1
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Clement A, Anderson BA. Statistically learned associations among objects bias attention. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024:10.3758/s13414-024-02941-3. [PMID: 39198359 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that semantic relationships among objects can influence the control of attention. There is also some evidence that learned associations among objects can bias attention. However, it is unclear whether these findings are due to statistical learning or existing semantic relationships. In the present study, we examined whether statistically learned associations among objects can bias attention in the absence of existing semantic relationships. Participants searched for one of four targets among pairs of novel shapes and identified whether the target was present or absent from the display. In an initial training phase, each target was paired with an associated distractor in a fixed spatial configuration. In a subsequent test phase, each target could be paired with the previously associated distractor or a different distractor. In our first experiment, the previously associated distractor was always presented in the same pair as the target. Participants were faster to respond when this distractor was present on target-present trials. In our second experiment, the previously associated distractor was presented in a different pair than the target in the test phase. In this case, participants were slower to respond when this distractor was present on both target-present and target-absent trials. Together, these findings provide clear evidence that statistically learned associations among objects can bias attention, analogous to the effects of semantic relationships on attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Clement
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Millsaps College, 1701 N. State St, Jackson, MS, 39210, USA.
| | - Brian A Anderson
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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2
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Fan C, Zinchenko A, Chen L, Wu J, Qian Y, Zang X. Invariant contexts reduce response time variability in visual search in an age-specific way: A comparison of children, teenagers, and adults. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:1974-1988. [PMID: 38992319 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Contextual cueing is a phenomenon in which repeatedly encountered arrays of items can enhance the visual search for a target item. This is widely attributed to attentional guidance driven by contextual memory acquired during visual search. Some studies suggest that children may have an immature ability to use contextual cues compared to adults, while others argue that contextual learning capacity is similar across ages. To test the development of context-guided attention, this study compared contextual cueing effects among three age groups: adults (aged 18-33 years, N = 32), teenagers (aged 15-17 years, N = 41), and younger children (aged 8-9 years, N = 43). Moreover, this study introduced a measure of response time variability that tracks fluctuations in response time throughout the experiment, in addition to the conventional analysis of response times. The results showed that all age groups demonstrated significantly faster responses in repeated than non-repeated search contexts. Notably, adults and teenagers exhibited smaller response time variability in repeated contexts than in non-repeated ones, while younger children did not. This implies that children are less efficient at consolidating contextual information into a stable memory representation, which may lead to less stable attentional guidance during visual search.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Fan
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Artyom Zinchenko
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Lihan Chen
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Big Data Analysis and Applications, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiao Wu
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Yeke Qian
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xuelian Zang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
- Zhejiang Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory for Research in Early Development and Childcare, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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3
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Meyen S, Vadillo MA, von Luxburg U, Franz VH. No evidence for contextual cueing beyond explicit recognition. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:907-930. [PMID: 37845567 PMCID: PMC11192686 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Many studies claim that visual regularities can be learned unconsciously and without explicit awareness. For example in the contextual cueing paradigm, studies often make claims using a standard reasoning based on two results: (1) a reliable response time (RT) difference between repeated vs. new stimulus displays and (2) a close-to-chance sensitivity when participants are asked to explicitly recognize repeated stimulus displays. From this pattern of results, studies routinely conclude that the sensitivity of RT responses is higher than that of explicit responses-an empirical situation we call Indirect Task Advantage (ITA). Many studies further infer from an ITA that RT effects were driven by a form of recognition that exceeds explicit memory: implicit recognition. However, this reasoning is flawed because the sensitivity underlying RT effects is never computed. To properly establish a difference, a sensitivity comparison is required. We apply this sensitivity comparison in a reanalysis of 20 contextual cueing studies showing that not a single study provides consistent evidence for ITAs. Responding to recent correlation-based arguments, we also demonstrate the absence of evidence for ITAs at the level of individual participants. This lack of ITAs has serious consequences for the field: If RT effects can be fully explained by weak but above-chance explicit recognition sensitivity, what is the empirical content of the label "implicit"? Thus, theoretical discussions in this paradigm-and likely in other paradigms using this standard reasoning-require serious reassessment because the current data from contextual cueing studies is insufficient to consider recognition as implicit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Meyen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Sand 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | - Ulrike von Luxburg
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Sand 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Tübingen AI Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Volker H Franz
- Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Sand 6, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Zinchenko A, Geyer T, Zang X, Shi Z, Müller HJ, Conci M. When experience with scenes foils attentional orienting: ERP evidence against flexible target-context mapping in visual search. Cortex 2024; 175:41-53. [PMID: 38703715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Visual search is speeded when a target is repeatedly presented in an invariant scene context of nontargets (contextual cueing), demonstrating observers' capability for using statistical long-term memory (LTM) to make predictions about upcoming sensory events, thus improving attentional orienting. In the current study, we investigated whether expectations arising from individual, learned environmental structures can encompass multiple target locations. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants performed a contextual cueing search task with repeated and non-repeated spatial item configurations. Notably, a given search display could be associated with either a single target location (standard contextual cueing) or two possible target locations. Our result showed that LTM-guided attention was always limited to only one target position in single- but also in the dual-target displays, as evidenced by expedited reaction times (RTs) and enhanced N1pc and N2pc deflections contralateral to one ("dominant") target of up to two repeating target locations. This contrasts with the processing of non-learned ("minor") target positions (in dual-target displays), which revealed slowed RTs alongside an initial N1pc "misguidance" signal that then vanished in the subsequent N2pc. This RT slowing was accompanied by enhanced N200 and N400 waveforms over fronto-central electrodes, suggesting that control mechanisms regulate the competition between dominant and minor targets. Our study thus reveals a dissociation in processing dominant versus minor targets: While LTM templates guide attention to dominant targets, minor targets necessitate control processes to overcome the automatic bias towards previously learned, dominant target locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom Zinchenko
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.
| | - Thomas Geyer
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany; NICUM - Neuro Imaging Core Unit, LMU Munich, Germany; MCN - Munich Center for Neurosciences - Brain & Mind, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Xuelian Zang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, China; Institutes of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Zhuanghua Shi
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany; NICUM - Neuro Imaging Core Unit, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany; MCN - Munich Center for Neurosciences - Brain & Mind, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Conci
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany; MCN - Munich Center for Neurosciences - Brain & Mind, LMU Munich, Germany
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5
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Nagy B, Kojouharova P, Protzner AB, Gaál ZA. Investigating the Effect of Contextual Cueing with Face Stimuli on Electrophysiological Measures in Younger and Older Adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:776-799. [PMID: 38437174 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Extracting repeated patterns from our surroundings plays a crucial role in contextualizing information, making predictions, and guiding our behavior implicitly. Previous research showed that contextual cueing enhances visual search performance in younger adults. In this study, we investigated whether contextual cueing could also improve older adults' performance and whether age-related differences in the neural processes underlying implicit contextual learning could be detected. Twenty-four younger and 25 older participants performed a visual search task with contextual cueing. Contextual information was generated using repeated face configurations alongside random new configurations. We measured RT difference between new and repeated configurations; ERPs to uncover the neural processes underlying contextual cueing for early (N2pc), intermediate (P3b), and late (r-LRP) processes; and multiscale entropy and spectral power density analyses to examine neural dynamics. Both younger and older adults showed similar contextual cueing benefits in their visual search efficiency at the behavioral level. In addition, they showed similar patterns regarding contextual information processing: Repeated face configurations evoked decreased finer timescale entropy (1-20 msec) and higher frequency band power (13-30 Hz) compared with new configurations. However, we detected age-related differences in ERPs: Younger, but not older adults, had larger N2pc and P3b components for repeated compared with new configurations. These results suggest that contextual cueing remains intact with aging. Although attention- and target-evaluation-related ERPs differed between the age groups, the neural dynamics of contextual learning were preserved with aging, as both age groups increasingly utilized more globally grouped representations for repeated face configurations during the learning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglárka Nagy
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petia Kojouharova
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea B Protzner
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zsófia Anna Gaál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Chen S, Müller HJ, Shi Z. Contextual facilitation: Separable roles of contextual guidance and context suppression in visual search. Psychon Bull Rev 2024:10.3758/s13423-024-02508-1. [PMID: 38689187 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Visual search is facilitated when targets are repeatedly encountered at a fixed position relative to an invariant distractor layout, compared to random distractor arrangements. However, standard investigations of this contextual-facilitation effect employ fixed distractor layouts that predict a constant target location, which does not always reflect real-world situations where the target location may vary relative to an invariant distractor arrangement. To explore the mechanisms involved in contextual learning, we employed a training-test procedure, introducing not only the standard full-repeated displays with fixed target-distractor locations but also distractor-repeated displays in which the distractor arrangement remained unchanged but the target locations varied. During the training phase, participants encountered three types of display: full-repeated, distractor-repeated, and random arrangements. The results revealed full-repeated displays to engender larger performance gains than distractor-repeated displays, relative to the random-display baseline. In the test phase, the gains were substantially reduced when full-repeated displays changed into distractor-repeated displays, while the transition from distractor-repeated to full-repeated displays failed to yield additional gains. We take this pattern to indicate that contextual learning can improve performance with both predictive and non-predictive (repeated) contexts, employing distinct mechanisms: contextual guidance and context suppression, respectively. We consider how these mechanisms might be implemented (neuro-)computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Chen
- Allgemeine und Experimentelle Psychologie, Department Psychologie, LMU München, Leopoldstr. 13, D-80802, Munich, Germany.
