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Andraszewicz S, Kaszás D, Zeisberger S, Hölscher C. The influence of upward social comparison on retail trading behaviour. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22713. [PMID: 38123629 PMCID: PMC10733348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Online investing is often facilitated by digital platforms, where the information of peer top performers can be widely accessible and distributed. However, the influence of such information on retail investors' psychology, their trading behaviour and potential risks they may be prone to is poorly understood. We investigate the impact of upward social comparison on risk-taking, trading activity and investor satisfaction using a tailored experiment with 807 experienced retail investors trading on a dynamically evolving simulated stock market, designed to systematically measure various facets of trading activity. We find that investors presented with an upward social comparison take more risk and trade more actively, and they report significantly lower satisfaction with their own performance. Our findings demonstrate the pitfalls of modern investment platforms with peer information and social trading. The broad implications of this study also provide guidelines for improving retail investor satisfaction and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Andraszewicz
- Chair of Cognitive Science, ETH Zurich, Clausiusstrasse 59, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Future Resilient Systems, Singapore-ETH Centre, 1 CREATE Way, #06-01 CREATE Tower, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
| | - Dániel Kaszás
- Chair of Cognitive Science, ETH Zurich, Clausiusstrasse 59, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Zeisberger
- Institute for Management Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 141, 6525, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Banking and Finance, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 32, 8032, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Chair of Cognitive Science, ETH Zurich, Clausiusstrasse 59, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Future Resilient Systems, Singapore-ETH Centre, 1 CREATE Way, #06-01 CREATE Tower, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
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Mlekus L, Lehmann J, Maier GW. New work situations call for familiar work design methods: Effects of task rotation and how they are mediated in a technology-supported workplace. Front Psychol 2022; 13:935952. [PMID: 36312181 PMCID: PMC9597497 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.935952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New digital assistive technologies strive to alleviate the completion of work tasks but thereby often threaten to make jobs increasingly monotonous. To counteract jobs becoming more and more monotonous, task rotation might be an appropriate technology feature. However, it is uncertain whether task rotation has unique positive effects, why it works, and whether there are any boundary conditions. To investigate this, we conducted two experimental vignette studies. In Study 1 (N1 = 135), we drew on the job characteristics model and self-determination theory to examine perceived task variety, skill variety, and task identity, and expected satisfaction of the need for competence as mediators of the effect of task rotation on anticipated employee attitudes (job satisfaction, intrinsic work motivation), behavior (subjective performance), and well-being (positive and negative affect). The investigated vignette described a job where a digital assistance system either indicated the task rotation or only supported work steps. Regression analyses showed direct effects of task rotation on expected job satisfaction, intrinsic motivation, and positive affect. There were indirect effects of task rotation on all outcomes except expected negative affect. We used Study 2 (N2 = 159) as an exact replication of Study 1. Additionally, to investigate the boundary conditions of task rotation effects, we drew on person-job fit theory and investigated openness to experience as a moderator of the effects of task and skill variety on the outcomes. Regression analyses showed direct effects of task rotation on expected job satisfaction, subjective performance, and positive affect. There were indirect effects of task rotation on all outcomes except expected negative affect and intrinsic motivation. Thus, the results of Study 1 could only be partly replicated. Openness to experience did not moderate the effects of task and skill variety on the outcomes. The results support the relevance of task rotation as a technology feature and indicate that rotations should offer especially skill variety and task identity, as these were the strongest mediators in our studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mlekus
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Research Institute for Cognition and Robotics – CoR-Lab, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- *Correspondence: Lisa Mlekus,
| | - Janine Lehmann
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Günter W. Maier
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Research Institute for Cognition and Robotics – CoR-Lab, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Buhler AG, Brannon B, Cataldo TT, Faniel IM, Connaway LS, Valenza JK, Elrod R, Cyr C. How real is real enough? Participant feedback on a behavioral simulation used for information-seeking behavior research. JOURNAL OF LIBRARIANSHIP AND INFORMATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09610006211067799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A challenge of studying information-seeking behavior in open web systems is the unpredictability of those systems. One solution to counteract this issue is employing a simulation to ensure experimental control. However, concerns arise over the realism of such an environment. This paper assesses the realism of a behavioral simulation used to study the evaluation behavior of 175 students from fourth grade through graduate school. We assess realism through the examination of targeted participant feedback about what would have made the simulated environment and tasks more realistic to these participants. Based on this feedback, we reflect on decisions made in designing the simulation and offer recommendations for future studies interested in incorporating behavioral simulation in their research design. We find that a thoughtfully designed simulation can elicit naturalistic behavior when the controlled environment is designed to be realistic in meaningful ways. Because the simulation does not have to perfectly match reality to elicit these behaviors, designing a simulation that is real enough is an effective method to study information-seeking behavior.
