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Giraud M, Zapparoli L, Basso G, Petilli M, Paulesu E, Nava E. Mapping the emotional homunculus with fMRI. iScience 2024; 27:109985. [PMID: 38868180 PMCID: PMC11167434 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotions are commonly associated with bodily sensations, e.g., boiling with anger when overwhelmed with rage. Studies have shown that emotions are related to specific body parts, suggesting that somatotopically organized cortical regions that commonly respond to somatosensory and motor experiences might be involved in the generation of emotions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate whether the subjective feelings of emotion are accompanied by the activation of somatotopically defined sensorimotor brain regions, thus aiming to reconstruct an "emotional homunculus." By defining the convergence of the brain activation patterns evoked by self-generated emotions during scanning onto a sensorimotor map created on participants' tactile and motor brain activity, we showed that all the evoked emotions activated parts of this sensorimotor map, yet with considerable overlap among different emotions. Although we could not find a highly specific segmentation of discrete emotions over sensorimotor regions, our results support an embodied experience of emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Giraud
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Zapparoli
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- fMRI Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Basso
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Petilli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Eraldo Paulesu
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Nava
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Psychology Department and NeuroMi, Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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2
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Gong R, Corter JE. Effects of Induced Mood on Attention and Decision Strategies in Risky Choice. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:1429-1452. [PMID: 36328786 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221137255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The effects of induced incidental moods on patterns of information search and decision outcomes were investigated in a risky choice task with mixed-domain problems. Viewing of short videos was used to induce either happy or sad mood in participants, who then made choices between pairs of options consisting of a probabilistic gain coupled with a probabilistic loss. Eyetracking measures of information search, specifically frequencies of transitions between key aspects of the decision alternatives, were analyzed and related to use of heuristic or analytic compensatory strategies. Data were also gathered in a control condition, where participants were instructed to use an EV-calculation strategy, a prototypical integrative compensatory strategy. Results showed significant differences in choices and attention transitions between the EV-instruction and the induced mood conditions, but minimal differences between the happy and sad induced mood conditions. Participants in the induced mood conditions showed relatively more evidence of heuristic strategy use, but analytic strategies remained the modal strategy in all conditions. Importantly, key types of attention transitions were shown to reliably predict the frequency of observed choices consistent with optimal (EV- maximizing) and certain heuristic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gong
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James E Corter
- Human Development, Teachers College of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Yin H, Zhou Y, Li Z. Contradictory findings in the study of emotional false memory: a review on the inadvisability of controlling valence and arousal. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1380742. [PMID: 38863666 PMCID: PMC11165708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1380742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotional false memories are the erroneous recollection of events accompanied by an emotional experience. In high-risk domains like psychotherapy and the legal system, emotional false memories are of particular importance. Despite the systematic research conducted on emotional false memories in recent years, findings remain contradictory. Some studies have suggested that negative emotion reduces false memories, while others have suggested that negative emotion increases false memories. Research has mainly employed words and pictures as experimental stimuli, and studies using both types of memory stimuli are reviewed here. From this examination, it emerged that the main reasons for contradictory findings are as follows: (1) different materials have varying effects on inducing false memories, with pictures demonstrating a memory advantage compared to words; (2) recall and recognition tests have been used interchangeably, leading to different false-memory effects depending on the memory test employed; and (3) different studies have adopted different levels of control over valence and arousal when manipulating emotional variables. Future studies should distinguish between the use of different memory materials, examine specific differences in recall and recognition tests, and measure the impact of specific emotions on false memory beyond the dimensions of valence and arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Yin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yizhou Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuoshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- School of Teacher Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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4
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Zangri RM, Blanco I, Pascual T, Vázquez C. Unlocking the past: efficacy of guided self-compassion and benefit-focused online interventions for managing negative personal memories. Cogn Emot 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38635402 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2024.2337132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Positive reappraisal strategies have been found to reduce negative affect following the recall of negative personal events. This study examined the restorative effect of two mood-repair instructions (self-compassion vs benefit-focused reappraisal) and a control condition with no instructions following a negative Mood Induction Procedure by using the guided recall of a negative autobiographical event. A total of 112 university students participated in the online study (81% women, Mage: 21.0 years). Immediately following the negative memory recall, participants were randomised to each condition [(self-compassion: n = 36, benefit-focused: n = 39) or a control condition (n = 37)]. Repeated measures ANOVAs 3 (Repair condition) × 3 (Time of mood assessment: pre-recall, post-recall, post-regulation) showed that, as expected, negative mood (sadness, shame, and guilt) worsened significantly after the guided recall in all groups (p < .001). After the mood-repair intervention, participants in the self-compassion and benefit-focused conditions showed a significant reduction in negative mood (p < .019), while such improvement was not observed in the control group. Self-compassion and benefit-focused reappraisal functioned similarly as mood repair strategies after experiencing negative affect induced by the recall of negative personal memories. Implications in the context of autobiographical memory biases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Maria Zangri
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Blanco
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teodoro Pascual
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmelo Vázquez
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Li C, Otgaar H, Battista F, Muris P, Zhang Y. The effect of mood on shaping belief and recollection following false feedback. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024:10.1007/s00426-024-01957-6. [PMID: 38581439 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-024-01957-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The current study examined how mood affects the impact of false feedback on belief and recollection. In a three-session experiment, participants first watched 40 neutral mini videos, which were accompanied by music to induce either a positive or negative mood, or no music. Following a recognition test, they received false feedback to reduce belief in the occurrence of the events displayed in some of the videos (Session 2). This was followed by an immediate memory test and a delayed memory assessment one week later (Session 3). The results revealed that participants in negative mood reported higher belief scores compared to those in positive moods, despite an overall decline in belief scores for all groups following the false feedback. Notably, individuals in negative moods exhibited less reduction in their belief scores after encountering challenges, thereby maintaining a higher accuracy in their testimonies. Over time, a reduction in the clarity of participants' memory recall was observed, which correspondingly reduced their testimony accuracy. This study thus indicates that mood states play a role in shaping belief and memory recall under the influence of false feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Henry Otgaar
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabiana Battista
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Peter Muris
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Yikang Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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6
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Testa G, Sotgiu I, Rusconi ML, Cauda F, Costa T. The Functional Neuroimaging of Autobiographical Memory for Happy Events: A Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:711. [PMID: 38610134 PMCID: PMC11011908 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12070711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies using autobiographical recall methods investigated the neural correlates of happy autobiographical memories (AMs). The scope of the present activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis was to quantitatively analyze neuroimaging studies of happy AMs conducted with autobiographical recall paradigms. A total of 17 studies (12 fMRI; 5 PET) on healthy individuals were included in this meta-analysis. During recall of happy life events, consistent activation foci were found in the frontal gyrus, the cingulate cortex, the basal ganglia, the parahippocampus/hippocampus, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus. The result of this quantitative coordinate-based ALE meta-analysis provides an objective view of brain responses associated with AM recollection of happy events, thus identifying brain areas consistently activated across studies. This extended brain network included frontal and limbic regions involved in remembering emotionally relevant positive events. The frontal gyrus and the cingulate cortex may be responsible for cognitive appraisal processes during recollection of happy AMs, while the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus may be involved in pleasure reactions associated with recollection of happy life events. These findings shed light on the neural network involved in recalling positive AMs in healthy individuals, opening further avenues for future research in clinical populations with mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Testa
- Instituto de Transferencia e Investigación, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 26004 La Rioja, Spain
| | - Igor Sotgiu
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (I.S.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Maria Luisa Rusconi
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy; (I.S.); (M.L.R.)
| | - Franco Cauda
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (T.C.)