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Allgemeine und Experimentelle Psychologie, Department Psychologie, LMU München, Leopoldstr. 13, D-80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhuanghua Shi
- Allgemeine und Experimentelle Psychologie, Department Psychologie, LMU München, Leopoldstr. 13, D-80802, Munich, Germany
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7
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Steinkrauss AC, Slotnick SD. Is implicit memory associated with the hippocampus? Cogn Neurosci 2024; 15:56-70. [PMID: 38368598 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2024.2315816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
According to the traditional memory-systems view, the hippocampus is critical during explicit (conscious) long-term memory, whereas other brain regions support implicit (nonconscious) memory. In the last two decades, some fMRI studies have reported hippocampal activity during implicit memory tasks. The aim of the present discussion paper was to identify whether any implicit memory fMRI studies have provided convincing evidence that the hippocampus is associated with nonconscious processes without being confounded by conscious processes. Experimental protocol and analysis parameters included the stimulus type(s), task(s), measures of subjective awareness, explicit memory accuracy, the relevant fMRI contrast(s) or analysis, and confound(s). A systematic review was conducted to identify implicit memory studies that reported fMRI activity in the hippocampus. After applying exclusion criteria, 13 articles remained for analysis. We found that there were no implicit memory fMRI studies where subjective awareness was absent, explicit memory performance was at chance, and there were no confounds that could have driven the observed hippocampal activity. The confounds included explicit memory (including false memory), imbalanced attentional states between conditions (yielding activation of the default-mode network), imbalanced stimuli between conditions, and differential novelty. As such, not a single fMRI study provided convincing evidence that implicit memory was associated with the hippocampus. Neuropsychological evidence was also considered, and implicit memory deficits were caused by factors known to disrupt brain regions beyond the hippocampus, such that the behavioral effects could not be attributed to this region. The present results indicate that implicit memory is not associated with the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Steinkrauss
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Scott D Slotnick
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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8
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Miller TD, Kennard C, Gowland PA, Antoniades CA, Rosenthal CR. Differential effects of bilateral hippocampal CA3 damage on the implicit learning and recognition of complex event sequences. Cogn Neurosci 2024; 15:27-55. [PMID: 38384107 PMCID: PMC11147457 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2024.2315818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Learning regularities in the environment is a fundament of human cognition, which is supported by a network of brain regions that include the hippocampus. In two experiments, we assessed the effects of selective bilateral damage to human hippocampal subregion CA3, which was associated with autobiographical episodic amnesia extending ~50 years prior to the damage, on the ability to recognize complex, deterministic event sequences presented either in a spatial or a non-spatial configuration. In contrast to findings from related paradigms, modalities, and homologue species, hippocampal damage did not preclude recognition memory for an event sequence studied and tested at four spatial locations, whereas recognition memory for an event sequence presented at a single location was at chance. In two additional experiments, recognition memory for novel single-items was intact, whereas the ability to recognize novel single-items in a different location from that presented at study was at chance. The results are at variance with a general role of the hippocampus in the learning and recognition of complex event sequences based on non-adjacent spatial and temporal dependencies. We discuss the impact of the results on established theoretical accounts of the hippocampal contributions to implicit sequence learning and episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Miller
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Christopher Kennard
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Penny A. Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Clive R. Rosenthal
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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9
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Sadowski J, Szyszka P, Makaruk H, Starzak M, Niźnikowski T. The Effects of Holistic, External, and Internal Attentional Focus Instructions on Power and Kinematics of the Hang Power Snatch in Highly Skilled Weightlifters. J Hum Kinet 2024; 91:77-86. [PMID: 38689589 PMCID: PMC11057613 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/185525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Athletes across various sports seek to enhance their power generation and force production by incorporating weightlifting exercises into their training. Therefore, integrating partial weightlifting movements could be sensible due to their simplified execution. Our research aimed to investigate which of four attentional focus strategies (external, internal, holistic, and neutral) would have the greatest impact on performance in terms of power variables for highly experienced weightlifting athletes in a practical training setting. Twelve highly skilled Olympic weightlifters volunteered for the study. They performed 48 single repetitions of the hang power snatch with each of the four attentional focus strategies. Results of the ANOVA did not reveal a significant main effect for maximum velocity, power measurement and displacement. Despite extensive research demonstrating how attentional focus affects performance differently, even among highly skilled populations, the lack of observed effects in our study underscores the challenges of conducting research in applied settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Sadowski
- Department of Sports and Training Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Paulina Szyszka
- Department of Sports and Training Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Hubert Makaruk
- Department of Athletics, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Marcin Starzak
- Department of Athletics, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Tomasz Niźnikowski
- Department of Gymnastics, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
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10
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Stein T, van Gaal S, Fahrenfort JJ. How (not) to demonstrate unconscious priming: Overcoming issues with post-hoc data selection, low power, and frequentist statistics. Conscious Cogn 2024; 119:103669. [PMID: 38395013 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
One widely used scientific approach to studying consciousness involves contrasting conscious operations with unconscious ones. However, challenges in establishing the absence of conscious awareness have led to debates about the extent and existence of unconscious processes. We collected experimental data on unconscious semantic priming, manipulating prime presentation duration to highlight the critical role of the analysis approach in attributing priming effects to unconscious processing. We demonstrate that common practices like post-hoc data selection, low statistical power, and frequentist statistical testing can erroneously support claims of unconscious priming. Conversely, adopting best practices like direct performance-awareness contrasts, Bayesian tests, and increased statistical power can prevent such erroneous conclusions. Many past experiments, including our own, fail to meet these standards, casting doubt on previous claims about unconscious processing. Implementing these robust practices will enhance our understanding of unconscious processing and shed light on the functions and neural mechanisms of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Stein
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Simon van Gaal
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes J Fahrenfort
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Applied and Experimental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Geyer T, Zinchenko A, Seitz W, Balik M, Müller HJ, Conci M. Mission impossible? Spatial context relearning following a target relocation event depends on cue predictiveness. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:148-155. [PMID: 37434045 PMCID: PMC10867038 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Visual search for a target is faster when the spatial layout of distractors is repeatedly encountered, illustrating that statistical learning of contextual invariances facilitates attentional guidance (contextual cueing; Chun & Jiang, 1998, Cognitive Psychology, 36, 28-71). While contextual learning is usually relatively efficient, relocating the target to an unexpected location (within an otherwise unchanged search layout) typically abolishes contextual cueing and the benefits deriving from invariant contexts recover only slowly with extensive training (Zellin et al., 2014, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21(4), 1073-1079). However, a recent study by Peterson et al. (2022, Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 84(2), 474-489) in fact reported rather strong adaptation of spatial contextual memories following target position changes, thus contrasting with prior work. Peterson et al. argued that previous studies may have been underpowered to detect a reliable recovery of contextual cueing after the change. However, their experiments also used a specific display design that frequently presented the targets at the same locations, which might reduce the predictability of the contextual cues thereby facilitating its flexible relearning (irrespective of statistical power). The current study was a (high-powered) replication of Peterson et al., taking into account both statistical power and target overlap in context-memory adaptation. We found reliable contextual cueing for the initial target location irrespective of whether the targets shared their location across multiple displays, or not. However, contextual adaptation following a target relocation event occurred only when target locations were shared. This suggests that cue predictability modulates contextual adaptation, over and above a possible (yet negligible) influence of statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Geyer
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center of Neurosciences-Brain & Mind, Munich, Germany
- NICUM-NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Artyom Zinchenko
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802, Munich, Germany.
