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Morgan AJ, Neal A, Ballard T. The dynamics of competition and decision-making. Psychon Bull Rev 2024:10.3758/s13423-024-02523-2. [PMID: 38858324 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02523-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We examine the underlying cognitive mechanisms that govern how competitions play out over time. We used cognitive modeling to examine the dynamic effects of time remaining and relative performance (whether the person is winning or losing) on effort and strategy. In this experiment, participants completed a competitive decision-making task with varying time limits and starting scores, in a repeated-measures design. Participants were tasked with scoring more points than their computerized opponent during a certain time frame, gaining and losing points for correct and incorrect decisions, respectively. The results showed that as the competition deadline approached and as participants drew ahead of their opponent within a competition, they increased effort and became more cautious. Furthermore, the effect of relative score on effort and caution changed over the course of a competition as the deadline approached. These results highlight the importance of considering dynamics when working to understand how competitions unfold as well as the underlying cognitive mechanisms that give rise to the dynamic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Morgan
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Andrew Neal
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Timothy Ballard
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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2
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König C, Alexandrowicz RW. Benefits of the Curious Behavior of Bayesian Hierarchical Item Response Theory Models-An in-Depth Investigation and Bias Correction. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT 2024; 48:38-56. [PMID: 38327609 PMCID: PMC10846471 DOI: 10.1177/01466216241227547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
When using Bayesian hierarchical modeling, a popular approach for Item Response Theory (IRT) models, researchers typically face a tradeoff between the precision and accuracy of the item parameter estimates. Given the pooling principle and variance-dependent shrinkage, the expected behavior of Bayesian hierarchical IRT models is to deliver more precise but biased item parameter estimates, compared to those obtained in nonhierarchical models. Previous research, however, points out the possibility that, in the context of the two-parameter logistic IRT model, the aforementioned tradeoff has not to be made. With a comprehensive simulation study, we provide an in-depth investigation into this possibility. The results show a superior performance, in terms of bias, RMSE and precision, of the hierarchical specifications compared to the nonhierarchical counterpart. Under certain conditions, the bias in the item parameter estimates is independent of the bias in the variance components. Moreover, we provide a bias correction procedure for item discrimination parameter estimates. In sum, we show that IRT models create a unique situation where the Bayesian hierarchical approach indeed yields parameter estimates that are not only more precise, but also more accurate, compared to nonhierarchical approaches. We discuss this beneficial behavior from both theoretical and applied point of views.
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3
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Sato H, Marutani R, Takaoka R, Mori‐Fegan D, Wang X, Maeda K, Kusuhara H, Suzuki H, Yoshioka H, Hisaka A. Model-based meta-analysis of ethnic differences and their variabilities in clearance of oral drugs classified by clearance mechanism. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:1132-1142. [PMID: 37309079 PMCID: PMC10431045 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the ethnic ratios (ERs) of oral clearance between Japanese and Western populations were subjected to model-based meta-analysis (MBMA) for 81 drugs evaluated in 673 clinical studies. The drugs were classified into eight groups according to the clearance mechanism, and the ER for each group was inferred together with interindividual variability (IIV), interstudy variability (ISV), and inter-drug variability within a group (IDV) using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. The ER, IIV, ISV, and IDV were dependent on the clearance mechanism, and, except for particular groups such as drugs metabolized by polymorphic enzymes or their clearance mechanism is not confirmative, the ethnic difference was found to be generally small. The IIV was well-matched across ethnicities, and the ISV was approximately half of the IIV as the coefficient of variation. To adequately assess ethnic differences in oral clearance without false detections, phase I studies should be designed with full consideration of the mechanism of clearance. This study suggests that the methodology of classifying drugs based on the mechanism that causes ethnic differences and performing MBMA with statistical techniques such as MCMC analysis is helpful for a rational understanding of ethnic differences and for strategic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sato
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | | | - Ryota Takaoka
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChibaJapan
- The University of Tokyo HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Daniel Mori‐Fegan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Xinying Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Laboratory of PharmaceuticsKitasato University School of PharmacyTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | | | - Hideki Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Akihiro Hisaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesChiba UniversityChibaJapan
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4
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Perea Pérez F, Hartley DEH, Kitterick PT, Zekveld AA, Naylor G, Wiggins IM. Listening efficiency in adult cochlear-implant users compared with normally-hearing controls at ecologically relevant signal-to-noise ratios. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1214485. [PMID: 37520928 PMCID: PMC10379644 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1214485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Due to having to work with an impoverished auditory signal, cochlear-implant (CI) users may experience reduced speech intelligibility and/or increased listening effort in real-world listening situations, compared to their normally-hearing (NH) peers. These two challenges to perception may be usefully integrated in a measure of listening efficiency: conceptually, the amount of accuracy achieved for a certain amount of effort expended. Methods We describe a novel approach to quantifying listening efficiency based on the rate of evidence accumulation toward a correct response in a linear ballistic accumulator (LBA) model of choice decision-making. Estimation of this objective measure within a hierarchical Bayesian framework confers further benefits, including full quantification of uncertainty in parameter estimates. We applied this approach to examine the speech-in-noise performance of a group of 24 CI users (M age: 60.3, range: 20-84 years) and a group of 25 approximately age-matched NH controls (M age: 55.8, range: 20-79 years). In a laboratory experiment, participants listened to reverberant target sentences in cafeteria noise at ecologically relevant signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of +20, +10, and +4 dB SNR. Individual differences in cognition and self-reported listening experiences were also characterised by means of cognitive tests and hearing questionnaires. Results At the group level, the CI group showed much lower listening efficiency than the NH group, even in favourable acoustic conditions. At the individual level, within the CI group (but not the NH group), higher listening efficiency was associated with better cognition (i.e., working-memory and linguistic-closure) and with more positive self-reported listening experiences, both in the laboratory and in daily life. Discussion We argue that listening efficiency, measured using the approach described here, is: (i) conceptually well-motivated, in that it is theoretically impervious to differences in how individuals approach the speed-accuracy trade-off that is inherent to all perceptual decision making; and (ii) of practical utility, in that it is sensitive to differences in task demand, and to differences between groups, even when speech intelligibility remains at or near ceiling level. Further research is needed to explore the sensitivity and practical utility of this metric across diverse listening situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Perea Pérez
