1
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Wang C, Gamage PL, Jiang W, Mudalige T. Excipient-related impurities in liposome drug products. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124164. [PMID: 38688429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as drug delivery systems to increase the efficacy and reduce the off-target toxicity of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The liposomes are more complex drug delivery systems than the traditional dosage forms, and phospholipids and cholesterol are the major structural excipients. These two excipients undergo hydrolysis and/or oxidation during liposome preparation and storage, resulting in lipids hydrolyzed products (LHPs) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in the final liposomal formulations. These excipient-related impurities at elevated concentrations may affect liposome stability and exert biological functions. This review focuses on LHPs and COPs, two major categories of excipient-related impurities in the liposomal formulations, and discusses factors affecting their formation, and analytical methods to determine these excipient-related impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changguang Wang
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Prabhath L Gamage
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Thilak Mudalige
- Arkansas Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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2
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Ndhlala AR, Kavaz Yüksel A, Çelebi N, Doğan HÖ. A General Review of Methodologies Used in the Determination of Cholesterol (C 27H 46O) Levels in Foods. Foods 2023; 12:4424. [PMID: 38137228 PMCID: PMC10742886 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol (C27H46O) is a lipid-derived substance found in lipoproteins and cell membranes. It is also one of the main sources for the production of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones. Today, foods are evaluated by consumers not only according to their taste and nutritional content but also according to their effects on consumer health. For example, many consumers choose foods according to their cholesterol level. The cholesterol in the food can directly affect the blood cholesterol level when consumed, which can lead to cardiovascular diseases. High levels of cholesterol can lead to diet-related human diseases such as cardiac arrest, paralysis, type II diabetes, and cerebral hemorrhage. In societies with high living standards, interest in and consumption of foods that lower or have low cholesterol levels have increased recently. Accordingly, efforts to increase the variety of foods with reduced cholesterol levels are on the rise. This has indirectly led to the accurate measurement of cholesterol levels in blood and food being of great importance. Classical chemical, enzymatic, colorimetric, polarographic, chromatographic, and spectrophotometric methods; enzymatic, nonenzymatic, and electrochemical sensors; and biosensors are used for the determination of cholesterol in foods. The purpose of this review is to reveal and explore current and future trends in cholesterol detection methods in foods. This review will summarize the most appropriate and standard methods for measuring cholesterol in biological components and foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwell R. Ndhlala
- Green Biotechnologies Research Centre, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa;
| | - Arzu Kavaz Yüksel
- Department of Food Technology, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25030, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Çelebi
- Department of Chemical Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25030, Turkey; (N.Ç.); (H.Ö.D.)
| | - Hülya Öztürk Doğan
- Department of Chemical Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25030, Turkey; (N.Ç.); (H.Ö.D.)
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3
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Electrochemical devices for cholesterol detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 224:115195. [PMID: 36493575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol can be considered as a biomarker of illnesses such as heart and coronary artery diseases or arteriosclerosis. Therefore, the fast determination of its concentration in blood is interesting as a means of achieving an early diagnosis of these unhealthy conditions. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors have become a potential tool for selective and sensitive detection of this biomolecule, combining the analytical advantages of electrochemical techniques with the selective recognition features of modified electrodes. This review covers the different approaches carried out in the development of electrochemical sensors for cholesterol, differentiating between enzymatic biosensors and non-enzymatic systems, highlighting lab-on-a-chip devices. A description of the different modification procedures of the working electrode has been included and the role of the different functional materials used has been discussed.
