1
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Das A, Justin Thomas KR. Generation and Application of Aryl Radicals Under Photoinduced Conditions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400193. [PMID: 38546345 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced aryl radical generation is a powerful strategy in organic synthesis that facilitates the formation of diverse carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. The synthetic applications of photoinduced aryl radical formation in the synthesis of complex organic compounds, including natural products, physiologically significant molecules, and functional materials, have received immense attention. An overview of current developments in photoinduced aryl radical production methods and their uses in organic synthesis is given in this article. A generalized idea of how to choose the reagents and approach for the generation of aryl radicals is described, along with photoinduced techniques and associated mechanistic insights. Overall, this article offers a critical assessment of the mechanistic results as well as the selection of reaction parameters for specific reagents in the context of radical cascades, cross-coupling reactions, aryl radical functionalization, and selective C-H functionalization of aryl substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Das
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - K R Justin Thomas
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
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2
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Fuse S, Kanda S, Masui H. One-Flow Synthesis of Substituted Indoles via Sequential 1,2-Addition/Nucleophilic Substitution of Indolyl-3-Carbaldehydes. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300909. [PMID: 37962410 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Substituted indoles are important as drugs. A number of valuable indoles have been synthesized via nucleophilic substitution at the 3'-position of indoles. However, the preparation of an indolylmethyl electrophile containing a tertiary carbon at the 3'-position and its subsequent nucleophilic substitution are challenging owing to the instability of the electrophile. Herein, we demonstrated the rapid one-flow synthesis of indoles via sequential 1,2-addition/nucleophilic substitution of indolyl-3-carbaldehydes. The use of a microflow technology helped in suppressing the undesired reactions caused by the unstable intermediates, resulting in significantly higher yields and reproducibility compared to those under batch conditions. A crown ether was effective when 1-alkylindole-3-carboxaldehyde was used as a substrate. However, the crown ether exerted a detrimental effect when 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde was used. A total of 15 structurally diverse indole derivatives were obtained in generally acceptable to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuse
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sena Kanda
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hisashi Masui
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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3
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Przybyłek M, Jeliński T, Mianowana M, Misiak K, Cysewski P. Exploring the Solubility Limits of Edaravone in Neat Solvents and Binary Mixtures: Experimental and Machine Learning Study. Molecules 2023; 28:6877. [PMID: 37836720 PMCID: PMC10574143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores the edaravone solubility space encompassing both neat and binary dissolution media. Efforts were made to reveal the inherent concentration limits of common pure and mixed solvents. For this purpose, the published solubility data of the title drug were scrupulously inspected and cured, which made the dataset consistent and coherent. However, the lack of some important types of solvents in the collection called for an extension of the available pool of edaravone solubility data. Hence, new measurements were performed to collect edaravone solubility values in polar non-protic and diprotic media. Such an extended set of data was used in the machine learning process for tuning the parameters of regressor models and formulating the ensemble for predicting new data. In both phases, namely the model training and ensemble formulation, close attention was paid not only to minimizing the deviation of computed values from the experimental ones but also to ensuring high predictive power and accurate solubility computations for new systems. Furthermore, the environmental friendliness characteristics determined based on the common green solvent selection criteria, were included in the analysis. Our applied protocol led to the conclusion that the solubility space defined by ordinary solvents is limited, and it is unlikely to find solvents that are better suited for edaravone dissolution than those described in this manuscript. The theoretical framework presented in this study provides a precise guideline for conducting experiments, as well as saving time and resources in the pursuit of new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Przybyłek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-096 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (T.J.); (M.M.); (K.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Piotr Cysewski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-096 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (T.J.); (M.M.); (K.M.)
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4
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Comito M, Monguzzi R, Tagliapietra S, Maspero A, Palmisano G, Cravotto G. From Batch to the Semi-Continuous Flow Hydrogenation of pNB, pNZ-Protected Meropenem. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051322. [PMID: 37242564 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Meropenem is currently the most common carbapenem in clinical applications. Industrially, the final synthetic step is characterized by a heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation in batch mode with hydrogen and Pd/C. The required high-quality standard is very difficult to meet and specific conditions are required to remove both protecting groups [i.e., p-nitrobenzyl (pNB) and p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl (pNZ)] simultaneously. The three-phase gas-liquid-solid system makes this step difficult and unsafe. The introduction of new technologies for small-molecule synthesis in recent years has opened up new landscapes in process chemistry. In this context, we have investigated meropenem hydrogenolysis using microwave (MW)-assisted flow chemistry for use as a new technology with industrial prospects. The reaction parameters (catalyst amount, T, P, residence time, flow rate) in the move from the batch process to semi-continuous flow were investigated under mild conditions to determine their influence on the reaction rate. The optimization of the residence time (840 s) and the number of cycles (4) allowed us to develop a novel protocol that halves the reaction time compared to batch production (14 min vs. 30 min) while maintaining the same product quality. The increase in productivity using this semi-continuous flow technique compensates for the slightly lower yield (70% vs. 74%) obtained in batch mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziale Comito
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Monguzzi
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Angelo Maspero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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5