- GCS-fMRI Research Group, Koelliker Hospital, 10134 Turin, Italy
| | - Tommaso Costa
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (T.C.)
- GCS-fMRI Research Group, Koelliker Hospital, 10134 Turin, Italy
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7
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Gupta A, Bhushan B, Behera L. Neural response to sad autobiographical recall and sad music listening post recall reveals distinct brain activation in alpha and gamma bands. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279814. [PMID: 36607985 PMCID: PMC9821717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although apparently paradoxical, sad music has been effective in coping with sad life experiences. The underpinning brain neural correlates of this are not well explored. We performed Electroencephalography (EEG) source-level analysis for the brain during a sad autobiographical recall (SAR) and upon exposure to sad music. We specifically investigated the Cingulate cortex complex and Parahippocampus (PHC) regions, areas prominently involved in emotion and memory processing. Results show enhanced alpha band lag phase-synchronization in the brain during sad music listening, especially within and between the Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and (PHC) compared to SAR. This enhancement was lateralized for alpha1 and alpha2 bands in the left and right hemispheres, respectively. We also observed a significant increase in alpha2 brain current source density (CSD) during sad music listening compared to SAR and baseline resting state in the region of interest (ROI). Brain during SAR condition had enhanced right hemisphere lateralized functional connectivity and CSD in gamma band compared to sad music listening and baseline resting state. Our findings show that the brain during the SAR state had enhanced gamma-band activity, signifying increased content binding capacity. At the same time, the brain is associated with an enhanced alpha band activity while sad music listening, signifying increased content-specific information processing. Thus, the results suggest that the brain's neural correlates during sad music listening are distinct from the SAR state as well as the baseline resting state and facilitate enhanced content-specific information processing potentially through three-channel neural pathways-(1) by enhancing the network connectivity in the region of interest (ROI), (2) by enhancing local cortical integration of areas in ROI, and (3) by enhancing sustained attention. We argue that enhanced content-specific information processing possibly supports the positive experience during sad music listening post a sad experience in a healthy population. Finally, we propose that sadness has two different characteristics under SAR state and sad music listening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Gupta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Braj Bhushan
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
| | - Laxmidhar Behera
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
- School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, India
- * E-mail:
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8
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Fernández-Pérez D, Toledano-González A, Ros L, Latorre JM. Use of autobiographical stimuli as a mood manipulation procedure: Systematic mapping review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269381. [PMID: 35759458 PMCID: PMC9236260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, mood induction procedures have been developed in experimental settings that are designed to facilitate studying the impact of mood states on biological and psychological processes. The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic mapping review with the intention of describing the state of the art in the use of different types of autobiographical stimuli for mood induction procedures. Methods Based on a search for publications from the period 2000–2021, conducted in four recognised databases (Scopus, Medline (PubMed), PsycINFO and Web of Science), we analysed a total of 126 published articles. Text mining techniques were used to extract the main themes related. Results The induction of emotions through autobiographical memories is an area under construction and of growing interest. The data mining approach yielded information about the main types of stimuli used in these procedures, highlighting those that only employ a single type of cue, as well as the preference for verbal cues over others such as musical, olfactory and visual cues. This type of procedure has been used to induce both positive and negative emotions through tasks that require access to personal memories of specific events from a cue, requiring the person to set in motion different cognitive processes. The use of the latest technologies (fMRI, EEG, etc.) is also shown, demonstrating that this is a cutting-edge field of study. Conclusions Despite the study of mood induction procedures still being a growing field, the present review provides a novel overview of the current state of the art in the field, which may serve as a framework for future studies on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
- Neurological Disabilities Research Institute, Albacete, Spain
| | - Abel Toledano-González
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
- Neurological Disabilities Research Institute, Albacete, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Laura Ros
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
- Neurological Disabilities Research Institute, Albacete, Spain
| | - José M. Latorre
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
- Neurological Disabilities Research Institute, Albacete, Spain
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9
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Carvalho M, Cera N, Silva S. The "Ifs" and "Hows" of the Role of Music on the Implementation of Emotional Regulation Strategies. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12060199. [PMID: 35735409 PMCID: PMC9219814 DOI: 10.3390/bs12060199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Music is believed to aid the implementation of emotion regulation strategies like distraction or reappraisal, but empirical studies have shown null results. However, the moderating role of one’s relation with music (musical sophistication) and/or executive functioning skills has not been considered yet. In addition, little is known about how music acts. In the present study, we induced anger in a group of participants characterized by musical sophistication and executive functioning. We asked them to regulate their emotional state and measured regulation efficacy. Participants were split into four groups, defined by regulation strategy (distraction vs. reappraisal) and music (with vs. without). Results indicated music effects in higher, but not in lower musical sophistication participants. In the former, music benefitted from reappraisal but was an impaired distraction. Two different executive functions—working memory and affective flexibility—had opposite effects: higher, but not lower working memory participants benefited from music; lower, but not higher, effective flexibility participants took advantage of music. Reports of subjective experience suggested that music favors more empathic reappraisals, and that these may be more long-lasting. Our findings support the idea that music effects depend on listeners’ characteristics, and they raise new hypotheses concerning the specificity of emotional regulation aided by music.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Carvalho
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto (CPUP), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicoletta Cera
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto (CPUP), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.); (N.C.)
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Susana Silva
- Center for Psychology at University of Porto (CPUP), Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.C.); (N.C.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Boğa M, Koyuncu M, Kaça G, Bayazıt TO. Comparison of emotion elicitation methods: 3 methods, 3 emotions, 3 measures. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Behavioral Activation through Virtual Reality for Depression: A Single Case Experimental Design with Multiple Baselines. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051262. [PMID: 35268353 PMCID: PMC8911126 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral activation (BA) is a structured psychotherapeutic approach for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), which aims at increasing the engagement in activities that might bring enjoyment and meaning to patients’ lives. Although a growing body of evidence supports the effectiveness of BA, enhancing the motivation and activity level of depressed patients is often challenging. In the present study, we explored the effectiveness of a brief BA treatment supported by virtual reality (VR) to facilitate the visualization and anticipation of four pleasurable activities that we tried to re-introduce in the patients’ daily routine. To do so, we conducted a single-case experimental design with multiple baselines in a sample of patients with moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Three overlap analyses across participants and across behaviors were conducted to calculate the rate of improvement of each patient after the delivery of the intervention. Across the three overlap indices, the participants generally showed moderate-to-large improvements in the level of daily activity, as well as in the time spent planning and/or engaging in one or more activities scheduled during the intervention. Furthermore, most patients also reported a moderate-to-large reduction in daily depressive symptoms and improved mood. Overall, the promising results of the present study suggest that the proposed VR-based BA intervention might represent a valid approach to behaviorally activate depressed patients. The barriers and future lines of research of this innovative field are discussed.
