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Cao D, Heughebaert L, Boffel L, Stove C, Van Der Straeten D. Simultaneous quantification of seven B vitamins from wheat grains using UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2024; 453:139667. [PMID: 38776794 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
B-group vitamins are important micronutrients for maintaining human health; nevertheless, B vitamin deficiency is a globally widespread issue. Thus, it is relevant to accurately assess the B-vitamin content in staple crop products such as wheat grains. Here, we developed a multi-enzyme extraction method allowing accurate quantification of seven B vitamins in wheat using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Free forms of thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7) and folates (B9) were determined with recoveries ranging from 81 to 118% and accuracy below 15% bias. The precision was below 20% relative standard deviation and the internal standards adequately compensated for matrix effects. The method was applied to determine the B vitamin stabilities in wheat grains stored at different temperatures and periods. The results provide an important basis in future studies aiming at understanding nutritional availability of B vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Cao
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Liesl Heughebaert
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Laura Boffel
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Ulmann N, Hioe J, Touraud D, Horinek D, Kunz W. Self-association as a solubility limiting factor of riboflavin in aqueous media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:18930-18942. [PMID: 38952212 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02074j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of needle shaped riboflavin (RF) crystals revealed π-stacking of RF's isoalloxazine units (distance: 3.643-3.313 Å) with syn-orientated ribityl chains. In line with this, classical molecular dynamics (MD) (400 ns) using an isobaric-isothermal (NPT) ensemble of eight RF in a water box (〈V〉 ∼ 508.62 nm3, 〈p〉 = 1.11 bar) revealed anti-aligned aggregation of RF in water (COM-distance: 4 Å). Comparing umbrella sampling for the separation of two RF molecules to the separation of two lumichrome molecules, the similar mean potential force for the separation of RF and lumichrome (22.8 kJ mol-1; 24.4 kJ mol-1) proved dispersive interactions as the origin of RF's aggregation. Though stacking of RF is the major water-solubility limiting factor, the conformation of RF's ribityl chain may alter the solubility in water. Both, MD (in water) and COSMO-RS (in water continuum) predicted that conformations of RF with an extended ribityl chain are thermodynamically preferred over any conformations with internal hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups and nitrogen/oxygen atoms of the pyrimidine moiety of the flavin ring. Interestingly, COSMO-RS predicted the solubility of the extended conformation to be significantly lower than the latter leading to the very low average solubility of RF. Nuclear Overhauser effect measurements (NOESY) of the structurally related sodium riboflavin 5'-monophosphate (RF-PO4) in deuterium oxide confirmed π-stacking of the isoalloxazine rings. In conformity with the 350 times higher water-solubility of RF-PO4, NOESY also indicated a contorted conformation of the ribityl phosphate chain, whereas, for RF, indications for a contorted chain were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Ulmann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Johnny Hioe
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Didier Touraud
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Dominik Horinek
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Werner Kunz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Kazi SH, Sheraz MA, Anwar Z, Musharraf SG, Ahmed S, Bano R, Mirza T, Heo K, Na JH. Photolysis of tolfenamic acid in aqueous and organic solvents: a kinetic study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:21383-21397. [PMID: 38979457 PMCID: PMC11228578 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01369g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tolfenamic acid (TA) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that was studied for its photodegradation in aqueous (pH 2.0-12.0) and organic solvents (acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol). TA follows first-order kinetics for its photodegradation, and the apparent first-order rate constants (k obs) are in the range of 0.65 (pH 12.0) to 6.94 × 10-2 (pH 3.0) min-1 in aqueous solution and 3.28 (1-butanol) to 7.69 × 10-4 (acetonitrile) min-1 in organic solvents. The rate-pH profile for TA photodegradation is an inverted V (∧) or V-top shape, indicating that the cationic form is more susceptible to acid hydrolysis than the anionic form of TA, which is less susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis. The fluorescence behavior of TA also exhibits a V-top-shaped curve, indicating maximum fluorescence intensity at pH 3.0. TA is highly stable at a pH range of 5.0-7.0, making it suitable for formulation development. In organic solvents, the photodegradation rate of TA increases with the solvent's dielectric constant and solvent acceptor number, indicating solute-solvent interactions. The values of k obs decreased with increased viscosity of the solvents due to diffusion-controlled processes. The correlation between k obs versus ionization potential and solvent density has also been established. A total of 17 photoproducts have been identified through LC-MS, of which nine have been reported for the first time. It has been confirmed through electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry that the excited singlet state of TA is converted into an excited triplet state through intersystem crossing, which results in an increased rate of photodegradation in acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Hafeez Kazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University Karachi-75340 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University Karachi-75340 Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University Karachi-75340 Pakistan
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi Karachi-75270 Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University Karachi-75340 Pakistan
| | - Raheela Bano
- Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences (Ojha Campus) Karachi Pakistan
| | - Tania Mirza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University Karachi-75340 Pakistan
| | - Kyuyoung Heo
- Reliability Assessment Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Na
- Department of Convergence System Engineering, Chungnam National University Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
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4
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Caruso C, D'Andrea L, Troisi M, Rinaldi M, Piscopo R, Troisi S, Costagliola C. Corneal collagen cross-linking in patients with keratoconus from the Dresden protocol to customized solutions: theoretical basis. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:951-962. [PMID: 38766341 PMCID: PMC11074195 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.05.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus is an ectatic condition characterized by gradual corneal thinning, corneal protrusion, progressive irregular astigmatism, corneal fibrosis, and visual impairment. The therapeutic options regarding improvement of visual function include glasses or soft contact lenses correction for initial stages, gas-permeable rigid contact lenses, scleral lenses, implantation of intrastromal corneal ring or corneal transplants for most advanced stages. In keratoconus cases showing disease progression corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) has been proven to be an effective, minimally invasive and safe procedure. CXL consists of a photochemical reaction of corneal collagen by riboflavin stimulation with ultraviolet A radiation, resulting in stromal crosslinks formation. The aim of this review is to carry out an examination of CXL methods based on theoretical basis and mathematical models, from the original Dresden protocol to the most recent developments in the technique, reporting the changes proposed in the last 15y and examining the advantages and disadvantages of the various treatment protocols. Finally, the limits of non-standardized methods and the perspectives offered by a customization of the treatment are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Caruso
- Corneal Transplant Center, Pellegrini Hospital, Via Portamedina alla Pignasecca 41, Napoli 80127, Italy
| | - Luca D'Andrea
- Eye Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
- Public Health Department, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Mario Troisi
- Eye Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Michele Rinaldi
- Eye Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Raffaele Piscopo
- Eye Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Salvatore Troisi
- Salerno Hospital University, Ophthalmologic Unit, Baronissi, Campania 84131, Italy
| | - Ciro Costagliola
- Eye Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
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Gricajeva A, Buchovec I, Kalėdienė L, Badokas K, Vitta P. Evaluation of visible light and natural photosensitizers against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus planktonic cells and biofilm. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28811. [PMID: 38596007 PMCID: PMC11002230 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photoinactivation (API) has shown some promise in potentially treating different nosocomial bacterial infections, however, its application on staphylococci, especially other than Staphylococcus aureus or methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) species is still limited. Although S. aureus is a well-known and important nosocomial pathogen, several other species of the genus, particularly coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) species such as Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, can also cause healthcare-associated infections and foodborne intoxications. CNS are often involved in resilient biofilm formation on medical devices and can cause infections in patients with compromised immune systems or those undergoing invasive procedures. In this study, the effects of chlorophyllin and riboflavin-mediated API on S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus planktonic cells and biofilm are demonstrated for the first time. Based on the residual growth determination and metabolic reduction ability changes, higher inactivating efficiency of chlorophyllin-mediated API was determined against the planktonic cells of both tested species of bacteria and against S. saprophyticus biofilm. Some insights on whether aqueous solutions of riboflavin and chlorophyllin, when illuminated with optimal exciting wavelength (440 nm and 402 nm, respectively) generate O2-•, are also provided in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Gricajeva
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio avenue 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irina Buchovec
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Sauletekio avenue 3, LT-10257, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lilija Kalėdienė
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio avenue 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kazimieras Badokas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Sauletekio avenue 3, LT-10257, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Pranciškus Vitta
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Sauletekio avenue 3, LT-10257, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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6
