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Escobar-Soler C, Berrios R, Peñaloza-Díaz G, Melis-Rivera C, Caqueo-Urízar A, Ponce-Correa F, Flores J. Effectiveness of Self-Affirmation Interventions in Educational Settings: A Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 12:3. [PMID: 38200909 PMCID: PMC10779329 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
School and university can be stressful contexts that can become an important source of identity threats when social prejudices or stereotypes come into play. Self-affirmation interventions are key strategies for mitigating the negative consequences of identity threat. This meta-analysis aims to provide an overview of the effectiveness of self-affirmation interventions in educational settings. A peer-reviewed article search was conducted in January 2023. A total of 144 experimental studies that tested the effect of self-affirmation interventions in educational contexts among high school and university students from different social and cultural backgrounds were considered. The average effect of self-affirmation interventions was of low magnitude (dIG+ = 0.41, z = 16.01, p < 0.00), with a 95% confidence interval whose values tended to lie between 0.36 and 0.45 (SE = 0.0253). In addition, moderators such as identity threat, participants' age, and intervention procedure were found. Through a meta-analysis of the impact of self-affirmation interventions in educational contexts, this study suggests that interventions are effective, resulting in a small mean effect size. Thus, self-affirmation interventions can be considered useful, brief, and inexpensive strategies to improve general well-being and performance in educational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolang Escobar-Soler
- Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Universidad de Tarapacá y Universidad Católica del Norte, Arica 1000000, Chile; (G.P.-D.); (C.M.-R.); (F.P.-C.)
- Centro de Justicia Educacional (CJE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Raúl Berrios
- Departamento de Administración, Facultad de Administración y Economía, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Gabriel Peñaloza-Díaz
- Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Universidad de Tarapacá y Universidad Católica del Norte, Arica 1000000, Chile; (G.P.-D.); (C.M.-R.); (F.P.-C.)
| | - Carlos Melis-Rivera
- Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Universidad de Tarapacá y Universidad Católica del Norte, Arica 1000000, Chile; (G.P.-D.); (C.M.-R.); (F.P.-C.)
| | | | - Felipe Ponce-Correa
- Programa de Doctorado en Psicología, Universidad de Tarapacá y Universidad Católica del Norte, Arica 1000000, Chile; (G.P.-D.); (C.M.-R.); (F.P.-C.)
| | - Jerome Flores
- Centro de Justicia Educacional (CJE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
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Fan L, Kong X, Zhang P, Lin P, Zhao J, Ji X, Fang S, Wang X, Yao S, Li H, Wang X. Hypersensitivity to negative feedback during dynamic risky-decision making in major depressive disorder: An event-related potential study. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:1421-1431. [PMID: 34563390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibit a diminished ability to think or concentrate, indecisiveness, and altered sensitivity to reward and punishment. These impairments can influence complex risk-related decision-making in dynamic environments. The neurophysiological mechanisms mediating MDD effects on decision-making behavior are not well understood. METHODS Patients with MDD (N=50) and healthy controls (HC, N=40) were enrolled. They completed a series of psychometric tests. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during the performance of a well-validated modified version of Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). RESULTS BART behavior data were similar across the two groups except the MDD patients showed more stability of risk aversion. Neurophysiologically, BART losses generated larger P3 amplitudes than wins, and MDD patients had larger feedback-related negativity (FRN) components than HCs in response to negative feedback (losses). Greater FRN amplitudes in response to losses correlated with higher levels of depressiveness, psychological pain, and anhedonia. A longer FRN latency in MDD patients was associated with more severe suicidal ideation. LIMITATIONS The findings are based on cross-sectional data, which are not powerful enough to make causal inferences. CONCLUSION MDD patients exhibit enhanced FRNs in the frontocentral region after receiving negative feedback in a risky decision-making task. FRN magnitude is associated with depressive symptom severity. Punishment hypersensitivity may contribute to the maintenance of depressive symptoms in MDD patients, and FRN may be a useful index of such hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejia Fan
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyuan Kong
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Panwen Zhang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pan Lin
- Department of Psychology and Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinlei Ji
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shulin Fang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, Hunan, China; Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
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Xu M, Liu B, Gu R, Yang S, Wang H, Zhu X. Self-awareness buffers the consequences of negative feedback: Evidence from an ERP study. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 164:9-16. [PMID: 33556469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that self-awareness can help people to recruit more cognitive resources, while people with more cognitive resources can better buffer the detrimental effects of negative events. However, it is not clear whether self-awareness can directly buffer the consequences of negative feedback (i.e., reducing neural sensitivity to negative feedback). To explore this issue, we used a scrambled sentence task (SST) to manipulate participants' self-awareness (self vs. other) and investigated whether outcome evaluations in a gambling task are modulated by the self-awareness priming. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while 27 normal adults performed a gambling task. The ERP analysis focused on the feedback-related negativity (FRN), reward positivity (RewP) and P300 component. We found that the self-awareness priming resulted in a smaller FRN response to the losses compared with the other-awareness priming. There was no significant difference in the RewP response to wins between the self-awareness condition and the other-awareness condition. We also found that the self-awareness condition evoked larger P300 amplitude than the other-awareness condition. The present findings suggest that self-awareness can help people to cope with negative feedback in the early semiautomatic outcome evaluation stage (i.e., reducing neural sensitivity to negative feedback) and enhance top-down evaluation to both positive and negative feedback in the late and deliberate stage, providing direct evidence of the adaptive function of self-awareness on outcome experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Bu Liu
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Suyong Yang
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiangru Zhu
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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Wu Y, Wang L, Yu F, Ji GJ, Xiao G, Feifei X, Chunyan Z, Xingui C, Wang K. Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation (iTBS) as an Optimal Treatment for Schizophrenia Risk Decision: an ERSP Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:594102. [PMID: 34040546 PMCID: PMC8143028 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.594102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: People with schizophrenia have serious impairments in social function, especially in decision-making ability. Transcranial magnetic stimulation modified intermittent theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (iTBS) has been shown to regulate the functional connection of brain networks. Our study explored the therapeutic effect of iTBS on decision-making disorders in schizophrenia. Methods: Participants were pseudorandomized and assigned to iTBS (n = 16) or sham (n = 16) group. iTBS group was administered 1,800 pulses on the target of the left dorsol lateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) per day for 14 consecutive days. We compared Iowa gambling task performance and associated event-related spectral perturbation results (ERSP) among two groups. Results: The results show that participants' performance in the high-lose in the iTBS group had stronger stimulation of theta spectral power than those in the sham group. Specifically, we found that under high-risk conditions, compared with the control group, the iTBS group showed significant activation of the theta spectrum power in the FPZ, FZ, FCZ, and CZ regions after treatment. Conclusions: Our results provide evidence that long-term iTBS stimulation effectively improves the decision-making ability of schizophrenia. After receiving negative feedback, patients can turn to safety options. These findings support that iTBS may be a potential treatment for clinical decision-making disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fengqiong Yu
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Gong-Jun Ji
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Guixian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Feifei
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Zhu Chunyan
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Xingui
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, China
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