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Wang J, Cui R, Stolarz-Fantino S, Fantino E, Liu X. Differences in Mood, Optimism, and Risk-Taking Behavior Between American and Chinese College Students. Front Psychol 2022; 12:781609. [PMID: 35145455 PMCID: PMC8823508 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood and optimism have been demonstrated to influence risk-taking decisions; however, the literature on mood, optimism, and decision-making is mixed and conducted primarily with western samples. This study sought to address this gap in the literature by examining the impact of mood and dispositional optimism on risk-taking and whether these associations differed between undergraduate students from the United States (N = 141) and the People’s Republic of China (N = 90). Both samples completed a dispositional optimism questionnaire and an autobiographical mood induction task. They were then tasked with choosing to complete the Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices reasoning task on easy, medium, or hard difficulty for hypothetical money. Selecting harder difficulties was interpreted as more risk-taking due to a higher chance of failure. More positive mood and higher dispositional optimism were associated with decreased risk-taking, i.e., selecting easier puzzle difficulties, in the American sample but increased risk-taking decisions, i.e., selecting harder difficulties, in the Chinese sample (p < 0.05 for all). These findings suggest that the effect of mood and optimism on decision-making may differ by nationality and/or culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Center for Ideological and Political Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jiao Wang,
| | - Ruifeng Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Edmund Fantino
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Vegas C, Laurent É. Mood Influences the Perception of the Sitting Affordance. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:270-288. [PMID: 34907512 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the influence of mood on the perception of the sitting affordance in two experiments. The objective of Experiment 1 was to evaluate participants' perception of the sitting affordance, without mood induction. Forty-three participants assessed their maximum sitting height (SHmax) from different seat heights (perceptual SHmax) before performing the action (motor SHmax). They accurately perceived the sitting affordance, in body-scaled intrinsic units. Indeed, participants all perceived they could sit as long as the seat height did not exceed 82% (perceptual πc) of their total leg length (L), while the actual value of this intrinsic relationship was 83% (motor πc). In Experiment 2, forty participants were subjected to a mood induction procedure before performing the task employed in Experiment 1. Neutral participants accurately perceived the sitting affordance, as their perceptual πc was equivalent to their motor πc. However, both joyful and sad participants had their perceptual πc significantly lower than their motor πc. These differences between mood groups were not explained by a variation in maximal effective action capabilities. Indeed, participants had equivalent motor πc, whatever their mood. Two interpretations are offered to explain how joyful and sad moods could influence the accuracy of affordance perception. The first is based on their potential effect on organism's energy level. The second is related to the disruption of participants' attunement to optical variables relevant for action guidance and/or to perceptual-motor calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Vegas
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Besançon, France
| | - Éric Laurent
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Besançon, France.
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14
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Kaiser S, Buchner A, Bell R. Positive and negative mood states do not influence cross-modal auditory distraction in the serial-recall paradigm. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260699. [PMID: 34962933 PMCID: PMC8714099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether positive and negative mood states affect auditory distraction in a serial-recall task. The duplex-mechanism account differentiates two types of auditory distraction. The changing-state effect is postulated to be rooted in interference-by-process and to be automatic. The auditory-deviant effect is attributed to attentional capture by the deviant distractors. Only the auditory-deviant effect, but not the changing-state effect, should be influenced by emotional mood states according to the duplex-mechanism account. Four experiments were conducted to test how auditory distraction is affected by emotional mood states. Mood was induced by autobiographical recall (Experiments 1 and 2) or the presentation of emotional pictures (Experiments 3 and 4). Even though the manipulations were successful in inducing changes in mood, neither positive mood (Experiments 1 and 3) nor negative mood (Experiments 2 and 4) had any effect on distraction despite large samples sizes (N = 851 in total). The results thus are not in line with the hypothesis that auditory distraction is affected by changes in mood state. The results support an automatic-capture account according to which the auditory-deviant effect and the changing-state effect are mainly stimulus-driven effects that are rooted in the automatic processing of the to-be-ignored auditory stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Kaiser
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Axel Buchner
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raoul Bell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Stahelski A, Anderson A, Browitt N, Radeke M. Facial Expressions and Emotion Labels Are Separate Initiators of Trait Inferences From the Face. Front Psychol 2021; 12:749933. [PMID: 34955967 PMCID: PMC8696589 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.749933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial inferencing research began with an inadvertent confound. The initial work by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen identified the six now-classic facial expressions by the emotion labels chosen by most participants: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. These labels have been used by most of the published facial inference research studies over the last 50 years. However, not all participants in these studies labeled the expressions with the same emotions. For example, that some participants labeled scowling faces as disgusted rather than angry was seen in very early research by Silvan Tomkins and Robert McCarty. Given that the same facial expressions can be paired with different emotions, our research focused on the following questions: Do participants make different personality, temperament, and social trait inferences when assigning different emotion labels to the same facial expression? And what is the stronger cause of trait inferences, the facial expressions themselves, or the emotion labels given to the expressions? Using an online survey format participants were presented with older and younger female and male smiling or scowling faces selected from a validated facial database. Participants responded to questions regarding the social traits of attractiveness, facial maturity, honesty, and threat potential, the temperament traits of positiveness, dominance, excitability, and the Saucier Mini-marker Big Five personality trait adjective scale, while viewing each face. Participants made positive inferences to smiling faces and negative inferences to scowling faces on all dependent variables. Data from participants labeling the scowling faces as angry were compared to those who labeled the faces as disgusted. Results indicate that those labeling the scowling faces as angry perceived the faces significantly more negatively on 11 of the 12 dependent variables than those who labeled the same faces as disgusted. The inferences made by the "disgust" labelers were not positive; just less negative. The results indicate that different emotion labels made to scowling faces can either intensify or reduce negativity in inferences, but the facial expressions themselves determine negativity or positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Stahelski
- Department of Psychology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States
| | - Amber Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States
| | | | - Mary Radeke
- Department of Psychology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Mary Radeke,
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16
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Devilly GJ, O’Donohue RP. A video is worth a thousand thoughts: comparing a video mood induction procedure to an autobiographical recall technique. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1997553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grant J. Devilly
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Ibanez L, Roussel S. The effects of induced emotions on environmental preferences and behavior: An experimental study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258045. [PMID: 34591912 PMCID: PMC8483342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication policies employed by policymakers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) often appeal to the emotions to persuade people to adopt virtuous behavior. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of induced emotions on pro-environmental behavior (PEB). We design a three-stage laboratory experiment. In the first stage, we determine the level of the subjects’ environmental awareness. In the second stage, subjects read scripts that place them in realistic hypothetical scenarios designed to induce specific emotions. We implement a 2 x 2 in-between design by varying both the valence and social dimension of the four emotional states induced: happiness, sadness, pride and shame. In the third stage, subjects play a modified dictator game in which the recipient is an environmental non-governmental organization (ENGO). We show that the emotional states of subjects can influence PEB. In particular, negative emotions significantly reduce the average individual amount of donations made to ENGOs. We also find that the precise impact of the emotional states is more complex and appears to be dependent on individuals’ characteristics and awareness for environmental issues. For instance, in positive emotional states, men donate significantly less than women. In addition, a high level of environmental awareness increases donations in subjects experiencing shame and decreases their likelihood to donate when feeling pride. Also, we observe behavioral consistency for negative emotions and rather compensatory behavior for positive emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Ibanez