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas E. H. Hartley
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pádraig T. Kitterick
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- National Acoustic Laboratories, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adriana A. Zekveld
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ear and Hearing, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Graham Naylor
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Wiggins
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Hearing Sciences, Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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5
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Lacko D, Prošek T, Čeněk J, Helísková M, Ugwitz P, Svoboda V, Počaji P, Vais M, Halířová H, Juřík V, Šašinka Č. Analytic and holistic cognitive style as a set of independent manifests: Evidence from a validation study of six measurement instruments. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287057. [PMID: 37310969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive styles are commonly studied constructs in cognitive psychology. The theory of field dependence-independence was one of the most important cognitive styles. Yet in the past, its measurement had significant shortcomings in validity and reliability. The theory of analytic and holistic cognitive styles attempted to extend this theory and overcome its shortcomings. Unfortunately, the psychometric properties of its measurement methods were not properly verified. Furthermore, new statistical approaches, such as analysis of reaction times, have been overlooked by current research. The aim of this pre-registered study was to verify the psychometric properties (i.e., factor structure, split-half reliability, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity with intelligence and personality, and divergent, concurrent and predictive validity) of several methods routinely applied in the field. We developed/adapted six methods based on self-report questionnaires, rod-and-frame principles, embedded figures, and hierarchical figures. The analysis was conducted on 392 Czech participants, with two data collection waves. The results indicate that the use of methods based on the rod-and-frame principle may be unreliable, demonstrating no absence of association with intelligence. The use of embedded and hierarchical figures is recommended. The self-report questionnaire used in this study showed an unsatisfactory factor structure and also cannot be recommended without futher validation on independent samples. The findings also did not correspond with the original two-dimensional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lacko
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Prošek
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Čeněk
- Department of Social Studies, Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Helísková
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Ugwitz
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Svoboda
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Počaji
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Vais
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Halířová
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Juřík
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Čeněk Šašinka
- Department of Information and Library Studies, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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6
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Kong YF, Li SZ, Wang KW, Zhu B, Yuan YX, Li MK, Zhou JY. An Efficient Bayesian Method for Estimating the Degree of the Skewness of X Chromosome Inactivation Based on the Mixture of General Pedigrees and Unrelated Females. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030543. [PMID: 36979477 PMCID: PMC10046098 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Skewed X chromosome inactivation (XCI-S) has been reported to be associated with some X-linked diseases. Several methods have been proposed to estimate the degree of XCI-S (denoted as γ) for quantitative and qualitative traits based on unrelated females. However, there is no method available for estimating γ based on general pedigrees. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a Bayesian method to obtain the point estimate and the credible interval of γ based on the mixture of general pedigrees and unrelated females (called mixed data for brevity), which is also suitable for only general pedigrees. We consider the truncated normal prior and the uniform prior for γ. Further, we apply the eigenvalue decomposition and Cholesky decomposition to our proposed methods to accelerate the computation speed. We conduct extensive simulation studies to compare the performances of our proposed methods and two existing Bayesian methods which are only applicable to unrelated females. The simulation results show that the incorporation of general pedigrees can improve the efficiency of the point estimation and the precision and the accuracy of the interval estimation of γ. Finally, we apply the proposed methods to the Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research data for their practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Kong
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kai-Wen Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Xin Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meng-Kai Li
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence:
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7
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Bayesian Inference Under Ramp Stress Accelerated Life Testing Using Stan. SANKHYA B 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13571-022-00300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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8
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Using cognitive modeling to examine the effects of competition on strategy and effort in races and tournaments. Psychon Bull Rev 2022:10.3758/s13423-022-02213-x. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe investigated the effects of two types of competition, races and tournaments (as well as an individual challenge and a do-your-best condition), on two different aspects of performance: effort and strategy. In our experiment, 100 undergraduate participants completed a simple cognitive task under four experimental conditions (in a repeated-measures design) based on different types of competitions and challenges. We used the Linear Ballistic Accumulator to quantify the effects of competition on strategy and effort. The results reveal that competition produced changes in strategy rather than effort, and that trait competitiveness had minimal impact on how people responded to competition. This suggests individuals are more likely to adjust their strategy in competitions, and the uncertainty created by different competition types influences the direction of these strategy adjustments.
