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Pregowska A, Roszkiewicz A, Osial M, Giersig M. How scanning probe microscopy can be supported by artificial intelligence and quantum computing? Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:2515-2539. [PMID: 38864463 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly expanding, revolutionizing both science and society. It is applied to practically all areas of life, science, and technology, including materials science, which continuously requires novel tools for effective materials characterization. One of the widely used techniques is scanning probe microscopy (SPM). SPM has fundamentally changed materials engineering, biology, and chemistry by providing tools for atomic-precision surface mapping. Despite its many advantages, it also has some drawbacks, such as long scanning times or the possibility of damaging soft-surface materials. In this paper, we focus on the potential for supporting SPM-based measurements, with an emphasis on the application of AI-based algorithms, especially Machine Learning-based algorithms, as well as quantum computing (QC). It has been found that AI can be helpful in automating experimental processes in routine operations, algorithmically searching for optimal sample regions, and elucidating structure-property relationships. Thus, it contributes to increasing the efficiency and accuracy of optical nanoscopy scanning probes. Moreover, the combination of AI-based algorithms and QC may have enormous potential to enhance the practical application of SPM. The limitations of the AI-QC-based approach were also discussed. Finally, we outline a research path for improving AI-QC-powered SPM. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Artificial intelligence and quantum computing as support for scanning probe microscopy. The analysis indicates a research gap in the field of scanning probe microscopy. The research aims to shed light into ai-qc-powered scanning probe microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pregowska
- Department of Information and Computational Science, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Roszkiewicz
- Department of Information and Computational Science, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Osial
- Department of Information and Computational Science, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michael Giersig
- Department of Information and Computational Science, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Scherb S, Hinaut A, Gu Y, Vilhena JG, Pawlak R, Song Y, Narita A, Glatzel T, Müllen K, Meyer E. The Role of Alkyl Chains in the Thermoresponse of Supramolecular Network. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2405472. [PMID: 39367552 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202405472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular materials provide a pathway for achieving precise, highly ordered structures while exhibiting remarkable response to external stimuli, a characteristic not commonly found in covalently bonded materials. The design of self-assembled materials, where properties could be predicted/design from chemical nature of the individual building blocks, hinges upon our ability to relate macroscopic properties to individual building blocks - a feat which has thus far remained elusive. Here, a design approach is demonstrated to chemically engineer the thermal expansion coefficient of 2D supramolecular networks by over an order of magnitude (\boldmath 120 to \boldmath 1000 × 10-6 K-1). This systematic study provides a clear pathway on how to carefully design the thermal expansion coefficient of a 2D molecular assembly. Specifically, a linear relation has been identified between the length of decorating alkyl chains and the thermal expansion coefficient. Counter-intuitively, the shorter the chains the larger is the thermal expansion coefficient. This precise control over thermo-mechanical properties marks a significant leap forward in the de-novo design of advanced 2D materials. The possibility to chemically engineer their thermo-mechanical properties holds promise for innovations in sensors, actuators, and responsive materials across diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scherb
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Yanwei Gu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - J G Vilhena
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Yiming Song
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
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3
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Hinaut A, Scherb S, Freund S, Liu Z, Glatzel T, Meyer E. Influence of electrospray deposition on C 60 molecular assemblies. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:552-558. [PMID: 34221801 PMCID: PMC8218541 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining clean conditions for samples during all steps of preparation and investigation is important for scanning probe studies at the atomic or molecular level. For large or fragile organic molecules, where sublimation cannot be used, high-vacuum electrospray deposition is a good alternative. However, because this method requires the introduction into vacuum of the molecules from solution, clean conditions are more difficult to be maintained. Additionally, because the presence of solvent on the surface cannot be fully eliminated, one has to take care of its possible influence. Here, we compare the high-vacuum electrospray deposition method to thermal evaporation for the preparation of C60 on different surfaces and compare, for sub-monolayer coverages, the influence of the deposition method on the formation of molecular assemblies. Whereas the island location is the main difference for metal surfaces, we observe for alkali halide and metal oxide substrates that the high-vacuum electrospray method can yield single isolated molecules accompanied by surface modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Scherb
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sara Freund
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Creating a regular array of metal-complexing molecules on an insulator surface at room temperature. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6424. [PMID: 33349635 PMCID: PMC7752910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling self-assembled nanostructures on bulk insulators at room temperature is crucial towards the fabrication of future molecular devices, e.g., in the field of nanoelectronics, catalysis and sensor applications. However, at temperatures realistic for operation anchoring individual molecules on electrically insulating support surfaces remains a big challenge. Here, we present the formation of an ordered array of single anchored molecules, dimolybdenum tetraacetate, on the (10.4) plane of calcite (CaCO3). Based on our combined study of atomic force microscopy measurements and density functional theory calculations, we show that the molecules neither diffuse nor rotate at room temperature. The strong anchoring is explained by electrostatic interaction of an ideally size-matched molecule. Especially at high coverage, a hard-sphere repulsion of the molecules and the confinement at the calcite surface drives the molecules to form locally ordered arrays, which is conceptually different from attractive linkers as used in metal-organic frameworks. Our work demonstrates that tailoring the molecule-surface interaction opens up the possibility for anchoring individual metal-complexing molecules into ordered arrays.