- CEE-M, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Roussel
- CEE-M, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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18
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Colombo D, Díaz-García A, Fernandez-Álvarez J, Botella C. Virtual reality for the enhancement of emotion regulation. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 28:519-537. [PMID: 34048621 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, a growing body of literature has focused on emotion regulation (ER), which refers to the ability to implement strategies in order to modulate emotional responses and reach desirable goals. To date, impaired ER (i.e., emotion dysregulation) has been identified as a transdiagnostic factor across a wide range of psychopathological conditions, which shows the importance of improving patients' ability to regulate negative and positive emotions in clinical practice. In addition to the increasing evidence showing its efficacy in the treatment of several clinical conditions, virtual reality (VR) has recently emerged as a potentially powerful tool for enhancing ER, thus breaking new ground in the development of cutting-edge transdiagnostic interventions. In the present narrative review, we will provide an overview of the existing evidence about VR-based interventions in the field of ER, emphasizing the promising findings and the barriers that still have to be addressed. To this aim, the available VR-based literature will be analysed in relation to four categories of ER strategies: situational strategies, attentional strategies, cognitive strategies, and response modulation strategies. Furthermore, new emerging fields of research targeting innovative aspects of ER will be highlighted, including the use of VR to promote positive emotions and interpersonal ER skills. Besides, its cost-effectiveness will be discussed, taking into account the costs for both developers (e.g., clinicians and researchers) and end-users. Finally, future directions in this promising field of research will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée Colombo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Amanda Díaz-García
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Botella
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, Castellón de la Plana, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Fernandez-Alvarez J, Colombo D, Suso-Ribera C, Chirico A, Serino S, Di Lernia D, Palacios AG, Riva G, Botella C. Using virtual reality to target positive autobiographical memory in individuals with moderate-to-moderately severe depressive symptoms: A single case experimental design. Internet Interv 2021; 25:100407. [PMID: 34401366 PMCID: PMC8350590 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2021.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
So far, several aspects of autobiographical memory (AM) have been found to be impaired in depression. Among others, depressed patients show the tendency to recall more negative than positive events (i.e., negative bias) and usually retrieve memories that lack of specificity and details (i.e., overgeneral memories). Based on this, we designed an AM task enhanced by the use of virtual reality (VR) to specifically train the recall of positive memories. Using a single-case, multiple baseline experimental design, we explored the effects of a brief intervention consisting of two sessions of this training in a sample of 18 individuals with moderate-to-moderately severe depressive symptoms. According to the results, changes occurred at the short term only. In particular, almost all participants reported a significant improvement in at least one outcome measure 0-3 days after the intervention. However, these clinical gains were not maintained in the mid-term (from day 4 to 10). The present findings do not support the efficacy of our VR-based AM recall treatment as a standalone intervention. Nevertheless, it might represent a suitable procedure to obtain immediate and/or short-term improvements. It might also serve as a valid component to be integrated in broader protocols for patients with moderate-to-moderately severe depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Desirée Colombo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universidad Jaume I, Castellon, Spain,Corresponding author at: Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Carlos Suso-Ribera
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universidad Jaume I, Castellon, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Serino
- Humane Technology Lab., Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Lernia
- Humane Technology Lab., Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Azucena García Palacios
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universidad Jaume I, Castellon, Spain,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Humane Technology Lab., Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy,Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Botella
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, Universidad Jaume I, Castellon, Spain,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Nusser L, Zimprich D. Order effects in the recall of autobiographical memories: evidence for an organisation along temporal and emotional features. Memory 2021; 29:379-395. [PMID: 33706675 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1896735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the recall process of autobiographical memories (AMs) and, particularly, the order in which AMs are recalled has the potential to shed light on the organisation of autobiographical memory. However, research on order effects in the recall of AMs is relatively rare. Moreover, to date, no study addressed the question of where emotion fits into the organisation. The present study aimed to close this gap by examining whether emotional valence serves as one organising principle. Data come from 117 older adults (M = 74.11; SD = 7.06) who reported up to 39 AMs. The use of a multivariate multilevel model with autoregressive effects allows us to analyse the order effect within one person, as well as how the order effect differs between persons. The results replicated a temporal first-order effect that has been shown in previous studies and moreover, demonstrated a temporal second-order effect. Furthermore, our results indicated an emotional first-order effect that was even stronger than the temporal first-order effect and an emotional second-order effect. In addition, both first-order effects differed reliably between persons. Thus, the present study emphasises the need for considering emotion in current theoretical formulations of autobiographical memory and also of considering individual differences in the order of AMs recalled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Nusser
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Zimprich
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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21
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Malins S, Moghaddam N, Morriss R, Schröder T, Brown P, Boycott N. Predicting outcomes and sudden gains from initial in-session interactions during remote cognitive-behavioural therapy for severe health anxiety. Clin Psychol Psychother 2020; 28:891-906. [PMID: 33368731 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There has been a dramatic increase in remote psychotherapy since the onset of the COVID-19 crisis. There is also expected to be an increase in mental health problems in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. An increase in severe health anxiety (SHA) is particularly anticipated, for which cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is a frontline treatment. However, it is unclear what interaction types are associated with outcome-improvement in remote-CBT (rCBT) for SHA. This study aimed to identify interaction types that predict outcomes and sudden gains in rCBT for SHA using initial therapy session content. Forty-eight participants in rCBT for SHA had interactions at their first sessions categorized and rated in terms of patient activation: an individual's confidence and ability to manage their health. Multilevel modelling assessed whether early interaction types predicted session-by-session wellbeing. For participants experiencing sudden gains (n = 12) interactions at the session directly prior to the gain were similarly categorized and rated. The scores were then compared with ratings for the preceding session. A smaller proportion of early sessions was taken up with problem descriptions among those with greater outcome improvements. There was also a significant reduction in the proportion of the session spent describing problems in the session directly prior to a sudden gain, as compared with the previous session. Conversely, clients with better outcomes made more positive evaluations of themselves and therapy, noticed more positive changes and made more contributions to structuring interactions at initial sessions. Specific early interaction types predict session-by-session outcomes and precede sudden gains in rCBT for SHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Malins
