1
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Howarth J, Vaklinova K, Grzeszczyk M, Baldi G, Hague L, Potemski M, Novoselov KS, Kozikov A, Koperski M. Electroluminescent vertical tunneling junctions based on WSe 2 monolayer quantum emitter arrays: Exploring tunability with electric and magnetic fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401757121. [PMID: 38820004 PMCID: PMC11161753 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401757121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the creation of defects in monolayer WSe2 via nanopillar imprinting and helium ion irradiation. Based on the first method, we realize atomically thin vertical tunneling light-emitting diodes based on WSe2 monolayers hosting quantum emitters at deterministically specified locations. We characterize these emitters by investigating the evolution of their emission spectra in external electric and magnetic fields, as well as by inducing electroluminescence at low temperatures. We identify qualitatively different types of quantum emitters and classify them according to the dominant electron-hole recombination paths, determined by the mechanisms of intervalley mixing occurring in fundamental conduction and/or valence subbands.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Howarth
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Vaklinova
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore117544, Singapore
| | - Magdalena Grzeszczyk
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore117544, Singapore
| | - Giulio Baldi
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore119077, Singapore
| | - Lee Hague
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, ManchesterM13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Marek Potemski
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS-Université Grenoble Alpes-Université Paul Sabatier-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Toulouse, Grenoble38042, France
- Center for Terahertz Research and Applications Labs, Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw01-142, Poland
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore117544, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117575, Singapore
| | - Aleksey Kozikov
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon TyneNE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Koperski
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore117544, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117575, Singapore
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2
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Allen FI, De Teresa JM, Onoa B. Focused Helium Ion and Electron Beam-Induced Deposition of Organometallic Tips for Dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy of Biomolecules in Liquid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4439-4448. [PMID: 38244049 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication of sharp nanopillars of high aspect ratio onto specialized atomic force microscopy (AFM) microcantilevers and their use for high-speed AFM of DNA and nucleoproteins in liquid. The fabrication technique uses localized charged-particle-induced deposition with either a focused beam of helium ions or electrons in a helium ion microscope (HIM) or scanning electron microscope (SEM). This approach enables customized growth onto delicate substrates with nanometer-scale placement precision and in situ imaging of the final tip structures using the HIM or SEM. Tip radii of <10 nm are obtained and the underlying microcantilever remains intact. Instead of the more commonly used organic precursors employed for bio-AFM applications, we use an organometallic precursor (tungsten hexacarbonyl) resulting in tungsten-containing tips. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a thin layer of carbon on the tips. The interaction of the new tips with biological specimens is therefore likely very similar to that of standard carbonaceous tips, with the added benefit of robustness. A further advantage of the organometallic tips is that compared to carbonaceous tips they better withstand UV-ozone cleaning treatments to remove residual organic contaminants between experiments, which are inevitable during the scanning of soft biomolecules in liquid. Our tips can also be grown onto the blunted tips of previously used cantilevers, thus providing a means to recycle specialized cantilevers and restore their performance to the original manufacturer specifications. Finally, a focused helium ion beam milling technique to reduce the tip radii and thus further improve lateral spatial resolution in the AFM scans is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances I Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 97420, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 97420, United States
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 97420, United States
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Bibiana Onoa
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 97420, United States
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3
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Wang Z, Wen X, Zou K, Meng Y, Zeng J, Wang J, Hu H, Hu X. Enhancement of silicon sub-bandgap photodetection by helium-ion implantation. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2023; 16:41. [PMID: 38055098 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-023-00096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Silicon sub-bandgap photodetectors can detect light at the infrared telecommunication wavelengths but with relatively weak photo-response. In this work, we demonstrate the enhancement of sub-bandgap photodetection in silicon by helium-ion implantation, without affecting the transparency that is an important beneficial feature of this type of photodetectors. With an implantation dose of 1 × 1013 ions/cm2, the minimal detectable optical power can be improved from - 33.2 to - 63.1 dBm, or, by 29.9 dB, at the wavelength of 1550 nm, and the photo-response at the same optical power (- 10 dBm) can be enhanced by approximately 18.8 dB. Our work provides a method for strategically modifying the intrinsic trade-off between transparency and strong photo-responses of this type of photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaolei Wen
- Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Kai Zou
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yun Meng
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jinwei Zeng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huan Hu
- ZJUI Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining, 311400, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Fluidic Power & Mechanical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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4
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Allen FI, Blanchard PT, Lake R, Pappas D, Xia D, Notte JA, Zhang R, Minor AM, Sanford NA. Fabrication of Specimens for Atom Probe Tomography Using a Combined Gallium and Neon Focused Ion Beam Milling Approach. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1628-1638. [PMID: 37584510 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new focused ion beam sample preparation method for atom probe tomography. The key aspect of the new method is that we use a neon ion beam for the final tip-shaping after conventional annulus milling using gallium ions. This dual-ion approach combines the benefits of the faster milling capability of the higher current gallium ion beam with the chemically inert and higher precision milling capability of the noble gas neon ion beam. Using a titanium-aluminum alloy and a layered aluminum/aluminum-oxide tunnel junction sample as test cases, we show that atom probe tips prepared using the combined gallium and neon ion approach are free from the gallium contamination that typically frustrates composition analysis of these materials due to implantation, diffusion, and embrittlement effects. We propose that by using a focused ion beam from a noble gas species, such as the neon ions demonstrated here, atom probe tomography can be more reliably performed on a larger range of materials than is currently possible using conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances I Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paul T Blanchard
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Russell Lake
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - David Pappas
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Deying Xia
- Carl Zeiss SMT Inc., Danvers, MA 01923, USA
| | | | - Ruopeng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Norman A Sanford
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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5
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Allen FI. FIB Milling with Alternative Beams for Microscopy and Microanalysis. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:501-502. [PMID: 37613023 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances I Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA, USA
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6
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Lei X, Wang P, Mi M, Zhang Y, Chen A, Cai L, Wang T, Huang R, Wang Y, Chen Y, Li FS. Band splitting and enhanced charge density wave modulation in Mn-implanted CsV 3Sb 5. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2785-2793. [PMID: 37205292 PMCID: PMC10186988 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00216k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Kagome metal CsV3Sb5 has attracted unprecedented attention due to the charge density wave (CDW), Z2 topological surface states and unconventional superconductivity. However, how the paramagnetic bulk CsV3Sb5 interacts with magnetic doping is rarely explored. Here we report a Mn-doped CsV3Sb5 single crystal successfully achieved by ion implantation, which exhibits obvious band splitting and enhanced CDW modulation via angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The band splitting is anisotropic and occurs in the entire Brillouin region. We observed a Dirac cone gap at the K point but it closed at 135 K ± 5 K, much higher than the bulk value of ∼94 K, suggesting enhanced CDW modulation. According to the facts of the transferred spectral weight to the Fermi level and weak antiferromagnetic order at low temperature, we ascribe the enhanced CDW to the polariton excitation and Kondo shielding effect. Our study not only offers a simple method to realize deep doping in bulk materials, but also provides an ideal platform to explore the coupling between exotic quantum states in CsV3Sb5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Lei
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Pengdong Wang
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Mengjuan Mi
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong Technology Center of Nanodevices and Integration, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Aixi Chen
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Liwu Cai
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou 215123 China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Rong Huang
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yilin Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong Technology Center of Nanodevices and Integration, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
| | - Yiyao Chen
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Fang-Sen Li
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou 215123 China
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7
