1
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Chen Y, Wang L, Li Z, Tang Y, Huan Z. Unveiling critical ADHD biomarkers in limbic system and cerebellum using a binary hypothesis testing approach. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2024; 21:5803-5825. [PMID: 38872559 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2024256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood developmental disorder. In recent years, pattern recognition methods have been increasingly applied to neuroimaging studies of ADHD. However, these methods often suffer from limited accuracy and interpretability, impeding their contribution to the identification of ADHD-related biomarkers. To address these limitations, we applied the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) results for the limbic system and cerebellar network as input data and conducted a binary hypothesis testing framework for ADHD biomarker detection. Our study on the ADHD-200 dataset at multiple sites resulted in an average classification accuracy of 93%, indicating strong discriminative power of the input brain regions between the ADHD and control groups. Moreover, our approach identified critical brain regions, including the thalamus, hippocampal gyrus, and cerebellum Crus 2, as biomarkers. Overall, this investigation uncovered potential ADHD biomarkers in the limbic system and cerebellar network through the use of ALFF realizing highly credible results, which can provide new insights for ADHD diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213159, China
| | - Lele Wang
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213159, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213159, China
| | - Yibin Tang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213200, China
| | - Zhan Huan
- School of Microelectronics and Control Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213159, China
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2
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Jaseja H. Electroencephalography in the diagnosis and management of treatment-resistant depression with comorbid epilepsy: a novel strategy. Gen Psychiatr 2023; 36:e100868. [PMID: 37082530 PMCID: PMC10111881 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2022-100868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harinder Jaseja
- Physiology, Ram Krishna Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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3
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Čermaková P, Andrýsková L, Brázdil M, Marečková K. Socioeconomic deprivation in early life and symptoms of depression and anxiety in young adulthood: mediating role of hippocampal connectivity. Psychol Med 2022; 52:2671-2680. [PMID: 33327969 PMCID: PMC9647532 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720004754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experience of early-life socioeconomic deprivation (ELSD) may increase the risk of mental disorders in young adulthood. This association may be mediated by structural and functional alterations of the hippocampus. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study on 122 participants of the European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Information about ELSD was collected via questionnaire from mothers during the first 18 months of participants' lives. At age 23-24, participants underwent examination by structural magnetic resonance imaging, resting-state functional connectivity and assessment of depressive symptoms (Mood and Feelings Questionnaire) and anxiety (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). The association of ELSD with brain outcomes in young adulthood was assessed with correlations, linear regression (adjusting for sex, socioeconomic position and mother's mental health) and moderated mediation analysis. RESULTS Higher ELSD was associated with greater depressive symptoms (B = 0.22; p = 0.001), trait anxiety (B = 0.07; p = 0.02) and lower global connectivity of the right hippocampus (B = -0.01; p = 0.02). These associations persisted when adjusted for covariates. In women, lower global connectivity of the right hippocampus was associated with stronger trait anxiety (B = -4.14; p = 0.01). Global connectivity of the right hippocampus as well as connectivity between the right hippocampus and the left middle temporal gyrus mediated the association between ELSD and trait anxiety in women. Higher ELSD correlated with a lower volume of the right hippocampus in men, but the volume of the right hippocampus was not related to mental health. CONCLUSIONS Early preventive strategies targeted at children from socioeconomically deprived families may yield long-lasting benefits for the mental health of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Čermaková
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Milan Brázdil
- Brain and Mind Research, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Marečková
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Brain and Mind Research, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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4
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Tsotsi S, Rifkin-Graboi A, Borelli JL, Chong YS, Rajadurai VS, Chua MC, Broekman B, Meaney M, Qiu A. Neonatal brain and physiological reactivity in preschoolers: An initial investigation in an Asian sample. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 146:219-227. [PMID: 34809993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity is important to physiological regulation. Limbic structures are important in determining what information the PNS receives, potentially influencing concurrent physiological responsivity and, ultimately, shaping PNS development. Yet, whether individual differences in these structures are linked to PNS activity in early childhood remains unclear. Here, in an exploratory capacity, we examined the association between neonatal limbic structures (i.e., the left and right amygdala and hippocampus) and preschoolers' resting-state respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). RSA is a measure of heart-rate variability, a physiological marker that reflects fluctuation in the PNS and is often found predictive of emotion regulation and psychological wellbeing. Data were extracted from the "Growing Up in Singapore towards Healthy Outcomes" (GUSTO) cohort (n = 73, 39 girls). Neonatal limbic volume was collected within two weeks after birth while infants were asleep. Resting-state RSA was collected during a coloring session at 42 months of age. After controlling for potential confounders, a Bonferroni-corrected significant association between neonatal left hippocampal volume and resting-state RSA emerged wherein larger hippocampal volume was associated with higher resting-state RSA. No significant associations were present between resting-state RSA and right or left amygdala, or right hippocampal volume. These findings contribute to an increasing body of evidence aiming at enhancing our understanding of neurobiological underpinnings of parasympathetic activity and modulation. Results are also discussed with reference to ideas concerning biological sensitivity to context, as both left hippocampal volume and resting-state RSA were previously found to moderate associations between adversity and psychological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Tsotsi