- University of Nottingham, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham, UK.,Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Specialist Service, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nima Moghaddam
- University of Lincoln, School of Psychology, Lincoln, UK
| | - Richard Morriss
- University of Nottingham, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas Schröder
- University of Nottingham, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paula Brown
- University of Nottingham, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham, UK
| | - Naomi Boycott
- University of Nottingham, Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Institute of Mental Health, Nottingham, UK
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22
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Grossi G, Lanzarotti R, Napoletano P, Noceti N, Odone F. Positive technology for elderly well-being: A review. Pattern Recognit Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Ostafin BD, Proulx T. Meaning in life and resilience to stressors. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2020; 33:603-622. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1800655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Ostafin
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Travis Proulx
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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24
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Fernández D, Ros L, Sánchez-Reolid R, Ricarte JJ, Latorre JM. Effectiveness of the level of personal relevance of visual autobiographical stimuli in the induction of positive emotions in young and older adults: pilot study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21:663. [PMID: 32690050 PMCID: PMC7370414 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to retrieve specific memories is a cognitive and emotional protective factor. Among the most effective techniques to generate autobiographical memories is the use of audio-visual stimuli, particularly images. Developing and improving techniques that facilitate the generation of such memories could be highly effective in the prevention of depressive symptoms, especially in the elderly population. The aim of the present study is to examine how the level of personal relevance of pictures as autobiographical memory cues to induce positive emotions may affect an individual's emotion regulation. METHODS The participants, 120 older adults aged 65 and over and 120 young adults aged between 18 and 35, of both sexes and without depressive symptoms, will be induced to a negative mood state by means of viewing a film clip. Following the negative mood induction, the participants will be shown positive images according to experimental group to which they were randomly assigned (high personal relevance: personal autobiographical photographs; medium personal relevance: pictures of favourite locations associated with specific positive autobiographical memories; and low personal relevance: positive images from the International Affective Picture System). We will analyse the differences in subjective (responses to questionnaires) and objectives measures (EEG signal, heart rate variability and electrodermal activity) between the groups before and after the induction of negative affect and following the recall of positive memories. DISCUSSION The use of images associated with specific positive autobiographical memories may be an effective input for inducing positive mood states, which has potentially important implications for their use as a cognitive behavioural technique to treat emotional disorders, such as depression, which are highly prevalent among older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04251104 . Registered on 30 January 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Fernández
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Laura Ros
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, 02006, Albacete, Spain.
| | - Roberto Sánchez-Reolid
- Computer Research Institute, University of Castilla La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain.,IT Systems Department, University of Castilla La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jorge Javier Ricarte
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - José Miguel Latorre
- Department of Psychology, University of Castilla La Mancha, 02006, Albacete, Spain
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25
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Stoop TB, Moriarty PM, Wolf R, Gilmore RO, Perez-Edgar K, Scherf KS, Vigeant MC, Cole PM. I know that voice! Mothers' voices influence children's perceptions of emotional intensity. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 199:104907. [PMID: 32682101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to interpret others' emotions is a critical skill for children's socioemotional functioning. Although research has emphasized facial emotion expressions, children are also constantly required to interpret vocal emotion expressed at or around them by individuals who are both familiar and unfamiliar to them. The current study examined how speaker familiarity, specific emotions, and the acoustic properties that comprise affective prosody influenced children's interpretations of emotional intensity. Participants were 51 7- and 8-year-olds presented with speech stimuli spoken in happy, angry, sad, and nonemotional prosodies by both each child's mother and another child's mother unfamiliar to the target child. Analyses indicated that children rated their own mothers as more intensely emotional compared with the unfamiliar mothers and that this effect was specific to angry and happy prosodies. Furthermore, the acoustic properties predicted children's emotional intensity ratings in different patterns for each emotion. The results are discussed in terms of the significance of the mother's voice in children's development of emotional understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawni B Stoop
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16803, USA.
| | - Peter M Moriarty
- Acoustics Program, College of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16803, USA
| | - Rachel Wolf
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16803, USA
| | - Rick O Gilmore
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16803, USA
| | - Koraly Perez-Edgar
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16803, USA
| | - K Suzanne Scherf
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16803, USA
| | - Michelle C Vigeant
- Acoustics Program, College of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16803, USA
| | - Pamela M Cole
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16803, USA
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26
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Dover Y, Moore Z. Using free association networks to extract characteristic patterns of affect dynamics. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20190647. [PMID: 32398929 PMCID: PMC7209140 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of human affect in day-to-day life are an intrinsic part of human behaviour. Yet, it is difficult to observe and objectively measure how affect evolves over time with sufficient resolution. Here, we suggest an approach that combines free association networks with affect mapping, to gain insight into basic patterns of affect dynamics. This approach exploits the established connection in the literature between association networks and behaviour. Using extant rich data, we find consistent patterns of the dynamics of the valence and arousal dimensions of affect. First, we find that the individuals represented by the data tend to feel a constant pull towards an affect-neutral global equilibrium point in the valence-arousal space. The farther the affect is from that point, the stronger the pull. We find that the drift of affect exhibits high inertia, i.e. is slow-changing, but with occasional discontinuous jumps of valence. We further find that, under certain conditions, another metastable equilibrium point emerges on the network, but one which represents a much more negative and agitated state of affect. Finally, we demonstrate how the affect-coded association network can be used to identify useful or harmful trajectories of associative thoughts that otherwise are hard to extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Dover
- Federmann Center for the Study of Rationality, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Jerusalem Business School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zohar Moore
- The Jerusalem Business School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Abstract
This study examined the relative effectiveness of anger, compassion, and happiness as antidotes for sadness. Although theory and research suggest that each of these emotions can counteract sadness, no research has compared their relative effectiveness. Participants were 184 undergraduates averaging 19 years of age, 53% female and 47% male. Self-report measures of emotion were collected at baseline, after a sadness induction, and after an anger, compassion, or happiness induction (depending on condition). Emotions were induced by having participants recall and write about autobiographical memories. All three emotion inductions significantly reduced sadness, but happiness yielded a significantly greater reduction than compassion or anger, and compassion yielded a significantly greater reduction than anger. With regard to theoretical implications, the findings are consistent with circumplex and script models of emotion, and future studies are proposed for exploring emotion antidotes in terms of these models. With regard to practical implications, future studies are proposed for examining the effectiveness of emotion antidotes using longer-term interventions and with clinical levels of emotional disturbance.