| | - Werner Seitz
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Merve Balik
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center of Neurosciences-Brain & Mind, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Conci
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center of Neurosciences-Brain & Mind, Munich, Germany
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12
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Plourde M, Stiffel M. In randomized controlled trials with nutrient supplementation, participants with subjective memory complaints should not be combined with those having a mild cognitive impairment diagnosis. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:1235-1236. [PMID: 37867132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Plourde
- Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche sur le Vieillissement, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Institut de la nutrition et des aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
| | - Michael Stiffel
- Institut de la nutrition et des aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem T Haile
- Department of Social Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dublin, OH, USA
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14
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Lee DYH, Shanks DR. Conscious and unconscious memory and eye movements in context-guided visual search: A computational and experimental reassessment of Ramey, Yonelinas, and Henderson (2019). Cognition 2023; 240:105539. [PMID: 37579672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Are eye movements unconsciously guided towards target locations in familiar scenes? In a recent eyetracking study, Ramey, Yonelinas, and Henderson (2019) measured eye-movement efficiency (scanpath ratio) and memory judgments when participants searched for targets in repeated and novel scenes. When trials judged new with high confidence were selected, scanpath ratio was lower for old scenes (misses) than for new scenes (correct rejections). In addition, familiarity as measured by recognition confidence did not significantly predict scanpath ratio. Ramey et al. attributed these results to unconscious learning guiding eye movements. In a re-assessment of Ramey et al.'s data, we show that their findings can be accounted for by a single-system computational model in which eye movements and memory judgments are driven by a common latent memory representation. In particular, (a) the scanpath ratio difference between high-confidence misses and correct rejections is a consequence of regression to the mean, while (b) the null correlation between familiarity and scanpath ratio, partly a natural consequence of the low reliability of the scanpath ratio measure, is also reproduced by the model. Two pre-registered experiments confirm a novel prediction of the alternative single-system model. This work offers a parsimonious account of Ramey et al.'s findings without recourse to unconscious guidance of eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Y H Lee
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, UK.
| | - David R Shanks
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, UK
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15
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Ekkekakis P, Swinton P, Tiller NB. Extraordinary Claims in the Literature on High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): I. Bonafide Scientific Revolution or a Looming Crisis of Replication and Credibility? Sports Med 2023; 53:1865-1890. [PMID: 37561389 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01880-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The literature on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) contains claims that, if true, could revolutionize the science and practice of exercise. This critical analysis examines two varieties of claims: (i) HIIT is effective in improving various indices of fitness and health, and (ii) HIIT is as effective as more time-consuming moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Using data from two recent systematic reviews as working examples, we show that studies in both categories exhibit considerable weaknesses when judged through the prism of fundamental statistical principles. Predominantly, small-to-medium effects are investigated in severely underpowered studies, thus greatly increasing the risk of both type I and type II errors of statistical inference. Studies in the first category combine the volatility of estimates associated with small samples with numerous dependent variables analyzed without consideration of the inflation of the type I error rate. Studies in the second category inappropriately use the p > 0.05 criterion from small studies to support claims of 'similar' or 'comparable' effects. It is concluded that the situation in the HIIT literature is reminiscent of the research climate that led to the replication crisis in psychology. As in psychology, this could be an opportunity to reform statistical practices in exercise science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panteleimon Ekkekakis
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr #134, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Paul Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Nicholas B Tiller
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
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16
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Seitz W, Zinchenko A, Müller HJ, Geyer T. Contextual cueing of visual search reflects the acquisition of an optimal, one-for-all oculomotor scanning strategy. COMMUNICATIONS PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 1:20. [PMID: 39242890 PMCID: PMC11332235 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-023-00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Visual search improves when a target is encountered repeatedly at a fixed location within a stable distractor arrangement (spatial context), compared to non-repeated contexts. The standard account attributes this contextual-cueing effect to the acquisition of display-specific long-term memories, which, when activated by the current display, cue attention to the target location. Here we present an alternative, procedural-optimization account, according to which contextual facilitation arises from the acquisition of generic oculomotor scanning strategies, optimized with respect to the entire set of displays, with frequently searched displays accruing greater weight in the optimization process. To decide between these alternatives, we examined measures of the similarity, across time-on-task, of the spatio-temporal sequences of fixations through repeated and non-repeated displays. We found scanpath similarity to increase generally with learning, but more for repeated versus non-repeated displays. This pattern contradicts display-specific guidance, but supports one-for-all scanpath optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Seitz
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Artyom Zinchenko
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Neurosciences - Brain & Mind, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Geyer
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Center for Neurosciences - Brain & Mind, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Munich, Germany
- NICUM - NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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17
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Hannula DE, Minor GN, Slabbekoorn D. Conscious awareness and memory systems in the brain. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2023; 14:e1648. [PMID: 37012615 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The term "memory" typically refers to conscious retrieval of events and experiences from our past, but experience can also change our behaviour without corresponding awareness of the learning process or the associated outcome. Based primarily on early neuropsychological work, theoretical perspectives have distinguished between conscious memory, said to depend critically on structures in the medial temporal lobe (MTL), and a collection of performance-based memories that do not. The most influential of these memory systems perspectives, the declarative memory theory, continues to be a mainstay of scientific work today despite mounting evidence suggesting that contributions of MTL structures go beyond the kinds or types of memory that can be explicitly reported. Consistent with these reports, more recent perspectives have focused increasingly on the processing operations supported by particular brain regions and the qualities or characteristics of resulting representations whether memory is expressed with or without awareness. These alternatives to the standard model generally converge on two key points. First, the hippocampus is critical for relational memory binding and representation even without awareness and, second, there may be little difference between some types of priming and explicit, familiarity-based recognition. Here, we examine the evolution of memory systems perspectives and critically evaluate scientific evidence that has challenged the status quo. Along the way, we highlight some of the challenges that researchers encounter in the context of this work, which can be contentious, and describe innovative methods that have been used to examine unconscious memory in the lab. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Memory Psychology > Theory and Methods Philosophy > Consciousness.