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Burke A, Di Filippo M, Spiccio S, Schito AM, Caviglia D, Brullo C, Baumann M. Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Pyrazoles, Indazoles and Pyrazolines Prepared in Continuous Flow Mode. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065319. [PMID: 36982392 PMCID: PMC10048858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant bacterial strains (MDR) have become an increasing challenge to our health system, resulting in multiple classical antibiotics being clinically inactive today. As the de-novo development of effective antibiotics is a very costly and time-consuming process, alternative strategies such as the screening of natural and synthetic compound libraries is a simple approach towards finding new lead compounds. We thus report on the antimicrobial evaluation of a small collection of fourteen drug-like compounds featuring indazoles, pyrazoles and pyrazolines as key heterocyclic moieties whose synthesis was achieved in continuous flow mode. It was found that several compounds possessed significant antibacterial potency against clinical and MDR strains of the Staphylococcus and Enterococcus genera, with the lead compound (9) reaching MIC values of 4 µg/mL on those species. In addition, time killing experiments performed on compound 9 on Staphylococcus aureus MDR strains highlight its activity as bacteriostatic. Additional evaluations regarding the physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the most active compounds are reported and showcased, promising drug-likeness, which warrants further explorations of the newly identified antimicrobial lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Burke
- Science Centre South, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mara Di Filippo
- Science Centre South, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Silvia Spiccio
- Science Centre South, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anna Maria Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Debora Caviglia
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Section of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Brullo
- Section of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcus Baumann
- Science Centre South, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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6
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Comito M, Monguzzi R, Tagliapietra S, Palmisano G, Cravotto G. Towards Antibiotic Synthesis in Continuous-Flow Processes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031421. [PMID: 36771086 PMCID: PMC9919330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous-flow chemistry has become a mainstream process and a notable trend among emerging technologies for drug synthesis. It is routinely used in academic and industrial laboratories to generate a wide variety of molecules and building blocks. The advantages it provides, in terms of safety, speed, cost efficiency and small-equipment footprint compared to analog batch processes, have been known for some time. What has become even more important in recent years is its compliance with the quality objectives that are required by drug-development protocols that integrate inline analysis and purification tools. There can be no doubt that worldwide government agencies have strongly encouraged the study and implementation of this innovative, sustainable and environmentally friendly technology. In this brief review, we list and evaluate the development and applications of continuous-flow processes for antibiotic synthesis. This work spans the period of 2012-2022 and highlights the main cases in which either active ingredients or their intermediates were produced under continuous flow. We hope that this manuscript will provide an overview of the field and a starting point for a deeper understanding of the impact of flow chemistry on the broad panorama of antibiotic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziale Comito
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Monguzzi
- Research and Development, ACS Dobfar SpA, Via Paullo 9, 20067 Tribiano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 9, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-7183
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7
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Nagy BS, Fu G, Hone CA, Kappe CO, Ötvös SB. Harnessing a Continuous-Flow Persulfuric Acid Generator for Direct Oxidative Aldehyde Esterifications. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201868. [PMID: 36377674 PMCID: PMC10107610 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Persulfuric acid is a well-known oxidant in various industrial-scale purification procedures. However, due to its tendency toward explosive decomposition, its usefulness in organic synthesis remained largely underexplored. Herein, a continuous in situ persulfuric acid generator was developed and applied for oxidative esterification of aldehydes under flow conditions. Sulfuric acid served as a readily available and benign precursor to form persulfuric acid in situ. By taking advantage of the continuous-flow generator concept, safety hazards were significantly reduced, whilst a robust and effective approach was ensured for direct transformations of aldehydes to valuable esters. The process proved useful for the transformation of diverse aliphatic as well as aromatic aldehydes, while its preparative capability was verified by the multigram-scale synthesis of a pharmaceutically relevant key intermediate. The present flow protocol demonstrates the safe, sustainable, and scalable application of persulfuric acid in a manner that would not be amenable to conventional batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence S. Nagy
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Gang Fu
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research CenterPharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
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8
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The applications of organozinc reagents in continuous flow chemistry: Negishi coupling. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Scott D, Briggs NEB, Formosa A, Burnett A, Desai B, Hammersmith G, Rapp K, Capellades G, Myerson AS, Roper TD. Impurity Purging through Systematic Process Development of a Continuous Two-Stage Crystallization. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew Scott
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
| | - Naomi E. B. Briggs
- On Demand Pharmaceuticals, 1550 E Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Anna Formosa
- On Demand Pharmaceuticals, 1550 E Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Annessa Burnett
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
| | - Bimbisar Desai
- TCG GreenChem, Inc., 701 Charles Ewing Boulevard, Ewing, New Jersey08628, United States
| | - Greg Hammersmith
- On Demand Pharmaceuticals, 1550 E Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Kersten Rapp
- On Demand Pharmaceuticals, 1550 E Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland20850, United States
| | - Gerard Capellades
- Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey08028, United States
| | - Allan S. Myerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Thomas D. Roper
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia23284, United States
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10