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28
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Demorest AP. Happiness, love, and compassion as antidotes for anxiety. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2019.1627399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Wolf T, Demiray B. The mood-enhancement function of autobiographical memories: Comparisons with other functions in terms of emotional valence. Conscious Cogn 2019; 70:88-100. [PMID: 30884386 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In two studies, we examined the emotional valence of memories used for mood-enhancement in relation to memories serving self, social and directive functions. Our sample included a total of 263 participants aged between 45 and 82 years. In Study 1, participants recalled memories in response to 51 cue words. In Study 2, participants recalled 32 memories that served the four functions (eight memories per function). We used multilevel modeling to take into consideration the hierarchical nature of our datasets (memories nested within individuals). Study 1 showed that emotional valence was positively associated with mood-enhancement and social functions, whereas negatively related to self and directive functions. This relation was strongest for the mood-enhancement function. In Study 2, mood-enhancing memories were rated as more positive than self, social and directive memories. We discussed results in terms of the tripartite model of memory functions and proposed that mood-enhancement should represent a distinct function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Wolf
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Ulm University, Germany.
| | - Burcu Demiray
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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Schneider S, Wirzberger M, Rey GD. The moderating role of arousal on the seductive detail effect in a multimedia learning setting. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Schneider
- Psychology of learning with digital media, Faculty of Humanities; Chemnitz University of Technology; Chemnitz Germany
| | - Maria Wirzberger
- Psychology of learning with digital media, Faculty of Humanities; Chemnitz University of Technology; Chemnitz Germany
| | - Günter Daniel Rey
- Psychology of learning with digital media, Faculty of Humanities; Chemnitz University of Technology; Chemnitz Germany
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31
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Schweiger Gallo I, Bieleke M, Alonso MA, Gollwitzer PM, Oettingen G. Downregulation of Anger by Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions (MCII). Front Psychol 2018; 9:1838. [PMID: 30337897 PMCID: PMC6180165 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As anger can lead to aggressive behavior aiming at intentionally hurting somebody, the prevention of its destructive consequences with effective emotion regulation strategies is crucial. Two studies tested the idea that mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII) interventions would be effective in down-regulating anger. In Study 1, participants who adopted the self-regulation strategy of MCII showed significantly less anger-related negative affect after the anger induction than participants in a control condition, with positive affect staying unaffected. Results from a second study with a control condition plus three self-regulation conditions - a reappraisal, a MCII, and a reappraisal + MCII condition - suggest that participants using MCII were effective in down-regulating anger, irrespective of whether it was supplemented by reappraisal or not. The present research contributes to emotion regulation research by introducing MCII as an effective strategy that can be tailored to satisfy individual emotion regulation demands, such as dealing with experienced anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Schweiger Gallo
- Departamento de Antropología Social y Psicología Social, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maik Bieleke
- Department of Psychology and Graduate School of Decision Sciences, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Miguel A. Alonso
- Departamento de Psicología Social, del Trabajo y Diferencial, Facultad de Psicología, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter M. Gollwitzer
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
- Social Psychology and Motivation Division, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gabriele Oettingen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Zheng S, Feng J, Lin R, Yan Y, Zhang R, Huang H, Wang J, Huang R. The impact of negative mood state on sleep‐related attentional bias in insomnia. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12748. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Senning Zheng
- School of Psychology, Institute of Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), Center for the Study of Applied Psychology and MRI Center, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- School of Psychology Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Juan Feng
- School of Psychology Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Rongmao Lin
- School of Psychology Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Youwei Yan
- School of Psychology Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | | | - Huiyuan Huang
- School of Psychology, Institute of Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), Center for the Study of Applied Psychology and MRI Center, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Junjing Wang
- Department of Applied Psychology Guangdong University of Foreign Studies Guangzhou China
| | - Ruiwang Huang
- School of Psychology, Institute of Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), Center for the Study of Applied Psychology and MRI Center, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province South China Normal University Guangzhou China
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Xue C, Li T, Yin S, Zhu X, Tan Y. The influence of induced mood on music preference. Cogn Process 2018; 19:517-525. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-018-0872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rubaltelli E, Scrimin S, Moscardino U, Priolo G, Buodo G. Media exposure to terrorism and people's risk perception: The role of environmental sensitivity and psychophysiological response to stress. Br J Psychol 2018; 109:656-673. [DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Rubaltelli
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization; University of Padova; Italy
| | - Sara Scrimin
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization; University of Padova; Italy
| | - Ughetta Moscardino
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization; University of Padova; Italy
| | - Giulia Priolo
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization; University of Padova; Italy
| | - Giulia Buodo
- Department of General Psychology; University of Padova; Italy
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Ricarte JJ, Del Rey F, Ros L, Latorre JM, Berna F. Abstract and experiential thinking differentially account for anomalous perception of reality in people with or without schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 193:43-50. [PMID: 28395940 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
repetitive thinking is often increased in various psychopathological conditions. However, evidence for its possible contribution to psychotic symptoms relies only on correlational analysis and has not been experimentally tested within the psychotic continuum. This research aims to examine whether repetitive thinking about a negative past experience using concrete versus abstract processing might modify the reporting of anomalous sensory experiences. 89 patients with schizophrenia and 89 matched controls were asked to reflect on their most negative Self-Defining Memory during a thirty-minute period. By means of a written script, half of the participants were instructed to remember thoughts, feelings and sensations associated with the event in an abstract mode, while the other half followed an equivalent script but with concrete questions. After induced concrete-experiential thinking, both controls and patients significantly reduced self-reported anomalous reality perception. However, participants in the induced abstract-analytical thinking condition increased anomalous experience, especially sensory experience from an unexplained source. Multigroup path analyses showed that involvement in abstract-analytical thinking during the task significantly mediated the relationship between pre-test and post-test anomalous perception scores, but only in the patient group. These results suggest that abstract thinking contributes to distorted sensory experiences. In contrast, training in a concrete processing mode of past experiences may be a useful tool to reduce subjective anomalous perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ricarte
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain
| | - F Del Rey
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain
| | - L Ros
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain.