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18
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Xiao K, Zhang A, Qu J, Deng F, Guo C, Yamauchi T. Hand Motions Reveal Attentional Status and Subliminal Semantic Processing: A Mouse-Tracking Technique. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1267. [PMID: 37759868 PMCID: PMC10526379 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Theories of embodied cognition suggest that hand motions and cognition are closely interconnected. An emerging technique of tracking how participants move a computer mouse (i.e., the mouse-tracking technique) has shown advantages over the traditional response time measurement to detect implicit cognitive conflicts. Previous research suggests that attention is essential for subliminal processing to take place at a semantic level. However, this assumption is challenged by evidence showing the presence of subliminal semantic processing in the near-absence of attention. The inconsistency of evidence could stem from the insufficient sensitivity in the response time measurement. Therefore, we examined the role of attention in subliminal semantic processing by analyzing participants' hand motions using the mouse-tracking technique. The results suggest that subliminal semantic processing is not only enhanced by attention but also occurs when attention is disrupted, challenging the necessity of facilitated top-down attention for subliminal semantic processing, as claimed by a number of studies. In addition, by manipulating the color of attentional cues, our experiment shows that the cue color per se could influence participants' response patterns. Overall, the current study suggests that attentional status and subliminal semantic processing can be reliably revealed by temporal-spatial features extracted from cursor motion trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunchen Xiao
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Jingke Qu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Feifei Deng
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Chenyan Guo
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Takashi Yamauchi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA
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19
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Amsalem N, Sahar T, Makovski T. The effect of load on spatial statistical learning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11701. [PMID: 37474550 PMCID: PMC10359408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Statistical learning (SL), the extraction of regularities embedded in the environment, is often viewed as a fundamental and effortless process. However, whether spatial SL requires resources, or it can operate in parallel to other demands, is still not clear. To examine this issue, we tested spatial SL using the standard lab experiment under concurrent demands: high- and low-cognitive load (Experiment 1) and, spatial memory load (Experiment 2) during the familiarization phase. We found that any type of high-load demands during the familiarization abolished learning. Experiment 3 compared SL under spatial low-load and no-load. We found robust learning in the no-load condition that was dramatically reduced in the low-load condition. Finally, we compared a no-load condition with a very low-load, infrequent dot-probe condition that posed minimal demands while still requiring attention to the display (Experiment 4). The results showed, once again, that any concurrent task during the familiarization phase largely impaired spatial SL. Taken together, we conclude that spatial SL requires resources, a finding that challenges the view that the extraction of spatial regularities is automatic and implicit and suggests that this fundamental learning process is not as effortless as was typically assumed. We further discuss the practical and methodological implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Amsalem
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University, The Dorothy de Rothschild Campus, 1 University Road, P. O. Box 808, 43107, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Tomer Sahar
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University, The Dorothy de Rothschild Campus, 1 University Road, P. O. Box 808, 43107, Ra'anana, Israel
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tal Makovski
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University, The Dorothy de Rothschild Campus, 1 University Road, P. O. Box 808, 43107, Ra'anana, Israel.
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20
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de Waard J, van Moorselaar D, Bogaerts L, Theeuwes J. Statistical learning of distractor locations is dependent on task context. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11234. [PMID: 37433849 PMCID: PMC10336038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Through statistical learning, humans can learn to suppress visual areas that often contain distractors. Recent findings suggest that this form of learned suppression is insensitive to context, putting into question its real-life relevance. The current study presents a different picture: we show context-dependent learning of distractor-based regularities. Unlike previous studies which typically used background cues to differentiate contexts, the current study manipulated task context. Specifically, the task alternated from block to block between a compound search and a detection task. In both tasks, participants searched for a unique shape, while ignoring a uniquely colored distractor item. Crucially, a different high-probability distractor location was assigned to each task context in the training blocks, and all distractor locations were made equiprobable in the testing blocks. In a control experiment, participants only performed a compound search task such that the contexts were made indistinguishable, but the high-probability locations changed in exactly the same way as in the main experiment. We analyzed response times for different distractor locations and show that participants can learn to suppress a location in a context-dependent way, but suppression from previous task contexts lingers unless a new high-probability location is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper de Waard
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Dirk van Moorselaar
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louisa Bogaerts
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Theeuwes
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- William James Center for Research, ISPA-Instituto Universitario, Lisbon, Portugal
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21
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Yu R. Perceptual and semantic same-different processing under subliminal conditions. Conscious Cogn 2023; 111:103523. [PMID: 37100000 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Although other types of subliminal integrative processing are widely refuted by recent studies, subliminal same-different processing (SSDP) remains unchallenged to this day. Using shapes, categorical images, and Chinese characters as stimuli, the current study assessed whether SSDP can occur on a perceptual and semantic basis. Although some significant results were found, the effects are much weaker than previous studies, with Bayes factors suggesting that these effects are not reliable. It is therefore concluded that substantiating claims of SSDP requires more reliable evidence than currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, Marketing, and Information Systems, Hong Kong Baptist University, 999077, Hong Kong, China.
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22
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Feasibility of unconscious instrumental conditioning: A registered replication. Cortex 2023; 159:101-117. [PMID: 36621202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The extent to which high-level, complex functions can proceed unconsciously has been a topic of considerable debate. While unconscious processing has been demonstrated for a range of low-level processes, from feature integration to simple forms of conditioning and learning, theoretical contributions suggest that increasing complexity requires conscious access. Here, we focus our attention on instrumental conditioning, which has been previously shown to proceed without stimulus awareness. Yet, instrumental conditioning also involves integrating information over a large temporal scale and distinct modalities in order to deploy selective action, constituting a process of substantial complexity. With this in mind, we revisit the question of feasibility of instrumental conditioning in the unconscious domain. Firstly, we address the theoretical and practical considerations relevant to unconscious learning in general. Secondly, we aim to replicate the first study to show instrumental conditioning in the absence of stimulus awareness (Pessiglione et al., 2008), following the original design and supplementing the original crucial analyses with a Bayesian approach (Experiment 1). We found that apparent unconscious learning took place when replicating the original methods directly and according to the tests of awareness used. However, we could not establish that the full sample was unaware in a separate awareness check. We therefore attempted to replicate the effect yet again with improved methods to address the issues related to sensitivity and immediacy (Experiment 2), including an individual threshold-setting task and a trial-by-trial awareness check permitting exclusion of individual aware trials. Here, we found evidence for absence of unconscious learning. This result provides evidence that instrumental conditioning did not occur without stimulus awareness in this paradigm, supporting the view that complex forms of learning may rely on conscious access. Our results provides support for the proposal that perceptual consciousness may be necessary for complex, flexible processes, especially where selective action and behavioural adaptation are required.
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23
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Farrar BG, Vernouillet A, Garcia-Pelegrin E, Legg EW, Brecht KF, Lambert PJ, Elsherif M, Francis S, O'Neill L, Clayton NS, Ostojić L. Reporting and interpreting non-significant results in animal cognition research. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14963. [PMID: 36919170 PMCID: PMC10008313 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
How statistically non-significant results are reported and interpreted following null hypothesis significance testing is often criticized. This issue is important for animal cognition research because studies in the field are often underpowered to detect theoretically meaningful effect sizes, i.e., often produce non-significant p-values even when the null hypothesis is incorrect. Thus, we manually extracted and classified how researchers report and interpret non-significant p-values and examined the p-value distribution of these non-significant results across published articles in animal cognition and related fields. We found a large amount of heterogeneity in how researchers report statistically non-significant p-values in the result sections of articles, and how they interpret them in the titles and abstracts. Reporting of the non-significant results as "No Effect" was common in the titles (84%), abstracts (64%), and results sections (41%) of papers, whereas reporting of the results as "Non-Significant" was less common in the titles (0%) and abstracts (26%), but was present in the results (52%). Discussions of effect sizes were rare (<5% of articles). A p-value distribution analysis was consistent with research being performed with low power of statistical tests to detect effect sizes of interest. These findings suggest that researchers in animal cognition should pay close attention to the evidence used to support claims of absence of effects in the literature, and-in their own work-report statistically non-significant results clearly and formally correct, as well as use more formal methods of assessing evidence against theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Farrar
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elias Garcia-Pelegrin
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward W Legg
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Division of Cognitive Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Centre for Mind and Behaviour, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Poppy J Lambert
- Messerli Research Insititute, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mahmoud Elsherif
- Department of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon Francis
- Comparative Cognition Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Laurie O'Neill
- Comparative Cognition Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Nicola S Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ljerka Ostojić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Division of Cognitive Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Centre for Mind and Behaviour, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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24
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Learning to suppress a distractor may not be unconscious. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 85:796-813. [PMID: 36417127 PMCID: PMC10066157 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe additional singleton task has become a popular paradigm to explore visual statistical learning and selective attention. In this task, participants are instructed to find a different-shaped target among a series of distractors as fast as possible. In some trials, the search display includes a singleton distractor with a different color, making search more difficult. This singleton distractor appears more often in one location than in the remaining locations. The typical results of these experiments show that participants learn to ignore the area of the screen that is more likely to contain the singleton distractor. It is often claimed that this learning takes place unconsciously, because at the end of the experiment participants seem to be unable to identify the location where the singleton distractor appeared most frequently during the task. In the present study, we tested participants’ awareness in three high-powered experiments using alternative measures. Contrary to previous studies, the results show clear evidence of explicit knowledge about which area of the display was more likely to contain the singleton distractor, suggesting that this type of learning might not be unconscious.