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Gordon R. F, Jorge M. OC, Rafael B. P. Consumer behavior analysis and the marketing firm: measures of performance. JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01608061.2020.1860860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Foxall Gordon R.
- Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff
- Insittute of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Brasilia
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Iglesias F, Franco VR, Gisler JVT, Piasson DL. Vieses Cognitivos entre Consumidores num Dilema Social Simulado: Falso Consenso, Erro Fundamental de Atribuição, de Ator-Observador e de Autosserviço. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-3772e323226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Decisões entre cooperar e competir são fundamentais em dilemas sociais, quando interesses individuais de consumo estão em conflito com benefícios coletivos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi testar a ocorrência de vieses de cognição social em um dilema simulado, com base nos procedimentos de (Gifford e Hine, 1997). Após jogarem o software FISH em condições de cooperação e competição, os participantes relataram suas auto e hetero percepções. Foram verificados o viés de falso consenso e o erro fundamental de atribuição, mas os vieses de autosserviço e o ator-observador se mostraram efeitos mais limitados e apenas entre cooperadores. Discutem-se algumas implicações teóricas, metodológicas e práticas dos fenômenos no contexto do consumo sustentável.
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Abstract
Understanding human behavior in the context of exploration and navigation is an important but challenging problem. Such understanding can help in the design of safe structures and spaces that implicitly aid humans during evacuation or other emergency situations. In particular, the role that memory plays in this process is something that is crucial to understand. In this paper, we develop a novel serious game-based experimental approach to understanding the non-randomness and the impact of memory on the human exploration process. We show that a simple memory model, with a depth of between 6 and 8 steps, is sufficient to approximate a 'human-like' level of exploration efficiency. We also demonstrate the advantages that a game-based experimental methodology brings to these kinds of experiments in the amount of data that can be collected as compared to traditional experiments. We feel that these findings have important implications for 'safety-by-design' in complex infrastructural structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaisagh Viswanathan
- TUM CREATE Limited, 1 CREATE Way, #10-02 CREATE Tower, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
- School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Michael Lees
- School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Computational Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M A Sloot
- Computational Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Predicting real-time adaptive performance in a dynamic decision-making context. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/jmo.2014.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIndividuals in organizations must frequently enact a series of ongoing decisions in real-time dynamic contexts. Despite the increasing need for individuals to manage dynamic decision-making demands, we still understand little about individual differences impacting performance in these environments. This paper proposes a new construct applicable to adaptation in such real-time dynamic environments. Cognitive agility is a formative construct measuring the individual capacity to exhibit cognitive flexibility, cognitive openness and focused attention. This study predicts that cognitive agility will impact adaptive performance in a real-time dynamic decision-making microworld computer game called the Networked Fire Chief; a simulation developed to study and train Australian fire fighters. Cognitive agility, operationalized through three distinct methods (performance measures, self-reports and external-rater reports), explained unique variance beyond measures of general intelligence on the total score of adaptive performance in the microworld.