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4
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Nagarajan A, Sethuraman V, Sridhar T, Sasikumar R. Development of Au@NiO Decorated Polypyrrole Composite for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensing of Cholesterol. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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5
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Benešová L, Klouda J, Bláhová E, Nesměrák K, Kočovský P, Nádvorníková J, Barták P, Skopalová J, Schwarzová-Pecková K. Non-enzymatic electrochemical determination of cholesterol in dairy products on boron-doped diamond electrode. Food Chem 2022; 393:133278. [PMID: 35653986 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Determination of cholesterol in food matrices is essential for quality control concerning the health of consumers. Herein, a simple electrochemical approach for cholesterol quantitation in dairy products is evaluated. The newly developed differential pulse voltammetric method using acetonitrile-perchloric acid mixture as a supporting electrolyte is statistically compared to GC-MS and HPLC-UV. Oxidation signals of cholesterol at +1.5 V and +1.4 V (vs. Ag/AgNO3 in acetonitrile) provide detection limits of 4.9 µM and 6.1 µM on boron-doped diamond and glassy carbon electrodes, respectively. A simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure from dairy products into hexane resulted in a recovery rate of (74.8 ± 3.8)%. The method provides results in close agreement (at a 95% confidence level) with GC-MS, while HPLC-UV resulted in a significant difference in estimated cholesterol concentrations for all samples. This newly developed method is a simpler, faster and cheaper alternative to instrumentally demanding MS-based methods and clearly outperforms HPLC-UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Benešová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Klouda
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Bláhová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Nesměrák
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kočovský
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Nádvorníková
- Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Barták
- Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Skopalová
- Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Schwarzová-Pecková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic.
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6
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Preparation of Oxysterols by C-H Oxidation of Dibromocholestane with Ru(Bpga) Catalyst. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010225. [PMID: 35011456 PMCID: PMC8746986 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven mono- and dihydroxycholesterols were prepared by direct C–H oxidation of the cholestane skeleton with a recently developed Ru(Bpga) catalyst (Ru(Bpga) = [RuCl (bpga) (PPh3)] Cl; bpga = 2-(bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide)). Due to the high selectivity of the Ru(Bpga) complex for tertiary C–H, the reaction afforded a mixture of 25-, 20-, 17-, and 14-oxygenated cholesterols that could be easily separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. These results suggest that late-stage C–H oxidation could be a viable strategy for preparing candidate metabolites of biologically important molecules.
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7
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Thakur N, Gupta D, Mandal D, Nagaiah TC. Ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors for dopamine and cholesterol: recent advances, challenges and strategies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13084-13113. [PMID: 34811563 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05271c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and accurate determination of the dopamine (neurotransmitter) and cholesterol level in bio-fluids is significant because they are crucial bioanalytes for several lethal diseases, which require early diagnosis. The level of DA in the brain is modulated by the dopamine active transporter (DAT), and is influenced by cholesterol levels in the lipid membrane environment. Accordingly, electrochemical biosensors offer rapid and accurate detection and exhibit unique features such as low detection limits even with reduced volumes of analyte, affordability, simple handling, portability and versatility, making them appropriate to deal with augmented challenges in current clinical and point-of-care diagnostics for the determination of dopamine (DA) and cholesterol. This feature article focuses on the development of ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors for the detection of cholesterol and DA for real-time and onsite applications that can detect targeted analytes with reduced volumes and sub-picomolar concentrations with quick response times. Furthermore, the development of ultrasensitive biosensors via cost-effective, simple fabrication procedures, displaying high sensitivity, selectivity, reliability and good stability is significant in the impending era of electrochemical biosensing. Herein, we emphasize on recent advanced nanomaterials used for the ultrasensitive detection of DA and cholesterol and discuss in depth their electrochemical activities towards ultrasensitive responses. Key points describing future perspectives and the challenges during detection with their probable solutions are discussed, and the current market is also surveyed. Further, a comprehensive review of the literature indicates that there is room for improvement in the miniaturization of cholesterol and dopamine biosensors for lab-on-chip devices and overcoming the current technical limitations to facilitate full utilization by patients at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Divyani Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Debaprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
| | - Tharamani C Nagaiah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab - 140001, India.
