword "no-go" trials but including a condition in which participants performed with an uncrossed hand placement. Results corroborated the benefit for mapping positive to the right hand and negative to the left hand with the hands crossed, and this benefit was as large as that obtained with the hands uncrossed. Experiment 2 confirmed the importance of the dominant/subordinate hand distinction with left-handed participants, and Experiment 3 showed, with right-handed participants, that it does not depend on which limb is placed over the other. The results verify that the mapping advantage for positive→right/negative→left is indeed due to the distinction between dominant and subordinate hands. Possible reasons for the difference between these results and those obtained with spatial-location stimuli are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Song
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, USA
| | - Robert W Proctor
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2081, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Though recent work in numerical cognition has supported a strong tie between numerical and spatial representations (e.g., a mental number line), less is known about such ties in multi-digit number representations. Along this line, Bloechle, Huber, and Moeller (2015) found that pointing positions in two-digit number comparison were biased leftward toward the decade digit. Moreover, this bias was reduced in unit-decade incompatible pairs. In the present study, we tracked computer mouse movements as participants compared two-digit numbers to a fixed standard (55). Similar to Bloechle et al. (2015) , we found that trajectories exhibited a leftward bias that was reduced for unit-decade incompatible comparisons. However, when positions of response labels were reversed, the biases reversed. That is, we found a rightward bias for compatible pairs that was reduced for incompatible pairs. This result calls into question a purely embodied representation of place value structure and instead supports a competition model of two-digit number representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Faulkenberry
- 1 Department of Psychological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX, USA
| | - Alexander Cruise
- 2 Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Samuel Shaki
- 2 Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Kourtis D, Vingerhoets G. Evidence for dissociable effects of handedness and consistency of hand preference in allocation of attention and movement planning: An EEG investigation. Neuropsychologia 2016; 93:493-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Arend I, Weiss PH, Timpert DC, Fink GR, Henik A. Spatial Coding as a Function of Handedness and Responding Hand: Theoretical and Methodological Implications. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151979. [PMID: 27031523 PMCID: PMC4816529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Simon effect shows that choice reactions are faster if the location of the stimulus and the response correspond, even when stimulus location is task-irrelevant. The Simon effect raises the question of what factors influence spatial coding. Until now, the effects of handedness, responding hand, and visual field were addressed in separate studies that used bimanual and unimanual tasks, providing inconclusive results. Here we aimed to close this empirical gap by looking at the effects of these variables in the same study. We used a unimanual version of a Simon task with four groups of participants: left-handed and right-handed, responding with the dominant or nondominant hand. Our results show that the Simon effect is substantially reduced in the field of the responding hand for all groups of participants, except for left-handed individuals responding with the left-hand. These findings highlight the importance of attention mechanisms in stimulus-response coding. They reflect that stimulus-response interference is influenced by hierarchical activation of response units. At a practical level, these findings call for a number of methodological considerations (e.g., handedness, responding hand, and visual field) when using stimulus-response conflict to address spatial coding and cognitive control functions in neurological populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Arend
- Department of Psychology and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter H. Weiss
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David C. Timpert
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R. Fink
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Avishai Henik
- Department of Psychology and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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16
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Boiteau TW, Almor A. Transitivity, Space, and Hand: The Spatial Grounding of Syntax. Cogn Sci 2016; 41:848-891. [DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Almor
- Department of Psychology University of South Carolina
- Linguistics Program University of South Carolina
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17
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Abstract
In two behavioural experiments we tested whether performing a spatial task along with another agent changes space representation by rendering some reference frames more/less salient than others. To this end, we used a Simon task in which stimuli were presented in four horizontal locations thus allowing for spatial coding according to multiple frames of reference. In Experiment 1 participants performed a go/no-go Simon task along another agent, each being in charge of one response. In Experiment 2 they performed a two-choice Simon task along another agent, each being in charge of two responses. Results showed that when participants were in charge of only one response, stimulus position was coded only with reference to the centre of the screen hence suggesting that the co-actor's response, or the position of the co-actor, was represented and used as a reference for spatial coding. Differently, when participants were in charge of two responses, no effect of the social context emerged and spatial coding relied on multiple frames of reference, similarly to when the Simon task is performed individually. These findings provide insights on the influence played by the interaction between the social context (i.e. the presence of others) and task features on individual performance.