| | - J M Latorre
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain
| | - F Berna
- Unité INSERM 1114, Physiopathologie et Psychopathologie Cognitive de la Schizophrénie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Kirchleger, Strasbourg, France; FMTS: Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, France
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The Moderating Effects of Rumination Facets on the Relationship Between Mindfulness and Distress Reduction. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-018-9896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Graham LE, Thomson AL, Nakamura J, Brandt IA, Siegel JT. Finding a family: A categorization of enjoyable emotions. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1402074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Graham
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Andrew L. Thomson
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Jeanne Nakamura
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Irene A. Brandt
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Jason T. Siegel
- Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
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Sagliano L, Trojano L, Di Mauro V, Carnevale P, Di Domenico M, Cozzolino C, D'Olimpio F. Attentional biases for threat after fear-related autobiographical recall. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2017; 31:69-78. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2017.1362297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sagliano
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Luigi Trojano
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Mauro
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Paola Carnevale
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Caterina Cozzolino
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Olimpio
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
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Techer F, Jallais C, Corson Y, Moreau F, Ndiaye D, Piechnick B, Fort A. Attention and driving performance modulations due to anger state: Contribution of electroencephalographic data. Neurosci Lett 2017; 636:134-139. [PMID: 27826016 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Driver internal state, including emotion, can have negative impacts on road safety. Studies have shown that an anger state can provoke aggressive behavior and impair driving performance. Apart from driving, anger can also influence attentional processing and increase the benefits taken from auditory alerts. However, to our knowledge, no prior event-related potentials study assesses this impact on attention during simulated driving. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of anger on attentional processing and its consequences on driving performance. For this purpose, 33 participants completed a simulated driving scenario once in an anger state and once during a control session. Results indicated that anger impacted driving performance and attention, provoking an increase in lateral variations while reducing the amplitude of the visual N1 peak. The observed effects were discussed as a result of high arousal and mind-wandering associated with anger. This kind of physiological data may be used to monitor a driver's internal state and provide specific assistance corresponding to their current needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Techer
- University of Lyon, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR)-TS2-LESCOT, Cité des mobilités, 25 Avenue François Mitterrand, Case 24, 69675 Bron Cedex, France; University of Nantes, LPPL (Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire-EA 4638), Chemin de la Censive du Tertre B.P. 81227, 44312 Nantes Cedex 3 France, France.
| | - Christophe Jallais
- University of Lyon, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR)-TS2-LESCOT, Cité des mobilités, 25 Avenue François Mitterrand, Case 24, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Yves Corson
- University of Nantes, LPPL (Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire-EA 4638), Chemin de la Censive du Tertre B.P. 81227, 44312 Nantes Cedex 3 France, France.
| | - Fabien Moreau
- University of Lyon, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR)-TS2-LESCOT, Cité des mobilités, 25 Avenue François Mitterrand, Case 24, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Daniel Ndiaye
- University of Lyon, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), COSYS-LEPSiS, Cité des mobilités, 25 Avenue François Mitterrand, Case 24, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Bruno Piechnick
- University of Lyon, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR)-TS2-LESCOT, Cité des mobilités, 25 Avenue François Mitterrand, Case 24, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Alexandra Fort
- University of Lyon, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR)-TS2-LESCOT, Cité des mobilités, 25 Avenue François Mitterrand, Case 24, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
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40
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Monnier C, Syssau A, Blanc N, Brechet C. Assessing the effectiveness of drawing an autobiographical memory as a mood induction procedure in children. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2016.1257048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Monnier
- Laboratoire Epsylon, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Arielle Syssau
- Laboratoire Epsylon, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Blanc
- Laboratoire Epsylon, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Brechet
- Laboratoire Epsylon, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
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McConnell MM, Monteiro S, Pottruff MM, Neville A, Norman GR, Eva KW, Kulasegaram K. The Impact of Emotion on Learners' Application of Basic Science Principles to Novel Problems. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2016; 91:S58-S63. [PMID: 27779511 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Training to become a physician is an emotionally laden experience. Research in cognitive psychology indicates that emotions can influence learning and performance, but the materials used in such research (e.g., word lists) rarely reflect the complexity of material presented in medical school. The present study examined whether emotions influence learning of basic science principles. METHOD Fifty-five undergraduate psychology students were randomly assigned to write about positive, negative, or neutral life events for nine minutes. Participants were then taught three physiological concepts, each in the context of a single organ system. Testing consisted of 13 clinical cases, 7 presented with the same concept/organ system pairing used during training ("near transfer") and 6 with novel pairings ("far transfer"). Testing was repeated after one week with 13 additional cases. RESULTS Forty-nine students provided complete data. Higher test scores were found when the concept/organ system pairing was held constant (near transfer = 51% correct vs. far = 33%; P < .001). Emotion condition influenced participants' overall performance, with individuals in the neutral condition (50.1%) performing better than those in the positive (38.2%, P < .05) and negative (37.7%, P < .001) emotion conditions. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that regardless of whether the emotion is positive or negative, mild affective states can impair learning of basic science concepts by novices. Demands on working memory and subsequent cognitive load provide a potential explanation. Future work will examine the extent to which these findings generalize to medical trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M McConnell
- M.M. McConnell is assistant professor, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. S. Monteiro is assistant professor, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. M.M. Pottruff is research assistant, Program for Educational Research and Development, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. A. Neville is professor, Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. G.R. Norman is professor, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. K.W. Eva is professor, Centre for Health Science Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. K. Kulasegaram is assistant professor, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Happy heart, smiling eyes: A systematic review of positive mood effects on broadening of visuospatial attention. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:816-837. [PMID: 27395341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Positive mood contributes to mental and physical wellbeing. The broaden-and-build theory (Fredrickson, 2001) proposed that the beneficial effects of positive mood on life quality result from attentional broadening. In this article, we systematically review (following PRISMA guidelines; Moher et al., 2009), a host of studies investigating the nature and extent of attentional changes triggered by the experience of positive mood, with a focus on vision. While several studies reported a broadening of attention, others found that positive mood led to a more diffuse information processing style. Positive mood appears to lessen attention selectivity in a way that is context-specific and bound to limitations. We propose a new framework in which we postulate that positive mood impacts the balance between internally and externally directed attention, through modulations of cognitive control processes, instead of broadening attention per se. This novel model is able to accommodate discrepant findings, seeks to translate the phenomenon of the so-called broadening of attention with positive mood into functional terms, and provides plausible neurobiological mechanisms underlying this effect, suggesting a crucial role of the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex in this interaction.