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Noreen A, Anwar Z, Ahsan Ejaz M, Usmani M, Khan T, Ali Sheraz M, Ahmed S, Mirza T, Khurshid A, Ahmad I. Riboflavin (vitamin B 2) sensitized photooxidation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C): A kinetic study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 309:123813. [PMID: 38198998 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AH2) photoxidation sensitized by riboflavin (RF) has been studied between pH 2.0 and 12.0 in ambient air and anaerobic environment using UV and visible irradiation sources. The kinetics of AH2 degradation in aqueous medium along with RF is found to be first-order for its photodegradation. AH2 photolysis rate constants in aerobic and anaerobic conditions with RF (1.0-5.0 × 10-5 M) are 0.14-3.89 × 10-2 and 0.026-0.740 × 10-2 min-1, respectively. The rate constants (k2) of second-order kinetics for AH2 and RF photochemical interaction in aerobic and anaerobic conditions are in the range of 0.24-3.70 to 0.05-0.70 × 10-3 M-1 min-1, respectively, which manifests that increasing the RF concentration also increases the rate of photodegradation (photooxidation) of AH2. The k2 versus pH graph is bell-shaped which indicates that increasing the pH increases photolytic degradation rate of AH2 with RF. Increasing the pH results in the increased ionization of AH2 (ascorbyl anion, AH-) and redox potential which leads to the higher rates of photodegradation of AH2. Two-component spectrophotometric (243 and 266 nm, AH2 and RF, respectively) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods have been used to determine the concentration of AH2 and RF in pure and degraded solutions. The results obtained from these two methods are compared using a student t-test which showed no noteworthy difference between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Noreen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Ejaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Muneeba Usmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sindh, Allama I.I., Kazi Campus, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Sheraz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Sofia Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Tania Mirza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Adeela Khurshid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baqai Medical University, Gadap Road, Super Highway, Karachi 75340, Pakistan
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7
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Marchi RC, Kock FVC, Soares Dos Campos IA, Jesus HCR, Venâncio T, da Silva MFGF, Fernandes JB, Rollini M, Limbo S, Carlos RM. Antioxidant activity of an Mg(II) compound containing ferulic acid as a chelator: potential application for active packaging and riboflavin stabilisation. Food Funct 2024; 15:1527-1538. [PMID: 38231081 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05039d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Foods rich in riboflavin (Rf) are susceptible to degradation due to oxidative processes with the formation of radicals. Herein, we describe the features and stability of an Mg(II) complex containing ferulic acid (fer) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as chelators: henceforth called Mg(phen)(fer). The electrochemical behavior of Mg(phen)(fer) is pH dependent and results from the stabilisation of the corresponding phenoxyl radical via complexation with Mg(II). This stabilisation enhances the antioxidant activity of Mg(phen)(fer) with respect to free fer and commercial antioxidants. Mg(phen)(fer) scavenges and neutralizes DPPH˙ (IC50 = 15.6 μmol L-1), ABTS˙+ (IC50 = 5.65 μmol L-1), peroxyl radical (IC50 = 5.64 μg L-1) and 1O2 (IC50 = 0.7 μg m-1). Mg(phen)(fer) effectively protects riboflavin (Rf) against photodegradation by quenching the singlet excited states of Rf regardless of the conditions. Also, the complex Mg(phen)(fer) was effectively incorporated into starch films, broadening its applications, as shown by microbiological studies. Thus, Mg(phen)(fer) has high potential for use in Rf-rich foods and to become a new alternative to the synthetic antioxidants currently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Marchi
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Flavio V C Kock
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Isabele A Soares Dos Campos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Cesar R Jesus
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Venâncio
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria Fátima G F da Silva
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - João B Fernandes
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Manuela Rollini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Limbo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Rose M Carlos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís-km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Basak S, Singhal RS. Inclusion of konjac glucomannan in pea protein hydrogels improved the rheological and in vitro release properties of the composite hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128689. [PMID: 38092100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a composite hydrogel consisting of pea protein and konjac glucomannan (KG) was fabricated using three approaches, namely neutral, salt-set, and alkaline gelation. Hydrogels made from pea protein were brittle and weak. The addition of KG improved the elasticity and water holding capacity of the pea protein hydrogels. Concomitantly, a decrease in syneresis rate and swelling of the composite hydrogels was observed. The alkaline-set hydrogels exhibited the highest resilience to strain. Thixotropicity was found to be less pronounced for salt-set hydrogels. Sulphate had a greater positive effect on the structural recovery and negative effect on hysteresis area than chloride due to the greater salting-out effect of the sulphates. The addition of KG facilitated the formation of an interconnected structure with limited mobility of biopolymer chains. A sharp increase in G' and G" during the temperature ramp indicated the predominance of hydrophobic interactions towards the aggregation of biopolymers. The infrared spectra of the hydrogels revealed a change in secondary structure of proteins on addition of KG. A controlled in vitro release of riboflavin was observed in neutral and salt-set hydrogels. The alkaline-set hydrogels exhibited a prolonged gastric retention time, thereby establishing in vitro antacid activity in the gastric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Basak
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Rekha S Singhal
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India.
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9
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Sommerfeld F, Weyersberg L, Vatter P, Hessling M. Photoinactivation of the bacteriophage PhiX174 by UVA radiation and visible light in SM buffer and DMEM-F12. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:3. [PMID: 38167092 PMCID: PMC10759336 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been observed that viruses can be inactivated by UVA radiation and visible light. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a medium that contains a photosensitizer might have an influence on viral reduction under irradiation by UVA, violet or blue light. Test virus is the bacteriophage PhiX174 in the photosensitizer-free SM buffer and DMEM-F12, which contains the known photosensitizer riboflavin. RESULTS The determined PhiX174 D90 doses in SM buffer and DMEM were 36.8 J/cm² and 13.6 J/cm² at 366 nm, 153.6 J/cm² and 129.1 J/cm² at 408 nm and 4988 J/cm² and 2477.1 J/cm² at 455 nm, respectively. It can be concluded that the medium has a large influence on the results. This might be caused by the photosensitizer riboflavin in DMEM-F12. As riboflavin is a key component in many cell culture media, irradiation experiments with viruses in cell culture media should be avoided if the investigation of intrinsical photoinactivation properties of viruses is aimed for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sommerfeld
- Department of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Weyersberg
- Department of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Petra Vatter
- Department of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Hessling
- Department of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081, Ulm, Germany.
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10
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Shi H, Jiang X, Wen X, Hou C, Chen D, Mu Y, Shen J. Enhanced azo dye reduction at semiconductor-microbe interface: The key role of semiconductor band structure. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120846. [PMID: 37952328 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Low-energy environmental remediation could be achieved by biocatalysis with assistance of light-excited semiconductor, in which the energy band structure of semiconductor has a significant influence on the metabolic process and electron transfer of microbes. In this study, direct Z-scheme and type II heterojunction semiconductor with different energy band structure were successfully synthesized for constructing semiconductor-microbe interface with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 to achieve acid orange7 (AO7) biodegradation. UV-vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectra and photoelectrochemical analysis revealed that the direct Z-scheme heterojunction semiconductor had stronger reduction power and faster separation of photoelectron-hole, which was beneficial for the AO7 biodegradation at semiconductor-microbe interface. Riboflavin was also involved in electron transfer between the semiconductor and microbes during AO7 reduction. Transcriptome results illustrated that functional gene expression of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 was upregulated significantly with photo-stimulation of direct Z-scheme semiconductor, and Mtr pathway and conductive pili played the important roles in the photoelectron utilization by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. This work is expected to provide alternative ideas for designing semiconductor-microbial interface with efficient electron transfer and broadening their applications in bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Xinbai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Xiaojiao Wen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Cheng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yang Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jinyou Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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11
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Taiti C, Di Sotto A, Stefano G, Percaccio E, Iannone M, Marianelli A, Garzoli S. Identification of Volatile Molecules and Bioactivity of Gruyt Craft Beer Enriched with Citrus aurantium var. dulcis L. Essential Oil. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:350. [PMID: 38203520 PMCID: PMC10779301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, for the first time, a gruyt beer and the same one after the addition of Citrus aurantium essential oil (AEO), were investigated to determine the composition of the volatile fraction. The applied analytical techniques, such as Head Space/Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS/SPME-GC-MS) and Proton Transfer Reaction-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), allowed us to identify the content of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). From the comparison between the two beer samples, it showed that the one after the addition of AEO was particularly richened in limonene and a series of minor terpene compounds. AEO was also characterized by GC/MS analysis and the results showed that limonene reached 95%. Confocal microscopy was used to look at riboflavin autofluorescence in yeast cells. It was found that beer with AEO had twice as much fluorescence intensity as the control. A spectrophotometric analysis of total polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids, and a bioactivity screening, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-Ethylbenzthiazolin-6-Sulfonic Acid) (ABTS) radical scavenger, chelating, reducing, antiglycative ones, were also carried out. Moreover, the tolerability of the tested samples in human H69 cholangiocytes and the cytoprotection towards the tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH)-induced oxidative damage were evaluated. Under our experimental conditions, the beers were found to be able to scavenge DPPH and ABTS radicals and chelate iron ions, despite weak antiglycative and reducing properties. The tested samples did not affect the viability of H69 cholangiocytes up to the highest concentrations; moreover, no signs of cytoprotection against the damage induced by tBOOH were highlighted. Adding AEO to beer resulted in a moderate enhancement of its DPPH scavenging and chelating abilities, without improvements in the other assays. Conversely, AEO and its major compound limonene were ineffective when assessed at the concentrations added to beer. This evidence suggests that the addition of AEO may enhance the organoleptic features of the beer and slightly potentiate some of its bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Taiti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Forest, Florence University, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Giovanni Stefano
- Department of Biology, Florence University, 50121 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Ester Percaccio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Matteo Iannone
- Circolo ARCI La Staffetta, 56011 Calci, Italy; (M.I.); (A.M.)
| | | | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
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12
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Sut S, Lacey K, Dhenge R, Ferrarese I, Santi S, Cacchioli A, Gazza F, Dall'Acqua S, Rinaldi M. Effect of different atmospheric and subatmospheric cooking techniques on physical and chemical qualitative properties of pork loin. Meat Sci 2023; 206:109338. [PMID: 37783025 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of four cooking procedures were evaluated, two occurring in atmospheric (in ventilated and steam oven) and two in subatmospheric (vacuum and sous vide cooking) conditions on pork Longissimus lumborum. The main objective of the study was to compare and evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics. Samples were cooked in four independent trials namely Oven (O), Steaming (ST), Vacuum Cooking (VC) and Sous Vide (SV). The analyses included temperature, cooking effect, percentage weight loss, texture (cutting and double compression tests), colour (superficially and inside the sample), microstructure (optical microscopy) and fibres shortening analysis. To assess cooking effects on significant nutritional constituents, the fatty acid composition and the content of B vitamins were analysed. Volatile profiles of samples were also compared using solid-phase microextraction. SV cooking resulted in the less favourable meat texture, presenting the highest hardness and chewiness. Moreover, high hardness values measured on SV samples is also related to the high weight loss. The technique of oven cooking (O) demonstrated superior results in terms of mechanical properties, which are closely associated with the cooking values. Specifically, the cook value C0 was significantly higher in the case of oven cooking compared to SV, VC, and ST. Mild temperature conditions and cooking times of the four considered cooking techniques did not induce significant variations in the fatty acid composition and volatile profile. Conversely, SV and VC allowed the highest amount of vitamin B retention in cooked meat. This work suggests that some differences emerged on the effects due to sub-atmospheric and atmospheric cooking compared to traditional ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sut
- Dipartimento di Scienze Del Farmaco, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Karen Lacey
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 47/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Rohini Dhenge
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 47/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Irene Ferrarese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Del Farmaco, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Saverio Santi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Cacchioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Gazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Dipartimento di Scienze Del Farmaco, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Rinaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 47/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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13
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Dahshan NA, Abu-Dahab R, Khalil EA, Al-Bakri AG. Bactericidal effect of Iberin combined with photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm cultured on ex vivo wound model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103841. [PMID: 37832710 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Wounds infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) biofilms are characterized by poor healing and by being long lasting. Pyocyanin and pyoverdine are exotoxins that contribute to P. aeruginosa pathogenicity in wound infections and are known as virulence factors. Despite the usefulness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the management of wound infections, biofilms are hurdle for microbial photoinactivation. Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell density-dependent chemical signaling system P. aeruginosa uses to regulate biofilm formation and virulence factors production. In the current study, QS attenuation was used in combination with PDT against P. aeruginosa biofilm cultured on skin explant. Iberin is a QS inhibitor that attenuates P. aeruginosa virulence and affects biofilm integrity. The antibiofilm and QS inhibitory activities of iberin in combination with either riboflavin or 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridinio) porphyrin tetra p-toluenesulfonate (TMP) mediated PDT were investigated using viable count method and pyocyanin and pyoverdine assays, respectively. No bactericidal activity was reported when iberin was added to a mature biofilm (24 h) followed by PDT. When added to a growing biofilm at multiple time points (0 h, 24 h and 48 h), iberin inhibited P. aeruginosa biofilm QS signaling system. This inhibitory effect resulted in an observable decrease in the levels of the QS-regulated virulence factors, pyocyanin and pyoverdine, without any effect on the growth of the biofilm cultures. These changes in biofilm virulence were associated with a decrease in biofilm resistance to PDT and caused bactericidal effect upon photosensitizers treatment and irradiation. Iberin-treated-riboflavin-mediated PDT resulted in a significant 1.3 log reduction in biofilm population. Similarly, iberin-treated-TMP-mediated PDT caused a significant 1.8 log reduction in biofilm population. The combination of QS inhibitor with PDT is a promising alternative antimicrobial therapy for the management of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen A Dahshan
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rana Abu-Dahab
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Enam A Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amal G Al-Bakri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
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14
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Shastak Y, Pelletier W. From Metabolism to Vitality: Uncovering Riboflavin's Importance in Poultry Nutrition. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3554. [PMID: 38003171 PMCID: PMC10668813 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, is indispensable for poultry, profoundly impacting their metabolic equilibrium, growth, and overall health. In a climate of increasing demand for poultry products and heightened production intensity, grasping the multifaceted roles of riboflavin in domestic fowl nutrition becomes paramount. This essential vitamin serves as a precursor to two vital coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, integral players in pivotal redox reactions and energy metabolism. Inadequate riboflavin levels translate into stunted growth, skeletal deformities, and compromised feed conversion efficiency, thereby adversely affecting poultry performance and bottom-line profitability. Riboflavin goes beyond its fundamental role, ameliorating nutrient utilization, facilitating protein synthesis, and augmenting enzyme activity, rightfully earning its epithet as the "growth-promoting vitamin". Poultry's reproductive success intricately hinges on riboflavin levels, dictating egg production and hatchability. It is imperative to note that riboflavin requirements exhibit variations among poultry species and distinct production phases, emphasizing the importance of judicious and balanced supplementation strategies. Aligning dietary recommendations with genetic advancements holds the promise of fostering sustainable growth within the poultry sector. Exploring the multifaceted aspects of riboflavin empowers researchers, nutritionists, and producers to elevate poultry nutrition and overall well-being, harmonizing with the industry's evolving demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauheni Shastak
- Nutrition & Health Division, BASF SE, 67063 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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15
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Lee TY, Farah N, Chin VK, Lim CW, Chong PP, Basir R, Lim WF, Loo YS. Medicinal benefits, biological, and nanoencapsulation functions of riboflavin with its toxicity profile: A narrative review. Nutr Res 2023; 119:1-20. [PMID: 37708600 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin is a precursor of the essential coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Both possess antioxidant properties and are involved in oxidation-reduction reactions, which have a significant impact on energy metabolism. Also, the coenzymes participate in metabolism of pyridoxine, niacin, folate, and iron. Humans must obtain riboflavin through their daily diet because of the lack of programmed enzymatic machineries for de novo riboflavin synthesis. Because of its physiological nature and fast elimination from the human body when in excess, riboflavin consumed is unlikely to induce any negative effects or develop toxicity in humans. The use of riboflavin in pharmaceutical and clinical contexts has been previously explored, including for preventing and treating oxidative stress and reperfusion oxidative damage, creating synergistic compounds to mitigate colorectal cancer, modulating blood pressure, improving diabetes mellitus comorbidities, as well as neuroprotective agents and potent photosensitizer in killing bloodborne pathogens. Thus, the goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of riboflavin's biological applications in medicine, key considerations of riboflavin safety and toxicity, and a brief overview on the nanoencapsulation of riboflavin for various functions including the treatment of a range of diseases, photodynamic therapy, and cellular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Yan Lee
- Perdana University School of Liberal Arts, Science and Technology (PUScLST), Wisma Chase Perdana, Changkat Semantan, Damansara Heights, 50490 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nuratiqah Farah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Voon Kin Chin
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, SEGi University, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Woei Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rusliza Basir
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wai Feng Lim
- Sunway Medical Centre, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yan Shan Loo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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16
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Heydari A, KhajeHassani M, Daneshafruz H, Hamedi S, Dorchei F, Kotlár M, Kazeminava F, Sadjadi S, Doostan F, Chodak I, Sheibani H. Thermoplastic starch/bentonite clay nanocomposite reinforced with vitamin B 2: Physicochemical characteristics and release behavior. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124742. [PMID: 37148934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development and characterization of a nanocomposite material, consisting of thermoplastic starch (TPS) reinforced with bentonite clay (BC) and encapsulated with vitamin B2 (VB). The research is motivated by the potential of TPS as a renewable and biodegradable substitute for petroleum-based materials in the biopolymer industry. The effects of VB on the physicochemical properties of TPS/BC films, including mechanical and thermal properties, water uptake, and weight loss in water, were investigated. In addition, the surface morphology and chemical composition of the TPS samples were analyzed using high-resolution SEM microscopy and EDS, providing insight into the structure-property relationship of the nanocomposites. The results showed that the addition of VB significantly increased the tensile strength and Young's modulus of TPS/BC films, with the highest values observed for nanocomposites containing 5 php of VB and 3 php of BC. Furthermore, the release of VB was controlled by the BC content, with higher BC content leading to lower VB release. These findings demonstrate the potential of TPS/BC/VB nanocomposites as environmentally friendly materials with improved mechanical properties and controlled release of VB, which can have significant applications in the biopolymer industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Heydari
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia; National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Nábrežie I. Krasku 4782/4, 921 12 Piešťany, Slovakia.