- PROMENTA Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne Rifkin-Graboi
- Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jessica L Borelli
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Victor Samuel Rajadurai
- Department of Neonatology, Kandang Kerbau Women and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mei Chien Chua
- Department of Neonatology, Kandang Kerbau Women and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Birit Broekman
- Department of Psychiatry, OLVG and Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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5
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Handedness and depression: A meta-analysis across 87 studies. J Affect Disord 2021; 294:200-209. [PMID: 34298226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in functional brain lateralization, often indicated by an increased prevalence of left- and/or mixed-handedness, have been demonstrated in several psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders like schizophrenia or autism spectrum disorder. For depression, however, this relationship is largely unclear. While a few studies found evidence that handedness and depression are associated, both the effect size and the direction of this association remain elusive. Here, we collected data from 87 studies totaling 35,501 individuals to provide a precise estimate of differences in left-, mixed- and non-right-handedness between depressed and healthy samples and computed odds ratios (ORs) between these groups. Here, an OR > 1 signifies higher rates of atypical handedness in depressed compared to healthy samples. We found no differences in left- (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = [0.95, 1.15], p = .384), mixed- (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = [0.98, 2.74], p = .060) or non-right-handedness (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = [0.96, 1.15], p = .309) between the two groups. We could thus find no link between handedness and depression on the meta-analytical level.
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6
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Effects of Training with Different Modes of Strength Intervention on Psychosocial Disorders in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189477. [PMID: 34574400 PMCID: PMC8471285 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise has a positive impact on anxiety and depression. However, the evidence that associates strength training with a decrease in adolescents' psychosocial disorders is scarce. Consequently, the objective was to analyze the effects of training with different modes of strength intervention on anxiety, stress, and depression in adolescents. The search was designed according to PRISMA®. We searched WoS, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and MEDLINE (2010-2020). Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration. The analysis was carried out with a standardized mean difference (SMD) pooled using the Hedges g test (95% CI). The Main Outcome Measures were: anxiety, stress, and depression in adolescents post strength training. Nine studies were included in the systematic review and seven in the meta-analysis. These studies showed a large and significant effect of strength training on anxiety (SMD = -1.75; CI = 95%: -3.03, -0.48; p = 0.007) and depression (SMD = -1.61; CI = 95%: -2.54, -0.67, p = 0.0007). In conclusion, training with different modes of strength intervention have shown control over anxiety and depression in adolescents. However, conventional strength training seems to have better results than other modes of strength intervention.
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7
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Kim J, Suh YH, Chang KA. Interleukin-17 induced by cumulative mild stress promoted depression-like behaviors in young adult mice. Mol Brain 2021; 14:11. [PMID: 33441182 PMCID: PMC7805143 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of young adult patients with major depression, one of the most common mental disorders, is gradually increasing in modern society. Stressful experiences in early life are considered one of the risk factors for chronic depressive symptoms, along with an abnormal inflammatory response in later life. Although increased inflammatory activity has been identified in patients with depression, the cause of long-lasting depressive states is still unclear. To identify the effects of cumulative mild stress in brain development periods, we generated a young adult depression mouse model exposed to cumulative mild stress (CPMS; cumulative mild prenatal stress, mild maternal separation, and mild social defeat) to mimic early life adversities. CPMS mice exhibited more long-lasting anxiety and depression-like behaviors than groups exposed to single or double combinations of mild stress in young adult age. Using the molecular works, we found that inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)-17, upregulated microglial activation in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex of CPMS mice. In the brains of CPMS mice, we also identified changes in the T helper (Th)-17 cell population as well as differentiation. Finally, anti-IL-17 treatment rescued anxiety and depression-like behavior in CPMS mice. In conclusion, we found that cumulative mild stress promoted long-lasting depressive symptoms in CPMS mice through the upregulation of IL-17. We suggest that the CPMS model may be useful to study young adult depression and expect that IL-17 may be an important therapeutic target for depression in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Yoo-Hun Suh
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea.