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25
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Halls D, Leppanen J, Kerr‐Gaffney J, Simic M, Nicholls D, Mandy W, Williams S, Tchanturia K. Examining the relationship between autistic spectrum disorder characteristics and structural brain differences seen in anorexia nervosa. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2022; 30:459-473. [PMID: 35570362 PMCID: PMC9546313 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cortical differences have been reported in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) compared with healthy controls (HC); however, it is unclear if Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) characteristics are related to these cortical differences. The aim of this study was to examine if structural measures were correlated to ASD traits in AN. In total 184 female participants participated in the study; 57 acutely underweight AN participants (AAN), 59 weight-restored participants (WR) and 68 HC. Participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging as well as completing the Autism Diagnostic Observation schedule, second edition to examine ASD characteristics. Group differences in curvature, gyrification, surface area, thickness, global grey matter and white matter were measured. Correlation and regression analysis were conducted to examine the relationship between cortical measures and ASD characteristics. Two decreased gyrification clusters in the right post central and supramarginal gyrus and decreased global grey matter were observed in the AAN group compared to HC and WR. No correlations between ASD traits and structural measures existed. Our results suggest structural differences seen in individuals with AN do not appear to be related to ASD characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Halls
- King's College London (KCL), Institute of PsychiatryPsychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN)Psychological MedicineLondonUK
| | - Jenni Leppanen
- King's College LondonCentre for Neuroimaging SciencesLondonUK
| | - Jess Kerr‐Gaffney
- King's College London (KCL), Institute of PsychiatryPsychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN)Psychological MedicineLondonUK
| | - Mima Simic
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | | | - William Mandy
- Division of Psychology and Language SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Steven Williams
- King's College LondonCentre for Neuroimaging SciencesLondonUK
| | - Kate Tchanturia
- King's College London (KCL), Institute of PsychiatryPsychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN)Psychological MedicineLondonUK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- Psychology DepartmentIllia State UniversityTbilisiGeorgia
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26
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Kazdin AE. Expanding the scope, reach, and impact of evidence-based psychological treatments. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2022; 76:101744. [PMID: 35738691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and evaluation of evidence-based treatments (EBTs) for mental disorders represent an enormous advance with continued progress designed to understand the techniques and increase their use in clinical practice. This article suggests ways of expanding research along several fronts including the extension of the types of randomized controlled trials that are conducted, the use of more diverse samples to encompass different cultures and countries, the expansion of assessments to better reflect client functioning in everyday life, consideration of the impact of treatments for mental disorders on physical health, the careful evaluation of exceptional responders, the use of mixed-methods research, and the development of versions of EBTs that can be scaled. EBTs have been studied in well-controlled settings and extended to clinical settings, albeit less often. The least attention has been accorded their evaluation on a large scale to reach a greater portion of people in need of services but who do not receive any treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Kazdin
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, 2 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06520-8205, USA.
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27
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Hobbs C, Beck M, Denham F, Pettitt L, Faraway J, Munafò MR, Sui J, Kessler D, Button KS. Relationship between change in social evaluation learning and mood in early antidepressant treatment: A prospective cohort study in primary care. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 37:303-312. [PMID: 36000259 PMCID: PMC10076340 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221116928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antidepressants are proposed to work by increasing sensitivity to positive versus negative information. Increasing positive affective learning within social contexts may help remediate negative self-schema. We investigated the association between change in biased learning of social evaluations about the self and others, and mood during early antidepressant treatment. METHOD Prospective cohort assessing patients recruited from primary care in South West England at four timepoints over the first 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment (n = 29). At each timepoint, participants completed self-report measures of depression (Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9)), anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire 7 (GAD-7)), and a computerised task measuring learning of social evaluations about the self, a friend and a stranger. RESULTS We did not find evidence that learning about the self was associated with a reduction in PHQ-9 (b = 0.08, 95% CI: -0.05, 0.20, p = 0.239) or BDI-II scores (b = 0.10, 95% CI: -0.18, 0.38, p = 0.469). We found some weak evidence that increased positive learning about the friend was associated with a reduction in BDI-II scores (b = 0.30, 95% CI: -0.02, 0.62, p = 0.069). However, exploratory analyses indicated stronger evidence that increased positive learning about the self (b = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.28, p = 0.002) and a friend (b = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.35, p = 0.001) was associated with reductions in anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Change in social evaluation learning was associated with a reduction in anxiety but not depression. Antidepressants may treat anxiety symptoms by remediating negative affective biases towards socially threatening information directed towards the self and close others. However, our findings are based on exploratory analyses within a small sample without a control group and are therefore at risk of type 1 errors and order effects. Further research with larger samples is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milly Beck
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Faye Denham
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Laura Pettitt
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Julian Faraway
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jie Sui
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David Kessler
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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28
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Anderson BA, Liao MR, Grégoire L. Pavlovian learning in the selection history-dependent control of overt spatial attention. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2022; 48:783-789. [PMID: 35737541 PMCID: PMC9547338 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0001030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Learning from rewarding and aversive outcomes shapes how sensory signals are processed by the attention system, reflecting a consequence of selection history. Substantial evidence points to Pavlovian associative learning as the mechanism by which previously reward-associated and aversively conditioned stimulus features gain attentional priority. On the basis of differences between reward-dependent feature-based and space-based attentional biases, it has been suggested that reinforcement learning underlies the influence of selection history on spatial attention. By pairing the orienting of overt spatial attention with aversive electric shock, we provide direct evidence that Pavlovian learning between locations and outcomes can shape spatial attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Zinchenko A, Geyer T, Föcker J. The acquisition but not adaptation of contextual memories is enhanced in action video-game players. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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De Andrade Moral R, Díaz-Orueta U, Oltra-Cucarella J. Logistic versus linear regression-based reliable change index: A simulation study with implications for clinical studies with different sample sizes. Psychol Assess 2022; 34:731-741. [PMID: 35511515 PMCID: PMC10126760 DOI: 10.1037/pas0001138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The linear regression-based reliable change index (RCI) is widely used to identify memory impairments through longitudinal assessment. However, the minimum sample size required for estimates to be reliable has never been specified. Using data from 920 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data as true parameters, we run 12,000 simulations for samples of size 10-1,000 and analyzed the percentage of times the estimates are significant, their coverage rate, and the accuracy of the models including both the true-positive rate and the true-negative rate. We compared the linear RCI with a logistic RCI for discrete, bounded scores. We found that the logistic RCI is more accurate than the linear RCI overall, with the linear RCI approximating the logistic RCI for samples of size 200 or greater. We provide an R package to compute the logistic RCI, which can be downloaded from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/LogisticRCI/, and the code to reproduce all results in this article at https://github.com/rafamoral/LogisticRCIpaper/. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Reward learning and statistical learning independently influence attentional priority of salient distractors in visual search. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:1446-1459. [PMID: 35013993 PMCID: PMC8747445 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Existing research demonstrates different ways in which attentional prioritization of salient nontarget stimuli is shaped by prior experience: Reward learning renders signals of high-value outcomes more likely to capture attention than signals of low-value outcomes, whereas statistical learning can produce attentional suppression of the location in which salient distractor items are likely to appear. The current study combined manipulations of the value and location associated with salient distractors in visual search to investigate whether these different effects of selection history operate independently or interact to determine overall attentional prioritization of salient distractors. In Experiment 1, high-value and low-value distractors most frequently appeared in the same location; in Experiment 2, high-value and low-value distractors typically appeared in distinct locations. In both experiments, effects of distractor value and location were additive, suggesting that attention-promoting effects of value and attention-suppressing effects of statistical location-learning independently modulate overall attentional priority. Our findings are consistent with a view that sees attention as mediated by a common priority map that receives and integrates separate signals relating to physical salience and value, with signal suppression based on statistical learning determined by physical salience, but not incentive salience.