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O'Brien M, Moraru R. An Automated Computer-Vision "Bubble-Counting" Technique to Characterise CO 2 Dissolution into an Acetonitrile Flow Stream in a Teflon AF-2400 Tube-in-Tube Flow Device. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200167. [PMID: 35997644 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A Teflon AF-2400 based tube-in-tube device was used to generate flow streams of CO2 in acetonitrile and a computer-vision based 'bubble counting' technique was used to estimate the amount of CO2 that had passed into solution whilst in the tube-in-tube device by quantifying the amount of CO2 that left solution (forming separate gas-phase segments) downstream of the back-pressure regulator. For both CO2 pressures used, there appeared to be a minimum residence time below which no CO2 was observed to leave solution. This was assumed to be due to residual CO2 below (or close to) the saturation concentration at atmospheric pressure and, by taking this into account, we were able to fit curves corresponding to simple gradient-driven diffusion and which closely matched previously obtained colorimetric titration data for the same system. The estimated value for the residual concentration of CO2 (0.37 M) is higher than, but in reasonable general correspondence with, saturation concentrations previously reported for CO2 in acetonitrile (0.27 M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O'Brien
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Ruxandra Moraru
- The Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
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11
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Horáková P, Kočí K. Continuous-Flow Chemistry and Photochemistry for Manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238536. [PMID: 36500629 PMCID: PMC9738912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is any substance in a pharmaceutical product that is biologically active. That means the specific molecular entity is capable of achieving a defined biological effect on the target. These ingredients need to meet very strict limits; chemical and optical purity are considered to be the most important ones. A continuous-flow synthetic methodology which utilizes a continuously flowing stream of reactive fluids can be easily combined with photochemistry, which works with the chemical effects of light. These methods can be useful tools to meet these strict limits. Both of these methods are unique and powerful tools for the preparation of natural products or active pharmaceutical ingredients and their precursors with high structural complexity under mild conditions. This review shows some main directions in the field of active pharmaceutical ingredients' preparation using continuous-flow chemistry and photochemistry with numerous examples of industry and laboratory-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlína Horáková
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- TEVA Czech Industries s.r.o., 747 70 Opava, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Kamila Kočí
- Institute of Environmental Technology, CEET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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12
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Rammohan A, Zyryanov GV. Minireview: Remdesivir, A Prominent Nucleotide/Nucleoside Antiviral Drug. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1947331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aluru Rammohan
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovskiy Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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13
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Grillo G, Cintas P, Colia M, Calcio Gaudino E, Cravotto G. Process intensification in continuous flow organic synthesis with enabling and hybrid technologies. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.966451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial organic synthesis is time and energy consuming, and generates substantial waste. Traditional conductive heating and mixing in batch reactors is no longer competitive with continuous-flow synthetic methods and enabling technologies that can strongly promote reaction kinetics. These advances lead to faster and simplified downstream processes with easier workup, purification and process scale-up. In the current Industry 4.0 revolution, new advances that are based on cyber-physical systems and artificial intelligence will be able to optimize and invigorate synthetic processes by connecting cascade reactors with continuous in-line monitoring and even predict solutions in case of unforeseen events. Alternative energy sources, such as dielectric and ohmic heating, ultrasound, hydrodynamic cavitation, reactive extruders and plasma have revolutionized standard procedures. So-called hybrid or hyphenated techniques, where the combination of two different energy sources often generates synergistic effects, are also worthy of mention. Herein, we report our consolidated experience of all of these alternative techniques.
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14
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Cerra B, Venturoni F, Souma M, Ceccarelli G, Lozza AM, Passeri D, De Franco F, Baxendale IR, Pellicciari R, Macchiarulo A, Gioiello A. Development of 3α,7α-dihydroxy-6α-ethyl-24-nor-5β-cholan-23-sulfate sodium salt (INT-767): Process optimization, synthesis and characterization of metabolites. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114652. [PMID: 36049273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report our synthetic efforts in supporting the development of the bile alcohol sulfate INT-767, a FXR/TGR5 dual agonist with remarkable therapeutic potential for liver disorders. We describe the process development to a final route for large scale preparation and analogues synthesis. Key sequences include Grignard addition, a one-pot two-step shortening-reduction of the carboxylic side chain, and the final sulfation reaction. The necessity for additional steps such as the protection/deprotection of hydroxyl groups at the steroidal body was also evaluated for step-economy and formation of side-products. Critical bottlenecks such as the side chain degradation have been tackled using flow technology before scaling-up individual steps. The final synthetic route may be successfully employed to produce the amount of INT-767 required to support late-stage clinical development of the compound. Furthermore, potential metabolites have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their ability to modulate FXR and TGR5 receptors providing key reference standards for future drug investigations, as well as offering further insights into the structure-activity relationships of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cerra
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Venturoni
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Souma
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giada Ceccarelli
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Lozza
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Passeri
- TES Pharma, Via Palmiro Togliatti 20, 06073, Taverne di Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca De Franco
- TES Pharma, Via Palmiro Togliatti 20, 06073, Taverne di Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Pellicciari
- TES Pharma, Via Palmiro Togliatti 20, 06073, Taverne di Corciano, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Advanced Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06122, Perugia, Italy.