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea.
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8
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Acosta H, Kantojärvi K, Hashempour N, Pelto J, Scheinin NM, Lehtola SJ, Lewis JD, Fonov VS, Collins DL, Evans A, Parkkola R, Lähdesmäki T, Saunavaara J, Karlsson L, Merisaari H, Paunio T, Karlsson H, Tuulari JJ. Partial Support for an Interaction Between a Polygenic Risk Score for Major Depressive Disorder and Prenatal Maternal Depressive Symptoms on Infant Right Amygdalar Volumes. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:6121-6134. [PMID: 32676648 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disease susceptibility partly originates prenatally and is shaped by an interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors. A recent study has provided preliminary evidence that an offspring polygenic risk score for major depressive disorder (PRS-MDD), based on European ancestry, interacts with prenatal maternal depressive symptoms (GxE) on neonatal right amygdalar (US and Asian cohort) and hippocampal volumes (Asian cohort). However, to date, this GxE interplay has only been addressed by one study and is yet unknown for a European ancestry sample. We investigated in 105 Finnish mother-infant dyads (44 female, 11-54 days old) how offspring PRS-MDD interacts with prenatal maternal depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, gestational weeks 14, 24, 34) on infant amygdalar and hippocampal volumes. We found a GxE effect on right amygdalar volumes, significant in the main analysis, but nonsignificant after multiple comparison correction and some of the control analyses, whose direction paralleled the US cohort findings. Additional exploratory analyses suggested a sex-specific GxE effect on right hippocampal volumes. Our study is the first to provide support, though statistically weak, for an interplay of offspring PRS-MDD and prenatal maternal depressive symptoms on infant limbic brain volumes in a cohort matched to the PRS-MDD discovery sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Acosta
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - K Kantojärvi
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biobank Unit, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Hashempour
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - J Pelto
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - N M Scheinin
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - S J Lehtola
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - J D Lewis
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - V S Fonov
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - D L Collins
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - A Evans
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - R Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - T Lähdesmäki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - J Saunavaara
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - L Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - H Merisaari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Department of Future Technologies, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Center of Computational Imaging and Personalized Diagnostics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - T Paunio
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biobank Unit, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - J J Tuulari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Turku Collegium for Science and Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
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9
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Whalen DJ, Gilbert KE, Kelly D, Hajcak G, Kappenman ES, Luby JL, Barch DM. Preschool-Onset Major Depressive Disorder is Characterized by Electrocortical Deficits in Processing Pleasant Emotional Pictures. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:91-108. [PMID: 31515716 PMCID: PMC7286427 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Reductions in positive affect are a salient feature of preschool-onset major depressive disorder. Yet, little is known about the psychophysiological correlates of this blunted positive affect and whether reduced physiological responding to pleasant stimuli may differentiate depressed and healthy young children. 120 four-to-seven year old children with current depression and 63 psychiatrically healthy 4-to-7 year old children completed a simple picture-viewing task of pleasant and neutral pictures while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The early-childhood version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Depression was used to establish psychiatric diagnoses. A one-way ANCOVA was used to test for group differences in response to pleasant and neutral pictures. Young children with depression showed a reduced response to pleasant vs. neutral pictures (LPP), after controlling for children's age (F(1,180) = 4.15, p = 0.04, η2 = 0.02). The LPP for the children with preschool-onset depression (M = 0.99, SE = 0.65) was significantly smaller than the LPP in the healthy group of young children (M = 3.27, SE = 0.90). This difference did not vary as a function of depression or anhedonia severity within the group with depression or the healthy children. Similar to older children and adolescents with depression, young children with depression display reductions in responsivity to pleasant stimuli as indexed by the LPP. These findings extend prior findings indicating a blunted response to pleasant stimuli in preschool- onset depression. Given the greater neuroplasticity of emotional response and regulation, these findings suggest clinical attention to emotional response to pleasure is an important target in preschool-onset depression. Clinical trial registration information: A Randomized Control Trial of PCIT-ED for Preschool Depression; http://clinicaltrials.gov/;NCT02076425.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park, Suite 2100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA.