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9
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Zajkowski W, Bielecki M, Marszał-Wiśniewska M. Are you confident enough to act? Individual differences in action control are associated with post-decisional metacognitive bias. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268501. [PMID: 35648760 PMCID: PMC9159610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The art of making good choices and being consistent in executing them is essential for having a successful and fulfilling life. Individual differences in action control are believed to have a crucial impact on how we make choices and whether we put them in action. Action-oriented people are more decisive, flexible and likely to implement their intentions in the face of adversity. In contrast, state-oriented people often struggle to commit to their choices and end up second-guessing themselves. Here, we employ a model-based computational approach to study the underlying cognitive differences between action and state-oriented people in simple binary-choice decision tasks. In Experiment 1 we show that there is little-to-no evidence that the two groups differ in terms of decision-related parameters and strong evidence for differences in metacognitive bias. Action-oriented people exhibit greater confidence in the correctness of their choices as well as slightly elevated judgement sensitivity, although no differences in performance are present. In Experiment 2 we replicate this effect and show that the confidence gap generalizes to value-based decisions, widens as a function of difficulty and is independent of deliberation interval. Furthermore, allowing more time for confidence deliberation indicated that state-oriented people focus more strongly on external features of choice. We propose that a positive confidence bias, coupled with appropriate metacognitive sensitivity, might be crucial for the successful realization of intentions in many real-life situations. More generally, our study provides an example of how modelling latent cognitive processes can bring meaningful insight into the study of individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Zajkowski
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Maksymilian Bielecki
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Yu WY, Zhang Y, Li MK, Yang ZY, Fung WK, Zhao PZ, Zhou JY. BEXCIS: Bayesian methods for estimating the degree of the skewness of X chromosome inactivation. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:193. [PMID: 35610583 PMCID: PMC9128296 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an epigenetic phenomenon that one of two X chromosomes in females is transcriptionally silenced during early embryonic development. Skewed XCI has been reported to be associated with some X-linked diseases. There have been several methods measuring the degree of the skewness of XCI. However, these methods may still have several limitations. Results We propose a Bayesian method to obtain the point estimate and the credible interval of the degree of XCI skewing by incorporating its prior information of being between 0 and 2. We consider a normal prior and a uniform prior for it (respectively denoted by BN and BU). We also propose a penalized point estimate based on the penalized Fieller’s method and derive the corresponding confidence interval. Simulation results demonstrate that the BN and BU methods can solve the problems of extreme point estimates, noninformative intervals, empty sets and discontinuous intervals. The BN method generally outperforms other methods with the lowest mean squared error in the point estimation, and well controls the coverage probability with the smallest median and the least variation of the interval width in the interval estimation. We apply all the methods to the Graves’ disease data and the Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research data, and find that SNP rs3827440 in the Graves’ disease data may undergo skewed XCI towards the allele C. Conclusions We recommend the BN method for measuring the degree of the skewness of XCI in practice. The R package BEXCIS is publicly available at https://github.com/Wen-YiYu/BEXCIS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-022-04721-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Kai Li
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Ying Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wing Kam Fung
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pei-Zhen Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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The repulsion effect in preferential choice and its relation to perceptual choice. Cognition 2022; 225:105164. [PMID: 35596968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
People rely on the choice context to guide their decisions, violating fundamental principles of rational choice theory and exhibiting phenomena called context effects. Recent research has uncovered that dominance relationships can both increase or decrease the choice share of the dominating option, marking the two ends of an attraction-repulsion continuum. However, empirical links between the two opposing effects are scarce and theoretical accounts are missing altogether. The present study (N = 55) used eye tracking alongside a within-subject design that contrasts a perceptual task and a preferential-choice analog in order to bridge this gap and uncover the underlying information-search processes. Although individuals differed in their perceptual and preferential choices, they generally engaged in alternative-wise comparisons and a repulsion effect was present in both conditions that became weaker the more predominant the attribute-wise comparisons were. Altogether, our study corroborates the notion that repulsion effects are a robust and general phenomenon that theoretical accounts need to take seriously.
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12
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Li MK, Yuan YX, Zhu B, Wang KW, Fung WK, Zhou JY. Gene-Based Methods for Estimating the Degree of the Skewness of X Chromosome Inactivation. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050827. [PMID: 35627212 PMCID: PMC9140558 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skewed X chromosome inactivation (XCI-S) has been reported to be associated with some X-linked diseases, and currently several methods have been proposed to estimate the degree of the XCI-S (denoted as γ) for a single locus. However, no method has been available to estimate γ for genes. Therefore, in this paper, we first propose the point estimate and the penalized point estimate of γ for genes, and then derive its confidence intervals based on the Fieller’s and penalized Fieller’s methods, respectively. Further, we consider the constraint condition of γ∈[0, 2] and propose the Bayesian methods to obtain the point estimates and the credible intervals of γ, where a truncated normal prior and a uniform prior are respectively used (denoted as GBN and GBU). The simulation results show that the Bayesian methods can avoid the extreme point estimates (0 or 2), the empty sets, the noninformative intervals ([0, 2]) and the discontinuous intervals to occur. GBN performs best in both the point estimation and the interval estimation. Finally, we apply the proposed methods to the Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research data for their practical use. In summary, in practical applications, we recommend using GBN to estimate γ of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Kai Li
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (M.-K.L.); (Y.-X.Y.); (B.Z.); (K.-W.W.)
- Guangdong-Hong Hong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Xin Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (M.-K.L.); (Y.-X.Y.); (B.Z.); (K.-W.W.)
- Guangdong-Hong Hong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (M.-K.L.); (Y.-X.Y.); (B.Z.); (K.-W.W.)
- Guangdong-Hong Hong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kai-Wen Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (M.-K.L.); (Y.-X.Y.); (B.Z.); (K.-W.W.)
- Guangdong-Hong Hong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wing Kam Fung
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (M.-K.L.); (Y.-X.Y.); (B.Z.); (K.-W.W.)
- Guangdong-Hong Hong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Vossler H, Akilimali P, Pan Y, KhudaBukhsh WR, Kenah E, Rempała GA. Analysis of individual-level data from 2018-2020 Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5534. [PMID: 35365724 PMCID: PMC8972744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2018-2020 Ebola virus disease epidemic in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) resulted in 3481 cases (probable and confirmed) and 2299 deaths. In this paper, we use a novel statistical method to analyze the individual-level incidence and hospitalization data on DRC Ebola victims. Our analysis suggests that an increase in the rate of quarantine and isolation that has shortened the infectiousness period by approximately one day during the epidemic's third and final wave was likely responsible for the eventual containment of the outbreak. The analysis further reveals that the total effective population size or the average number of individuals at risk for the disease exposure in three epidemic waves over the period of 24 months was around 16,000-a much smaller number than previously estimated and likely an evidence of at least partial protection of the population at risk through ring vaccination and contact tracing as well as adherence to strict quarantine and isolation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley Vossler
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pierre Akilimali
- College of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Yuhan Pan
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Eben Kenah
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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14
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Time pressure changes how people explore and respond to uncertainty. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4122. [PMID: 35260717 PMCID: PMC8904509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
How does time pressure influence exploration and decision-making? We investigated this question with several four-armed bandit tasks manipulating (within subjects) expected reward, uncertainty, and time pressure (limited vs. unlimited). With limited time, people have less opportunity to perform costly computations, thus shifting the cost-benefit balance of different exploration strategies. Through behavioral, reinforcement learning (RL), reaction time (RT), and evidence accumulation analyses, we show that time pressure changes how people explore and respond to uncertainty. Specifically, participants reduced their uncertainty-directed exploration under time pressure, were less value-directed, and repeated choices more often. Since our analyses relate uncertainty to slower responses and dampened evidence accumulation (i.e., drift rates), this demonstrates a resource-rational shift towards simpler, lower-cost strategies under time pressure. These results shed light on how people adapt their exploration and decision-making strategies to externally imposed cognitive constraints.