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Schnepf IA, Friedrich F, Hepting C, Meyen S, Franz VH. Neural mechanisms of response priming do not support veridical unconscious processing. Conscious Cogn 2022; 102:103348. [PMID: 35617851 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies using the priming paradigm often infer that unconscious processes have more veridical access to the world than conscious processes. These interpretations are based on a standard reasoning that erroneously infers good sensitivity of indirect measures from a clear priming effect. To correct for this fallacy, researchers should explicitly compute the sensitivities from indirect measures and compare them against the sensitivities of direct measures. Recent results suggest that indirect behavioral measures are not more sensitive than direct measures and challenge interpretations about veridical unconscious processing. We add to these behavioral results by focusing on neurophysiological indirect measures. In two EEG experiments, we investigate whether event related potentials (ERPs) are more sensitive to different visual stimuli than direct measures. The results show the opposite effect: higher sensitivities for direct than indirect measures. Therefore-contrasting commonly held belief-we find no evidence for more veridical unconscious than conscious processes in ERP measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris A Schnepf
- Experimental Cognitive Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Florian Friedrich
- Experimental Cognitive Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Hepting
- Experimental Cognitive Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Meyen
- Experimental Cognitive Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Volker H Franz
- Experimental Cognitive Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Vicente-Conesa F, Giménez-Fernández T, Shanks DR, Vadillo MA. The role of working memory in contextual cueing of visual attention. Cortex 2022; 154:287-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Contextual cueing in co-active visual search: Joint action allows acquisition of task-irrelevant context. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:1114-1129. [PMID: 35437702 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Repeatedly presenting a target within a stable search array facilitates visual search, an effect termed contextual cueing. Previous solo-performance studies have shown that successful acquisition of contextual memories requires explicit allocation of attentional resources to the task-relevant repeated contexts. By contrast, repeated but task-irrelevant contexts could not be learned when presented together with repeated task-relevant contexts due to a blocking effect. Here we investigated if such blocking of context learning could be diminished in a social context, when the task-irrelevant context is task-relevant for a co-actor in a joint action search mode. We adopted the contextual cueing paradigm and extended this to the co-active search mode. Participants learned a context-cued subset of the search displays (color-defined) in the training phase, and their search performance was tested in the transfer phase, where previously irrelevant and relevant subsets were swapped. The experiments were conducted either in a solo search mode (Experiments 1 and 3) or in a co-active search mode (Experiment 2). Consistent with the classical contextual cueing studies, contextual cueing was observed in the training phase of all three experiments. Importantly, however, in the "swapped" test session, a significant contextual cueing effect was manifested only in the co-active search mode, not in the solo search mode. Our findings suggest that social context may widen the scope of attention, thus facilitating the acquisition of task-irrelevant contexts.
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Kershner AM, Hollingworth A. Real-world object categories and scene contexts conjointly structure statistical learning for the guidance of visual search. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:1304-1316. [PMID: 35426031 PMCID: PMC9010067 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
We examined how object categories and scene contexts act in conjunction to structure the acquisition and use of statistical regularities to guide visual search. In an exposure session, participants viewed five object exemplars in each of two colors in each of 42 real-world categories. Objects were presented individually against scene context backgrounds. Exemplars within a category were presented with different contexts as a function of color (e.g., the five red staplers were presented with a classroom scene, and the five blue staplers with an office scene). Participants then completed a visual search task, in which they searched for novel exemplars matching a category label cue among arrays of eight objects superimposed over a scene background. In the context-match condition, the color of the target exemplar was consistent with the color associated with that combination of category and scene context from the exposure phase (e.g., a red stapler in a classroom scene). In the context-mismatch condition, the color of the target was not consistent with that association (e.g., a red stapler in an office scene). In two experiments, search response time was reliably lower in the context-match than in the context-mismatch condition, demonstrating that the learning of category-specific color regularities was itself structured by scene context. The results indicate that categorical templates retrieved from long-term memory are biased toward the properties of recent exemplars and that this learning is organized in a scene-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel M Kershner
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Andrew Hollingworth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Gambarota F, Tsuchiya N, Pastore M, Di Polito N, Sessa P. Unconscious Visual Working Memory: A critical review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 136:104618. [PMID: 35289273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between consciousness and working memory (WM) has been recently debated both at the theoretical and methodological levels (Persuh et al., 2018; Velichkovsky, 2017). While there is behavioral and neural evidence that argues for the existence of unconscious WM, several methodological concerns have been raised, rendering this issue highly controversial. To address the robustness of the previous findings, here we adopt a meta-analytic approach to estimate the effect size and heterogeneity of the previously reported unconscious WM results, also including unpublished results. We used meta-regression to isolate relevant experimental variables, in particular, consciousness manipulation and the WM paradigm to identify the source of the heterogeneity in the reported effect size of the unconscious WM. Our meta-analysis supports the existence of the unconscious WM effect and critically reveals several experimental variables that contribute to relevant heterogeneity. Our analysis clarifies several theoretical and methodological issues. We recommend that future studies explicitly operationalize the definition of consciousness, standardize the methodology and systematically explore the role of critical variables for the unconscious WM effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Gambarota
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Giuseppe Orus, 2, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Naotsugu Tsuchiya
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health & School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Advanced Telecommunications Research Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, 2-2-2 Hikaridai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.
| | - Massimiliano Pastore
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Nicola Di Polito
- Medical Neurosciences Program, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Charitépl 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Paola Sessa
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Giuseppe Orus, 2, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Ganci M, Suleyman E, Butt H, Ball M. Associations between self-reported psychological symptom severity and gut microbiota: further support for the microgenderome. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:307. [PMID: 35501777 PMCID: PMC9059404 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into the brain-gut-microbiota axis (BGMA) continues to reveal associations between gut microbiota (GM) and psychological symptom expression, inspiring new ways of conceptualising psychological disorders. However, before GM modulation can be touted as a possible auxiliary treatment option, more research is needed as inconsistencies in previous findings regarding these associations are prevalent. Additionally, the concept of the microgenderome, which proposes that GM may interact with sex hormones, has received limited attention in studies using human samples to date. However, such research has demonstrated sex specific associations between GM and psychological symptom expression. METHOD This cross-sectional retrospective study explores associations between GM species (identified through faecal microbial analysis) and symptom severity across four psychological domains (Depressive, Neurocognitive, Stress and Anxiety, and Sleep and Fatigue) for males (N = 1143) and females (N = 3467) separately. RESULTS GM species from several genera including Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, and Leuconostoc were found to be differentially associated with psychological symptom severity for males and females. As such, the findings of the current study provide support for the concept of the microgenderome. CONCLUSION While further research is needed before their implementation in psychological treatment plans, the current findings suggest that modulation of GM at the species level may hold promise as auxiliary diagnostic or treatment options. These findings may give further insight into a client's presenting problem from a more holistic, multidisciplinary perspective. The clear sex divergence in associations between GM and symptoms give insight into sex discrepancies in susceptibility to psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ganci
- Psychology Department, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
| | - Emra Suleyman
- grid.1019.90000 0001 0396 9544Psychology Department, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001 Australia
| | - Henry Butt
- grid.1019.90000 0001 0396 9544Psychology Department, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001 Australia ,Bioscreen Yarraville (Aust) Pty Ltd, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Michelle Ball
- grid.1019.90000 0001 0396 9544Psychology Department, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001 Australia
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Moga G, Dienes Z. Expressing unconscious general knowledge using Chevreul's pendulum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2022; 64:306-315. [PMID: 35184700 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2021.2010641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Can unconscious knowledge be elicited by ideomotor action when the knowledge fails to be elicited by verbal reports? Using an Ouija board, previous research found ideomotor action produced substantial accuracy for general knowledge questions previously rated as pure "guesses," and for which later verbal reports produced accuracy close to chance. We replicated the procedure substituting Chevreul's pendulum rather than an Ouija board. We found that questions whose answer was previously rated as a guess, were answered equally well and at about chance levels by ideomotor action and verbal responses. Thus, one cannot presume that ideomotor action rather than verbal report will allow greater knowledge to be expressed in any particular context, including therefore the hypnotherapy one. An ideomotor action may elicit only conscious knowledge. Further research is recommended to clarify this important issue.