| | - Kirsten E Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park, Suite 2100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Danielle Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park, Suite 2100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Emily S Kappenman
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park, Suite 2100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park, Suite 2100, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
- The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review findings related to predictors, correlates, outcomes, and treatment of preschool depression that have been published in the last 3 years. RECENT FINDINGS Preschool depression displays a chronic course through late adolescence and is associated with temperamental and personality traits, poorer physical health, and negative parenting practices. Preschool depression predicts deficits into adolescence, including social difficulties and blunted neural response to rewards. Depressed preschoolers can experience suicidal ideation and behaviors and display an accurate understanding of the finality of death. A treatment for preschool depression has now been validated that uses the parent-child relationship to enhance emotion development and reduce depressive symptoms. Preschool depression is homotypic with depression that occurs later in life. Future work elucidating mechanisms through which preschool depression develops and informs the sub-groups for which particular treatments may be most effective will have considerable implications for prevention and early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Rose Donohue
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Diana J Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kirsten E Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Laura Hennefield
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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11
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Barch DM, Tillman R, Kelly D, Whalen D, Gilbert K, Luby JL. Hippocampal volume and depression among young children. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 288:21-28. [PMID: 31071541 PMCID: PMC6550342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical depression can occur in young children as early as age three. This very early onset variant of depression shows the same clinical features with developmental adjustments as depression that onsets later in life. One robust neural feature of adult depression is reduced hippocampal volume. We measured hippocampal volume in a sample of 35 children aged 4-7 who were either in a clinical trial for preschool onset depression or were recruited from the community. We used T1 MPRAGE acquisitions on a Siemen's Scanner, with Freesurfer 5.3 used to segment the hippocampus. Depression was measured using the K-SADS early childhood (K-SADS-EC) to create a dimensional depression severity score and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Depression T-Score. Multilevel models indicated that greater depression severity as measured by either the CBCL Depression Score or the K-SADS-EC was associated with lower hippocampal volume, even controlling for total gray matter, maternal depression, income-to-needs ratio, and stressful life events. These data indicate evidence for reduced hippocampal volume among children with PO-MDD who were more severely depressed. Findings are consistent with the idea that hippocampal volume reductions are an early occurring associated neural marker of MDD, particularly for more severe depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, USA.
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Danielle Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Diana Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Kirsten Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
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12
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Gorham LS, Jernigan T, Hudziak J, Barch DM. Involvement in Sports, Hippocampal Volume, and Depressive Symptoms in Children. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 4:484-492. [PMID: 30905689 PMCID: PMC6500760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have found that higher levels of exercise are associated with fewer symptoms of depression among young people. In addition, research suggests that exercise may modify hippocampal volume, a brain region that has been found to show reduced volume in depression. However, it is not clear whether this relationship emerges as early as preadolescence. METHODS We examined data from a nationwide sample of 4191 children 9 to 11 years of age from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. The parents of the children completed the Child Behavior Checklist, providing data about the child's depressive symptoms, and the Sports and Activities Questionnaire, which provided data about the child's participation in 23 sports. Children also took part in a structural magnetic resonance imaging scan, providing us with measures of bilateral hippocampal volume. RESULTS Sports involvement interacted with sex to predict depressive symptoms, with a negative relationship found in boys only (t = -5.257, β = -.115, p < .001). Sports involvement was positively correlated with hippocampal volume in both boys and girls (t = 2.810, β = .035, p = .007). Hippocampal volume also interacted with sex to predict depressive symptoms, with a negative relationship in boys (t = -2.562, β = -.070, p = .010), and served as a partial mediator for the relationship between involvement in sports and depressive symptoms in boys. CONCLUSIONS These findings help illuminate a potential neural mechanism for the impact of exercise on the developing brain, and the differential effects in boys versus girls mirror findings in the animal literature. More research is needed to understand the causal relationships between these constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Gorham
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Terry Jernigan
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California; Center for Human Development, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Jim Hudziak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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13