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8
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Non-enzymatic electrochemical cholesterol sensor based on strong host-guest interactions with a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) with DFT study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6523-6533. [PMID: 34462789 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Advances in materials science have accelerated the development of diagnostic tools with the last decade witnessing the development of enzyme-free sensors, owing to the improved stability, low cost and simple fabrication of component materials. However, the specificity of non-enzymatic sensors for certain analytes still represents a challenging task, for example the determination of cholesterol level in blood is vital due to its medical relevance. In this work, a reagent displacement assay for cholesterol sensing in serum samples was developed. It is based on coating of a glassy carbon electrode with a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) that forms a host-guest complex with methylene blue (MB). In the presence of cholesterol, the MB electroactive probe was displaced due to the stronger association of cholesterol guest to the PIM host. The decrease in the oxidative current was proportional to the cholesterol concentration achieving a detection limit of approximately 0.1 nM. Moreover, to further assist the experimental studies, comprehensive theoretical calculations are also performed by using density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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9
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Klouda J, Benešová L, Kočovský P, Schwarzová-Pecková K. Voltammetry of 7-dehydrocholesterol as a new and useful tool for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome diagnosis. Talanta 2021; 229:122260. [PMID: 33838771 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
7-Dehydrocholesterol is an essential biomarker of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, a congenital autosomal recessive disorder. This study shows for the first time that electrochemical oxidation of 7-dehydrocholesterol can be used for its voltammetric determination. Two classes of supporting electrolytes in acetonitrile and a mixture of acetonitrile-water were used: inorganic acids known to promote structural changes of steroids and indifferent electrolytes. Oxidation of 7-dehydrocholesterol at ca +0.8 V (vs. Ag/AgNO3 in acetonitrile) in 0.1 mol L-1 NaClO4 in acetonitrile is useful for its voltammetric detection using common bare electrode materials. Detection limits for 7-dehydrocholesterol lie in the low micromolar range for all the working electrodes, including boron-doped diamond (0.4 μmol L-1) and disposable thin-film platinum electrodes (0.5 μmol L-1), which are advantageous because of the low volumes of studied solutions. After Bligh-Dyer extraction, quantification of 7-dehydrocholesterol concentration (boron-doped diamond) or concentration range (thin-film platinum) is easily attainable in artificial serum. The mere knowledge of the concentration range provides clinically valuable information, as 7-dehydrocholesterol levels are employed for SLOS diagnosis as a binary criterion (elevated, tens to hundreds μmol L-1 in symptomatic/non-elevated, typically bellow 1 μmol L-1 in healthy individuals in plasma). Moreover, it is shown that 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) can be oxidized in 0.1 mol L-1 HClO4 in acetonitrile. Under these conditions, their voltammetric response changes dramatically, and their oxidation potential difference transiently increases from 0.08 V to 0.25 V, which should facilitate their simultaneous voltammetric determination. This work constitutes a foundation for a reliable and straightforward method for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome diagnosis and monitoring 7-dehydrocholesterol's biotransformation to cholecalciferol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klouda
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Benešová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Kočovský
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, Albertov 6, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Karolina Schwarzová-Pecková
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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10
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A new electrochemical modified graphite pencil electrode developed for cholesterol assessing. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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11
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Khaliq N, Rasheed MA, Khan M, Maqbool M, Ahmad M, Karim S, Nisar A, Schmuki P, Cho SO, Ali G. Voltage-Switchable Biosensor with Gold Nanoparticles on TiO 2 Nanotubes Decorated with CdS Quantum Dots for the Detection of Cholesterol and H 2O 2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:3653-3668. [PMID: 33439005 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A thin layer of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) sputtered on cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs) decorated anodic titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) (Au/CdS QDs/TNTs) was fabricated and explored for the nonenzymatic detection of cholesterol and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Morphological studies of the sensor revealed the formation of uniform nanotubes decorated with a homogeneously dispersed CdS QDs and Au NPs layer. The electrochemical measurements showed an enhanced electrocatalytic performance with a fast electron transfer (∼2 s) between the redox centers of each analyte and electrode surface. The hybrid nanostructure (Au/CdS QDs/TNTs) electrode exhibited about a 6-fold increase in sensitivity for both cholesterol (10,790 μA mM-1 cm-2) and H2O2 (78,833 μA mM-1 cm-2) in analyses compared to the pristine samples. The hybrid electrode utilized different operational potentials for both analytes, which may lead to a voltage-switchable dual-analyte biosensor with a higher selectivity. The biosensor also demonstrated a good reproducibility, thermal stability, and increased shelf life. In addition, the clinical significance of the biosensor was tested for cholesterol and H2O2 in real blood samples, which showed maximum relative standard deviations of 1.8 and 2.3%, respectively. These results indicate that a Au/CdS QDs/TNTs-based hybrid nanostructure is a promising choice for an enzyme-free biosensor due to its suitable band gap alignment and higher electrocatalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilem Khaliq