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Freund S, Hinaut A, Marinakis N, Constable EC, Meyer E, Housecroft CE, Glatzel T. Comparing a porphyrin- and a coumarin-based dye adsorbed on NiO(001). BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:874-881. [PMID: 31165014 PMCID: PMC6541355 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Properties of metal oxides, such as optical absorption, can be influenced through the sensitization with molecular species that absorb visible light. Molecular/solid interfaces of this kind are particularly suited for the development and design of emerging hybrid technologies such as dye-sensitized solar cells. A key optimization parameter for such devices is the choice of the compounds in order to control the direction and the intensity of charge transfer across the interface. Here, the deposition of two different molecular dyes, porphyrin and coumarin, as single-layered islands on a NiO(001) single crystal surface have been studied by means of non-contact atomic force microscopy at room temperature. Comparison of both island types reveals different adsorption and packing of each dye, as well as an opposite charge-transfer direction, which has been quantified by Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Freund
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Marinakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Investigations of Novel High-Temperature Resistant Polymers for Electro-Optical Applications in Signal Processing Systems. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper the novel high-temperature resistant polymers with nonlinear optical properties have been synthesized, characterized and tested for use in electro-optical components with high bit rate optical signal processing systems and for dynamic holography. The characterization that has been reported include the measurement of second-order nonlinear susceptibility by second harmonic generation, UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD measurement dielectric relaxation, glass transition temperature and molecular weight distribution before and after artificial ageing. Also, we have done AFM investigations and profilometry measurements for stamp patterning layers. The application of the new polyimides for electro-optic devices has been evaluated by creation of thin oriented polymer films on various substrates and preparation of planar and strip waveguides.
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Freund S, Pawlak R, Moser L, Hinaut A, Steiner R, Marinakis N, Constable EC, Meyer E, Housecroft CE, Glatzel T. Transoid-to-Cisoid Conformation Changes of Single Molecules on Surfaces Triggered by Metal Coordination. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12851-12856. [PMID: 31458009 PMCID: PMC6645055 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Conformational isomers are stereoisomers that can interconvert over low potential barriers by rotation around a single bond. However, such bond rotation is hampered by geometrical constraints when molecules are adsorbed on surfaces. Here, we show that the adsorption of 4,4'-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)-6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine molecules on surfaces leads to the appearance of prochiral single molecules on NiO(001) and to enantiopure supramolecular domains on Au(111) surfaces containing the transoid-molecule conformation. Upon additional Fe adatom deposition, molecules undergo a controlled interconversion from a transoid-to-cisoid conformation as a result of coordination of the Fe atoms to the 2,2'-bipyridine moieties. As confirmed by atomic force microscopy images and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, the resulting molecular structures become irreversibly achiral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Freund
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- E-mail:
| | - Lucas Moser
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Steiner
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Marinakis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwin C. Constable
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine E. Housecroft
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Müller V, Hinaut A, Moradi M, Baljozovic M, Jung TA, Shahgaldian P, Möhwald H, Hofer G, Kröger M, King BT, Meyer E, Glatzel T, Schlüter AD. A Two‐Dimensional Polymer Synthesized at the Air/Water Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10584-10588. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Müller
- Department of Materials, Polymer ChemistryETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of PhysicsUniversity Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mina Moradi
- Laboratory for Micro- and NanotechnologyPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
- School of Life ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences and ArtsNorthwestern Switzerland Gründenstrasse 40 4132 Muttenz Switzerland
| | - Milos Baljozovic
- Laboratory for Micro- and NanotechnologyPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Jung
- Laboratory for Micro- and NanotechnologyPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Patrick Shahgaldian
- School of Life ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences and ArtsNorthwestern Switzerland Gründenstrasse 40 4132 Muttenz Switzerland
| | - Helmuth Möhwald
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces Potsdam-Golm Science Park 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Gregor Hofer
- Department of Materials, Polymer ChemistryETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Martin Kröger
- Department of Materials, Polymer PhysicsETH Zurich Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T. King
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Nevada Reno NV 89557-0216 USA
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of PhysicsUniversity Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of PhysicsUniversity Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Materials, Polymer ChemistryETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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Müller V, Hinaut A, Moradi M, Baljozovic M, Jung TA, Shahgaldian P, Möhwald H, Hofer G, Kröger M, King BT, Meyer E, Glatzel T, Schlüter AD. A Two‐Dimensional Polymer Synthesized at the Air/Water Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Müller
- Department of Materials, Polymer ChemistryETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department of PhysicsUniversity Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mina Moradi
- Laboratory for Micro- and NanotechnologyPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
- School of Life ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences and ArtsNorthwestern Switzerland Gründenstrasse 40 4132 Muttenz Switzerland
| | - Milos Baljozovic
- Laboratory for Micro- and NanotechnologyPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Jung
- Laboratory for Micro- and NanotechnologyPaul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Patrick Shahgaldian
- School of Life ScienceUniversity of Applied Sciences and ArtsNorthwestern Switzerland Gründenstrasse 40 4132 Muttenz Switzerland
| | - Helmuth Möhwald
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces Potsdam-Golm Science Park 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Gregor Hofer
- Department of Materials, Polymer ChemistryETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Martin Kröger
- Department of Materials, Polymer PhysicsETH Zurich Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T. King
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Nevada Reno NV 89557-0216 USA
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of PhysicsUniversity Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department of PhysicsUniversity Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Materials, Polymer ChemistryETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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