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19
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Effects of walking on bilateral differences in spatial attention control: a cross-over design. Arch Physiother 2015; 5:12. [PMID: 29340181 PMCID: PMC5759909 DOI: 10.1186/s40945-015-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Walking requires a high attentional cost for balance control and interferes with the control of attention. However, it is unclear whether the performance of visual spatial attention control, which is one of the functions of attention control, is also decreased during walking. In addition, although previous studies have shown right-hemispheric dominance and lower ability of left side visual spatial attention control during sitting, it remains unknown whether walking accentuates bilateral differences in visual spatial attention control. We tested the hypothesis that walking interferes with visual spatial attention control on both sides and accentuates its bilateral differences. Methods Twenty healthy right-handed subjects (24.3 ± 2.0 years) participated in this study. Subjects performed a random stimulus–response compatibility (SRC) task during both sitting and walking situations. To evaluate the effects of walking, reaction time was measured on both sides for the two situations. In comparison to the both situations (sitting and walking), the amount of change of the SRC effect on both sides was used. In the comparing the bilateral difference (left and right), the difference of the SRC effect was evaluated in each situation. The paired t-test was applied to both comparisons for statistical analysis. Results The SRC effect on both sides during walking was significantly larger than during sitting (P < 0.05). In addition, walking significantly accentuated the bilateral differences in visual spatial attention control (P < 0.05). Conclusions These results suggest that walking affects the performance of visual spatial attention control on both sides and accentuates its bilateral differences. These results have implications for development of practice methods of gait disorder with higher brain dysfunction.
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Changing perspective: The role of vestibular signals. Neuropsychologia 2015; 79:175-85. [PMID: 26311354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Social interactions depend on mechanisms such as the ability to take another person's viewpoint, i.e. visuo-spatial perspective taking. However, little is known about the sensorimotor mechanisms underpinning perspective taking. Because vestibular signals play roles in mental rotation and spatial cognition tasks and because damage to the vestibular cortex can disturb egocentric perspective, vestibular signals stand as important candidates for the sensorimotor foundations of perspective taking. Yet, no study merged natural full-body vestibular stimulations and explicit visuo-spatial perspective taking tasks in virtual environments. In Experiment 1, we combined natural vestibular stimulation on a rotatory chair with virtual reality to test how vestibular signals are processed to simulate the viewpoint of a distant avatar. While they were rotated, participants tossed a ball to a virtual character from the viewpoint of a distant avatar. Our results showed that vestibular signals influence perspective taking in a direction-specific way: participants were faster when their physical body rotated in the same direction as the mental rotation needed to take the avatar's viewpoint. In Experiment 2, participants realized 3D object mental rotations, which did not involve perspective taking, during the same whole-body vestibular stimulation. Our results demonstrated that vestibular stimulation did not affect 3D object mental rotations. Altogether, these data indicate that vestibular signals have a direction-specific influence on visuo-spatial perspective taking (self-centered mental imagery), but not a general effect on mental imagery. Findings from this study suggest that vestibular signals contribute to one of the most crucial mechanisms of social cognition: understanding others' actions.
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Kostov K, Janyan A. Reversing the affordance effect: negative stimulus–response compatibility observed with images of graspable objects. Cogn Process 2015; 16 Suppl 1:287-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-015-0708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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One hand or the other? Effector selection biases in right and left handers. Neuropsychologia 2014; 64:300-9. [PMID: 25278131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Much debate in the handedness literature has centred on the relative merits of questionnaire-based measures assessing hand preference versus simple movement tasks such as peg moving or finger tapping, assessing hand performance. A third paradigm has grown in popularity, which assesses choices by participants when either hand could be used to execute movements. These newer measures may be useful in predicting possible "reversed" asymmetries in proportions of non-right handed ("adextral") people. In the current studies we examine hand choice in large samples of dextral (right handed) and adextral participants. Unlike in some previous experiments on choice, we found that left handers were as biased towards their dominant hand as were right handers, for grasping during a puzzle-making task (study 1). In a second study, participants had to point to either of two suddenly appearing targets with one hand or the other. In study 2, left handers were not significantly less one handed than their right-handed counterparts as in study 1. In a final study, we used random effects meta analysis to summarise the possible differences in hand choice between left handers and right handers across all hand choice studies published to date. The meta analysis suggests that right handers use their dominant hand 12.5% more than left handers favour their dominant hand (with 95% confidence that the real difference lies between 7% and 18%). These last results suggest that our two experiments reported here may represent statistical Type 2 errors. This mean difference may be related to greater left hemispheric language and praxic laterality in right handers. Nevertheless, more data are needed regarding the precise proportions of left and right handers who favour their preferred hands for different tasks.