| | - Milad KhajeHassani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Daneshafruz
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169, Iran
| | - Sepideh Hamedi
- Faculty of New Technologies Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faeze Dorchei
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mário Kotlár
- Centre for Nanodiagnostics of Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Vazovova 5, Bratislava 81243, Slovakia
| | - Fahimeh Kazeminava
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samahe Sadjadi
- Gas Conversion Department, Faculty of Petrochemicals, Iran polymer and Petrochemical Institute, PO Box 14975-112, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Doostan
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ivan Chodak
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hassan Sheibani
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169, Iran
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17
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Klein VJ, Brito LF, Perez-Garcia F, Brautaset T, Irla M. Metabolic engineering of thermophilic Bacillus methanolicus for riboflavin overproduction from methanol. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1011-1026. [PMID: 36965151 PMCID: PMC10128131 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing need of next generation feedstocks for biotechnology spurs an intensification of research on the utilization of methanol as carbon and energy source for biotechnological processes. In this paper, we introduced the methanol-based overproduction of riboflavin into metabolically engineered Bacillus methanolicus MGA3. First, we showed that B. methanolicus naturally produces small amounts of riboflavin. Then, we created B. methanolicus strains overexpressing either homologous or heterologous gene clusters encoding the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway, resulting in riboflavin overproduction. Our results revealed that the supplementation of growth media with sublethal levels of chloramphenicol contributes to a higher plasmid-based riboflavin production titre, presumably due to an increase in plasmid copy number and thus biosynthetic gene dosage. Based on this, we proved that riboflavin production can be increased by exchanging a low copy number plasmid with a high copy number plasmid leading to a final riboflavin titre of about 523 mg L-1 in methanol fed-batch fermentation. The findings of this study showcase the potential of B. methanolicus as a promising host for methanol-based overproduction of extracellular riboflavin and serve as basis for metabolic engineering of next generations of riboflavin overproducing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Jessica Klein
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Luciana Fernandes Brito
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fernando Perez-Garcia
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trygve Brautaset
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marta Irla
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Lekjinda K, Sunintaboon P. Green synthesis of quaternized chitosan nanogel using emulsion-photopolymerization as redox-responsive drug carrier. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 304:120495. [PMID: 36641180 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the green synthesis of trimethyl chitosan-functionalized poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA-TMC) nanogels via surfactant-free emulsion photopolymerization. TMC, a quaternized derivative of chitosan, was synthesized through methylation of chitosan, resulting in quaternary and tertiary amine groups as the main substitution products. TMC tertiary amine moiety and riboflavin (RF) acted as a redox photo-initiating system to generate free radicals for the polymerization under light irradiation. The effects of polymerization parameters such as irradiation time, concentrations of TMC and RF were investigated using MBA as crosslinker. Under the optimal condition of 1 % TMC, 4 % HEMA, 0.8 μM RF, 5 % MBA, and 4 h of polymerization time, the cationic PHEMA-TMC nanogel was synthesized with 76 % monomer conversion and an average diameter of about 106 nm. Moreover, the disulfide-crosslinked PHEMA-TMC nanogel was also synthesized using the disulfide dimethacrylate crosslinker, which exhibited a redox-induced degradation and release of encapsulated melatonin, potentially useful as a redox-responsive drug delivery carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritsadayut Lekjinda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Panya Sunintaboon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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19
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Groeneveld I, Ariese F, Somsen GW, van Bommel MR. Gas-permeable liquid-core waveguide coupled to LC-MS for studying the influence of oxygen on photodegradation processes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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20
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Hardy DM, Pike OA, Taylor BJ, Dunn ML. Effect of process parameters on vitamins and sensory acceptability in micronutrient-fortified soymilk prepared by small-scale batch processing. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1272-1282. [PMID: 36911816 PMCID: PMC10002871 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of holding time before cooling, cooling method, and light or dark refrigerated storage on the stability of vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamine, riboflavin, and folate were investigated in fortified and unfortified soymilk. Vitamin C loss (6%) and mild vitamin A isomerization occurred when soymilk was held hot after fortification. Cooling bottled soymilk at ambient temperature or in an ice-water bath did not affect any vitamins. Loss of riboflavin (18%) and vitamin A isomerization occurred during 12 days of light-exposed refrigerated storage, in contrast to no vitamin degradation during dark refrigerated storage. A sensory panel of youth and children indicated no significant preferences between fortified and unfortified soymilk except for color, where the lighter-colored unfortified soymilk was preferred. Acceptable vitamin stability and sensory characteristics can be achieved in fortified soymilk produced in small-scale batch processes with appropriate management of production and storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallin M Hardy
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Oscar A Pike
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Bradley J Taylor
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Michael L Dunn
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
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21
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McBride RA, Barnard DT, Jacoby-Morris K, Harun-Or-Rashid M, Stanley RJ. Reduced Flavin in Aqueous Solution Is Nonfluorescent. Biochemistry 2023; 62:759-769. [PMID: 36689576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Flavins are blue-light-absorbing chromophores with rich redox activity. Biologically, the most important are riboflavin (vitamin B2), flavin mononucleotide, and flavin adenine dinucleotide, the latter two of which are catalytic cofactors in enzymes. Flavins pivot between oxidized, one electron-, and two electron-reduced forms in different protonation states, depending on enzymatic requirements. Some flavoenzymes use light as a reagent for chemical bond formation, photoinduced electron transfer, or conformational changes required for light-sensitive signaling. Therefore, the photochemistry and photophysics of flavins have received wide attention. Fluorescence from oxidized flavin is often used to detect and track changes in flavin oxidation states. However, there have been conflicting reports over the past 45 years as to whether reduced flavin in solution has detectable fluorescence. Here, using single photon counting emission spectroscopy with rigorous sample preparation, we show definitively that reduced flavins are essentially nonfluorescent, having a quantum yield more than three orders of magnitude lower than oxidized flavin. This result will force a re-evaluation of experiments and models that assumed otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rylee A McBride
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., 250B Beury Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
| | - David T Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., 250B Beury Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
| | - Kimberly Jacoby-Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., 250B Beury Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
| | - Md Harun-Or-Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., 250B Beury Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
| | - Robert J Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., 250B Beury Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19122, United States
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22
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Uzunbajakava NE, Tobin DJ, Botchkareva NV, Dierickx C, Bjerring P, Town G. Highlighting nuances of blue light phototherapy: Mechanisms and safety considerations. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200257. [PMID: 36151769 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of blue light therapy in dermatology relies on numerous clinical studies. The safety remains a topic of controversy, where potentially deleterious effects were derived from in vitro rather than in vivo experiments. The objectives of this work were (1) to highlight the nuances behind "colors" of blue light, light propagation in tissue and the plurality of modes of action; and (2) to rigorously analyze studies on humans reporting both clinical and histological data from skin biopsies with focus on DNA damage, proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, impact on collagen, elastin, immune cells, and pigmentation. We conclude that blue light therapy is safe for human skin. It induces intriguing skin pigmentation, in part mediated by photoreceptor Opsin-3, which might have a photoprotective effect against ultraviolet irradiation. Future research needs to unravel photochemical reactions and the most effective and safe parameters of blue light in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Natalia V Botchkareva
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine Dierickx
- Skinperium Laser and Cosmetic Dermatology Clinic, Skinperium, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Peter Bjerring
- Dermatology Department, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Godfrey Town
- Dermatology Department, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Lee YB, Lim S, Lee Y, Park CH, Lee HJ. Green Chemistry for Crosslinking Biopolymers: Recent Advances in Riboflavin-Mediated Photochemistry. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1218. [PMID: 36770225 PMCID: PMC9920339 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin (RF), which is also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin. RF is a nontoxic and biocompatible natural substance. It absorbs light (at wavelengths of 380 and 450 nm) in the presence of oxygen to form reactive singlet oxygen (1O2). The generated singlet oxygen acts as a photoinitiator to induce the oxidation of biomolecules, such as amino acids, proteins, and nucleotides, or to initiate chemical reactions, such as the thiol-ene reaction and crosslinking of tyramine and furfuryl groups. In this review, we focus on the chemical mechanism and utilization of the photochemistry of RF, such as protein crosslinking and hydrogel formation. Currently, the crosslinking method using RF as a photoinitiator is actively employed in ophthalmic clinics. However, a significant broadening is expected in its range of applications, such as in tissue engineering and drug delivery.