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Abstract
The LABY microworld, a functional simulation of Air Traffic Control (ATC), captures the underlying processes involved in electronic air traffic management with a simplified version of the operational human-machine interface. LABY is a computer-based human-in-the-loop dynamic environment whereby a controller must issue directional commands to guide aircraft along a predetermined route, while avoiding potential conflicts and dealing concurrently with other incoming information. It can be used for human factors research or system engineering purposes, or configured specifically for use with expert controllers for the training of non-technical skills in ATC. We present a use case of LABY, comparing the efficiency of input devices for ATC: Input times using the mouse were quicker than with the stylus, but error was not greater. We discuss the potential of LABY for system engineering, training and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen M. Hodgetts
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Department of Applied Psychology, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Good D, Michel EJ. Individual Ambidexterity: Exploring and Exploiting in Dynamic Contexts. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 147:435-53. [DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2012.710663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Naweed A, Hockey GRJ, Clarke SD. Designing simulator tools for rail research: the case study of a train driving microworld. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2013; 44:445-454. [PMID: 23107003 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The microworld simulator paradigm is well established in the areas of ship-navigation and spaceflight, but has yet to be applied to rail. This paper presents a case study aiming to address this research gap, and describes the development of a train driving microworld as a tool to overcome some common research barriers. A theoretical framework for microworld design is tested and used to explore some key methodological issues and characteristics of train driving, enhancing theory development and providing a useful guideline for the designers of other collision-avoidance systems. A detailed description is given of the ATREIDES (Adaptive Train Research Enhanced Information Display & Environment Simulator) microworld, which simulates the work environment of a train driver in a high-speed passenger train. General indications of the testable driving scenarios that may be simulated are given, and an example of an ATREIDES-based study is presented to illustrate its applied research potential. The article concludes with a review of the design process, considers some strengths and limitations, and explores some future initiatives towards enhancing the systematic study of rail research in the human factors community.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Naweed
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TP, UK.
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Fullagar CJ, Knight PA, Sovern HS. Challenge/Skill Balance, Flow, and Performance Anxiety. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Fagerstrøm A, Arntzen E, Foxall GR. A study of preferences in a simulated online shopping experiment. SERVICE INDUSTRIES JOURNAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/02642069.2011.531121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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DiFonzo N. Ferreting Facts or Fashioning Fallacies? Factors in Rumor Accuracy. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Stupak N, DiFonzo N, Younge AJ, Homan C. SOCIALSENSE: Graphical user interface design considerations for social network experiment software. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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ATC-labAdvanced: An air traffic control simulator with realism and control. Behav Res Methods 2009; 41:118-127. [DOI: 10.3758/brm.41.1.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Jani A. An experimental investigation of factors influencing perceived control over a failing IT project. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Fullagar CJ, Egleston DO. Norming and Performing: Using Microworlds to Understand the Relationship Between Team Cohesiveness and Performance1. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The author assessed satisfaction and performance on 3 tasks (idea generation, intellective, judgment) among 75 dyads (N = 150) working through 1 of 3 modes of communication (instant messaging, videoconferencing, face to face). The author based predictions on the Media Naturalness Theory (N. Kock, 2001, 2002) and on findings from past researchers (e.g., D. M. DeRosa, C. Smith, & D. A. Hantula, in press) of the interaction between tasks and media. The present author did not identify task performance differences, although satisfaction with the medium was lower among those dyads communicating through an instant-messaging system than among those interacting face to face or through videoconferencing. The findings support the Media Naturalness Theory. The author discussed them in relation to the participants' frequent use of instant messaging and their familiarity with new communication media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Simon
- Department of Psychology, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Ave., South Orange, NJ 07079, USA.
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McGarva AR, Ramsey M, Shear SA. Effects of driver cell-phone use on driver aggression. The Journal of Social Psychology 2006; 146:133-46. [PMID: 16673844 DOI: 10.3200/socp.146.2.133-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Using 2 field procedures, the authors assessed impacts of cell-phone use on mild forms of driver aggression. Participants were 135 drivers traveling within a city of approximately 17,000 people in an otherwise little-populated region of western North Dakota. The authors videotaped the participants while a confederate driver in a low-status vehicle frustrated them. In Experiment 1, the confederate was traveling well under the posted speed limit. In Experiment 2, the confederate remained motionless at a stoplight that had turned green. When the confederate visibly talked on a hand-held cell phone (n = 67), male drivers exhibited their frustration by honking their horn more quickly and frequently than did drivers in no-cell-phone trials, and female drivers were more angry according to blind judgments of videotaped facial expressions that were compared with those of drivers in no-cell-phone trials (n = 68). The present results suggested that driver cell-phone use contributes to the growing crisis of roadway aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R McGarva
- Department of Teacher Education and Psychology, Dickinson State University, Dickinson, ND 58601, USA.