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The carry-over effect of competition in task-sharing: evidence from the joint Simon task. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97991. [PMID: 24897120 PMCID: PMC4045759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Simon effect, that is the advantage of the spatial correspondence between stimulus and response locations when stimulus location is a task-irrelevant dimension, occurs even when the task is performed together by two participants, each performing a go/no-go task. Previous studies showed that this joint Simon effect, considered by some authors as a measure of self-other integration, does not emerge when during task performance co-actors are required to compete. The present study investigated whether and for how long competition experienced during joint performance of one task can affect performance in a following joint Simon task. In two experiments, we required pairs of participants to perform together a joint Simon task, before and after jointly performing together an unrelated non-spatial task (the Eriksen flanker task). In Experiment 1, participants always performed the joint Simon task under neutral instructions, before and after performing the joint flanker task in which they were explicitly required either to cooperate with (i.e., cooperative condition) or to compete against a co-actor (i.e., competitive condition). In Experiment 2, they were required to compete during the joint flanker task and to cooperate during the subsequent joint Simon task. Competition experienced in one task affected the way the subsequent joint task was performed, as revealed by the lack of the joint Simon effect, even though, during the Simon task participants were not required to compete (Experiment 1). However, prior competition no longer affected subsequent performance if a new goal that created positive interdependence between the two agents was introduced (Experiment 2). These results suggest that the emergence of the joint Simon effect is significantly influenced by how the goals of the co-acting individuals are related, with the effect of competition extending beyond the specific competitive setting and affecting subsequent interactions.
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Furlanetto T, Gallace A, Ansuini C, Becchio C. Effects of arm crossing on spatial perspective-taking. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95748. [PMID: 24752571 PMCID: PMC3994149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human social interactions often require people to take a different perspective than their own. Although much research has been done on egocentric spatial representation in a solo context, little is known about how space is mapped in relation to other bodies. Here we used a spatial perspective-taking paradigm to investigate whether observing a person holding his arms crossed over the body midline has an impact on the encoding of left/right and front/back spatial relations from that person's perspective. In three experiments, we compared performance in a task in which spatial judgments were made from the perspective of the participant or from that of a co-experimenter. Depending on the experimental condition, the participant's and the co-experimenter's arms were either crossed or not crossed over the midline. Our results showed that crossing the arms had a specific effect on spatial judgments based on a first-person perspective. More specifically, the responses corresponding to the dominant hand side were slower in the crossed than in the uncrossed arms condition. Crucially, a similar effect was also found when the participants adopted the perspective of a person holding his arms crossed, but not when the other person's arms were held in an unusual but uncrossed posture. Taken together these findings indicate that egocentric space and altercentric space are similarly coded in neurocognitive maps structured with respect to specific body segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Furlanetto
- Centre for Cognitive Science, Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Gallace
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina Ansuini
- Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina Becchio
- Centre for Cognitive Science, Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Response inhibition and adaptations to response conflict in 6- to 8-year-old children: Evidence from the Simon effect. Atten Percept Psychophys 2014; 76:1234-41. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-014-0656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Iani C, Milanese N, Rubichi S. The influence of prior practice and handedness on the orthogonal Simon effect. Front Psychol 2014; 5:39. [PMID: 24570665 PMCID: PMC3916779 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
When stimuli are arranged vertically and responses horizontally, right-handed participants respond faster with right responses to stimuli presented above fixation and with left responses to stimuli presented below fixation, even when stimulus position is task-irrelevant (orthogonal Simon effect). The aim of the present work was twofold. First, we assessed whether the orthogonal Simon effect evident in right-handed participants is present also for left-handed participants (Experiment 1). Second, we investigated whether for both groups of participants the orthogonal Simon effect is influenced by the stimulus-response (S-R) mapping used for an orthogonal spatial S-R compatibility task performed 5 min before (Experiment 2). Our results showed that the orthogonal Simon effect significantly differed in the two groups, with left-handers showing an advantage for the up-left/down-right mapping (Experiment 1). Interestingly, the orthogonal Simon effect was strongly influenced by prior practice regardless of the participants’ handedness (Experiment 2). These results suggest that the short-term S-R associations acquired during practice can override the long-term, hardwired associations established on the basis of handedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Iani
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Nadia Milanese
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sandro Rubichi