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Lipton-Duffin J, MacLeod J. Innovations in nanosynthesis: emerging techniques for precision, scalability, and spatial control in reactions of organic molecules on solid surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:183001. [PMID: 36876935 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acbc01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface science-based approach to synthesising new organic materials on surfaces has gained considerable attention in recent years, owing to its success in facilitating the formation of novel 0D, 1D and 2D architectures. The primary mechanism used to date has been the catalytic transformation of small organic molecules through substrate-enabled reactions. In this Topical Review, we provide an overview of alternate approaches to controlling molecular reactions on surfaces. These approaches include light, electron and ion-initiated reactions, electrospray ionisation deposition-based techniques, collisions of neutral atoms and molecules, and superhydrogenation. We focus on the opportunities afforded by these alternative approaches, in particular where they may offer advantages in terms of selectivity, spatial control or scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Lipton-Duffin
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer MacLeod
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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8
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Konopatsky AS, Leybo DV, Kalinina VV, Zilberberg IL, Antipina LY, Sorokin PB, Shtansky DV. Synergistic Catalytic Effect of Ag and MgO Nanoparticles Supported on Defective BN Surface in CO Oxidation Reaction. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:470. [PMID: 36676207 PMCID: PMC9863069 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Micron-sized supports of catalytically active nanoparticles (NPs) can become a good alternative to nanocarriers if their structure is properly tuned. Here, we show that a combination of simple and easily scalable methods, such as defect engineering and polyol synthesis, makes it possible to obtain Ag and MgO nanoparticles supported on defective hexagonal BN (h-BN) support with high catalytic activity in the CO oxidation reaction. High-temperature annealing in air of Mg-containing (<0.2 at.%) h-BN micropellets led to surface oxidation, the formation of hexagonal-shaped surface defects, and defect-related MgO NPs. The enhanced catalytic activity of Ag/MgO/h-BN materials is attributed to the synergistic effect of h-BN surface defects, ultrafine Ag and MgO NPs anchored at the defect edges, and MgO/Ag heterostructures. In addition, theoretical simulations show a shift in the electron density from metallic Ag towards MgO and the associated decrease in the negative charge of oxygen adsorbed on the Ag surface, which positively affects the catalytic activity of the Ag/MgO/h-BN material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S. Konopatsky
- Research Laboratory Inorganic Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V. Leybo
- Research Laboratory Inorganic Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislava V. Kalinina
- Research Laboratory Inorganic Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor L. Zilberberg
- Research Laboratory Inorganic Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, Kutateladze 18, 630128 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Liubov Yu. Antipina
- Research Laboratory Inorganic Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel B. Sorokin
- Research Laboratory Inorganic Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Shtansky
- Research Laboratory Inorganic Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky Prospect 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
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9
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Jin L, Shi Y, Allen FI, Chen LQ, Wu J. Probing the Critical Nucleus Size in the Metal-Insulator Phase Transition of VO_{2}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:245701. [PMID: 36563252 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.245701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In a first-order phase transition, critical nucleus size governs nucleation kinetics, but the direct experimental test of the theory and determination of the critical nucleation size have been achieved only recently in the case of ice formation in supercooled water. The widely known metal-insulator phase transition (MIT) in strongly correlated VO_{2} is a first-order electronic phase transition coupled with a solid-solid structural transformation. It is unclear whether classical nucleation theory applies in such a complex case. In this Letter, we directly measure the critical nucleus size of the MIT by introducing size-controlled nanoscale nucleation seeds with focused ion irradiation at the surface of a deeply supercooled metal phase of VO_{2}. The results compare favorably with classical nucleation theory and are further explained by phase-field modeling. This Letter validates the application of classical nucleation theory as a parametrizable model to describe phase transitions of strongly correlated electron materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yin Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Frances I Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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10