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Brecher EG, Hantula DA. Equivocality and Escalation: A Replication and Preliminary Examination of Frustration1. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rolo * G, DÍaz-cabrera D. Decision-making processes evaluation using two methodologies: field and simulation techniques. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/14639220512331311544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Spector MD, Jones GE. Trust in the Workplace: Factors Affecting Trust Formation Between Team Members. The Journal of Social Psychology 2004; 144:311-21. [PMID: 15168431 DOI: 10.3200/socp.144.3.311-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The authors used survey data from 127 professional-level employees working in 8 industries to assess the effects of respondent's trusting stance and (a) the trustee's organization membership (internal or external), (b) the hierarchical relationship (supervisor or peer), and (c) the gender of the trustee, on initial trust level for a new project team member. The authors found that trusting stance was positively related to initial trust level. The authors also found an interaction effect between respondent gender and trustee gender on initial trust. Specifically, male initial trust level was higher for a new male team member and lower for a new female team member. The present study provided additional understanding of the formation of initial trust levels and its importance for team functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele D Spector
- Fairleigh Dickinson University, 285 Madison Avenue, Madison, NJ 07940, USA
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Loft S, Hill A, Neal A, Humphreys M, Yeo G. ATC-lab: An air traffic control simulator for the laboratory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 36:331-8. [PMID: 15354699 DOI: 10.3758/bf03195579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Air Traffic Control Laboratory Simulator (ATC-lab) is a new low- and medium-fidelity task environment that simulates air traffic control. ATC-lab allows the researcher to study human performance of tasks under tightly controlled experimental conditions in a dynamic, spatial environment. The researcher can create standardized air traffic scenarios by manipulating a wide variety of parameters. These include temporal and spatial variables. There are two main versions of ATC-lab. The mediumfidelity simulator provides a simplified version of en route air traffic control, requiring participants to visually search a screen and both recognize and resolve conflicts so that adequate separation is maintained between all aircraft. The low-fidelity simulator presents pairs of aircraft in isolation, controlling the participant's focus of attention, which provides a more systematic measurement of conflict recognition and resolution performance. Preliminary studies have demonstrated that ATC-lab is a flexible tool for applied cognition research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne Loft
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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25
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DeRosa DM, Hantula DA, Kock N, D'Arcy J. Trust and leadership in virtual teamwork: A media naturalness perspective. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hrm.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Four experiments explored participants' understanding of the abstract principles governing computer simulations of complex adaptive systems. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 showed better transfer of abstract principles across simulations that were relatively dissimilar, and that this effect was due to participants who performed relatively poorly on the initial simulation. In Experiment 4, participants showed better abstract understanding of a simulation when it was depicted with concrete rather than idealized graphical elements. However, for poor performers, the idealized version of the simulation transferred better to a new simulation governed by the same abstraction. The results are interpreted in terms of competition between abstract and concrete construals of the simulations. Individuals prone toward concrete construals tend to overlook abstractions when concrete properties or superficial similarities are salient.
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Bragger JD, Hantula DA, Bragger D, Kirnan J, Kutcher E. When success breeds failure: history, hysteresis, and delayed exit decisions. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 2003; 88:6-14. [PMID: 12675390 DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of feedback equivocality, information availability, and prior decision-making history on escalation and persistence were investigated. Replicating the findings of J.L. Bragger, D.H. Bragger, D.A. Hantula, and J.P. Kirnan (1998), this study found that participants receiving equivocal feedback on their decisions invested more money and invested across more opportunities; those who could purchase information invested fewer resources than did participants who did not have the opportunity to purchase information. There was an inverse linear relationship between the percentage of opportunities in which participants purchased information and the delay to exit decisions and total resources invested. Six weeks earlier, some participants took part in a more profitable investment scenario, and prior experience led to later increased investing when participants were faced with failure, even above that invested in a preceding, succeeding scenario. These results are consistent with an equivocality theory account of escalation.