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Trautmann-Lengsfeld SA, Herrmann CS. Virtually simulated social pressure influences early visual processing more in low compared to high autonomous participants. Psychophysiology 2013; 51:124-35. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Alexa Trautmann-Lengsfeld
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Experimental Psychology; Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Oldenburg Germany
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Christoph Siegfried Herrmann
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Experimental Psychology; Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Oldenburg Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science; Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg; Oldenburg Germany
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Lugli L, Iani C, Nicoletti R, Rubichi S. Emergence of the go/no-go Simon effect by means of practice and mixing paradigms. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2013; 144:19-24. [PMID: 23743341 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In two experiments, we tested whether the emergence of the go/no-go Simon effect could be determined by the strengthening of one specific S-R link in location-relevant trials performed right before (practice paradigm) or simultaneously (mixing paradigm) with the location-irrelevant (Simon) trials. Results showed a clear carry-over effect of the association between stimulus position and spatial response from the first task to the second one (Experiment 1) and when the two tasks were performed simultaneously (Experiment 2), even if participants were required to respond with the same key to only half of the stimuli (go/no-go tasks). We found that associative learning between the stimulus and response positions occurring during the go/no-go compatibility task, that is when location was relevant, influenced the way the go/no-go location-irrelevant task (Simon task) was performed. Our findings suggest that the STM links formed during a go/no-go spatial compatibility task are strong enough to influence the go/no-go Simon task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lugli
- Department of Communication and Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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Tessari A, Ottoboni G, Baroni G, Symes E, Nicoletti R. Is access to the body structural description sensitive to a body part's significance for action and cognition? A study of the sidedness effect using feet. Exp Brain Res 2012; 218:515-25. [PMID: 22402752 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence suggesting that viewing hands triggers automatic access to the Body Structural Description, a visual-spatial representation of human body parts configuration. Hands, however, have a special representational status within the brain because of their significance for action and cognition. We tested whether feet, less important in gestural and object-directed action, would similarly show automatic access to the Body Structural Description. Positive evidence of that would be finding a Sidedness effect (Ottoboni et al. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 31:778-789, 2005), a Simon-like paradigm previously used to study automatic hand recognition. This effect demonstrates that processing hands generates spatial codes corresponding to the side of the body on which the hand would be located within the Body Structural Description map. Feet were shown with toes pointing upwards (Experiment 1), without any connection to the ankle and the leg (Experiment 2) and with toes pointing downwards (Experiment 3). Results revealed a Sidedness effect in both Experiments 1 and 3: spatial compatibility occurred according to the side of the body that each foot would assume within the Body Structural Description. In Experiment 2, as already found in stimuli similarly featured, no effect emerged, due to the lack of the necessary anatomical links connecting the foot to a body. Results suggest that body parts with variable degrees of significance for action and cognition can access automatically the Body Structural Description hence reinforcing the hypothesis of its pure visuo-spatial nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Tessari
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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31
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Bardi L, Kanai R, Mapelli D, Walsh V. TMS of the FEF interferes with spatial conflict. J Cogn Neurosci 2012; 24:1305-13. [PMID: 22401287 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the Simon task, a conflict arises because irrelevant spatial information competes for response selection either facilitating or interfering with performance. Responses are faster when stimulus and response position correspond than when they do not. The FEFs, which have long been characterized for their role in oculomotor control, are also involved in the control of visuospatial attention when eye movements are not required. This study was aimed at investigating whether the FEFs contribute to spatial conflict. Double-pulse TMS was applied to the FEF of either left or right hemisphere during the execution of a Simon task at different time windows after the onset of the visual stimulus. A suppression of the Simon effect was observed after stimulation of the FEF for stimuli appearing in the contralateral hemifield when TMS was applied to the left hemisphere after stimulus onset (0-40 and 40-80 msec). A reduction of the correspondence effect was observed after right FEF TMS for stimuli presented in the left visual hemifield when stimulation was delivered in the 80-120 msec range after stimulus onset. These outcomes indicate that the FEF play a critical role in encoding spatial attribute of a stimulus for response priming, which is the prerequisite for response conflict in the Simon task. Moreover, our finding that the left FEF have a dominant role during spatial conflict extends the idea of the left-hemisphere lateralization of the motor network in action selection by suggesting that the FEF may constitute part of this network.