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15
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Xia Y, Ye B, Liu M, Jiang M, Chen F. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of syn-2-Amino-1,3-diol via Catalytic Hydrogenation: A Vital Intermediate of (+)-Thiamphenicol and (+)-Florfenicol. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Xia
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Baijun Ye
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University; Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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16
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Martins GM, Magalhães MFA, Brocksom TJ, Bagnato VS, de Oliveira KT. Scaled up and telescoped synthesis of propofol under continuous-flow conditions. J Flow Chem 2022; 12:371-379. [PMID: 35873601 PMCID: PMC9295094 DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a machine-assisted and scaled-up synthesis of propofol, a short-acting drug used in procedural sedation, which is extensively in demand during this COVID-19 pandemic. The continuous-flow protocol proved to be efficient, with great potential for industrial translation, reaching a production up to 71.6 g per day with process intensification (24 h-continuous experiments). We have successfully telescoped a continuous flow approach obtaining 5.74 g of propofol with productivity of 23.0 g/day (6 h-continuous experiment), proving the robustness of the method in both separated and telescoped modes. Substantial progress was also achieved for the in-line workup, which provides greater safety and less waste, also relevant for industrial application. Overall, the synthetic strategy is based on the Friedel-Crafts di-isopropylation of low-cost p-hydroxybenzoic acid, followed by a decarboxylation reaction, giving propofol in up to 84% overall yield and very low by-product formation. The continuous flow synthesis of propofol 3 is presented as a two-step protocol. The isopropylated intermediate 2 was obtained from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1) in up 43.8 g, 85% yield and 30 min residence time. Propofol 3 was then obtained in 71.6 g, 87% yield, and 16 min residence time. A safe and cost-competitive machine-assisted protocol is described with a process intensification demonstration (24 h experiments) and a telescoped process intensification (6 h). ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M. Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics – University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Maria F. A. Magalhães
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Timothy J. Brocksom
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Vanderlei S. Bagnato
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics – University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP 13565-905 Brazil
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17
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Vinet L, Di Marco L, Kairouz V, Charette AB. Process Intensive Synthesis of Propofol Enabled by Continuous Flow Chemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vinet
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 1375, av. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Di Marco
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 1375, av. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Vanessa Kairouz
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 1375, av. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - André B. Charette
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, 1375, av. Thérèse Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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18
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Destro F, Barolo M. A review on the modernization of pharmaceutical development and manufacturing - Trends, perspectives, and the role of mathematical modeling. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121715. [PMID: 35367580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the pharmaceutical industry has been facing several challenges associated to the use of outdated development and manufacturing technologies. The return on investment on research and development has been shrinking, and, at the same time, an alarming number of shortages and recalls for quality concerns has been registered. The pharmaceutical industry has been responding to these issues through a technological modernization of development and manufacturing, under the support of initiatives and activities such as quality-by-design (QbD), process analytical technology, and pharmaceutical emerging technology. In this review, we analyze this modernization trend, with emphasis on the role that mathematical modeling plays within it. We begin by outlining the main socio-economic trends of the pharmaceutical industry, and by highlighting the life-cycle stages of a pharmaceutical product in which technological modernization can help both achieve consistently high product quality and increase return on investment. Then, we review the historical evolution of the pharmaceutical regulatory framework, and we discuss the current state of implementation and future trends of QbD. The pharmaceutical emerging technology is reviewed afterwards, and a discussion on the evolution of QbD into the more effective quality-by-control (QbC) paradigm is presented. Further, we illustrate how mathematical modeling can support the implementation of QbD and QbC across all stages of the pharmaceutical life-cycle. In this respect, we review academic and industrial applications demonstrating the impact of mathematical modeling on three key activities within pharmaceutical development and manufacturing, namely design space description, process monitoring, and active process control. Finally, we discuss some future research opportunities on the use of mathematical modeling in industrial pharmaceutical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Destro
- CAPE-Lab - Computer-Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Barolo
- CAPE-Lab - Computer-Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD, Italy.
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19
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Burange AS, Osman SM, Luque R. Understanding flow chemistry for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients. iScience 2022; 25:103892. [PMID: 35243250 PMCID: PMC8867129 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-step organic syntheses of various drugs, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and other pharmaceutically and agriculturally important compounds have already been reported using flow synthesis. Compared to batch, hazardous and reactive reagents can be handled safely in flow. This review discusses the pros and cons of flow chemistry in today’s scenario and recent developments in flow devices. The review majorly emphasizes on the recent developments in the flow synthesis of pharmaceutically important products in last five years including flibanserin, imatinib, buclizine, cinnarizine, cyclizine, meclizine, ribociclib, celecoxib, SC-560 and mavacoxib, efavirenz, fluconazole, melitracen HCl, rasagiline, tamsulosin, valsartan, and hydroxychloroquine. Critical steps and new development in the flow synthesis of selected compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand S. Burange
- Department of Chemistry, Wilson College, Chowpatty, Mumbai 400007, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Sameh M. Osman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad de Cordoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho Maklaya str., 107198 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author
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20
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Fava E, Karlsson S, Jones ML. Using Oxygen as the Primary Oxidant in a Continuous Process: Application to the Development of an Efficient Route to AZD4635. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Fava
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Staffan Karlsson
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Matthew L. Jones
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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21
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"Green Is the Color": An Update on Ecofriendly Aspects of Organoselenium Chemistry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051597. [PMID: 35268698 PMCID: PMC8911681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organoselenium compounds have been successfully applied in biological, medicinal and material sciences, as well as a powerful tool for modern organic synthesis, attracting the attention of the scientific community. This great success is mainly due to the breaking of paradigm demonstrated by innumerous works, that the selenium compounds were toxic and would have a potential impact on the environment. In this update review, we highlight the relevance of these compounds in several fields of research as well as the possibility to synthesize them through more environmentally sustainable methodologies, involving catalytic processes, flow chemistry, electrosynthesis, as well as by the use of alternative energy sources, including mechanochemical, photochemistry, sonochemical and microwave irradiation.