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Qiu A, Shen M, Buss C, Chong YS, Kwek K, Saw SM, Gluckman PD, Wadhwa PD, Entringer S, Styner M, Karnani N, Heim CM, O'Donnell KJ, Holbrook JD, Fortier MV, Meaney MJ. Effects of Antenatal Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Socio-Economic Status on Neonatal Brain Development are Modulated by Genetic Risk. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3080-3092. [PMID: 28334351 PMCID: PMC6057508 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study included 168 and 85 mother–infant dyads from Asian and United States of America cohorts to examine whether a genomic profile risk score for major depressive disorder (GPRSMDD) moderates the association between antenatal maternal depressive symptoms (or socio-economic status, SES) and fetal neurodevelopment, and to identify candidate biological processes underlying such association. Both cohorts showed a significant interaction between antenatal maternal depressive symptoms and infant GPRSMDD on the right amygdala volume. The Asian cohort also showed such interaction on the right hippocampal volume and shape, thickness of the orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Likewise, a significant interaction between SES and infant GPRSMDD was on the right amygdala and hippocampal volumes and shapes. After controlling for each other, the interaction effect of antenatal maternal depressive symptoms and GPRSMDD was mainly shown on the right amygdala, while the interaction effect of SES and GPRSMDD was mainly shown on the right hippocampus. Bioinformatic analyses suggested neurotransmitter/neurotrophic signaling, SNAp REceptor complex, and glutamate receptor activity as common biological processes underlying the influence of antenatal maternal depressive symptoms on fetal cortico-limbic development. These findings suggest gene–environment interdependence in the fetal development of brain regions implicated in cognitive–emotional function. Candidate biological mechanisms involve a range of brain region-specific signaling pathways that converge on common processes of synaptic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Mojun Shen
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Claudia Buss
- Departent of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.,Development, Health and Disease Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Kwek
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH), Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Departent of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.,Development, Health and Disease Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Martin Styner
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Christine M Heim
- Departent of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.,Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal H4H 1R3, Canada.,Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Joanna D Holbrook
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Marielle V Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH), Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore 117609, Singapore.,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal H4H 1R3, Canada.,Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal H4H 1R3, Canada
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14
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Sahin S, Okluoglu Önal T, Cinar N, Bozdemir M, Çubuk R, Karsidag S. Distinguishing Depressive Pseudodementia from Alzheimer Disease: A Comparative Study of Hippocampal Volumetry and Cognitive Tests. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2017; 7:230-239. [PMID: 28868066 PMCID: PMC5566711 DOI: 10.1159/000477759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Depressive pseudodementia (DPD) is a condition which may develop secondary to depression. The aim of this study was to contribute to the differential diagnosis between Alzheimer disease (AD) and DPD by comparing the neurocognitive tests and hippocampal volume. Materials and Methods Patients who met criteria of AD/DPD were enrolled in the study. All patients were assessed using the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS), clock-drawing test, Stroop test, Benton Facial Recognition Test (BFRT), Boston Naming Test, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Hippocampal volume was measured by importing the coronal T1-weighted magnetic resonance images to the Vitrea 2 workstation. Results A significant difference was found between the AD and DPD groups on the WMS test, clock-drawing test, Stroop test, Boston Naming Test, MMSE, GDS, and left hippocampal volume. A significant correlation between BFRT and bilateral hippocampal volumes was found in the AD group. No correlation was found among parameters in DPD patients. Conclusions Our results suggest that evaluation of facial recognition and left hippocampal volume may provide more reliable evidence for distinguishing DPD from AD. Further investigations combined with functional imaging techniques including more patients are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevki Sahin
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Okluoglu Önal
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Cinar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meral Bozdemir
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rahmi Çubuk
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Karsidag
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Maltepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Abstract
This article reviews recent empirical literature on the prevalence, correlates, assessment, and treatment of preschool-onset internalizing disorders. Major advances in the acceptance and recognition of both preschool-onset depression and anxiety have occurred over the past decade. This work has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of genetic, neural, and physiologic indicators, which further validate these constellations of symptoms in young children. Despite this growth in research, much work still needs to be done to further elucidate the cause, risk, treatment, and protective factors for preschool-onset internalizing disorders.