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15
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Hashemi M, Vattikonda AN, Sip V, Diaz-Pier S, Peyser A, Wang H, Guye M, Bartolomei F, Woodman MM, Jirsa VK. On the influence of prior information evaluated by fully Bayesian criteria in a personalized whole-brain model of epilepsy spread. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009129. [PMID: 34260596 PMCID: PMC8312957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individualized anatomical information has been used as prior knowledge in Bayesian inference paradigms of whole-brain network models. However, the actual sensitivity to such personalized information in priors is still unknown. In this study, we introduce the use of fully Bayesian information criteria and leave-one-out cross-validation technique on the subject-specific information to assess different epileptogenicity hypotheses regarding the location of pathological brain areas based on a priori knowledge from dynamical system properties. The Bayesian Virtual Epileptic Patient (BVEP) model, which relies on the fusion of structural data of individuals, a generative model of epileptiform discharges, and a self-tuning Monte Carlo sampling algorithm, is used to infer the spatial map of epileptogenicity across different brain areas. Our results indicate that measuring the out-of-sample prediction accuracy of the BVEP model with informative priors enables reliable and efficient evaluation of potential hypotheses regarding the degree of epileptogenicity across different brain regions. In contrast, while using uninformative priors, the information criteria are unable to provide strong evidence about the epileptogenicity of brain areas. We also show that the fully Bayesian criteria correctly assess different hypotheses about both structural and functional components of whole-brain models that differ across individuals. The fully Bayesian information-theory based approach used in this study suggests a patient-specific strategy for epileptogenicity hypothesis testing in generative brain network models of epilepsy to improve surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Hashemi
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | | | - Viktor Sip
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Sandra Diaz-Pier
- SimLab Neuroscience, Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute for Advanced Simulation, JARA, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander Peyser
- SimLab Neuroscience, Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute for Advanced Simulation, JARA, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Google, München, Germany
| | - Huifang Wang
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Guye
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Bartolomei
- Epileptology Department, and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Viktor K. Jirsa
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INS, Inst Neurosci Syst, Marseille, France
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16
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Abstract
We generalize the Gaussian Mixture Autoregressive (GMAR) model to the Fisher’s z Mixture Autoregressive (ZMAR) model for modeling nonlinear time series. The model consists of a mixture of K-component Fisher’s z autoregressive models with the mixing proportions changing over time. This model can capture time series with both heteroskedasticity and multimodal conditional distribution, using Fisher’s z distribution as an innovation in the MAR model. The ZMAR model is classified as nonlinearity in the level (or mode) model because the mode of the Fisher’s z distribution is stable in its location parameter, whether symmetric or asymmetric. Using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, e.g., the No-U-Turn Sampler (NUTS), we conducted a simulation study to investigate the model performance compared to the GMAR model and Student t Mixture Autoregressive (TMAR) model. The models are applied to the daily IBM stock prices and the monthly Brent crude oil prices. The results show that the proposed model outperforms the existing ones, as indicated by the Pareto-Smoothed Important Sampling Leave-One-Out cross-validation (PSIS-LOO) minimum criterion.
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17
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Nguyen HH, Ngo VM, Tran ANT. Financial performances, entrepreneurial factors and coping strategy to survive in the COVID-19 pandemic: case of Vietnam. RESEARCH IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND FINANCE 2021; 56:101380. [PMID: 36540769 PMCID: PMC9756047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2021.101380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vietnam has been one of a few countries that successfully contained the COVID-19 pandemic. However, aggressive measurements against the pandemic were at the expense of economic activities and companies' financial performances. This cross-sectional study uses a survey of 672 companies in Vietnam and the logistic regression model to explore companies' coping strategy choices based on their degree of financial distress, companies' profiles, entrepreneurial factors, and the interactions between them. The results suggest that companies predominantly selected cost-cutting strategies to deal with the economic shutdown. However, the interactions between financial and entrepreneurial factors could significantly increase the likelihood of selecting growth-focused strategies. Besides, when facing a global pandemic such as COVID-19, managers' perceptions about the spillover effects of global risks were much more impactful than local risks on companies' coping strategy selections. This paper can help to inform managers to better deal with the aftermath of the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Huu Nguyen
- University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, School of Banking, 59C Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, Ward 6, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Vu Minh Ngo
- University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, School of Banking, 59C Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, Ward 6, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Anh Nguyen Tram Tran
- Van Lang University, Faculty of Banking and Finance, 45 Nguyen Khac Nhu Street, District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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18
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Fernandez–Steel Skew Normal Conditional Autoregressive (FSSN CAR) Model in Stan for Spatial Data. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In spatial data analysis, the prior conditional autoregressive (CAR) model is used to express the spatial dependence on random effects from adjacent regions. This paper provides a new proposed approach regarding the development of the existing normal CAR model into a more flexible, Fernandez–Steel skew normal (FSSN) CAR model. This approach is able to capture spatial random effects that have both symmetrical and asymmetrical patterns. The FSSN CAR model is built on the basis of the normal CAR with an additional skew parameter. The FSSN distribution is able to provide good estimates for symmetry with heavy- or light-tailed and skewed-right and skewed-left data. The effects of this approach are demonstrated by establishing the FSSN distribution and FSSN CAR model in spatial data using Stan language. On the basis of the plot of the estimation results and histogram of the model error, the FSSN CAR model was shown to behave better than both models without a spatial effect and with the normal CAR model. Moreover, the smallest widely applicable information criterion (WAIC) and leave-one-out (LOO) statistical values also validate the model, as FSSN CAR is shown to be the best model used.