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Railo H, Tallus J, Hämäläinen H. Right visual field advantage for perceived contrast: Correlation with an auditory bias and handedness. Brain Cogn 2011; 77:391-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schiff S, Bardi L, Basso D, Mapelli D. Timing spatial conflict within the parietal cortex: a TMS study. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:3998-4007. [PMID: 21671746 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Orienting and motor attention are known to recruit different regions within right and left parietal lobes. However, the time course and the role played by these modules when visual information competes for different motor response are still unknown. To deal with this issue, single-pulse TMS was applied over the angular (AG) and the supramarginal (SMG) gyri of both hemispheres at several time intervals during the execution of a Simon task. Suppression of the conflict between stimulus and response positions (i.e., the Simon effect) was found when TMS pulse was applied 130 msec after stimulus onset over the right AG and after 160 msec when applied over the left AG and SMG. Interestingly, only stimulation of the left SMG suppressed the asymmetry in conflict magnitude between left- and right-hand responses, usually observed in the Simon task. The present data show that orienting attention and motor attention processes are temporally, functionally, and spatially separated in the posterior parietal cortex, and both contribute to prime motor response during spatial conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Schiff
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padua, Italy
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Abstract
Faces are unlike other visual objects we encounter, in that they alert us to potentially relevant social information. Both face processing and spatial attention are dominant in the right hemisphere of the human brain, with a stronger lateralization in right- than in left-handers. Here, we demonstrate behavioral evidence for an effect of handedness on performance in tasks using faces to direct attention. Nonpredictive, peripheral cues (faces or dots) directed exogenous attention to contrast-varying stimuli (Gabor patches)-a tilted target, a vertical distractor, or both; observers made orientation discriminations on the target stimuli. Whereas cuing with dots increased contrast sensitivity in both groups, cuing with faces increased contrast sensitivity in right- but not in left-handers, for whom opposite hemifield effects resulted in no net increase. Our results reveal that attention modulation by face cues critically depends on handedness and visual hemifield. These previously unreported interactions suggest that such lateralized systems may be functionally connected.
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Gardner MR, Potts R. Hand dominance influences the processing of observed bodies. Brain Cogn 2010; 73:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Proctor RW, Shao C. Does the contribution of stimulus-hand correspondence to the auditory Simon effect increase with practice? Exp Brain Res 2010; 204:131-7. [PMID: 20473751 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In two-choice reaction tasks for which stimulus location is irrelevant, crossing the hands typically does not alter the benefit for corresponding stimulus and response locations (the Simon effect), which implies location coding of responses. However, for auditory tasks in which a consistent mapping between responding hand and tone pitch is maintained, the Simon effect may become smaller for crossed than uncrossed hands with practice, suggesting increased reliance on anatomical coding. Two experiments tested this possibility. In Exp. 1, the Simon effect tended to be smaller with crossed than uncrossed hands in the second half of 1,600 trials but not in the first half. Experiment 2 showed that this result was not due to reinstructing subjects mid-experiment about the consistent mapping of stimuli to hands. Although the Simon effect was apparent with crossed hands throughout both experiments, it tended to be slightly smaller than the effect obtained with uncrossed hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Proctor
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2081, USA.