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Wen X, Zhang L, Tian F, Xu Y, Hu H. Versatile Approach of Silicon Nanofabrication without Resists: Helium Ion-Bombardment Enhanced Etching. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3269. [PMID: 36234396 PMCID: PMC9565762 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a helium ion-bombardment enhanced etching method for silicon nanofabrication without the use of resists; furthermore, we demonstrate its unique advantages for straightforward fabrication on irregular surfaces and prototyping nano-electro-mechanical system devices, such as self-enclosed Si nanofluidic channels and mechanical nano-resonators. This method employs focused helium ions to selectively irradiate single-crystal Si to disrupt the crystal lattice and transform it into an amorphous phase that can be etched at a rate 200 times higher than that of the non-irradiated Si. Due to the unique raindrop shape of the interaction volumes between helium ions and Si, buried Si nanofluidic channels can be constructed using only one dosing step, followed by one step of conventional chemical etching. Moreover, suspended Si nanobeams can be fabricated without an additional undercut step for release owing to the unique raindrop shape. In addition, we demonstrate nanofabrication directly on 3D micro/nano surfaces, such as an atomic force microscopic probe, which is challenging for conventional nanofabrication due to the requirement of photoresist spin coating. Finally, this approach can also be extended to assist in the etching of other materials that are difficult to etch, such as silicon carbide (SiC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wen
- Center for Micro and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Lansheng Zhang
- ZJUI Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Feng Tian
- ZJUI Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Huan Hu
- ZJUI Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluidic Power & Mechanical Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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11
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Investigation of effects of swift heavy ion irradiation on few-layer graphene: A molecular dynamics simulation study. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Salvador-Porroche A, Herrer L, Sangiao S, Philipp P, Cea P, María De Teresa J. High-Throughput Direct Writing of Metallic Micro- and Nano-Structures by Focused Ga + Beam Irradiation of Palladium Acetate Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28211-28220. [PMID: 35671475 PMCID: PMC9227716 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanopatterns are ubiquitous in applications that exploit the electrical conduction at the nanoscale, including interconnects, electrical nanocontacts, and small gaps between metallic pads. These metallic nanopatterns can be designed to show additional physical properties (optical transparency, plasmonic effects, ferromagnetism, superconductivity, heat evacuation, etc.). For these reasons, an intense search for novel lithography methods using uncomplicated processes represents a key on-going issue in the achievement of metallic nanopatterns with high resolution and high throughput. In this contribution, we introduce a simple methodology for the efficient decomposition of Pd3(OAc)6 spin-coated thin films by means of a focused Ga+ beam, which results in metallic-enriched Pd nanostructures. Remarkably, the usage of a charge dose as low as 30 μC/cm2 is sufficient to fabricate structures with a metallic Pd content above 50% (at.) exhibiting low electrical resistivity (70 μΩ·cm). Binary-collision-approximation simulations provide theoretical support to this experimental finding. Such notable behavior is used to provide three proof-of-concept applications: (i) creation of electrical contacts to nanowires, (ii) fabrication of small (40 nm) gaps between large metallic contact pads, and (iii) fabrication of large-area metallic meshes. The impact across several fields of the direct decomposition of spin-coated organometallic films by focused ion beams is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Salvador-Porroche
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Lucía Herrer
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Patrick Philipp
- Advanced
Instrumentation for Nano-Analytics (AINA), MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, Belvaux 4422, Luxembourg
| | - Pilar Cea
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
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13
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Orús P, Sigloch F, Sangiao S, De Teresa JM. Superconducting Materials and Devices Grown by Focused Ion and Electron Beam Induced Deposition. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081367. [PMID: 35458074 PMCID: PMC9029853 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1911, superconductivity has represented an equally inciting and fascinating field of study in several areas of physics and materials science, ranging from its most fundamental theoretical understanding, to its practical application in different areas of engineering. The fabrication of superconducting materials can be downsized to the nanoscale by means of Focused Ion/Electron Beam Induced Deposition: nanopatterning techniques that make use of a focused beam of ions or electrons to decompose a gaseous precursor in a single step. Overcoming the need to use a resist, these approaches allow for targeted, highly-flexible nanopatterning of nanostructures with lateral resolution in the range of 10 nm to 30 nm. In this review, the fundamentals of these nanofabrication techniques are presented, followed by a literature revision on the published work that makes use of them to grow superconducting materials, the most remarkable of which are based on tungsten, niobium, molybdenum, carbon, and lead. Several examples of the application of these materials to functional devices are presented, related to the superconducting proximity effect, vortex dynamics, electric-field effect, and to the nanofabrication of Josephson junctions and nanoSQUIDs. Owing to the patterning flexibility they offer, both of these techniques represent a powerful and convenient approach towards both fundamental and applied research in superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Orús
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Fabian Sigloch
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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