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim Rasheed
- Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Maaz Khan
- Nanomaterials Research Group (NRG), Physics Division, PINSTECH, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Maqbool
- Department of Clinical & Diagnostic Sciences, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Mashkoor Ahmad
- Nanomaterials Research Group (NRG), Physics Division, PINSTECH, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shafqat Karim
- Nanomaterials Research Group (NRG), Physics Division, PINSTECH, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Nisar
- Nanomaterials Research Group (NRG), Physics Division, PINSTECH, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Patrik Schmuki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstrasse 7, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sung Oh Cho
- Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering (NQe), KAIST, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Ghafar Ali
- Nanomaterials Research Group (NRG), Physics Division, PINSTECH, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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12
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Adel R, Ebrahim S, Shokry A, Soliman M, Khalil M. Nanocomposite of CuInS/ZnS and Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Cholesterol Sensing. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2167-2176. [PMID: 33521456 PMCID: PMC7841935 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, nitrogen graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) and copper indium sulfide/zinc sulfide (CIS/ZnS) QDs were synthesized via facile hydrothermal and aqueous solution routes, respectively. Herein, a fluorescent nanocomposite has been synthesized between N-GQDs and CIS/ZnS QDs in an aqueous phase. This nanocomposite was characterized by photoluminescence, Raman, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopies, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This fluorescent nanocomposite was developed as a highly sensitive, selective nonenzymatic cholesterol optical biosensor in 0.312-5 mM cholesterol. HRTEM micrographs confirmed the preparation of CIS/ZnS QDs and N-GQDs with average diameters of 3 and 5 nm, respectively. The as-prepared NG/CIS/ZnS QD nanocomposite had a high sensitivity for cholesterol with a wide linear range of concentration of 0.312-5 mM with an excellent correlation coefficient (R 2) of 0.9688 and limit of detection (LOD) of 0.222 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Adel
- Materials
Science Department, Institute of Graduate
Studies and Research, Alexandria University, P.O. Box, 163 Horreya Avenue, 21526 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shaker Ebrahim
- Materials
Science Department, Institute of Graduate
Studies and Research, Alexandria University, P.O. Box, 163 Horreya Avenue, 21526 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Azza Shokry
- Department
of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate
Studies and Research, Alexandria University, P.O. Box, 163 Horreya Avenue, 21526 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Moataz Soliman
- Materials
Science Department, Institute of Graduate
Studies and Research, Alexandria University, P.O. Box, 163 Horreya Avenue, 21526 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa Khalil
- Nanotechnology
and Composite Materials Department, Institute
of New Materials and Advanced Technology, City of Scientific Research
and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El Arab City, P.O. Box, 21934 Alexandria, Egypt
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13
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Zmysłowski A, Sitkowski J, Bus K, Ofiara K, Szterk A. Synthesis and search for 3β,3'β-disteryl ethers after high-temperature treatment of sterol-rich samples. Food Chem 2020; 329:127132. [PMID: 32504917 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been proven that at increased temperature, sterols can undergo various chemical reactions e.g., oxidation, dehydrogenation, dehydration and polymerisation. The objectives of this study are to prove the existence of dimers and to quantitatively analyse the dimers (3β,3'β-disteryl ethers). Sterol-rich samples were heated at 180 °C, 200 °C and 220 °C for 1 to 5 h. Quantitative analyses of the 3β,3'β-disteryl ethers were conducted using liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Additionally, for the analyses, suitable standards were synthetized from native sterols. To identify the mechanism of 3β,3'β-disteryl ether formation at high temperatures, an attempt was made to use the proposed synthesis method. Additionally, due to the association of sterols and sterol derivatives with atherosclerosis, preliminary studies with synthetized 3β,3'β-disteryl ethers on endothelial cells were conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Zmysłowski
- National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Sitkowski
- National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bus
- National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Ofiara
- National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Szterk