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19
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Memory Reactivation during Learning Simultaneously Promotes Dentate Gyrus/CA 2,3 Pattern Differentiation and CA 1 Memory Integration. J Neurosci 2020; 41:726-738. [PMID: 33239402 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0394-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Events that overlap with previous experience may trigger reactivation of existing memories. However, such reactivation may have different representational consequences within the hippocampal circuit. Computational theories of hippocampal function suggest that dentate gyrus and CA2,3 (DG/CA2,3) are biased to differentiate highly similar memories, whereas CA1 may integrate related events by representing them with overlapping neural codes. Here, we tested whether the formation of differentiated or integrated representations in hippocampal subfields depends on the strength of memory reactivation during learning. Human participants of both sexes learned associations (AB pairs, either face-shape or scene-shape), and then underwent fMRI scanning while they encoded overlapping associations (BC shape-object pairs). Both before and after learning, participants were also scanned while viewing indirectly related elements of the overlapping memories (A and C images) in isolation. We used multivariate pattern analyses to measure reactivation of initial pair memories (A items) during overlapping pair (BC) learning, as well as learning-related representational change for indirectly related memory elements in hippocampal subfields. When prior memories were strongly reactivated during overlapping pair encoding, DG/CA2,3 and subiculum representations for indirectly related images (A and C) became less similar, consistent with pattern differentiation. Simultaneously, memory reactivation during new learning promoted integration in CA1, where representations for indirectly related memory elements became more similar after learning. Furthermore, memory reactivation and subiculum representation predicted faster and more accurate inference (AC) decisions. These data show that reactivation of related memories during new learning leads to dissociable coding strategies in hippocampal subfields, in line with computational theories.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The flexibility of episodic memory allows us to remember both the details that differentiate similar events and the commonalities among them. Here, we tested how reactivation of past experience during new learning promotes formation of neural representations that might serve these two memory functions. We found that memory reactivation during learning promoted formation of differentiated representations for overlapping memories in the dentate gyrus/CA2,3 and subiculum subfields of the hippocampus, while simultaneously leading to the formation of integrated representations of related events in subfield CA1 Furthermore, memory reactivation and subiculum representation predicted success when inferring indirect relationships among events. These findings indicate that memory reactivation is an important learning signal that influences how overlapping events are represented within the hippocampal circuit.
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20
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König C, Spoden C, Frey A. An Optimized Bayesian Hierarchical Two-Parameter Logistic Model for Small-Sample Item Calibration. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT 2020; 44:311-326. [PMID: 32536732 PMCID: PMC7262992 DOI: 10.1177/0146621619893786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate item calibration in models of item response theory (IRT) requires rather large samples. For instance, N > 500 respondents are typically recommended for the two-parameter logistic (2PL) model. Hence, this model is considered a large-scale application, and its use in small-sample contexts is limited. Hierarchical Bayesian approaches are frequently proposed to reduce the sample size requirements of the 2PL. This study compared the small-sample performance of an optimized Bayesian hierarchical 2PL (H2PL) model to its standard inverse Wishart specification, its nonhierarchical counterpart, and both unweighted and weighted least squares estimators (ULSMV and WLSMV) in terms of sampling efficiency and accuracy of estimation of the item parameters and their variance components. To alleviate shortcomings of hierarchical models, the optimized H2PL (a) was reparametrized to simplify the sampling process, (b) a strategy was used to separate item parameter covariances and their variance components, and (c) the variance components were given Cauchy and exponential hyperprior distributions. Results show that when combining these elements in the optimized H2PL, accurate item parameter estimates and trait scores are obtained even in sample sizes as small as N = 100 . This indicates that the 2PL can also be applied to smaller sample sizes encountered in practice. The results of this study are discussed in the context of a recently proposed multiple imputation method to account for item calibration error in trait estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Spoden
- German Institute for Adult Education—Leibniz Centre for Lifelong Learning, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Frey
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
- Centre for Educational Measurement at the University of Oslo (CEMO), Norway
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21
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Okamoto S, Suzuki K, Hayashi T, Muraki K, Nagaoka T, Nishino K, Sekimoto Y, Sasaki S, Takahashi K, Seyama K. Transbronchial lung biopsy for the diagnosis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis: the severity of cystic lung destruction assessed by the modified Goddard scoring system as a predictor for establishing the diagnosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:125. [PMID: 32456649 PMCID: PMC7249378 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A guide of patient selection for establishing the diagnosis of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) by transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) has not been established, although the pathological confirmation of LAM by lung biopsy is desirable, particularly when patients have no additional test results except typical findings of computed tomography (CT) of the chest. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of LAM patients who visited at our hospital from January 2010 to September 2018. We found 19 patients who underwent TBLB and collected the following data to investigate which parameters could predict the TBLB diagnostic positivity for LAM: age, degree of exertional dyspnea, pulmonary function test, cystic lung destruction visually assessed by the modified Goddard scoring system (MGS), serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor-D, and TBLB-related data. Results The diagnosis of LAM was established by TBLB in 15 of 19 patients (78.9%) and no serious complications occurred. MGS was significantly higher in the TBLB-positive group than the TBLB-negative group. In LAM patients without pulmonary lymphatic congestion on CT (N = 16), multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that MGS and FEV1/FVC were independent contributing parameters for TBLB diagnostic positivity. However, the analysis of Bayesian inference demonstrated that MGS is a better predictor than FEV1/FVC; the probability of establishing diagnosis exceeds 80% if MGS is > 2 (i.e., area of cystic destruction occupies > 25% of lung parenchyma on CT). Conclusions MGS may be a helpful and convenient tool to select candidates for TBLB to establish the diagnosis of LAM pathologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouichi Okamoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. .,The Study Group for Pneumothorax and Cystic Lung Diseases, 4-8-1 Seta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Suzuki
- The Study Group for Pneumothorax and Cystic Lung Diseases, 4-8-1 Seta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Radiology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuo Hayashi