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22
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Znidar D, Dallinger D, Kappe CO. Practical Guidelines for the Safe Use of Fluorine Gas Employing Continuous Flow Technology. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.1c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Znidar
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Doris Dallinger
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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23
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Sagandira CR, Nqeketo S, Mhlana K, Sonti T, Gaqa S, Watts P. Towards 4th industrial revolution efficient and sustainable continuous flow manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of end-to-end continuous flow synthesis with downstream processing, process analytical technology (PAT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and automation in ensuring improved accessibility of quality medicines on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinazo Nqeketo
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Kanyisile Mhlana
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Thembela Sonti
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Sibongiseni Gaqa
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Paul Watts
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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24
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Patil NB, Atapalkar RS, Chavan SP, Kulkarni AA. Multi-Step Synthesis of Miltefosine: Integration of Flow Chemistry with Continuous Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:17695-17699. [PMID: 34697844 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report for the first time, an advanced continuous flow synthesis of the blockbuster Leishmaniasis drug miltefosine from simple starting materials by a sequence involving four steps of chemical transformation including a continuous mechanochemical step. First three reaction steps were performed in simple tubular reactors in a telescopic mode, while in the last step the product precipitated from the 3rd step was used for a continuous mechanochemical synthesis of miltefosine. When compared to a typical batch protocol that takes 15 h, miltefosine was obtained in 58 % overall yield in flow synthesis mode at the laboratory scale in a total residence time 34 min at synthesis rate of 10 g/hr, which is sufficient to treat 4800 patients per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niteen B Patil
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ranjit S Atapalkar
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Subhash P Chavan
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amol A Kulkarni
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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25
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Souto JA. Continuous‐Flow Preparation of Benzotropolones: Combined Batch and Flow Synthesis of Epigenetic Modulators of the (JmjC)‐Containing Domain. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Souto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultade de Química Centro de Investigacións Biomédicas (CINBIO) and IIS Galicia Sur. Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo Spain
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26
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Murie VE, Nicolino PV, Dos Santos T, Gambacorta G, Nishimura RHV, Perovani IS, Furtado LC, Costa-Lotufo LV, Moraes de Oliveira A, Vessecchi R, Baxendale IR, Clososki GC. Synthesis of 7-Chloroquinoline Derivatives Using Mixed Lithium-Magnesium Reagents. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13402-13419. [PMID: 34553940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared a library of functionalized quinolines through the magnesiation of 7-chloroquinolines under mild conditions, employing both batch and continuous flow conditions. The preparation involved the generation of mixed lithium-magnesium intermediates, which were reacted with different electrophiles. Mixed lithium-zinc reagents allowed the synthesis of halogenated and arylated derivatives. Some of the synthesized 4-carbinol quinolines have shown interesting antiproliferative properties, their hydroxyl group being a suitable amino group bioisostere. We also report a two-step approach for optically active derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter E Murie
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Paula V Nicolino
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Thiago Dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Rodolfo H V Nishimura
- Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café S/N, Ribeirão Preto 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Icaro S Perovani
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Luciana C Furtado
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Leticia V Costa-Lotufo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Anderson Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vessecchi
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Giuliano C Clososki
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
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27
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Iordanidis NS, Zografos AL, Gallos JK, Koftis TV, Stathakis CI. Continuous Flow Organocatalytic Chlorination of Alkenes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaos S. Iordanidis
- Department of Chemistry Aristotle University of Thessaloniki University Campus Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Alexandros L. Zografos
- Department of Chemistry Aristotle University of Thessaloniki University Campus Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - John K. Gallos
- Department of Chemistry Aristotle University of Thessaloniki University Campus Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
| | - Theocharis V. Koftis
- API Research and Development Operations Pharmathen S.A. 9th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Thessaloniki 570 01 Greece
| | - Christos I. Stathakis
- Department of Chemistry Aristotle University of Thessaloniki University Campus Thessaloniki 541 24 Greece
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28
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Bonner A, Loftus A, Padgham AC, Baumann M. Forgotten and forbidden chemical reactions revitalised through continuous flow technology. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7737-7753. [PMID: 34549240 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow technology has played an undeniable role in enabling modern chemical synthesis, whereby a myriad of reactions can now be performed with greater efficiency, safety and control. As flow chemistry furthermore delivers more sustainable and readily scalable routes to important target structures a growing number of industrial applications are being reported. In this review we highlight the impact of flow chemistry on revitalising important chemical reactions that were either forgotten soon after their initial report as necessary improvements were not realised due to a lack of available technology, or forbidden due to unacceptable safety concerns relating to the experimental procedure. In both cases flow processing in combination with further reaction optimisation has rendered a powerful set of tools that make such transformations not only highly efficient but moreover very desirable due to a more streamlined construction of desired scaffolds. This short review highlights important contributions from academic and industrial laboratories predominantly from the last 5 years allowing the reader to gain an appreciation of the impact of flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene Bonner
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aisling Loftus
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Alex C Padgham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland.