- National Medicines Institute, 30/34 Chełmska, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Derina K, Korotkova E, Barek J. Non-enzymatic electrochemical approaches to cholesterol determination. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113538. [PMID: 32919143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol plays a vital role in a human body. It is known as one of the most important sterols, because it forms cell walls and participates in signal transduction. Moreover, cholesterol was recognized as biomarker of cardiovascular diseases and of some metabolic disorders. As a result, cholesterol blood levels should be controlled in a variety of diseases such as ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular ischemia, stroke, hypertension, type II diabetes, and many others. Hence, the accurate cholesterol quantification plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. Modern voltammetric and amperometric methods are increasingly used for cholesterol monitoring. Consequently, the problem of electrode fabrication for cholesterol detection has high importance for clinical tests. Novel electrode materials initiated the fast growth of electrochemical biosensors. Biomaterials are still the most frequently used modifiers for cholesterol sensors due to their high selectivity. However, biomaterials have low stability complicating their practical applications. This fact is crucial for analytical parameters such as limit of detection (LOD) and sensitivity. Therefore, nanomaterials are used to eliminate disadvantages of biomaterials and to improve sensors performance by increasing the electrode surface, conductivity and sensitivity. This review is focused on the use of non-enzymatic electrodes for cholesterol quantification and on different approaches to their fabrication. Firstly, the necessity and role of modifier is discussed. Afterwards, the advantages and disadvantages of currently used modifiers are critically compared together with all aspects and approaches to sensors fabrication. Finally, the prospects of non-enzymatic electrodes application for cholesterol sensors engineering are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Derina
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Division for Chemical Engineering, School of Earth Science and Engineering, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Elena Korotkova
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Division for Chemical Engineering, School of Earth Science and Engineering, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Jiří Barek
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Division for Chemical Engineering, School of Earth Science and Engineering, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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15
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Rison S, Akshaya KB, Bhat VS, Shanker G, Maiyalagan T, Joice EK, Hegde G, Varghese A. MnO
2
Nanoclusters Decorated on GrapheneModified Pencil Graphite Electrode for Non‐Enzymatic Determination of Cholesterol. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherin Rison
- Christ Academy Institute for Advanced Studies Christ Nagar Bangalore 560083
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST Deemed to be University Bangalore 560029
| | - K. B. Akshaya
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST Deemed to be University Bangalore 560029
| | - Vinay S Bhat
- Centre for Nano-materials and Displays B.M.S. College of Engineering Bull Temple Road Bengaluru 560019 India
| | - G. Shanker
- Department of Chemistry JnanaBharati Campus Bangalore University Bangalore India
| | - T. Maiyalagan
- Department of Chemistry SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603203 India
| | - E. K. Joice
- Christ Academy Institute for Advanced Studies Christ Nagar Bangalore 560083
| | - Gurumurthy Hegde
- Centre for Nano-materials and Displays B.M.S. College of Engineering Bull Temple Road Bengaluru 560019 India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST Deemed to be University Bangalore 560029
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Amiri
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Mohaghegh Ardabili Ardabil Iran
| | - Simin Arshi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Mohaghegh Ardabili Ardabil Iran
- Department of Chemical SciencesBernal Institute University of Limerick Ireland
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17
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Quantitative analysis of cholesterol oxidation products and desmosterol in parenteral liposomal pharmaceutical formulations. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Derina K, Korotkova E, Taishibekova Y, Salkeeva L, Kratochvil B, Barek J. Electrochemical nonenzymatic sensor for cholesterol determination in food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5085-5092. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Klouda J, Barek J, Nesměrák K, Schwarzová-Pecková K. Non-Enzymatic Electrochemistry in Characterization and Analysis of Steroid Compounds. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:384-404. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1318694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Klouda
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Barek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Nesměrák
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Schwarzová-Pecková
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Tomkiel AM, Siergiejczyk L, Naróg D, Płoszyńska J, Sobkowiak A, Morzycki JW. Electrochemical cholesterylation of sugars with cholesteryl diphenylphosphate. Steroids 2017; 117:44-51. [PMID: 27263439 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical cholesterylation of various sugars with cholesteryl diphenylphosphate was studied. The reaction afforded mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-cholesterylated products using equivalent amounts of the reagent. The reactions turned out to be completely stereoselective with respect to both sugar and steroid but only partially regioselective - primary and anomeric hydroxyl groups in sugars were the most reactive ones while no substantial differences in reactivity was found for different secondary hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta M Tomkiel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Leszek Siergiejczyk
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Dorota Naróg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P. O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jolanta Płoszyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P. O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobkowiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, P. O. Box 85, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Jacek W Morzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland.
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21
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Kozitsina AN, Okhokhonin AV, Matern AI. Amperometric detection of cholesterol using cobalt (II) chloride as an electrocatalyst in aprotic media. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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