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37
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Lloyd DM, Azañón E, Poliakoff E. Right hand presence modulates shifts of exogenous visuospatial attention in near perihand space. Brain Cogn 2010; 73:102-9. [PMID: 20403655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate attentional shifting in perihand space, we measured performance on a covert visual orienting task under different hand positions. Participants discriminated visual shapes presented on a screen and responded using footpedals placed under their right foot. With the right hand positioned by the right side of the screen, mean cueing effects were significantly greater for targets presented on the right compared to the left side, at the shortest stimulus onset asynchrony. The right hand still affected attention when the left foot was used to respond and when the right hand was crossed over the midline, indicating that this effect is not restricted to the right hemifield and cannot be accounted for by greater stimulus-response compatibility with the right (responding) foot. These experiments provide preliminary evidence that the presence of the right hand can modulate shifts of visual attention but emphasise the importance of stimulus-response compatibility effects in such investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Lloyd
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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Figliozzi F, Silvetti M, Rubichi S, Doricchi F. Determining priority between attentional and referential-coding sources of the Simon effect through optokinetic stimulation. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:1011-5. [PMID: 19961865 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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ANTONELLO PELLICANO, CRISTINA IANI, SANDRO RUBICHI, PAOLA RICCIARDELLI, ANNA M. BORGHI, ROBERTO NICOLETTI. Real-Life Motor Training Modifies Spatial Performance: The Advantage of Being Drummers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 123:169-79. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.2.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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40
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Spironelli C, Tagliabue M, Umiltà C. Response selection and attention orienting: a computational model of Simon effect asymmetries. Exp Psychol 2009; 56:274-82. [PMID: 19439400 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a redirection of research efforts toward the exploration of the role of hemispheric lateralization in determining Simon effect asymmetries. The present study aimed at implementing a connectionist model that simulates the cognitive mechanisms implied by such asymmetries, focusing on the underlying neural structure. A left-lateralized response-selection mechanism was implemented alone (Experiment 1) or along with a right-lateralized automatic attention-orienting mechanism (Experiment 2). It was found that both models yielded Simon effect asymmetries. However, whereas the first model showed a reversed pattern of asymmetry compared with human, real data, the second model's performance strongly resembled human Simon effect asymmetries, with a significantly greater right than left Simon effect. Thus, a left-side bias in the response-selection mechanism produced a left-side biased Simon effect, whereas a right-side bias in the attention system produced a right-side biased Simon effect. In conclusion, results showed that the bias of the attention system had a larger impact than the bias of the response-selection mechanism in producing Simon effect asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Spironelli
- Department of general psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Vallesi A, Binns MA, Shallice T. An effect of spatial-temporal association of response codes: understanding the cognitive representations of time. Cognition 2008; 107:501-27. [PMID: 18076872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study addresses the question of how such an abstract concept as time is represented by our cognitive system. Specifically, the aim was to assess whether temporal information is cognitively represented through left-to-right spatial coordinates, as already shown for other ordered sequences (e.g., numbers). In Experiment 1, the task-relevant information was the temporal duration of a cross. RTs were shorter when short and long durations had to be responded to with left and right hands, respectively, than with the opposite stimulus-response mapping. The possible explanation that the foreperiod effect (i.e., shorter RTs for longer durations) is greater with right than with left hand responses is discarded by results of Experiment 2, in which right and left hand responses alternated block-wise in a variable foreperiod paradigm. Other explanations concerning manual or hemispheric asymmetries may be excluded based on the results of control experiments, which show that the compatibility effect between response side and cross duration occurs for accuracy when responses are given with crossed hands (Experiment 3), and for RTs when responses are given within one hand (Experiment 4). This pattern suggests that elapsing time, similarly to other ordered information, is represented in some circumstances through an internal spatial reference frame, in a way that may influence motor performance. Finally, in Experiment 5, the temporal duration was parametrically varied using different values for each response category (i.e., 3 short and 3 long durations). The compatibility effect between hand and duration was replicated, but followed a rectangular function of the duration. The shape of this function is discussed in relation to the specific task demands.
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