- The Study Group for Pneumothorax and Cystic Lung Diseases, 4-8-1 Seta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Human Pathology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Muraki
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Nagaoka
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishino
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,The Study Group for Pneumothorax and Cystic Lung Diseases, 4-8-1 Seta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Sekimoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,The Study Group for Pneumothorax and Cystic Lung Diseases, 4-8-1 Seta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sasaki
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka Urayasu-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Seyama
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, 3-1-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,The Study Group for Pneumothorax and Cystic Lung Diseases, 4-8-1 Seta, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Evidence accumulation models with R: A practical guide to hierarchical Bayesian methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.20982/tqmp.16.2.p133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Abstract
RNA recognition frequently results in conformational changes that optimize intermolecular binding. As a consequence, the overall binding affinity of RNA to its binding partners depends not only on the intermolecular interactions formed in the bound state but also on the energy cost associated with changing the RNA conformational distribution. Measuring these "conformational penalties" is, however, challenging because bound RNA conformations tend to have equilibrium populations in the absence of the binding partner that fall outside detection by conventional biophysical methods. In this study we employ as a model system HIV-1 TAR RNA and its interaction with the ligand argininamide (ARG), a mimic of TAR's cognate protein binding partner, the transactivator Tat. We use NMR chemical shift perturbations and relaxation dispersion in combination with Bayesian inference to develop a detailed thermodynamic model of coupled conformational change and ligand binding. Starting from a comprehensive 12-state model of the equilibrium, we estimate the energies of six distinct detectable thermodynamic states that are not accessible by currently available methods. Our approach identifies a minimum of four RNA intermediates that differ in terms of the TAR conformation and ARG occupancy. The dominant bound TAR conformation features two bound ARG ligands and has an equilibrium population in the absence of ARG that is below detection limit. Consequently, even though ARG binds to TAR with an apparent overall weak affinity (Kdapp ≈ 0.2 mM), it binds the prefolded conformation with a Kd in the nM range. Our results show that conformational penalties can be major determinants of RNA-ligand binding affinity as well as a source of binding cooperativity, with important implications for a predictive understanding of how RNA is recognized and for RNA-targeted drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole I. Orlovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Hashim M. Al-Hashimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Terrence G. Oas
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Nishiguchi Y, Sakamoto J, Kunisato Y, Takano K. Linear Ballistic Accumulator Modeling of Attentional Bias Modification Revealed Disturbed Evidence Accumulation of Negative Information by Explicit Instruction. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2447. [PMID: 31787909 PMCID: PMC6853893 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several attentional bias modification (ABM) studies have been conducted. Previous studies have suggested that explicit instruction (i.e., informing participants of the contingency of stimuli) enhances the effect of ABM. However, the specific working mechanism has not been identified. This is partly because reaction time (RT) data are typically reduced to an attention bias score, which is a mere difference of RT between experimental and control conditions. This data reduction causes a loss of information, as RT reflects various cognitive processes at play while making a response or decision. To overcome this issue, the present study applied linear ballistic accumulator (LBA) modeling to the outcomes (RT measures) of explicitly guided (compared to standard) ABM. This computational modeling approach allowed us to dissociate RTs into distinct components that can be relevant for attentional bias, such as efficiency of information processing or prior knowledge of the task; this provides an understanding of the mechanism of action underlying explicitly guided ABM. The analyzed data were RT-observed in the dot-probe task, which was administered before and after 3-days of ABM training. Our main focus was on the changes in LBA components that would be induced by the training. Additionally, we analyzed in-session performances over the 3 days of training. The LBA analysis revealed a significant reduction in processing efficiency (i.e., drift rate) in the congruent condition, where the target probe is presented in the same location as a negative stimulus. This explains the reduction in the overall attentional bias score, suggesting that explicit ABM suppresses processing of negative stimuli. Moreover, the results suggest that explicitly guided ABM may influence prior knowledge of the target location in the training task and make participants prepared to respond to the task. These findings highlight the usefulness of LBA-based analysis to explore the underlying cognitive mechanisms in ABM, and indeed our analyses revealed the differences between the explicit and the standard ABM that could not be identified by traditional RT analysis or attentional bias scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nishiguchi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Sakamoto
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kunisato
- Department of Psychology, School of Human Sciences, Senshu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takano
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Kofler MJ, Irwin LN, Sarver DE, Fosco WD, Miller CE, Spiegel JA, Becker SP. What cognitive processes are "sluggish" in sluggish cognitive tempo? J Consult Clin Psychol 2019; 87:1030-1042. [PMID: 31613137 PMCID: PMC6814302 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sluggish cognitive tempo refers to a constellation of symptoms that include slowed behavior/thinking, reduced alertness, and getting lost in one's thoughts. Despite the moniker "sluggish cognitive tempo," the evidence is mixed regarding the extent to which it is associated globally with slowed (sluggish) mental (cognitive) information processing speed (tempo). METHOD A well-characterized clinical sample of 132 children ages 8-13 years (M = 10.34, SD = 1.51; 47 girls; 67% White/non-Hispanic) were administered multiple, counterbalanced neurocognitive tests and assessed for sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms via multiple-informant reports. RESULTS Bayesian linear regressions revealed significant evidence against associations between sluggish cognitive tempo and computationally modeled processing speed (BF01 > 3.70), and significant evidence for associations with slower working memory manipulation speed. These findings were consistent across parent and teacher models, with and without control for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattentive symptoms and IQ. There was also significant evidence linking faster inhibition speed with higher parent-reported sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide strong evidence against characterizing children with sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms as possessing a globally sluggish cognitive tempo. Instead, these symptoms appear to be related, to a significant extent, to executive dysfunction characterized by working memory systems that are too slow and inhibition systems that are too fast. Behaviorally, these findings suggest that requiring extra time to rearrange the active contents of working memory delays responding, whereas an overactive inhibition system likely terminates thoughts too quickly and therefore prevents intended behaviors from starting or completing, thereby giving the appearance that children are absent-minded or failing to act when expected. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dustin E. Sarver