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29
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Ötvös SB, Kappe CO. Continuous flow asymmetric synthesis of chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients and their advanced intermediates. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6117-6138. [PMID: 34671222 PMCID: PMC8447942 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc01615f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic enantioselective transformations provide well-established and direct access to stereogenic synthons that are broadly distributed among active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). These reactions have been demonstrated to benefit considerably from the merits of continuous processing and microreactor technology. Over the past few years, continuous flow enantioselective catalysis has grown into a mature field and has found diverse applications in asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutically active substances. The present review therefore surveys flow chemistry-based approaches for the synthesis of chiral APIs and their advanced stereogenic intermediates, covering the utilization of biocatalysis, organometallic catalysis and metal-free organocatalysis to introduce asymmetry in continuously operated systems. Single-step processes, interrupted multistep flow syntheses, combined batch/flow processes and uninterrupted one-flow syntheses are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Ötvös
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 A-8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 A-8010 Graz Austria
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30
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Elliott LD, Booker-Milburn KI, Lennox AJJ. Daisy-Chaining Photo- and Thermal Chemistry: Multistep Continuous Flow Synthesis of Visible-Light-Mediated Photochemistry with a High-Temperature Cascade Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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31
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Xia Y, Jiang M, Liu M, Zhang Y, Qu H, Xiong T, Huang H, Cheng D, Chen F. Catalytic Syn-Selective Nitroaldol Approach to Amphenicol Antibiotics: Evolution of a Unified Asymmetric Synthesis of (-)-Chloramphenicol, (-)-Azidamphenicol, (+)-Thiamphenicol, and (+)-Florfenicol. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11557-11570. [PMID: 34387504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A unified strategy for an efficient and high diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of (-)-chloramphenicol, (-)-azidamphenicol, (+)-thiamphenicol, and (+)-florfenicol based on a key catalytic syn-selective Henry reaction is reported. The stereochemistry of the ligand-enabled copper(II)-catalyzed aryl aldehyde Henry reaction of nitroethanol was first explored to forge a challenging syn-2-amino-1,3-diol structure unit with vicinal stereocenters with excellent stereocontrol. Multistep continuous flow manipulations were carried out to achieve the efficient asymmetric synthesis of this family of amphenicol antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Xia
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongmin Qu
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tong Xiong
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huashan Huang
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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32
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Multistep batch-flow hybrid synthesis of a terbinafine precursor. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA three-step batch-flow hybrid process has been developed for an expeditious synthesis of the enynol key intermediate of antifungal terbinafine. This procedure involves consecutive organometallic steps without the necessity of any in-line purification: after a metalation by n-butyllithium, a selective addition of the lithium salt was elaborated followed by a Grignard reaction resulting in a high yield of 6,6-dimethylhept-1-en-4-yn-3-ol. Moreover, as an alternative to tetrahydrofuran, cyclopentyl methyl ether was used as solvent implementing a safe, sustainable, yet selective synthetic process. Even on a laboratory-scale, the optimized batch-flow hybrid process had a theoretical throughput of 41 g/h. Furthermore, the newly developed process provides an efficient synthesis route to the key-intermediate, while making acrolein obsolete, minimizing side-products, and enabling safe and convenient scale-up.
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Thomson CG, Banks C, Allen M, Barker G, Coxon CR, Lee AL, Vilela F. Expanding the Tool Kit of Automated Flow Synthesis: Development of In-line Flash Chromatography Purification. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14079-14094. [PMID: 34270260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in in-line extraction and purification technology have enabled complex multistep synthesis in continuous flow reactor systems. However, for the large scope of chemical reactions that yield mixtures of products or residual starting materials, off-line purification is still required to isolate the desired compound. We present the in-line integration of a commercial automated flash chromatography system with a flow reactor for the continuous synthesis and isolation of product(s). A proof-of-principle study was performed to validate the system and test the durability of the column cartridges, performing an automated sequence of 100 runs over 2 days. Three diverse reaction systems that highlight the advantages of flow synthesis were successfully applied with in-line normal- or reversed-phase flash chromatography, continuously isolating products with 97-99% purity. Productivity of up to 9.9 mmol/h was achieved, isolating gram quantities of pure product from a feed of crude reaction mixture. Herein, we describe the development and optimization of the systems and suggest guidelines for selecting reactions well suited to in-line flash chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Thomson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Banks
- Cheshire Sciences (UK) Limited, Kao Hockham Building, Edinburgh Way, Harlow, Essex, England CM20 2NQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Allen
- Advion (UK) Limited, Kao Hockham Building, Edinburgh Way, Harlow, Essex, England CM20 2NQ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Barker
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.,Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R Coxon
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Ai-Lan Lee
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.,Continuum Flow Lab, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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34
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Adebar N, Nastke A, Löwe J, Gröger H. Segmented Flow Processes to Overcome Hurdles of Whole-Cell Biocatalysis in the Presence of Organic Solvents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15863-15869. [PMID: 33713367 PMCID: PMC8362180 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In modern process development, it is imperative to consider biocatalysis, and whole-cell catalysts often represent a favored form of such catalysts. However, the application of whole-cell catalysis in typical organic batch two-phase synthesis often struggles due to mass transfer limitations, emulsion formation, tedious work-up and, thus, low yields. Herein, we demonstrate that utilizing segmented flow tools enables the conduction of whole-cell biocatalysis efficiently in biphasic media. Exemplified for three different biotransformations, the power of such segmented flow processes is shown. For example, a 3-fold increase of conversion from 34 % to >99 % and a dramatic simplified work-up leading to a 1.5-fold higher yield from 44 % to 65 % compared to the analogous batch process was achieved in such a flow process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Adebar
