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Tomasini M, Voccia M, Caporaso L, Szostak M, Poater A. Tuning the steric hindrance of alkylamines: a predictive model of steric editing of planar amines. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13405-13414. [PMID: 39183899 PMCID: PMC11339794 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03873h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Amines are one of the most prevalent functional groups in chemistry. Perhaps even more importantly, amines represent one of the most ubiquitous moieties within the realm of bioactive natural products and life-saving pharmaceuticals. The archetypal geometrical property of amines is their sp3 hybridization with the lone pair of nitrogen occupying the apex of the pyramid. Herein, we present a blueprint for quantifying the properties of extremely sterically hindered alkylamines. These amines reach planarity around the nitrogen atom due to the excessive steric hindrance, which results in a conformational re-modeling of the amine moiety. Crucially, the steric properties of amines are characterized by the %V Bur index, which we show is a general predictive parameter for evaluating the properties of sterically hindered amines. Computational studies on the acidic nature and the reactivity of organometallic Au and Pd complexes are outlined. Density functional theory calculations permit for predictive catalysis, ordering the mapping of extremely hindered tertiary amines by employing artificial intelligence via machine learning. Overall, the study outlines the correlation between the unusual geometry and the key thermodynamic and kinetic properties of extremely hindered alkylamines. The steric hindrance, as quantified by %V Bur, is the crucial factor influencing the observed trends and the space required to accommodate sterically hindered tertiary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tomasini
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno Via Ponte don Melillo 84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Maria Voccia
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno Via Ponte don Melillo 84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno Via Ponte don Melillo 84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University 73 Warren Street Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona c/Ma Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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Pablo Martínez J, Solà M, Poater A. Predictive Catalysis in Olefin Metathesis with Ru-based Catalysts with Annulated C 60 Fullerenes in the N-heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:18074-18083. [PMID: 34523164 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Predictive catalysis must be the tool that does not replace experiments, but acts as a selective agent, so that synthetic strategies of maximum profitability are used in the laboratory in a surgical way. Here, nanotechnology has been used in olefin metathesis from homogeneous Ru-NHC catalysts, specifically annulating a C60 fullerene to the NHC ligand. Based on results with the C60 in the backbone, a sterile change with respect to the catalysis of the metal center, an attempt has been made to bring C60 closer to the metal, by attaching it to one of the two C-N bonds of the imidazole group of the SIMes (1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene) ligand (reference NHC ligand of the 2nd generation Grubbs catalysts) to increase the steric pressure of C60 in the first sphere of reactivity of the metal. The DFT calculated thermodynamics and the kinetics of SIMes-derived systems show that they are efficient catalysts for olefin metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Martínez
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Catalonia, Girona, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Catalonia, Girona, Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Catalonia, Girona, Spain
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Gimferrer M, Salvador P, Poater A. Computational Monitoring of Oxidation States in Olefin Metathesis. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Malinowska M, Kozlowska M, Hryniewicka A, Morzycki JW. New olefin metathesis catalyst bearing N-mesitylimidazole and nitrate ligands – Synthesis, activity, and performance in aqueous media. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Joo W, Chen CH, Moerdyk JP, Deschner RP, Bielawski CW, Willson CG. Photoinitiated ring‐opening metathesis polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wontae Joo
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712
| | | | | | - Ryan P. Deschner
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Carlton Grant Willson
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712
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Voccia M, Nolan SP, Cavallo L, Poater A. The activity of indenylidene derivatives in olefin metathesis catalysts. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2956-2963. [PMID: 30546480 PMCID: PMC6278753 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The first turnover event of an olefin metathesis reaction using a new family of homogenous Ru-based catalysts bearing modified indenylidene ligands has been investigated, using methoxyethylene as a substrate. The study is carried out by means of density functional theory (DFT). The indenylidene ligands are decorated with ortho-methyl and isopropyl groups at both ortho positions of their phenyl ring. DFT results highlight the more sterically demanding indenylidenes have to undergo a more exothermic first phosphine dissociation step. Overall, the study emphasises advantages of increased steric hindrance in promoting the phosphine release, and the relative stability of the corresponding metallacycle over classical ylidene ligands. Mayer bond orders and steric maps provide structural reasons for these effects, whereas NICS aromaticity and conceptual DFT confirm that the electronic parameters do not play a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Voccia
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Mª Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2016. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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In Silico Switch from Second- to First-Row Transition Metals in Olefin Metathesis: From Ru to Fe and from Rh to Co. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7120389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Teator AJ, Bielawski CW. Remote control grubbs catalysts that modulate ring‐opening metathesis polymerizations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Teator
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill North Carolina27599
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS)Ulsan44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of ChemistryUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)Ulsan44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy EngineeringUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)Ulsan44919 Republic of Korea
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Duan Y, Wang T, Xie Q, Yu X, Guo W, Wu S, Li D, Wang J, Liu G. A pH-controlled recyclable indolinooxazolidine tagged N-heterocyclic carbene Ru catalyst for olefin metathesis. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:5986-5993. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00853h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A pH-controlled recyclable indolinooxazolidine tagged N-heterocyclic carbene Ru catalyst for olefin metathesis has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Duan
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Qingxiao Xie
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Weijie Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Danfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300350
- P. R. China
| | - Guiyan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic hybrid Functional Material Chemistry (Tianjin Normal University)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
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Martínez JP, Vummaleti SVC, Falivene L, Nolan SP, Cavallo L, Solà M, Poater A. In Silico Olefin Metathesis with Ru-Based Catalysts Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbenes Bearing C60 Fullerenes. Chemistry 2016; 22:6617-23. [PMID: 27059290 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations have been used to explore the potential of Ru-based complexes with 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene (SIMes) ligand backbone (A) being modified in silico by the insertion of a C60 molecule (B and C), as olefin metathesis catalysts. To this end, we investigated the olefin metathesis reaction catalyzed by complexes A, B, and C using ethylene as the substrate, focusing mainly on the thermodynamic stability of all possible reaction intermediates. Our results suggest that complex B bearing an electron-withdrawing N-heterocyclic carbene improves the performance of unannulated complex A. The efficiency of complex B is only surpassed by complex A when the backbone of the N-heterocyclic carbene of complex A is substituted by two amino groups. The particular performance of complexes B and C has to be attributed to electronic factors, that is, the electronic-donating capacity of modified SIMes ligand rather than steric effects, because the latter are predicted to be almost identical for complexes B and C when compared to those of A. Overall, this study indicates that such Ru-based complexes B and C might have the potential to be effective olefin metathesis catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Martínez
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sai Vikrama Chaitanya Vummaleti
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Universiteit Gent, Krijgslaan 281 - S3, 9000, Gent, Belgium.,Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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