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de Waard J, Bogaerts L, van Moorselaar D, Theeuwes J. Surprisingly inflexible: Statistically learned suppression of distractors generalizes across contexts. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:459-473. [PMID: 34862588 PMCID: PMC8888472 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the flexibility of statistically learned distractor suppression between different contexts. Participants performed the additional singleton task searching for a unique shape, while ignoring a uniquely colored distractor. Crucially, we created two contexts within the experiments, and each context was assigned its own high-probability distractor location, so that the location where the distractor was most likely to appear depended on the context. Experiment 1 signified context through the color of the background. In Experiment 2, we aimed to more strongly differentiate between the contexts using an auditory or visual cue to indicate the upcoming context. In Experiment 3, context determined the appropriate response ensuring that participants engaged the context in order to be able to perform the task. Across all experiments, participants learned to suppress both high-probability locations, even if they were not aware of these spatial regularities. However, these suppression effects occurred independent of context, as the pattern of suppression reflected a de-prioritization of both high-probability locations which did not change with the context. We employed Bayesian analyses to statistically quantify the absence of context-dependent suppression effects. We conclude that statistically learned distractor suppression is robust and generalizes across contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper de Waard
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Louisa Bogaerts
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk van Moorselaar
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Theeuwes
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Cox JA, Cox TW, Aimola Davies AM. EXPRESS: Are animates special? Exploring the effects of selective attention and animacy on visual statistical learning. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022; 75:1746-1762. [PMID: 35001729 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221074686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Our visual system is built to extract regularities in how objects within our visual environment appear in relation to each other across time and space ('visual statistical learning'). Existing research indicates that visual statistical learning is modulated by selective attention. Our attentional system prioritises information that enables behaviour; for example, animates are prioritised over inanimates (the 'animacy advantage'). The present study examined the effects of selective attention and animacy on visual statistical learning in young adults (N = 284). We tested visual statistical learning of attended and unattended information across four animacy conditions: (i) living things that can self-initiate movement (animals); (ii) living things that cannot self-initiate movement (fruits and vegetables); (iii) non-living things that can generate movement (vehicles); and (iv) non-living things that cannot generate movement (tools and kitchen utensils). We implemented a four-point confidence-rating scale as an assessment of participants' awareness of the regularities in the visual statistical learning task. There were four key findings. First, selective attention plays a critical role by modulating visual statistical learning. Second, animacy does not play a special role in visual statistical learning. Third, visual statistical learning of attended information cannot be exclusively accounted for by unconscious knowledge. Fourth, performance on the visual statistical learning task is associated with the proportion of stimuli that were named or labelled. Our findings support the notion that visual statistical learning is a powerful mechanism by which our visual system resolves an abundance of sensory input over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolene Alexa Cox
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University 2219
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Mallick B, Rogers KG, Sultana Z. In harm's way: Non-migration decisions of people at risk of slow-onset coastal hazards in Bangladesh. AMBIO 2022; 51:114-134. [PMID: 33825159 PMCID: PMC8651874 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01552-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-migration is an adaptive strategy that has received little attention in environmental migration studies. We explore the leveraging factors of non-migration decisions of communities at risk in coastal Bangladesh, where exposure to both rapid- and slow-onset natural disasters is high. We apply the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) to empirical data and assess how threat perception and coping appraisal influences migration decisions in farming communities suffering from salinization of cropland. This study consists of data collected through quantitative household surveys (n = 200) and semi-structured interviews from four villages in southwest coastal Bangladesh. Results indicate that most respondents are unwilling to migrate, despite better economic conditions and reduced environmental risk in other locations. Land ownership, social connectedness, and household economic strength are the strongest predictors of non-migration decisions. This study is the first to use the PMT to understand migration-related behaviour and the findings are relevant for policy planning in vulnerable regions where exposure to climate-related risks is high but populations are choosing to remain in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishawjit Mallick
- CU Population Center Institute of Behavioural Science, University of Colorado Boulder Campus, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
- Chair of Environmental Development and Risk Management, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kimberly G. Rogers
- Integrated Coastal Programs, East Carolina University, 850 NC 345 Wanchese, Greenville, NC 27981 USA
| | - Zakia Sultana
- Department of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100 Bangladesh
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Pollmann S, Schneider WX. Working memory and active sampling of the environment: Medial temporal contributions. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 187:339-357. [PMID: 35964982 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823493-8.00029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) refers to the ability to maintain and actively process information-either derived from perception or long-term memory (LTM)-for intelligent thought and action. This chapter focuses on the contributions of the temporal lobe, particularly medial temporal lobe (MTL) to WM. First, neuropsychological evidence for the involvement of MTL in WM maintenance is reviewed, arguing for a crucial role in the case of retaining complex relational bindings between memorized features. Next, MTL contributions at the level of neural mechanisms are covered-with a focus on WM encoding and maintenance, including interactions with ventral temporal cortex. Among WM use processes, we focus on active sampling of environmental information, a key input source to capacity-limited WM. MTL contributions to the bidirectional relationship between active sampling and memory are highlighted-WM control of active sampling and sampling as a way of selecting input to WM. Memory-based sampling studies relying on scene and object inspection, visual-based exploration behavior (e.g., vicarious behavior), and memory-guided visual search are reviewed. The conclusion is that MTL serves an important function in the selection of information from perception and transfer from LTM to capacity-limited WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pollmann
- Department of Psychology and Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Werner X Schneider
- Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Is Statistical Learning of a Salient Distractor's Color Implicit, Inflexible and Distinct From Inter-Trial Priming? J Cogn 2022; 5:47. [PMID: 36349189 PMCID: PMC9585980 DOI: 10.5334/joc.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Being able to overcome distraction by salient distractors is critical in order to allocate our attention efficiently. Previous research showed that observers can learn to ignore salient distractors endowed with some regularity, such as a high-probability location or feature - a phenomenon known as distractor statistical learning. Unlike goal-directed attentional guidance, the bias induced by statistical learning is thought to be implicit, long-lasting and inflexible. We tested these claims with regard to statistical learning of distractor color in a high-power (N = 160) pre-registered experiment. Participants searched for a known-shape singleton target and a color singleton distractor, when present, appeared most often in one color during the learning phase, but equally often in all possible colors during the extinction phase. We used a sensitive measure of participants' awareness of the probability manipulation. The awareness test was administered after the extinction phase for one group, and after the leaning phase for another group - which was informed that the probability imbalance would be discontinued in the upcoming extinction phase. Participants learned to suppress the high-probability distractor color very fast, an effect partly due to intertrial priming. Crucially, there was only little evidence that the bias survived during extinction. Awareness of the manipulation was associated with reduced color suppression, suggesting that the bias was implicit. Finally, results showed that the awareness test was more sensitive when administered early vs. late. We conclude that learnt color suppression is an implicit bias that emerges and decays rapidly, and discuss the methodological implications of our findings.