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Advancement of Youth, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson MS 39216, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson MS 39216, USA
| | - Whitney D. Fosco
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 10006, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Abstract
The development of visual expertise is accompanied by enhanced visual object recognition memory within an expert domain. We aimed to understand the relationship between expertise and memory by modeling cognitive mechanisms. Participants with a measured range of birding expertise were recruited and tested on memory for birds (expert domain) and cars (novice domain). Participants performed an old-new continuous recognition memory task whereby on each trial an image of a bird or car was presented that was either new or had been presented earlier with lag j. The Linear Ballistic Accumulator model (LBA; Brown & Heathcote, 2008) was first used to decompose accuracy and response time (RT) into drift rate, response threshold, and nondecision time, with the measured level of visual expertise as a potential covariate on each model parameter. An Expertise × Category interaction was observed on drift rates such that expertise was positively correlated with memory performance recognizing bird images but not car images as old versus new. To then model the underlying processes responsible for variation in drift rate with expertise, we used a model of drift rates building on the Exemplar-Based Random Walk model (Nosofsky, Cox, Cao, & Shiffrin, 2014; Nosofsky & Palmeri, 1997), which revealed that expertise was associated with increases in memory strength and increases in the distinctiveness of stored exemplars. Taken together, we provide insight using formal cognitive modeling into how improvements in recognition memory with expertise are driven by enhancements in the representations of objects in an expert domain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Silva A, Rothstein SJ, McNicholas PD, Subedi S. A multivariate Poisson-log normal mixture model for clustering transcriptome sequencing data. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:394. [PMID: 31311497 PMCID: PMC6636065 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-dimensional data of discrete and skewed nature is commonly encountered in high-throughput sequencing studies. Analyzing the network itself or the interplay between genes in this type of data continues to present many challenges. As data visualization techniques become cumbersome for higher dimensions and unconvincing when there is no clear separation between homogeneous subgroups within the data, cluster analysis provides an intuitive alternative. The aim of applying mixture model-based clustering in this context is to discover groups of co-expressed genes, which can shed light on biological functions and pathways of gene products. Results A mixture of multivariate Poisson-log normal (MPLN) model is developed for clustering of high-throughput transcriptome sequencing data. Parameter estimation is carried out using a Markov chain Monte Carlo expectation-maximization (MCMC-EM) algorithm, and information criteria are used for model selection. Conclusions The mixture of MPLN model is able to fit a wide range of correlation and overdispersion situations, and is suited for modeling multivariate count data from RNA sequencing studies. All scripts used for implementing the method can be found at https://github.com/anjalisilva/MPLNClust. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2916-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Silva
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul D McNicholas
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjeena Subedi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, 13902, New York, USA.
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Evans NJ, Annis J. Thermodynamic integration via differential evolution: A method for estimating marginal likelihoods. Behav Res Methods 2019; 51:930-947. [PMID: 30604038 PMCID: PMC6478771 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-018-1172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A typical goal in cognitive psychology is to select the model that provides the best explanation of the observed behavioral data. The Bayes factor provides a principled approach for making these selections, though the integral required to calculate the marginal likelihood for each model is intractable for most cognitive models. In these cases, Monte Carlo techniques must be used to approximate the marginal likelihood, such as thermodynamic integration (TI; Friel & Pettitt, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 70(3), 589-607 2008; Lartillot & Philippe, Systematic Biology, 55(2), 195-207 2006), which relies on sampling from the posterior at different powers (called power posteriors). TI can become computationally expensive when using population Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approaches such as differential evolution MCMC (DE-MCMC; Turner et al., Psychological Methods, 18(3), 368 2013) that require several interacting chains per power posterior. Here, we propose a method called thermodynamic integration via differential evolution (TIDE), which aims to reduce the computational burden associated with TI by using a single chain per power posterior (R code available at https://osf.io/ntmgw/ ). We show that when applied to non-hierarchical models, TIDE produces an approximation of the marginal likelihood that closely matches TI. When extended to hierarchical models, we find that certain assumptions about the dependence between the individual- and group-level parameters samples (i.e., dependent/independent) have sizable effects on the TI approximated marginal likelihood. We propose two possible extensions of TIDE to hierarchical models, which closely match the marginal likelihoods obtained through TI with dependent/independent sampling in many, but not all, situations. Based on these findings, we believe that TIDE provides a promising method for estimating marginal likelihoods, though future research should focus on a detailed comparison between the methods of estimating marginal likelihoods for cognitive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Evans
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Annis
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 USA
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Hennig EI, Mazzi D. Spotted Wing Drosophila in Sweet Cherry Orchards in Relation to Forest Characteristics, Bycatch, and Resource Availability. INSECTS 2018; 9:E118. [PMID: 30217056 PMCID: PMC6165403 DOI: 10.3390/insects9030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forest vegetation is essential for the population development of the spotted wing drosophila (SWD). Yet, little is known of how the structure of surrounding forest areas influence the abundance of SWD within orchards. In this work, we use data from a field trial at five sites in Switzerland to analyse the relationship between the extent of forest area, its edge density, and its distance from the orchard with the occurrence of SWD in sweet cherry orchards in a Bayesian hierarchical model. Availability of cherries and bycatch were also included in the model to account for effects of resource availability and trap attractiveness, respectively. For all main effects and their interactions, we accounted for potential temporal changes by adding interactions with time. We found that the closer an orchard was to a forest, the more SWD were trapped within the orchard. However, the interaction of forest proximity with forest area caused a disproportionate decrease of SWD catches. Also, the within orchard variables, trap catches of other drosophilid flies and resource availability affected SWD trap catches, but their relation changed in the course of the experiment. The findings imply that reducing SWD occurrence in orchards and other crop fields requires not only the consideration of processes outside and within the host crop field, but also of temporally changing relationships between SWD and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Ireneusz Hennig