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Khurshid A, Ahmad I, Khan N, Usmani M, Anwar Z. Solvent effect on the photolysis of 5‐fluorouracil: A kinetic study. INT J CHEM KINET 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeela Khurshid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Nimra Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Muneeba Usmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
| | - Zubair Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Baqai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan
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Fracassetti D, Ballabio D, Mastro M, Tirelli A, Jeffery DW. Response Surface Methodology Approach to Evaluate the Effect of Transition Metals and Oxygen on Photo-Degradation of Methionine in a Model Wine System Containing Riboflavin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:16347-16357. [PMID: 36512435 PMCID: PMC9937536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A Box-Behnken experimental design was implemented in model wine (MW) to clarify the impact of copper, iron, and oxygen in the photo-degradation of riboflavin (RF) and methionine (Met) by means of response surface methodology (RSM). Analogous experiments were undertaken in MW containing caffeic acid or catechin. The results evidenced the impact of copper, iron, and oxygen in the photo-induced reaction between RF and Met. In particular, considering a number of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) that act as markers of light-struck taste (LST), both transition metals can favor VSC formation, which was shown for the first time for iron. Oxygen in combination can also affect the concentration of VSCs, and a lower content of VSCs was revealed in the presence of phenols, especially caffeic acid. The perception of "cabbage" sensory character indicative of LST can be related to the transition metals as well as to the different phenols, with potentially strong prevention by phenolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fracassetti
- Department
of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Ballabio
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa Mastro
- Department
of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Tirelli
- Department
of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - David W. Jeffery
- Department
of Wine Science and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South
Australia 5064, Australia
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26
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Chepkoech B, Sila DN, Orina IN. Effect of Storage Condition on Retention of Vitamins in Selected Commercial Fortified Maize Flour in Kenya. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.10.3.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Food fortification is one strategy that has been used to overcome micronutrient deficiencies among vulnerable populations. Maize, a common staple food in Kenya, has been used as a suitable fortification vehicle. However, several factors, including storage conditions, impact micronutrient stability in fortified maize flour.This study aimed to to assess the influence of storage condition on the retention of retinol and B-vitamins in selected commercial fortified maize flour. Fresh samples of fortified maize flours from two brands (coded XX1 and XY2) were sampled from the manufacturers at the point of production. The storage stability of retinol and B-vitamins in the two brands (XX1 and XY2) was monitored for 6 months at 25 °C/ 75 % relative humidity and 35 °C/ 83 % relative humidity. Retinol and thiamine were the least stable vitamins in both flour brands, while riboflavin and folate were relatively stable. Niacin was the most stable vitamin. Retinol was the least stable vitamin for brand XXI at both 25 °C/75% RH and 35 °C/83% RH, followed by thiamine, riboflavin, folate, and niacin. However, brand XY2 showed that under both storage conditions, thiamine was the least stable vitamin, followed by retinol, riboflavin, folate, and niacin. Vitamin retention was higher in samples stored at a lower temperature and relative humidity (25 °C/ 75 % RH) than in samples stored at higher temperature and relative humidity (35 °C/ 83 % RH) for both brands. In conclusion, thiamine and retinol were generally more susceptible to storage losses. Although the vitamin content in the flour samples decreased during storage, the changes in both storage conditions (except for riboflavin) and both brands were not significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Chepkoech
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Ndaka Sila
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irene Nyangoge Orina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Thakur M, Modi VK. Biocolorants in food: Sources, extraction, applications and future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4674-4713. [PMID: 36503345 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2144997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Color of a food is one of the major factors influencing its acceptance by consumers. At presently synthetic dyes are the most commonly used food colorant in food industry by providing more esthetically appearance and as a means to quality control. However, the growing concern about health and environmental due to associated toxicity with synthetic food colorants has accelerated the global efforts to replace them with safer and healthy food colorants obtained from natural resources (plants, microorganisms, and animals). Further, many of these biocolorants not only provide myriad of colors to the food but also exert biological properties, thus they can be used as nutraceuticals in foods and beverages. In order to understand the importance of nature-derived pigments as food colorants, this review provides a thorough discussion on the natural origin of food colorants. Following this, different extraction methods for isolating biocolorants from plants and microbes were also discussed. Many of these biocolorants not only provide color, but also have many health promoting properties, for this reason their physicochemical and biological properties were also reviewed. Finally, current trends on the use of biocolorants in foods, and the challenges faced by the biocolorants in their effective utilization by food industry and possible solutions to these challenges were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Thakur
- Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V K Modi
- Amity Institute of Food Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Age-dependent effects of blue light exposure on lifespan, neurodegeneration, and mitochondria physiology in Drosophila melanogaster. NPJ AGING 2022; 8:11. [PMID: 35927421 PMCID: PMC9329351 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-022-00092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Blue light is a predominant component of light emitting devices (LEDs), which are increasingly present in our environment. There is already accumulating evidence that blue light exposure causes damage to retinal cells in vitro and in vivo; however, much less is known about potential effects of blue light on non-retinal cells. That blue light may be detrimental at the organismal level independent from retinal effect was recently shown by findings that it reduces lifespan in worms and also in flies with genetically ablated retinas. Here, we investigated the effects of blue light exposure across the fly lifespan and found that susceptibility to blue light stress is strongly age-dependent. The blue light of the same intensity and duration reduced survival and increased neurodegeneration more significantly in old flies than in young flies. These differences appear to be caused, at least in part, by impairments of mitochondrial respiratory function. We report that blue light significantly reduces the activity of Complex II in the electron transport system and decrease the biochemical activity of succinate dehydrogenase in both young and old flies. In addition, complex I and complex IV activities are reduced by age, as are ATP levels. We therefore propose that older flies are more sensitive to blue light because the light-induced mitochondrial damage potentiates the age-related impairments in energy metabolism that occurs even in darkness. Taken together, our results show that damaging effects of blue light at the organismal level are strongly age dependent and are associated with reduced activity of specific components of energy producing pathways in mitochondria.