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16
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Kanayama N, Asai T, Nakao T, Makita K, Kozuma R, Uyama T, Yamane T, Kadota H, Yamawaki S. Subjectivity of the Anomalous Sense of Self Is Represented in Gray Matter Volume in the Brain. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:232. [PMID: 28536515 PMCID: PMC5422542 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The self includes complicated and heterogeneous functions. Researchers have divided the self into three distinct functions called “agency,” “ownership,” and “narrative self”. These correspond to psychiatric symptoms, behavioral characteristics and neural responses, but their relationship with brain structure is unclear. This study examined the relationship between the subjectivity of self-related malfunctions and brain structure in terms of gray matter (GM) volume in 96 healthy people. They completed a recently developed self-reported questionnaire called the Embodied Sense of Self Scale (ESSS) that measures self-related malfunctions. The ESSS has three subscales reflecting the three distinct functions of the self. We also determined the participants’ brain structures using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between ownership malfunction and the insular cortex GM volume. A relationship with brain structure could thus only be confirmed for the ESSS “ownership” subscale. This finding suggests that distinct brain structures feel ownership and that the ESSS could partly screen for distinct brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kanayama
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan.,Center of KANSEI Innovation, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Asai
- Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Communication Science Laboratories, Human Information Science LaboratoryKanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakao
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | - Kai Makita
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan.,Center of KANSEI Innovation, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kozuma
- Faculty of Medicine, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuto Uyama
- Faculty of Medicine, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kadota
- Research Institute, Kochi University of TechnologyKochi, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan.,Center of KANSEI Innovation, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
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17
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Brain-behavior relationships in the experience and regulation of negative emotion in healthy children: implications for risk for childhood depression. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 26:1289-303. [PMID: 25422962 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural and functional alterations in a variety of brain regions have been associated with depression and risk for depression across the life span. A majority of these regions are associated with emotion reactivity and/or regulation. However, it is generally unclear what mechanistic role these alterations play in the etiology of depression. A first step toward understanding this is to characterize the relationships between variation in brain structure/function and individual differences in depression severity and related processes, particularly emotion regulation. To this end, the current study examines how brain structure and function predict concurrent and longitudinal measures of depression symptomology and emotion regulation skills in psychiatrically healthy school-age children (N = 60). Specifically, we found that smaller hippocampus volumes and greater responses to sad faces in emotion reactivity regions predict increased depressive symptoms at the time of scan, whereas larger amygdala volumes, smaller insula volumes, and greater responses in emotion reactivity regions predict decreased emotion regulation skills. In addition, larger insula volumes predict improvements in emotion regulation skills even after accounting for emotion regulation at the time of scan. Understanding brain-behavior relationships in psychiatrically healthy samples, especially early in development, will help inform normative developmental trajectories and neural alterations in depression and other affective pathology.
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18
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Using neuroimaging to evaluate and guide pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments for mood disorders in children. CNS Spectr 2015; 20:359-68. [PMID: 25659836 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852914000819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders are increasing in childhood, and often require multimodal and comprehensive treatment plans to address a complex array of symptoms and associated morbidities. Pharmacotherapy, in combination with psychotherapeutic interventions, is essential for treatment and stabilization. Current evidence supports the use of a number of interventions in children and adolescents diagnosed with DSM-5 mood spectrum disorders, which are associated with impairments in prefrontal-striatal-limbic networks, which are key for emotional functioning and regulation. Yet, little is known about the neurobiological effects of interventions on the developing brain. This chapter provides a synopsis of the literature demonstrating the neural effects of psychotropic medications and psychotherapy in youth with depressive or bipolar spectrum disorders. Additional longitudinal and biological studies are warranted to characterize the effects of these interventions on all phases and stages of mood illness development in children and adolescents.
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19
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Bridging Integrator 1 (BIN1) Genotype Effects on Working Memory, Hippocampal Volume, and Functional Connectivity in Young Healthy Individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1794-803. [PMID: 25630570 PMCID: PMC4915264 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and exhibits a considerable level of heritability. The bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) gene has recently been identified in several large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as the second most important risk locus for AD following apolipoprotein E (APOE). However, how and when the established genetic risk locus BIN1 rs744373 confers risk to late-onset AD has yet to be determined. Here using an imaging genetic strategy in large-sample Chinese subjects, we show that healthy homozygous carriers of the rs744373 risk allele exhibit worse high-load working memory (WM) performance, larger hippocampal volume and lower functional connectivity between the bilateral hippocampus and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), mirroring clinical evidence of disturbed memory and connectivity in patients. Our findings demonstrate that rs744373 itself or a variation in linkage disequilibrium may provide a neurogenetic mechanism for BIN1 while further validating the possibility of combining genetic and neuroimaging strategies to monitor individuals at risk for AD.