- Research Division Plant Protection, Agroscope, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Dominique Mazzi
- Research Division Plant Protection, Agroscope, Müller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The biasing role of stereotypes is a central theme in social cognition research. For example, to understand the role of race in police officers' decisions to shoot, participants have been shown images of Black and White males and instructed to shoot only if the target is holding a gun. Findings show that Black targets are shot more frequently and more quickly than Whites. The decision to shoot has typically been modeled and understood as a signal detection process in which a sample of information is compared against a criterion, with the criterion set for Black targets being lower. We take a different approach, modeling the decision to shoot as a dynamic process in which evidence is accumulated over time until a threshold is reached. The model accounts for both the choice and response time data for both correct and incorrect decisions using a single set of parameters. Across four studies, this dynamic perspective revealed that the target's race did not create an initial bias to shoot Black targets. Instead, race impacted the rate of evidence accumulation with evidence accumulating faster to shoot for Black targets. Some participants also tended to be more cautious with Black targets, setting higher decision thresholds. Besides providing a more cohesive and richer account of the decision to shoot or not, the dynamic model suggests interventions that may address the use of race information in decisions to shoot and a means to measure their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Pleskac
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph Cesario
- Psychology Building, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Road, Room 255, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - David J. Johnson
- Psychology Building, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Road, Room 255, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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31
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Clink DJ, Grote MN, Crofoot MC, Marshall AJ. Understanding sources of variance and correlation among features of Bornean gibbon ( Hylobates muelleri) female calls. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 144:698. [PMID: 30180677 DOI: 10.1121/1.5049578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic signals serve important functions in mate choice, resource defense, and species recognition. Quantifying patterns and sources of variation in acoustic signals can advance understanding of the evolutionary processes that shape behavioral diversity more broadly. Animal vocalization datasets are inherently multivariate and hierarchical, wherein multiple features are estimated from calls of many individuals across different recording locations. Patterns of variation within different hierarchical levels-notwithstanding the challenges they present for modeling and inference-can provide insight into processes shaping vocal variation. The current work presents a multivariate, variance components model to investigate three levels of variance (within-female, between-female, and between-site) in Bornean gibbon calls. For six of the eight features estimated from call spectrograms, between-female variance was the most important contributor to total variance. For one feature, trill rate, there were site-level differences, which may be related to geographic isolation of certain gibbon populations. There was also a negative relationship between trill rate and duration of the introduction, suggesting trade-offs in the production of gibbon calls. Given substantial inter-individual variation in gibbon calls, it seems likely that there has been selection to confer information regarding caller identity, but mechanisms leading to site-level variation in trill rate remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena J Clink
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Mark N Grote
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Margaret C Crofoot
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Department of Anthropology, Program in the Environment, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, 101 West Hall, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo to estimate the log-linear cognitive diagnosis model via Stan. Behav Res Methods 2018; 51:651-662. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-018-1069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Annis J, Palmeri TJ. Bayesian statistical approaches to evaluating cognitive models. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2018; 9:10.1002/wcs.1458. [PMID: 29193776 PMCID: PMC5814360 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive models aim to explain complex human behavior in terms of hypothesized mechanisms of the mind. These mechanisms can be formalized in terms of mathematical structures containing parameters that are theoretically meaningful. For example, in the case of perceptual decision making, model parameters might correspond to theoretical constructs like response bias, evidence quality, response caution, and the like. Formal cognitive models go beyond verbal models in that cognitive mechanisms are instantiated in terms of mathematics and they go beyond statistical models in that cognitive model parameters are psychologically interpretable. We explore three key elements used to formally evaluate cognitive models: parameter estimation, model prediction, and model selection. We compare and contrast traditional approaches with Bayesian statistical approaches to performing each of these three elements. Traditional approaches rely on an array of seemingly ad hoc techniques, whereas Bayesian statistical approaches rely on a single, principled, internally consistent system. We illustrate the Bayesian statistical approach to evaluating cognitive models using a running example of the Linear Ballistic Accumulator model of decision making (Brown SD, Heathcote A. The simplest complete model of choice response time: linear ballistic accumulation. Cogn Psychol 2008, 57:153-178). WIREs Cogn Sci 2018, 9:e1458. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1458 This article is categorized under: Neuroscience > Computation Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making Psychology > Theory and Methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Annis
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas J Palmeri
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Abstract
Recent years has seen growing interest in understanding, characterizing, and explaining individual differences in visual cognition. We focus here on individual differences in visual categorization. Categorization is the fundamental visual ability to group different objects together as the same kind of thing. Research on visual categorization and category learning has been significantly informed by computational modeling, so our review will focus both on how formal models of visual categorization have captured individual differences and how individual difference have informed the development of formal models. We first examine the potential sources of individual differences in leading models of visual categorization, providing a brief review of a range of different models. We then describe several examples of how computational models have captured individual differences in visual categorization. This review also provides a bit of an historical perspective, starting with models that predicted no individual differences, to those that captured group differences, to those that predict true individual differences, and to more recent hierarchical approaches that can simultaneously capture both group and individual differences in visual categorization. Via this selective review, we see how considerations of individual differences can lead to important theoretical insights into how people visually categorize objects in the world around them. We also consider new directions for work examining individual differences in visual categorization.
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