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Ryu V, Chuesiang P, Corradini MG, McLandsborough L, Jin T, Ngo H, Fan X. Synergistic photoinactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua by curcumin and lauric arginate ethyl ester micelles. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Marković ZM, Kováčová M, Jeremić SR, Nagy Š, Milivojević DD, Kubat P, Kleinová A, Budimir MD, Mojsin MM, Stevanović MJ, Annušová A, Špitalský Z, Todorović Marković BM. Highly Efficient Antibacterial Polymer Composites Based on Hydrophobic Riboflavin Carbon Polymerized Dots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12224070. [PMID: 36432356 PMCID: PMC9699046 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Development of new types of antimicrobial coatings is of utmost importance due to increasing problems with pathogen transmission from various infectious surfaces to human beings. In this study, new types of highly potent antimicrobial polyurethane composite films encapsulated by hydrophobic riboflavin-based carbon polymer dots are presented. Detailed structural, optical, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic investigations of these composites were conducted. Low-power blue light triggered the composites to eradicate Escherichia coli in 30 min, whereas the same effect toward Staphylococcus aureus was reached after 60 min. These composites also show low toxicity against MRC-5 cells. In this way, RF-CPD composites can be used for sterilization of highly touched objects in the healthcare industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran M. Marković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mária Kováčová
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cestá 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sanja R. Jeremić
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Štefan Nagy
- Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cestá 9/6319, 84513 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dušan D. Milivojević
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pavel Kubat
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Angela Kleinová
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cestá 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milica D. Budimir
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija M. Mojsin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena J. Stevanović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Adriana Annušová
- Department of Multilayers and Nanostructures, Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cestá 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zdeno Špitalský
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cestá 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Biljana M. Todorović Marković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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31
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Gricajeva A, Buchovec I, Kalėdienė L, Badokas K, Vitta P. Riboflavin- and chlorophyllin-based antimicrobial photoinactivation of Brevundimonas sp. ESA1 biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1006723. [PMID: 36262183 PMCID: PMC9575555 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1006723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some Brevundimonas spp. are globally emerging opportunistic pathogens that can be dangerous to individuals with underlying medical conditions and for those who are immunocompromised. Gram-negative Brevundimonas spp. can form resilient sessile biofilms and are found not only in different confined terrestrial settings (e.g., hospitals) but are also frequently detected in spacecraft which is inhabited by astronauts that can have altered immunity. Therefore, Brevundimonas spp. pose a serious health hazard in different environments, especially in its biofilm form. Conventional antimicrobials applied to disrupt, inactivate, or prevent biofilm formation have limited efficiency and applicability in different closed-loop systems. Therefore, new, effective, and safe biofilm control technologies are in high demand. The present work aimed to investigate antimicrobial photoinactivation (API) of Brevundimonas sp. ESA1 monocultural biofilms mediated by non-toxic, natural photosensitizers such as riboflavin (RF) and chlorophyllin (Chl) with an emphasis of this technology as an example to be safely used in closed-loop systems such as spacecraft. The present study showed that Chl-based API had a bactericidal effect on Brevundimonas sp. ESA1 biofilms at twice the lower irradiation doses than was needed when applying RF-based API. Long-term API based on RF and Chl using 450 nm low irradiance plate has also been studied in this work as a more practically applicable API method. The ability of Brevundimonas sp. ESA1 biofilms to reduce alamarBlue™ and regrowth analysis have revealed that after the applied photoinactivation, bacteria can enter a viable but non-culturable state with no ability to resuscitate in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Gricajeva
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- *Correspondence: Alisa Gricajeva,
| | - Irina Buchovec
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lilija Kalėdienė
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kazimieras Badokas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Pranciškus Vitta
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Yang J, Song Y, Law AD, Rogan CJ, Shimoda K, Djukovic D, Anderson JC, Kretzschmar D, Hendrix DA, Giebultowicz JM. Chronic blue light leads to accelerated aging in Drosophila by impairing energy metabolism and neurotransmitter levels. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:983373. [PMID: 36118990 PMCID: PMC9479496 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.983373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Blue light (BL) is becoming increasingly prevalent in artificial illumination, raising concerns about its potential health hazard to humans. In fact, there is evidence suggesting that acute BL exposure may lead to oxidative stress and death of retinal cells specialized for photoreception. On the other hand, recent studies in Drosophila melanogaster demonstrated that chronic BL exposure across lifespan leads to accelerated aging manifested in reduced lifespan and brain neurodegeneration even in flies with genetically ablated eyes, suggesting that BL can damage cells and tissues not specialized for light perception. At the physiological level, BL exposure impairs mitochondria function in flies, but the metabolic underpinnings of these effects have not been studied. Here, we investigated effects of chronic BL on metabolic pathways in heads of eyes absent (eya2) mutant flies in order to focus on extra-retinal tissues. We compared metabolomic profiles in flies kept for 10 or 14 days in constant BL or constant darkness, using LC-MS and GC-MS. Data analysis revealed significant alterations in the levels of several metabolites suggesting that critical cellular pathways are impacted in BL-exposed flies. In particular, dramatic metabolic rearrangements are observed in heads of flies kept in BL for 14 days, including highly elevated levels of succinate but reduced levels of pyruvate and citrate, suggesting impairments in energy production. These flies also show onset of neurodegeneration and our analysis detected significantly reduced levels of several neurotransmitters including glutamate and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), suggesting that BL disrupts brain homeostasis. Taken together, these data provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which BL interferes with vital metabolic pathways that are conserved between fly and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Jun Yang, ; Jadwiga M. Giebultowicz,
| | - Yujuan Song
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Alexander D. Law
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Conner J. Rogan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Kelsey Shimoda
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Danijel Djukovic
- The Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Anderson
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Doris Kretzschmar
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - David A. Hendrix
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jadwiga M. Giebultowicz
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Jun Yang, ; Jadwiga M. Giebultowicz,
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Dibona-Villanueva L, Fuentealba D. Protoporphyrin IX-Chitosan Oligosaccharide Conjugate with Potent Antifungal Photodynamic Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9276-9282. [PMID: 35866700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new chemical conjugate between protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and chitosan oligosaccharides (CH) was prepared and evaluated in vitro as an antifungal agent against Penicillium digitatum. Chemical characterization and photophysical/photochemical studies were conducted. The antifungal effect of the CH-PPIX conjugate was compared to its components (PPIX and CH) and a physical mixture of both, under dark and illuminated conditions. The CH-PPIX conjugate was photostable and inhibited fungal growth with 100% efficiency at a dose of 0.005% w/v under visible light irradiation, while no antifungal activity was observed in the dark. Under the same conditions, CH and PPIX did not display any fungicidal activity, demonstrating the improved properties of the conjugate. Insights into the mechanism of fungal inactivation revealed an efficient spore uptake and photoinduced membrane damage through singlet oxygen generation. This new bioconjugate, which is based on natural components, represents a promising agent for fungicidal formulations based on antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Dibona-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Fotobiología, Departamento de Química Física, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Denis Fuentealba
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Fotobiología, Departamento de Química Física, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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34
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Photopolymerization with EDTA and Riboflavin for Proteins Analysis in Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. Protein J 2022; 41:438-443. [PMID: 35895218 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-022-10068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A new method for photosensitized polymerization of polyacrylamide gels was proposed. Photopolymerization of acrylamide/N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (AM/Bis) was assisted with combination of catalyst ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (EDTA) and photoinitiator riboflavin (RF). The prepared cross-linked AM/Bis + EDTA/RF gels were tested in electrophoretic SDS-PAGE system at high concentration of AM (20 wt%). The efficiency of these systems for electrophoretic separation of histones of human blood lymphocytes was demonstrated. In principle, such gels with small pores in the separation zone can offer advantages for resolution of proteins. The advantages of proposed method also include simple technique and possibility of gel preparation in a timely manner (for 10-15 min). However, in microporous gel systems some limitations in electroblotting technique could occur, which is particularly crucial for hydrophobic proteins.
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35
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Lima AR, da Silva CM, Caires CSA, Chaves H, Pancrácio AS, de Arruda EJ, Caires ARL, Oliveira SL. Photoinactivation of Aedes aegypti larvae using riboflavin as photosensitizer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:103030. [PMID: 35872352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
More than half of the global population lives in areas where the Aedes aegypti mosquito is present. Efforts have been made to deal with the population of this mosquito in the larval and adult stages to prevent outbreaks of diseases (Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya, and Yellow Fever). In this scenario, photodynamic inactivation may be an effective alternative method to control this vector population. To evaluate the efficacy of the riboflavin - B2 vitamin - as photosensitizer (PS) in the photodynamic inactivation of Ae. aegypti larvae, different concentrations (0; 0.005; 0.010; 0.025; 0.050; 0.075 and 0.100 mg mL-1) were evaluated under white light from RGB LEDs at a light dose of 495.2 J cm-2. The results reveal that riboflavin can be successfully applied as a PS agent to photoinactivate Ae. aegypti larvae, showing its potential to deal with the larvae population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Lima
- Grupo de Óptica e Fotônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - C M da Silva
- Grupo de Óptica e Fotônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - C S A Caires
- Grupo de Espectroscopia e Bioinformática Aplicados a Biodiversidade e a Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - H Chaves
- Grupo de Óptica e Fotônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - A S Pancrácio
- Grupo de Óptica e Fotônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - E J de Arruda
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, CP 533, Dourados, MS 79804-970, Brazil
| | - A R L Caires
- Grupo de Óptica e Fotônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - S L Oliveira
- Grupo de Óptica e Fotônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil.