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Davidson BI. The crossroads of digital phenotyping. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2022; 74:126-132. [PMID: 33653612 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The term 'Digital Phenotyping' has started to appear with increasing regularity in medical research, especially within psychiatry. This aims to bring together digital traces (e.g., from smartphones), medical data (e.g., electronic health records), and lived experiences (e.g., daily activity, location, social contact), to better monitor, intervene, and diagnose various psychiatric conditions. However, is this notion any different from digital traces or the quantified self? While digital phenotyping has the potential to transform and revolutionize medicine as we know it; there are a number of challenges that must be addressed if research is to blossom. At present, these issues include; (1) methodological issues, for example, the lack of clear theoretical links between digital markers (e.g., battery life, interactions with smartphones) and condition relapses, (2) the current tools being employed, where they typically have a number of security or privacy issues, and are invasive by nature, (3) analytical methods and approaches, where I question whether research should start in larger-scale epidemiological scale or in smaller (and potentially highly vulnerable) patient populations as is the current norm, (4) the current lack of security and privacy regulation adherence of apps used, and finally, (5) how do such technologies become integrated into various healthcare systems? This aims to provide deep insight into how the Digital Phenotyping could provide huge promise if we critically reflect now and gather clinical insights with a number of other disciplines such as epidemiology, computer- and the social sciences to move forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany I Davidson
- Information, Decisions, and Operations Division, School of Management, University of Bath, United Kingdom; Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Weinberger AB, Green AE. Dynamic development of intuitions and explicit knowledge during implicit learning. Cognition 2021; 222:105008. [PMID: 34979373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.105008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Implicit learning refers to learning without conscious awareness of the content acquired. Theoretical frameworks of human cognition suggest that intuitions develop based on incomplete perceptions of regularity during implicit learning and, in turn, lead to the development of more explicit, consciously-accessible knowledge. Surprisingly, however, this putative information processing pathway (i.e., implicit learning ➔ intuition ➔ explicit knowledge) has yet to be empirically demonstrated. The present study investigated the relationship between implicit learning, intuitions, and explicit knowledge using a modified Serial Reaction Time Task. Results indicate that intuitions of implicitly-learned patterns emerge prior to the development of explicit knowledge. Moreover, intuition timing and accuracy were significantly associated with accuracy of explicit reports. We did not, however, find that stronger implicit learners developed more accurate intuitions. Our findings suggest a crucial role of intuition in the formation of explicit knowledge from implicit learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Weinberger
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, United States of America; Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America.
| | - Adam E Green
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, United States of America
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Atlas LY, Sandman CF, Phelps EA. Rating expectations can slow aversive reversal learning. Psychophysiology 2021; 59:e13979. [PMID: 34837385 PMCID: PMC8810599 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The process of learning allows organisms to develop predictions about outcomes in the environment, and learning is sensitive to both simple associations and higher order knowledge. However, it is unknown whether consciously attending to expectations shapes the learning process itself. Here, we directly tested whether rating expectations shapes arousal during classical conditioning. Participants performed an aversive learning paradigm wherein one image (CS+) was paired with shock on 50% of trials, while a second image (CS-) was never paired with shock. Halfway through the task, contingencies reversed. One group of participants rated the probability of upcoming shock on each trial, while the other group made no online ratings. We measured skin conductance response (SCR) evoked in response to the CS and used traditional analyses as well as quantitative models of reinforcement learning to test whether rating expectations influenced arousal and aversive reversal learning. Participants who provided online expectancy ratings displayed slower learning based on a hybrid model of adaptive learning and reduced reversal of SCR relative to those who did not rate expectations. Mediation analysis revealed that the effect of associative learning on SCR could be fully explained through its effects on subjective expectancy within the group who provided ratings. This suggests that the act of rating expectations reduces the speed of learning, likely through changes in attention, and that expectations directly influence arousal. Our findings indicate that higher order expectancy judgments can alter associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Y Atlas
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,National Institutes on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina F Sandman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Phelps
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Is probabilistic cuing of visual search an inflexible attentional habit? A meta-analytic review. Psychon Bull Rev 2021; 29:521-529. [PMID: 34816390 PMCID: PMC9038896 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-02025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In studies on probabilistic cuing of visual search, participants search for a target among several distractors and report some feature of the target. In a biased stage the target appears more frequently in one specific area of the search display. Eventually, participants become faster at finding the target in that rich region compared to the sparse region. In some experiments, this stage is followed by an unbiased stage, where the target is evenly located across all regions of the display. Despite this change in the spatial distribution of targets, search speed usually remains faster when the target is located in the previously rich region. The persistence of the bias even when it is no longer advantageous has been taken as evidence that this phenomenon is an attentional habit. The aim of this meta-analysis was to test whether the magnitude of probabilistic cuing decreases from the biased to the unbiased stage. A meta-analysis of 42 studies confirmed that probabilistic cuing during the unbiased stage was roughly half the size of cuing during the biased stage, and this decrease persisted even after correcting for publication bias. Thus, the evidence supporting the claim that probabilistic cuing is an attentional habit might not be as compelling as previously thought.
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Hinze VK, Uslu O, Antono JE, Wilke M, Pooresmaeili A. The effect of subliminal incentives on goal-directed eye movements. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:2014-2026. [PMID: 34758270 PMCID: PMC8715050 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00414.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, several studies have demonstrated that conscious and unconscious reward incentives both affect performance in physical and cognitive tasks, suggesting that goal-pursuit can arise from an unconscious will. Whether the planning of goal-directed saccadic eye movements during an effortful task can also be affected by subliminal reward cues has not been systematically investigated. We employed a novel task where participants made several eye movements back and forth between a fixation point and a number of peripheral targets. The total number of targets visited by the eyes in a fixed amount of time determined participants' monetary gain. The magnitude of the reward at stake was briefly shown at the beginning of each trial and masked by pattern images superimposed in time so that at shorter display durations participants perceived reward incentives subliminally. We found a main effect of reward across all display durations as higher reward enhanced participants' oculomotor effort measured as the frequency and peak velocity of saccades. This effect was strongest for consciously perceived rewards but also occurred when rewards were subliminally perceived. Although we did not find a statistically significant dissociation between the reward-related modulation of different saccadic parameters, across two experiments the most robust effect of subliminal rewards was observed for the modulation of the saccadic frequency but not the peak velocity. These results suggest that multiple indices of oculomotor effort can be incentivized by subliminal rewards and that saccadic frequency may provide the most sensitive indicator of subliminal incentivization of eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasko Kilian Hinze
- Perception and Cognition, grid.418928.eEuropean Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ozge Uslu
- grid.418928.eEuropean Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Melanie Wilke
- grid.7450.6University of Göttingen (Göttingen, Germany), Goettingen, Germany
| | - Arezoo Pooresmaeili
- Perception and Cognition, grid.418928.eEuropean Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Anderson BA, Kim H, Kim AJ, Liao MR, Mrkonja L, Clement A, Grégoire L. The past, present, and future of selection history. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:326-350. [PMID: 34499927 PMCID: PMC8511179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The last ten years of attention research have witnessed a revolution, replacing a theoretical dichotomy (top-down vs. bottom-up control) with a trichotomy (biased by current goals, physical salience, and selection history). This third new mechanism of attentional control, selection history, is multifaceted. Some aspects of selection history must be learned over time whereas others reflect much more transient influences. A variety of different learning experiences can shape the attention system, including reward, aversive outcomes, past experience searching for a target, target‒non-target relations, and more. In this review, we provide an overview of the historical forces that led to the proposal of selection history as a distinct mechanism of attentional control. We then propose a formal definition of selection history, with concrete criteria, and identify different components of experience-driven attention that fit within this definition. The bulk of the review is devoted to exploring how these different components relate to one another. We conclude by proposing an integrative account of selection history centered on underlying themes that emerge from our review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Anderson
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States.
| | - Haena Kim
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Andy J Kim
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Ming-Ray Liao
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Lana Mrkonja
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Andrew Clement
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
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