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and BiotechnologyFaculty of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Alina Nastke
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and BiotechnologyFaculty of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Jana Löwe
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and BiotechnologyFaculty of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and BiotechnologyFaculty of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
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35
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Adebar N, Nastke A, Löwe J, Gröger H. Segmentierte Flow‐Prozesse zur Überwindung von Limitierungen der Ganzzell‐Biokatalyse in Gegenwart von organischen Lösungsmitteln. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Adebar
- Lehrstuhl für Industrielle Organische Chemie und Biotechnologie Fakultät der Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Alina Nastke
- Lehrstuhl für Industrielle Organische Chemie und Biotechnologie Fakultät der Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Jana Löwe
- Lehrstuhl für Industrielle Organische Chemie und Biotechnologie Fakultät der Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Harald Gröger
- Lehrstuhl für Industrielle Organische Chemie und Biotechnologie Fakultät der Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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36
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Dumoleijn KNR, Villa A, Marelli M, Prati L, Moonen K, Stevens CV. Heterogeneous Catalyzed Chemoselective Reductive Amination of Halogenated Aromatic Aldehydes. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim N. R. Dumoleijn
- SynBioC Research Group Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
- Eastman Chemical Company Pantserschipstraat 207 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Alberto Villa
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Marcello Marelli
- National Research Council CNR-SCITEC Via G. Fantoli 16/15 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Laura Prati
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Kristof Moonen
- Eastman Chemical Company Pantserschipstraat 207 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- SynBioC Research Group Department of Green Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Coupure Links 653 9000 Ghent Belgium
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37
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Soft sensor for real-time estimation of tablet potency in continuous direct compression manufacturing operation. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120624. [PMID: 33892055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the critical quality attributes of the solid oral dosage forms produced in continuous direct compression operations is the tablet potency. A novel soft sensor comprising of a combination of first principle-based and empirical models has been developed to enable real-time monitoring of blend and tablet potency, and concentrations of other excipients at various stream levels along the direct compression line. The soft sensor model has only three adjustable parameters, primarily associated with the equipment design and operation, so the model is product agnostic which is key to enable flexible manufacturing. The estimation accuracy of the soft sensor is demonstrated through a series of real time experiments which include steady state and dynamic transitions of potency during the runs, compared with offline analytically tested tablet cores. The results indicate that the proposed soft sensor can be utilized as a robust tool for real-time monitoring of potency, suggesting an extension of its utilization to higher levels of control. Two potential applications of the soft sensor are: 1. An element of a control strategy for product diversion; 2. A predictive model for advanced process control strategy to minimize the variability in tablet composition.
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38
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One-flow synthesis of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol using homo- and heterogeneous Lewis acids. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractContinuous flow chemistry holds great potential for the production of biologically relevant molecules. Herein, we present an approach for the continuous synthesis of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in a one-flow system. The designed route consists of a reaction cascade involving Friedel-Crafts alkylation, subsequent ring opening and cyclisation in up to 45% yield. The reactions were successfully performed using both hetero- and homogeneous Lewis acids in continuous flow and provide yields that are similar to comparable batch processes.
Graphical abstract
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39
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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40
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Sagmeister P, Lebl R, Castillo I, Rehrl J, Kruisz J, Sipek M, Horn M, Sacher S, Cantillo D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Advanced Real-Time Process Analytics for Multistep Synthesis in Continuous Flow*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8139-8148. [PMID: 33433918 PMCID: PMC8048486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In multistep continuous flow chemistry, studying complex reaction mixtures in real time is a significant challenge, but provides an opportunity to enhance reaction understanding and control. We report the integration of four complementary process analytical technology tools (NMR, UV/Vis, IR and UHPLC) in the multistep synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, mesalazine. This synthetic route exploits flow processing for nitration, high temperature hydrolysis and hydrogenation reactions, as well as three inline separations. Advanced data analysis models were developed (indirect hard modeling, deep learning and partial least squares regression), to quantify the desired products, intermediates and impurities in real time, at multiple points along the synthetic pathway. The capabilities of the system have been demonstrated by operating both steady state and dynamic experiments and represents a significant step forward in data-driven continuous flow synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Ismael Castillo
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Jakob Rehrl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Julia Kruisz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Martin Sipek
- Evon GmbHWollsdorf 1548181St. Ruprecht a. d. RaabAustria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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41
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Fülöp Z, Bana P, Greiner I, Éles J. C-N Bond Formation by Consecutive Continuous-Flow Reductions towards A Medicinally Relevant Piperazine Derivative. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072040. [PMID: 33918489 PMCID: PMC8038289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new, continuous-flow consecutive reduction method was developed for the C-N bond formation in the synthesis of the key intermediate of the antipsychotic drug cariprazine. The two-step procedure consists of a DIBAL-H mediated selective ester reduction conducted in a novel, miniature alternating diameter reactor, followed by reductive amination using catalytic hydrogenation on 5% Pt/C. The connection of the optimized modules was accomplished using an at-line extraction to prevent precipitation of the aluminum salt byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Fülöp
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Péter Bana
- Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary; (P.B.); (I.G.)