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Yamabe S, Tsuchida N, Yamazaki S. A DFT study on the degradation mechanism of vitamin B2. FOOD CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 4:100080. [PMID: 35415686 PMCID: PMC8991990 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elementary processes of degradation from riboflavin were found by DFT calculations. Photochemical reaction courses in the lowest triplet spin state were elucidated. Base-catalyzed degradation paths from formylmethylflavin were determined. All the transition states of cleavage of C-C and C-N covalent bonds were determined.
Degradation reaction paths starting from riboflavin (RF) were investigated using DFT (density functional theory) as the first attempt to reveal their elementary processes. Photochemical reactions were followed in the lowest triplet spin state, “(T)”. Two intermediates [Int1(T) and Int2(T)] were found in the course, RF(T) → FMF (7,8-dimethyl-10-formylflavin, T). From FMF(T), there are two degradation channels. Release of ketene(T) and carbon monoxide leads to LC (lumichrome, S0) and LF (lumiflavin, T), respectively. The base-catalyzed (ground state) degradation of FMF was investigated with HO–(H2O)3. The Grotthuss-type proton transfer along hydrogen bonds controlled the degradation reaction. All the transition states of cleavage of C—C and C—N covalent bonds were determined, and the degradation mechanism was clarified.
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Groeneveld I, Bagdonaite I, Beekwilder E, Ariese F, Somsen GW, van Bommel MR. Liquid Core Waveguide Cell with In Situ Absorbance Spectroscopy and Coupled to Liquid Chromatography for Studying Light-Induced Degradation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7647-7654. [PMID: 35587271 PMCID: PMC9161219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In many areas, studying
photostability or the mechanism of photodegradation
is of high importance. Conventional methods to do so can be rather
time-consuming, laborious, and prone to experimental errors. In this
paper we evaluate an integrated and fully automated system for the
study of light-induced degradation, comprising a liquid handler, an
irradiation source and exposure cell with dedicated optics and spectrograph,
and a liquid chromatography (LC) system. A liquid core waveguide (LCW)
was used as an exposure cell, allowing efficient illumination of the
sample over a 12 cm path length. This cell was coupled to a spectrograph,
allowing in situ absorbance monitoring of the exposed sample during
irradiation. The LCW is gas-permeable, permitting diffusion of air
into the cell during light exposure. This unit was coupled online
to LC with diode array detection for immediate and automated analysis
of the composition of the light-exposed samples. The analytical performance
of the new system was established by assessing linearity, limit of
detection, and repeatability of the in-cell detection, sample recovery
and carryover, and overall repeatability of light-induced degradation
monitoring, using riboflavin as the test compound. The applicability
of the system was demonstrated by recording a photodegradation time
profile of riboflavin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Groeneveld
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrida Bagdonaite
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Beekwilder
- Da Vinci Laboratory Solutions, Sydneystraat 5, 3047 BP Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Ariese
- LaserLaB, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R van Bommel
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Amsterdam School for Heritage, Memory and Material Culture, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94552, 1091 GN Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pérez-Herráez I, Justo-Tirado M, Bueno-Cuenca M, Zaballos-García E, Pérez-Prieto J. Flavin adenine dinucleotide-capped gold nanoclusters: biocompatible photo-emissive nanomaterial and reservoir of lumichrome. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2250-2254. [PMID: 36133697 PMCID: PMC9418107 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel biocompatible nanohybrid consisting of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) capped with FAD cofactor molecules exhibits distinctive and unique features compared to those of free FAD. The spherical shape of the AuNC provides a large surface to volume ratio, thereby enabling a huge amount of FAD on the AuNC surface while, in basic media and under nitrogen atmosphere, the considerable curvature of its surface enables light-triggered delivery of lumichrome, which is an effective photosensitizer and fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pérez-Herráez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de Valencia Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de Valencia Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Miguel Justo-Tirado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de Valencia Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de Valencia Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Mar Bueno-Cuenca
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de Valencia Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Elena Zaballos-García
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de Valencia Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Julia Pérez-Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de Valencia Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
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39
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40
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Prediction of riboflavin and ascorbic acid concentrations in skimmed heat-treated milk using front-face fluorescence spectroscopy. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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41
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Inactivation of Opportunistic Pathogens Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030506. [PMID: 35336082 PMCID: PMC8948924 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are opportunistic pathogens causing hospital infections with limited treatment options due to bacterial multidrug resistance. Here, we report that antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) based on the natural photosensitizers riboflavin and chlorophyllin inactivates A. baumannii and S. maltophilia. The riboflavin and chlorophyllin photostability experiments assessed the photomodifications of photosensitizers under the conditions subsequently used to inactivate A. baumannii and S. maltophilia. A. baumannii planktonic cells were more sensitive to riboflavin-aPDT, while biofilm bacteria were more efficiently inactivated by chlorophyllin-aPDT. S. maltophilia planktonic and biofilm cells were more susceptible to chlorophyllin-aPDT compared to riboflavin-aPDT. The results suggest that riboflavin- and chlorophyllin-aPDT can be considered as a potential antimicrobial treatment for A. baumannii and S. maltophilia inactivation.
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42
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Xu E, Wang J, Tang J, Ruan S, Ma S, Qin Y, Wang W, Tian J, Zhou J, Cheng H, Liu D. Heat-induced conversion of multiscale molecular structure of natural food nutrients: A review. Food Chem 2022; 369:130900. [PMID: 34496317 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermal process is the most important way of treating foods. Heat energy inputted into the natural food system induces the depolymerization of multi-scale structures of matrix, and causes the intramolecular and intermolecular interactions of different nutrients. It attacks and breaks the original polymeric molecule structures and the functional properties of macronutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Micronutrients such as vitamins and other novel functional ingredients are also thermally converted. The heat-induced conversions of nutrients are slightly or totally with discrepancy in simple-, simulated- and real-food systems, respectively. Thus, this review aims to extensively summarize the heat-induced structural characteristics, thermal conversion pathways and pyrolysis mechanism of nutrients both in simple and complex food matrices. The structural change of each nutrient and its thermal reaction kinetics depend on the molecule structure and polymeric characteristic of the unit substances in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enbo Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Junyu Tang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China; Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shaolong Ruan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China; Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shuohan Ma
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yu Qin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China; Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jinhu Tian
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China; Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Huan Cheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China.
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43
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Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030484. [PMID: 35276844 PMCID: PMC8839250 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B3, that can also be synthetized from amino acid tryptophan. All of these vitamins are water soluble, which determines their main properties, namely: they are partly lost when food is washed or boiled since they migrate to the water; the requirement of membrane transporters for their permeation into the cells; and their safety since any excess is rapidly eliminated via the kidney. The therapeutic use of B-complex vitamins is mostly limited to hypovitaminoses or similar conditions, but, as they are generally very safe, they have also been examined in other pathological conditions. Nicotinic acid, a form of vitamin B3, is the only exception because it is a known hypolipidemic agent in gram doses. The article also sums up: (i) the current methods for detection of the vitamins of the B-complex in biological fluids; (ii) the food and other sources of these vitamins including the effect of common processing and storage methods on their content; and (iii) their physiological function.
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44
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Lafaye C, Aumonier S, Torra J, Signor L, von Stetten D, Noirclerc-Savoye M, Shu X, Ruiz-González R, Gotthard G, Royant A, Nonell S. Riboflavin-binding proteins for singlet oxygen production. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1545-1555. [PMID: 35041199 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
miniSOG, developed as the first fully genetically encoded singlet oxygen photosensitiser, has found various applications in cell imaging and functional studies. Yet, miniSOG has suboptimal properties, including a low yield of singlet oxygen generation, which can nevertheless be improved tenfold upon blue light irradiation. In a previous study, we showed that this improvement was due to the photolysis of the miniSOG chromophore, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), into lumichrome, with concomitant removal of the phosphoribityl tail, thereby improving oxygen access to the alloxazine ring. We thus reasoned that a chromophore with a shorter tail would readily improve the photosensitizing properties of miniSOG. In this work, we show that the replacement of FMN by riboflavin (RF), which lacks the bulky phosphate group, significantly improves the singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ). We then proceeded to mutagenize the residues stabilizing the phosphate group of FMN to alter the chromophore specificity. We identified miniSOG-R57Q as a flavoprotein that selectively binds RF in cellulo, with a modestly improved ΦΔ. Our results show that it is possible to modify the flavin specificity of a given flavoprotein, thus providing a new option to tune its photophysical properties, including those leading to photosensitization. We also determined the structure of miniSOG-Q103L, a mutant with a much increased ΦΔ, which allowed us to postulate the existence of another access channel to FMN for molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Lafaye
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sylvain Aumonier
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Joaquim Torra
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Signor
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - David von Stetten
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Marjolaine Noirclerc-Savoye
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Xiaokun Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158-9001, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158-9001, USA
| | - Rubén Ruiz-González
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Gotthard
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Antoine Royant
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044, Grenoble Cedex 9, France. .,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain.