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20
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Dougherty LR, Leppert KA, Merwin SM, Smith VC, Bufferd SJ, Kushner MR. Advances and Directions in Preschool Mental Health Research. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Belden AC, Barch DM, Oakberg TJ, April LM, Harms MP, Botteron KN, Luby JL. Anterior insula volume and guilt: neurobehavioral markers of recurrence after early childhood major depressive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72:40-8. [PMID: 25390502 PMCID: PMC5103694 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This is the first study to date to examine volumetric alterations in the anterior insula (AI) as a potential biomarker for the course of childhood major depressive disorder (MDD). OBJECTIVES To examine whether children with a history of preschool-onset (PO) MDD show reduced AI volume, whether a specific symptom of PO MDD (pathological guilt) is related to AI volume reduction (given the known relationship between AI and guilt processing), and whether AI volumes predict subsequent likelihood of having an episode of MDD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In a prospective longitudinal study, 306 children (age range, 3.00-5.11 years) and caregivers completed DSM diagnostic assessments at 6 annual time points during 10 years as part of the Preschool Depression Study. Magnetic resonance imaging was completed on a subset of 145 school-age children (age range, 6.11-12.11 years). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Whole-brain-adjusted AI volume measured using magnetic resonance imaging at school age and children's diagnosis of MDD any time after their imaging. RESULTS Compared with children without a history of PO MDD, school-age children previously diagnosed as having PO MDD had smaller left and right AI volumes (Wilks Λ = 0.94, F2,124 = 3.37, P = .04, Cohen d = 0.23). However, the effect of PO MDD on reduced AI volumes was better explained by children's experience of pathological guilt during preschool (Λ = 0.91, F2,120 = 6.17, P = .003, d = .30). When covarying for children's lifetime history of MDD episodes, their experience of pathological guilt during preschool, as well as their sex and age at the time of imaging, schoolchildren's right-side AI volume was a significant predictor of being diagnosed as having an MDD episode after imaging (odds ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.01-0.75; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results provide evidence that structural abnormalities in AI volume are related to the neurobiology of depressive disorders starting in early childhood. The present findings are consistent with mounting research in adult MDD suggesting that insula function and structure may be a target biomarker for major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy C. Belden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri2Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri3Department of Psychology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri4Department of Ra
| | - Timothy J. Oakberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Laura M. April
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael P. Harms
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Kelly N. Botteron
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri4Department of Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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22
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Singh MK, Gotlib IH. The neuroscience of depression: implications for assessment and intervention. Behav Res Ther 2014; 62:60-73. [PMID: 25239242 PMCID: PMC4253641 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent of all psychiatric disorders and is the single most burdensome disease worldwide. In attempting to understand the profound deficits that characterize MDD across multiple domains of functioning, researchers have identified aberrations in brain structure and function in individuals diagnosed with this disorder. In this review we synthesize recent data from human neuroimaging studies in presenting an integrated neural network framework for understanding the impairments experienced by individuals with MDD. We discuss the implications of these findings for assessment of and intervention for MDD. We conclude by offering directions for future research that we believe will advance our understanding of neural factors that contribute to the etiology and course of depression, and to recovery from this debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, United States
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23
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Memory reactivation during rest supports upcoming learning of related content. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15845-50. [PMID: 25331890 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404396111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a number of studies have highlighted the importance of offline processes for memory, how these mechanisms influence future learning remains unknown. Participants with established memories for a set of initial face-object associations were scanned during passive rest and during encoding of new related and unrelated pairs of objects. Spontaneous reactivation of established memories and enhanced hippocampal-neocortical functional connectivity during rest was related to better subsequent learning, specifically of related content. Moreover, the degree of functional coupling during rest was predictive of neural engagement during the new learning experience itself. These results suggest that through rest-phase reactivation and hippocampal-neocortical interactions, existing memories may come to facilitate encoding during subsequent related episodes.