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary; (P.B.); (I.G.)
| | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc, PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary; (P.B.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-1-889-8703
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42
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Ley SV, Chen Y, Robinson A, Otter B, Godineau E, Battilocchio C. A Comment on Continuous Flow Technologies within the Agrochemical Industry. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven V. Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Yiding Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Alan Robinson
- Process Research, Syngenta Crop Protection, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Otter
- Process Technology New Active Ingredients, Syngenta Crop Protection, CH-4333 Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Process Research, Syngenta Crop Protection, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Process Research, Syngenta Crop Protection, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
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43
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Domokos A, Nagy B, Szilágyi B, Marosi G, Nagy ZK. Integrated Continuous Pharmaceutical Technologies—A Review. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- András Domokos
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Botond Szilágyi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Marosi
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Kristóf Nagy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Organic Chemistry and Technology Department, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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44
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Cerra B, Gioiello A. Future medicinal chemists experience flow chemistry: optimization by experimental design of the limiting synthetic step to the antifungal drug econazole nitrate. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Sagmeister P, Lebl R, Castillo I, Rehrl J, Kruisz J, Sipek M, Horn M, Sacher S, Cantillo D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Advanced Real‐Time Process Analytics for Multistep Synthesis in Continuous Flow**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ismael Castillo
- Institute of Automation and Control Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 21b 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jakob Rehrl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Julia Kruisz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martin Sipek
- Evon GmbH Wollsdorf 154 8181 St. Ruprecht a. d. Raab Austria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and Control Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 21b 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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46
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Puglisi A, Rossi S. Stereoselective organocatalysis and flow chemistry. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Organic synthesis has traditionally been performed in batch. Continuous-flow chemistry was recently rediscovered as an enabling technology to be applied to the synthesis of organic molecules. Organocatalysis is a well-established methodology, especially for the preparation of enantioenriched compounds. In this chapter we discuss the use of chiral organocatalysts in continuous flow. After the classification of the different types of catalytic reactors, in Section 2, each class will be discussed with the most recent and significant examples reported in the literature. In Section 3 we discuss homogeneous stereoselective reactions in flow, with a look at the stereoselective organophotoredox transformations in flow. This research topic is emerging as one of the most powerful method to prepare enantioenriched products with structures that would otherwise be challenging to make. Section 4 describes the use of supported organocatalysts in flow chemistry. Part of the discussion will be devoted to the choice of the support. Examples of packed-bed, monolithic and inner-wall functionalized reactors will be introduced and discussed. We hope to give an overview of the potentialities of the combination of (supported) chiral organocatalysts and flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , Milano , 20133 Italy
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , Milano , 20133 Italy
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47
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von Keutz T, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Flash Chemistry Approach to Organometallic C-Glycosylation for the Synthesis of Remdesivir. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo von Keutz
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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48
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Taylor CJ, Baker A, Chapman MR, Reynolds WR, Jolley KE, Clemens G, Smith GE, Blacker AJ, Chamberlain TW, Christie SDR, Taylor BA, Bourne RA. Flow chemistry for process optimisation using design of experiments. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractImplementing statistical training into undergraduate or postgraduate chemistry courses can provide high-impact learning experiences for students. However, the opportunity to reinforce this training with a combined laboratory practical can significantly enhance learning outcomes by providing a practical bolstering of the concepts. This paper outlines a flow chemistry laboratory practical for integrating design of experiments optimisation techniques into an organic chemistry laboratory session in which students construct a simple flow reactor and perform a structured series of experiments followed by computational processing and analysis of the results.
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49
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Tom JK, Achmatowicz MM, Beaver MG, Colyer J, Ericson A, Hwang TL, Jiao N, Langille NF, Liu M, Lovette MA, Sangodkar RP, Sharvan Kumar S, Spada S, Perera D, Sheeran J, Campbell K, Doherty T, Ford DD, Fang YQ, Rossi E, Santoni G, Cui S, Walker SD. Implementing Continuous Manufacturing for the Final Methylation Step in the AMG 397 Process to Deliver Key Quality Attributes. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janine K. Tom
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Michal M. Achmatowicz
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Matthew G. Beaver
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - John Colyer
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Ari Ericson
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tsang-Lin Hwang
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Nancy Jiao
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Neil F. Langille
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Min Liu
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Michael A. Lovette
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Rahul P. Sangodkar
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Srividya Sharvan Kumar
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Simone Spada
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Damith Perera
- Snapdragon Chemistry Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jillian Sheeran
- Snapdragon Chemistry Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Kiersten Campbell
- Snapdragon Chemistry Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Timothy Doherty
- Snapdragon Chemistry Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - David D. Ford
- Snapdragon Chemistry Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Yuan-Qing Fang
- Snapdragon Chemistry Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Emiliano Rossi
- F.I.S.-Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Viale Milano 26, 36075 Montecchio Maggiore, Vincenza
| | - Gabriella Santoni
- F.I.S.-Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Viale Milano 26, 36075 Montecchio Maggiore, Vincenza
| | - Sheng Cui
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shawn D. Walker
- Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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50
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Diab S, Raiyat M, Gerogiorgis DI. Flow synthesis kinetics for lomustine, an anti-cancer active pharmaceutical ingredient. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An original reaction mechanism and kinetic parameter estimation has been achieved for lomustine, an anti-cancer active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Diab
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, Scotland, UK
| | - Mateen Raiyat
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, Scotland, UK
| | - Dimitrios I. Gerogiorgis
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, Scotland, UK
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