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28
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DiFonzo N, Bordia P. Rumors and stable-cause attribution in prediction and behavior. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Haggas AM, Hantula DA. Think or click? Student preference for overt vs. covert responding in web-based instruction. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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The effects of download delay on performance and end-user satisfaction in an Internet tutorial. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0747-5632(01)00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Gifford J, Gifford R. FISH 3: a microworld for studying social dilemmas and resource management. BEHAVIOR RESEARCH METHODS, INSTRUMENTS, & COMPUTERS : A JOURNAL OF THE PSYCHONOMIC SOCIETY, INC 2000; 32:417-22. [PMID: 11029814 DOI: 10.3758/bf03200810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A Java-based microworld environment for studying resource management is described. FISH 3 may be used in research or the classroom to investigate commons dilemmas and resource dilemmas. The program uses ocean fishing as its metaphor; participants ("fishers") experience the metaphor through both graphics ("fish" may be seen in an ocean) and text (e.g., resource replenishment is translated as "spawning"). In either stand-alone or networked modes, either with all human fishers or a mixture of human and computer fishers, 15 parameters such as the number of resource units (fish), participants (fishers), and trials (seasons), payoff values, the rate and period of resource regeneration (spawning), harvesting greed by computer fishers, awareness of other harvesters' actions, uncertainty in the amount of the resource, operating costs, and whether the resource is visible to harvesters may be varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gifford
- University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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32
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Vancouver JB, Putka DJ. Analyzing Goal-Striving Processes and a Test of the Generalizability of Perceptual Control Theory. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2000; 82:334-362. [PMID: 10891301 DOI: 10.1006/obhd.2000.2901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Theories that articulate dynamic processes are relatively rare, but methods for testing the theories are even rarer. This study illustrates two methods for examining goal-striving processes and a tool for collecting dynamic data. The first method tests a hypothesis regarding what variable the participants are attempting to maintain. The second method involves creating multilevel models used to describe the dynamic data generated by study participants, which can be used to test between- and within-subject manipulations or differences. The tool is a research simulation of a manager's role in scheduling subordinates in a hospital wing. Together these methods and the tool are used to test the generalizability of perceptual control theory in explaining striving for cognitive goals. The results confirm the viability of a control theory accounting of goal striving and highlight the potential of the methods and the research tool in future research. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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Murray LK, Kollins SH. Effects of methylphenidate on sensitivity to reinforcement in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an application of the matching law. J Appl Behav Anal 2000; 33:573-91. [PMID: 11214032 PMCID: PMC1284280 DOI: 10.1901/jaba.2000.33-573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been hypothesized to be the result of decreased sensitivity to consequences compared to typical children. The present study examined sensitivity to reinforcement in 2 boys diagnosed with ADHD using the matching law to provide more precise and quantitative measurement of this construct. This experiment also evaluated the effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on sensitivity to reinforcement of children with ADHD. Subjects completed math problems to earn tokens under four different variable-interval (VI) schedules of reinforcement presented in random order under both medicated and nonmedicated conditions. Results showed that, in the medicated condition, the matching functions for both subjects resulted in higher asymptotic values, indicating an overall elevation of behavior rate under these conditions. The variance accounted for by the matching law was also higher under the medicated conditions, suggesting that their behavior more closely tracked the changing rates of reinforcement while taking MPH compared to placebo. Under medicated conditions, the reinforcing efficacy of response-contingent tokens decreased. Results are discussed with respect to quantifying behavioral changes and the extent to which the drug interacts with prevailing contingencies (i.e., schedule values) to influence behavioral variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Murray
- Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, USA
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Ehret BD, Gray WD, Kirschenbaum SS. Contending with complexity: developing and using a scaled world in applied cognitive research. HUMAN FACTORS 2000; 42:8-23. [PMID: 10917143 DOI: 10.1518/001872000779656606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Scaled worlds preserve certain functional relationships of a complex task environment while paring away others. The functional relationships preserved are defined by the questions of interest to the researcher. Different scaled worlds of the same task may preserve and pare away different functional relationships. In this paper we use the example of Ned to discuss the use of scaled worlds in applied cognitive research. Ned is based on a detailed cognitive task analysis of submarine approach officers as they attempt to localize an enemy submarine hiding in deep water. For Ned we attempted to preserve the functional relationships inherent in the approach officer's information environment while paring away other aspects of his task environment. Scaled worlds attempt to maintain the realism inherent in the preserved functional relationship while being tractable for the researcher and engaging to the participant.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Ehret
- George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA
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