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24
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Suzuki H, Luby JL, Botteron KN, Dietrich R, McAvoy MP, Barch DM. Early life stress and trauma and enhanced limbic activation to emotionally valenced faces in depressed and healthy children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53:800-13.e10. [PMID: 24954829 PMCID: PMC4086855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have examined the relationships between structural brain characteristics and early life stress in adults. However, there is limited evidence for functional brain variation associated with early life stress in children. We hypothesized that early life stress and trauma would be associated with increased functional brain activation response to negative emotional faces in children with and without a history of depression. METHOD Psychiatric diagnosis and life events in children (starting at age 3-5 years) were assessed in a longitudinal study. A follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study acquired data (N = 115 at ages 7-12, 51% girls) on functional brain response to fearful, sad, and happy faces relative to neutral faces. We used a region-of-interest mask within cortico-limbic areas and conducted regression analyses and repeated-measures analysis of covariance. RESULTS Greater activation responses to fearful, sad, and happy faces in the amygdala and its neighboring regions were found in children with greater life stress. Moreover, an association between life stress and left hippocampal and globus pallidus activity depended on children's diagnostic status. Finally, all children with greater life trauma showed greater bilateral amygdala and cingulate activity specific to sad faces but not the other emotional faces, although right amygdala activity was moderated by psychiatric status. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that limbic hyperactivity may be a biomarker of early life stress and trauma in children and may have implications in the risk trajectory for depression and other stress-related disorders. However, this pattern varied based on emotion type and history of psychopathology.
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25
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Bragatti JA, Torres CM, Cherubini PA, Leistner-Segal S, Bianchin MM. Is interictal EEG activity a biomarker for mood disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy? Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125:1952-8. [PMID: 24631009 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychiatric comorbidities are frequent in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and symptoms of these comorbidities may be related to epilepsy activity. Here we evaluated interictal EEG activity in TLE patients with or without psychiatric comorbidities. METHODS A cohort study of 78 patients with TLE, with evaluation of wake/sleep interictal scalp EEG. All subjects were submitted to a psychiatric structured clinical interview (SCID) for the diagnosis of lifetime psychiatric comorbidities. Three major diagnostic categories were studied: mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and psychosis. We then evaluated differences in interictal EEG activity between patients with and without these psychiatric comorbidities. RESULTS Infrequent EEG interictal spikes, defined as less than one event per minute, were significantly associated with mood disorders in TLE (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Low intensity seizure disorder has been associated with a decrease in interictal EEG discharges and with an increase in psychiatric symptoms in TLE, a phenomenon known as forced normalization. In our study, we observed a low interictal spike frequency on EEG in TLE patients with mood disorders. SIGNIFICANCE A low spike index might be a neurophysiological marker for depression in temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Augusto Bragatti
- Post-Graduation Course in Medicine, Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurology, Experimental Research Centre, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Division of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Machado Torres
- Post-Graduation Course in Medicine, Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurology, Experimental Research Centre, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Division of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Abrahim Cherubini
- Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurology, Experimental Research Centre, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra Leistner-Segal
- Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurology, Experimental Research Centre, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marino Muxfeldt Bianchin
- Post-Graduation Course in Medicine, Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurology, Experimental Research Centre, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil; Division of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
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26
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Gotlib IH, Joormann J, Foland-Ross LC. Understanding Familial Risk for Depression. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2014; 9:94-108. [DOI: 10.1177/1745691613513469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most prevalent, debilitating, and costly of all illnesses worldwide. Investigators have made considerable progress in elucidating psychological and biological correlates of MDD; however, far less is known about factors that are implicated in risk for depression. Given the high risk for MDD associated with a family history of depression, investigators have worked to understand both the effects of parental depression on offspring and the mechanisms that might underlie familial risk for MDD. In this article, we describe the evolution of investigators’ understanding of the psychobiological functioning of children of depressed parents, and we present recent findings concerning cognitive and neural aspects of risk for MDD using our high-risk sample as a context and foundation for this discussion. We integrate these data in a conceptualization of mechanisms underlying risk for depression, focusing on the constructs of emotion dysregulation and stress reactivity. Recognizing the 25-year anniversary of the Association for Psychological Science, we place this presentation in the context of the past 25 years of research on depression. We conclude by discussing the significance of emotion dysregulation and stress reactivity for studying risk for depression, for developing approaches to prevent MDD, and for moving theory and research in this field forward.
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