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43
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Fantoni C, Rigutti S, Piccoli V, Sommacal E, Carnaghi A. Faster but Less Careful Prehension in Presence of High, Rather than Low, Social Status Attendees. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158095. [PMID: 27351978 PMCID: PMC4924863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence attests that social intention, elicited through gestures explicitly signaling a request of communicative intention, affects the patterning of hand movement kinematics. The current study goes beyond the effect of social intention and addresses whether the same action of reaching to grasp an object for placing it in an end target position within or without a monitoring attendee's peripersonal space, can be moulded by pure social factors in general, and by social facilitation in particular. A motion tracking system (Optotrak Certus) was used to record motor acts. We carefully avoided the usage of communicative intention by keeping constant both the visual information and the positional uncertainty of the end target position, while we systematically varied the social status of the attendee (a high, or a low social status) in separated blocks. Only thirty acts performed in the presence of a different social status attendee, revealed a significant change of kinematic parameterization of hand movement, independently of the attendee's distance. The amplitude of peak velocity reached by the hand during the reach-to-grasp and the lift-to-place phase of the movement was larger in the high rather than in the low social status condition. By contrast, the deceleration time of the reach-to-grasp phase and the maximum grasp aperture was smaller in the high rather than in the low social status condition. These results indicated that the hand movement was faster but less carefully shaped in presence of a high, but not of a low social status attendee. This kinematic patterning suggests that being monitored by a high rather than a low social status attendee might lead participants to experience evaluation apprehension that informs the control of motor execution. Motor execution would rely more on feedforward motor control in the presence of a high social status human attendee, vs. feedback motor control, in the presence of a low social status attendee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fantoni
- Department of Life Sciences, Psychology Unit "Gaetano Kanizsa", University of Trieste, Via Weiss 21, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Rigutti
- Department of Life Sciences, Psychology Unit "Gaetano Kanizsa", University of Trieste, Via Weiss 21, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Piccoli
- Department of Life Sciences, Psychology Unit "Gaetano Kanizsa", University of Trieste, Via Weiss 21, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Sommacal
- Department of Life Sciences, Psychology Unit "Gaetano Kanizsa", University of Trieste, Via Weiss 21, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Carnaghi
- Department of Life Sciences, Psychology Unit "Gaetano Kanizsa", University of Trieste, Via Weiss 21, 34128, Trieste, Italy
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Gordon NS, Chesney SA, Reiter K. Thinking positively: Optimism and emotion regulation predict interpretation of ambiguous information. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2016.1195068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nakia S. Gordon
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Samantha A. Chesney
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Katherine Reiter
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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Cohen AO, Dellarco DV, Breiner K, Helion C, Heller AS, Rahdar A, Pedersen G, Chein J, Dyke JP, Galvan A, Casey BJ. The Impact of Emotional States on Cognitive Control Circuitry and Function. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:446-59. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Typically in the laboratory, cognitive and emotional processes are studied separately or as a stream of fleeting emotional stimuli embedded within a cognitive task. Yet in life, thoughts and actions often occur in more lasting emotional states of arousal. The current study examines the impact of emotions on actions using a novel behavioral paradigm and functional neuroimaging to assess cognitive control under sustained states of threat (anticipation of an aversive noise) and excitement (anticipation of winning money). Thirty-eight healthy adult participants were scanned while performing an emotional go/no-go task with positive (happy faces), negative (fearful faces), and neutral (calm faces) emotional cues, under threat or excitement. Cognitive control performance was enhanced during the excited state relative to a nonarousing control condition. This enhanced performance was paralleled by heightened activity of frontoparietal and frontostriatal circuitry. In contrast, under persistent threat, cognitive control was diminished when the valence of the emotional cue conflicted with the emotional state. Successful task performance in this conflicting emotional condition was associated with increased activity in the posterior cingulate cortex, a default mode network region implicated in complex processes such as processing emotions in the context of self and monitoring performance. This region showed positive coupling with frontoparietal circuitry implicated in cognitive control, providing support for a role of the posterior cingulate cortex in mobilizing cognitive resources to improve performance. These findings suggest that emotional states of arousal differentially modulate cognitive control and point to the potential utility of this paradigm for understanding effects of situational and pathological states of arousal on behavior.
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47
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The neural correlates of happiness: A review of PET and fMRI studies using autobiographical recall methods. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 16:383-92. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Nealis LJ, van Allen ZM, Zelenski JM. Positive Affect and Cognitive Restoration: Investigating the Role of Valence and Arousal. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147275. [PMID: 26784026 PMCID: PMC4718626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive moods are thought to restore self-control resources following depletion. However, it is not well understood whether this effect is due to affective valence (pleasantness), arousal (activation), or a combination of both. Across four studies, we set out to investigate the role of positive moods on cognitive and behavioral measures of self-regulation in an ego-depletion paradigm. In studies 1 and 2, we independently manipulated affective valence and arousal and assessed self-regulation with a Stroop task. Results did not suggest a restorative effect of either on cognitive resources. In study 3, we employed both behavioral (the ‘handgrip task’) and cognitive (Stroop) assessments of self-regulation. Again, no significant effect of mood was observed on the Stroop task. Additionally, participants did not persist significantly longer on the handgrip task following a positive mood induction. Finally, in study 4, high vs. low states of arousal were manipulated and self-regulation was assessed via pre- and post-manipulation Stroop performance. In study 4, Stroop performance improved slightly more across time points for those in the high arousal condition than for those in the low arousal condition. Therefore, across four studies, we failed to find a consistent pattern of results suggesting that positive moods restore cognitive resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan J. Nealis
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Zack M. van Allen
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John M. Zelenski
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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49
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Fennell AB, Benau EM, Atchley RA. A single session of meditation reduces of physiological indices of anger in both experienced and novice meditators. Conscious Cogn 2015; 40:54-66. [PMID: 26748026 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to explore how anger reduction via a single session of meditation might be measured using psychophysiological methodologies. To achieve this, 15 novice meditators (Experiment 1) and 12 practiced meditators (Experiment 2) completed autobiographical anger inductions prior to, and following, meditation training while respiration rate, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured. Participants also reported subjective anger via a visual analog scale. At both stages, the experienced meditators' physiological reaction to the anger induction reflected that of relaxation: slowed breathing and heart rate and decreased blood pressure. Naïve meditators exhibited physiological reactions that were consistent with anger during the pre-meditation stage, while after meditation training and a second anger induction they elicited physiological evidence of relaxation. The current results examining meditation training show that the naïve group's physiological measures mimicked those of the experienced group following a single session of meditation training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Fennell
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Erik M Benau
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Ruth Ann Atchley
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States.
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50
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Pacheco-Unguetti AP, Parmentier FBR. Happiness increases distraction by auditory deviant stimuli. Br J Psychol 2015; 107:419-33. [PMID: 26302716 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rare and unexpected changes (deviants) in an otherwise repeated stream of task-irrelevant auditory distractors (standards) capture attention and impair behavioural performance in an ongoing visual task. Recent evidence indicates that this effect is increased by sadness in a task involving neutral stimuli. We tested the hypothesis that such effect may not be limited to negative emotions but reflect a general depletion of attentional resources by examining whether a positive emotion (happiness) would increase deviance distraction too. Prior to performing an auditory-visual oddball task, happiness or a neutral mood was induced in participants by means of the exposure to music and the recollection of an autobiographical event. Results from the oddball task showed significantly larger deviance distraction following the induction of happiness. Interestingly, the small amount of distraction typically observed on the standard trial following a deviant trial (post-deviance distraction) was not increased by happiness. We speculate that happiness might interfere with the disengagement of attention from the deviant sound back towards the target stimulus (through the depletion of cognitive resources and/or mind wandering) but help subsequent cognitive control to recover from distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Pilar Pacheco-Unguetti
- Neuropsychology & Cognition Group, Department of Psychology and Research Institute for Health Sciences (iUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Fabrice B R Parmentier
- Neuropsychology & Cognition Group, Department of Psychology and Research Institute for Health Sciences (iUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.,School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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