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Model Systems for Evidencing the Mediator Role of Riboflavin in the UVA Cross-Linking Treatment of Keratoconus. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010190. [PMID: 35011421 PMCID: PMC8746477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin under UVA radiation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can induce various changes in biological systems. Under controlled conditions, these processes can be used in some treatments for ocular or dermal diseases. For instance, corneal cross-linking (CXL) treatment of keratoconus involves UVA irradiation combined with riboflavin aiming to induce the formation of new collagen fibrils in cornea. To reduce the damaging effect of ROS formed in the presence of riboflavin and UVA, the CXL treatment is performed with the addition of polysaccharides (dextran). Hyaluronic acid is a polysaccharide that can be found in the aqueous layer of the tear film. In many cases, keratoconus patients also present dry eye syndrome that can be reduced by the application of topical solutions containing hyaluronic acid. This study presents physico-chemical evidence on the effect of riboflavin on collagen fibril formation revealed by the following methods: differential scanning microcalorimetry, rheology, and STEM images. The collagen used was extracted from calf skin that contains type I collagen similar to that found in the eye. Spin trapping experiments on collagen/hyaluronic acid/riboflavin solutions evidenced the formation of ROS species by electron paramagnetic resonance measurements.
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46
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Zhang H, Wang LL, Pang XY, Yang LP, Jiang W. Molecular recognition and photoprotection of riboflavin in water by a biomimetic host. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13724-13727. [PMID: 34871338 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05818e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A water-soluble tetralactam macrocycle with 2,6-diethoxynaphthalene groups as side walls is able to strongly bind riboflavin (Ka >107 M-1) in water through hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect. The encapsulated riboflavin can be stabilized by the host against photo-degradation under UV-vis irradiation, which may be harnessed to extend the shelf life of riboflavin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Blvd 1088, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Blvd 1088, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study&Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Pang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Blvd 1088, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Liu-Pan Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Blvd 1088, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Xueyuan Blvd 1088, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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47
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Sarkar T, Salauddin M, Sheikh HI, Pati S, Chakraborty R. Effect of drying on vitamin, carotene, organic acid, mineral composition, and microstructural properties of mango (
Mangifera indica
). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Sarkar
- Department of Food Technology and Bio‐Chemical Engineering Jadavpur University Kolkata India
- Malda Polytechnic West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Government of West Bengal Malda West Bengal India
| | - Molla Salauddin
- MMM Government Polytechnic West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Government of West Bengal Nadia West Bengal India
| | - Hassan Ibrahim Sheikh
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Kuala Terengganu Malaysia
| | - Siddhartha Pati
- Skills innovation & Academic network (SIAN) Institute Association for Biodiversity Conservation and Research (ABC) Balasore Odisha India
- NatNov Bioscience Private Limited Balasore India
| | - Runu Chakraborty
- Department of Food Technology and Bio‐Chemical Engineering Jadavpur University Kolkata India
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48
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Hossain MA, Dey P, Joy RI. Effect of osmotic pretreatment and drying temperature on drying kinetics, antioxidant activity, and overall quality of taikor ( Garcinia pedunculata Roxb.) slices. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:7269-7280. [PMID: 34867031 PMCID: PMC8626326 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Taikor (Garcinia pedunculata Roxb.) is an underutilized, however nutritious fruit, typically found in Bangladesh and northeast parts of India. Taikor slices (1 ± 0.25 cm thickness) were pretreated for 10 min in 10% sucrose, 10% fructose, and 2% brine solution. Three different temperatures, such as 45, 50, and 55 °C were used to perform the drying operation at 30% constant relative humidity (RH). The thin-layer dehydration characteristics of taikor slices were analyzed using the Newtonian, Page, and Henderson and Pabi's model. The changes in pH, total acidity, color, β-carotene, vitamin C, B vitamins, antioxidant activity, and microbial load calculation were done to compare the comprehensive quality of untreated and pre-treated dried taikor. After assessing the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) values, the Page model was obtained as the best-suited model. For this model, the R2 and RMSE values were found to be approximately 1 and below 0.1094, respectively. Among the pretreatments, sucrose helped retain quality characteristics like ascorbic acid (115.25 ± 0.19 mg/100 g), antioxidant activity (33.25 ± 0.07%) more in the dried samples. The brine pretreated sample had minimum microbial growth. Fructose pretreated taikor samples dried at 45 °C exhibited maximum value of B vitamins (B1 0.025 ± 0.002 mg/100 g, B2 0.016 ± 0.002 mg/100 g, B3 0.011 ± 0.001 mg/100 g), total phenolic content (15.78 ± 0.15 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoid content (11.11 ± 0.08 mg QE/100 g). Overall, fructose pretreated sample dried at 55 °C was found to be the best method for preserving the maximum physical and chemical quality of dried Garcinia pedunculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Afzal Hossain
- Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Pappu Dey
- Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Rahman Ishtiaque Joy
- Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
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49
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Wong NGK, Rhodes C, Dessent CEH. Photodegradation of Riboflavin under Alkaline Conditions: What Can Gas-Phase Photolysis Tell Us about What Happens in Solution? Molecules 2021; 26:6009. [PMID: 34641554 PMCID: PMC8512791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as a direct method for detecting reactive intermediates is a technique of developing importance in the routine monitoring of solution-phase reaction pathways. Here, we utilise a novel on-line photolysis ESI-MS approach to detect the photoproducts of riboflavin in aqueous solution under mildly alkaline conditions. Riboflavin is a constituent of many food products, so its breakdown processes are of wide interest. Our on-line photolysis setup allows for solution-phase photolysis to occur within a syringe using UVA LEDs, immediately prior to being introduced into the mass spectrometer via ESI. Gas-phase photofragmentation studies via laser-interfaced mass spectrometry of deprotonated riboflavin, [RF - H]-, the dominant solution-phase species under the conditions of our study, are presented alongside the solution-phase photolysis. The results obtained illustrate the extent to which gas-phase photolysis methods can inform our understanding of the corresponding solution-phase photochemistry. We determine that the solution-phase photofragmentation observed for [RF - H]- closely mirrors the gas-phase photochemistry, with the dominant m/z 241 condensed-phase photoproduct also being observed in gas-phase photodissociation. Further gas-phase photoproducts are observed at m/z 255, 212, and 145. The value of exploring both the gas- and solution-phase photochemistry to characterise photochemical reactions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline E. H. Dessent
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK; (N.G.K.W.); (C.R.)
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Zhang R, Olomthong M, Fan YU, Wang L, Pan D, Shi Y, Ye W. Dissipation of Chlorpyrifos in Bottled Tea Beverages and the Effects of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1836-1843. [PMID: 34115868 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bottled tea beverages (BTB) are popular for the health benefits and convenience. Because chlorpyrifos (CP) is commonly used as a biomarker for exposure, as well as a pesticide in the field, it is important to determine the dynamics of CP dissipation in BTB to better perform risk assessments. This study focused on the dynamic behavior of CP for 22 days by fortifying bottled green tea, dark tea, and oolong tea beverages with the parent chemical and analyzing the degradation products. Photoinduction was used to generate the two transient intermediates: the reactive oxygen species from H2O2 and the triplet excited state of CP from the parent chemical in water were designed to observe the effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the dissipation and transformation of CP. The results indicated that the CP degraded in BTB and the main products were detected. The half-life values of CP illustrated that EGCG increased the dissipation of CP by combination with CP and inhibited the generation of CP-oxon by scavenging the emerged oxidant, the reactive oxygen species, and interfering with the transformation of the triplet excited state of CP. This work suggests EGCG could play various roles in the dissipation and transformation of CP. Thus, a comprehensive identification of CP degradation should be performed when assessing the exposure risk in drinking BTB. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Mekky Olomthong
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Y U Fan
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Pan
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlin Ye
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, People's Republic of China
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